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Photographic 

Sciences 

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CIHM/ICMH 

Microfiche 

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CIHIVI/ICMH 
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microfiches. 


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method: 


Les  images  suivantes  ont  6X6  reproduites  avec  le 
plus  grand  soin,  compte  tenu  de  la  condition  et 
de  la  nettetd  de  l'exemplaire  filmd,  et  en 
conformity  avec  les  conditions  du  contrat  de 
filmage. 

Les  exemplaires  originaux  dont  la  couverture  en 
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dernidre  page  qui  comporte  un^  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'illustration,  soit  par  le  second 
plat,  selon  le  cas.  Tous  les  autres  exemplaires 
originaux  sont  filmis  en  commenpant  par  la 
premidre  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'illustration  et  en  terminant  par 
la  dernidre  page  qui  comporte  une  telle 
empreinte. 

Un  des  symboles  suivants  apparaitra  sur  la 
dernidre  image  de  cheque  microfiche,  selon  le 
cas:  le  symbole  —►  signifie  "A  SUIVRE",  le 
symbole  V  signifie  "FIN". 

Les  cartes,  planches,  tableaux,  etc.,  peuvent  dtre 
filmds  d  des  taux  de  reduction  diffdrents. 
Lorsque  le  document  est  trop  grand  pour  dtre 
reproduit  en  un  seul  cliche,  il  est  filmd  d  partir 
de  Tangle  supirieur  gauche,  de  gauche  6  droite, 
et  de  haut  en  bas.  en  prenant  le  nombre 
d'images  nicessaire.  Les  diag;ammes  suivants 
illustrent  la  mdthode. 


1 

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•m^ 


POHIHAIT  OF  JOHN   AHHOT. 

Fnmi  a  wiitcr-c.lor  AvU'h.  said  K.  liave  been  fxcfutt-d  l)y  himself,  prefixed  to  one  of 
the  series  of  his  i>aintinns  of  (ieoinian  inseets  in  tlie  I'-ritisli  Museum.  Cojiied  by  George 
Willis  and  (irinted  in  color  from   live   stones  by  .Inlins  IJien  c<;  Co. 


THE 


BUTTERFLIES 


EASTERN  UNITED  STATES  AND  CANADA 


WITH    8FGCIAL    BEFERENCE    TO 


NEW   ENGLAND. 


Vol.  I. 


Entomological  Branch 

DEPARTMENT  Of"  /  rniC'  "  TURF 
OTTAWA    •  '    -..':•  " 


THE 


<■ 


BUTTERFLIES 


OF  THE 


EASTERN  UNITED  STATES  AND  CANADA 


WITH    SPECIAL    REKF.BESCE    TO 


NEW    ENGLAND. 


BY 


SAMUEL  HUBBARD  SCUDDER. 


IN   TIIHKK    VOLUMES.      , 

Vol.   I. 
INTRODUCTION,   NYMPHALIDAE. 


CAMBRIDGE: 
PUBLISHED    BY    THE    AUTHOR. 

1889. 


Printed  dy  W.   H.  Wheeler, 
oambridoe,  mass. 


>        ■   i 


^30 


J.  B.  S. 


I 


^    vt 


PREFACE. 


'   Wi 


T^Hh  present  work  originated  in  a  plan,  devised  thirty  years  ntro  bv 
-I-     tlie  students  of  Professor  Louis  Agassiz,  to  describe  within  the  com- 
pass of  a  series  of  vohunes  all  the  animals  of  New  England,  with  special 
reference  to  their  life  histories.     To  me  was  assigned,  among  other  sub- 
jects,  he  volume  on  Lepidoptera,  and  though  the  origuial  scheme  never 
passed  beyond  the  stage  of  discussion  (and  the  design  of  a  titlepage  by  one 
of  our  number,  which  I  still  preserve),  it  has  borne  fruit  in  not  a  few  addi- 
tions to  our  knovvledge  of  "  The  Zoology  of  New  England,"  by  my  associ- 
ates, _  Messrs.  Allen.  Hyatt,  Morse,  I'ackard,  Putnam,  Shaler,  and  VerriU 
to  mention  the  living  only.     Twenty  years  ago  the  present  work  was 
definitely  planned,  announced,  and  begun,  and  the  greater  part  of  it  has 
been  written  for  fifteen  years;  but  with  the  increase  of  our  knowledge, 
nearly  all  the   lustunes  of   the  species   have  been  completely  rewritten 
withm  the  past  few  years,  in  the  intervals  of  work  in  other  directions. 
Ihis  delay  has  not  been  to  follow  the  sage  advice  of  Horace,  — 

"  Si  q,uid  tameu  olim 
Scripseris.  iu  Maeci  descendat  indicis  auris, 
Et  patris  et  nostras,  nonumque  prematur  in  annum, 
Membranis  iutus  positis  :  "  * 

but  has  been  caused  rather  by  the  "res  angusta  domi,"  preventing  earlier 
accomplishment  of  my  desire. 

Although  very  much  more  extended  than  I  at  first  contemplated 
especially  i„  the  matter  of  illustration,  the  work  as  completed  is  still 

Wnt°-S  1  M  v/'"^'^  '".''^''  '"'"®''^^°*  ^"'^"*'°»'  ^°^  i"«tance,  has 
.ccn  pctid  to  the  differences  in  the  form  and  clothing  of  the  head  in  the 

various  stages  of  the  caterpillar,  though  the  illustrations  of  the  same  will 
partly  atone  for  this  omission.  I  haa  also  intended  to  include  a  descrip- 
tion of  the  minute  texture  of  the  integument  of  the  caterpillar,  and 
made  many  preparations  for  the  purpose,  but  not  enough  to  warrant  the 
introduction  of  this  material. 

It  had  also  been  my  purpose  to  make  extended  comparisons  of  the 
species  described  with  their  nearest  allies  outside  the  region  concerned 
together  with  critical  discussions,  when  necessary,  to  explain  the  synonymy 

*  Ars  Poetica,  380. 


VIU 


PllEFACE. 


employed ;  regarding  these  points,  on  reflection,  as  more  suitable  to  a 
monographic  treatment  of  the  special  groups  themselves,  I  have  generally 
omitted  them  to  make  room  for  what  seemed  more  fitting  and  more 
commonly  neglected.  So  too  it  had  been  my  purpose  to  reinforce  the 
descriptions  of  the  male  abdominal  appendages  (prepared  while  in  Europe) 
by  a  study  of  these  parts  during  life ;  but  the  purpose  had  finally  to  be 
abandoned  in  all  but  a  very  few  instances.  13ut,  as  it  stands,  it  is,  I 
believe,  the  most  exhaustive  faunistic  work  on  any  insects  of  any  i)art  of 
the  world.  Wiiether  its  completeness  has  interfered  with  its  exactitude, 
or  will  prevent  a  pri  per  comprehension  of  relations ;  whether  the  work 
is  of  too  encyclopedic  a  nature,  or  is  warranted  in  the  present  state  of 
science,  time  only  will  show.  If  I  have  made  my  descriptions  fuller  than 
usual,  it  is  because  I  do  not  think  our  aim  should  be  simply  to  inquire  in 
what  particulars  a  creature  differs  from  its  fellows,  but  rather  to  ascer- 
tain all  we  can  about  each  sort  of  animal,  its  most  intimate  structure 
and  clothing;,  to  serve  as  the  basis  of  the  most  secure  generalizations. 
Such  descriptions  may  seem  unnecessary  to  those  whose  only  aim  is  the 
discrimination  of  species ;  they  will,  I  hope,  prove  of  some  value  to  those 
who  seek  a  knowledge  of  species.  I  have  in  all  endeavored  to  look  to  the 
future  rather  than  to  the  past ;  to  keep  in  their  just  proportions  structure, 
growth,  life  history,  environment,  distribution,  and  taxonomy,  that  neitiier 
should  say  to  its  neighbor,  "  I  have  no  need  of  thee." 

Special  emphasis  has  been  laid  on  the  proper  subordination  of  char- 
acters, a  matter  grievously  neglected  by  the  ordinary  student  of  buttcrfiies, 
who,  more  than  any  other  virtuoso,  it  seems  to  nio,  shows  the  lack  of  that 
training  which  fits  men  to  be  zoologists  rather  than  entomologists,  — 
entomologists  rather  than  lepidoptorists.  Particular  attention  and  just 
criticism  is  therefore  invited  to  the  use  that  has  been  made  of  the  early 
stages  of  the  insect,  —  egg,  caterpillar  at  birth  and  at  maturity,  and  chrys- 
alis,—  in  the  definition  of  the  various  categories  of  structure  among 
butterflies,  whether  families,  subfamilies,  tribes,  or  genera.  This  is  a 
feature  never  before  attempted  on  any^cale  at  all  commensurate  with  that 
found  here ;  and  though  the  characteristics  have  very  largely  been  drawn 
from  a  limited  fauna,  such  survey  as  has  been  made  of  the  fields  beyond 
warrants  the  belief  chat  these  definition.,  will  not  require  correction  except 
in  minor  details  or  to  a  slight  degree.  That  a  first  attempt  of  this  sort  will 
prove  to  some  extent  faulty  goes  without  saying.  That  the  old  warning 
cry  of  "  insutticient  knowledge  "  sliould  longer  stay  endeavor,  ought  to  bo 
a  reproach  to  the  naturalist ,  for  herein  lies  the  most  hopeful  field  of  pro- 
gress, and  it  is  to  the  credit  of  American  naturalists  that  with  them,  more 
than  anywhere  in  the  world,  attention  is  paid  to  the  early  stages  and  life 
histories  of  insects.  To  give  precision,  harmony,  and  direction  to  such 
investigations  has  been  one  aim  of  tiiis  work. 

There  can,  indeed,  be  no  doubt  that  tlu>  principal  weakness  in  those 
structures  which  naturalists  have  built  and  ciUcd  the  classification  of  but- 


--*  i 


PKEFACE. 


IX 


terflies  is  due  not  so  much  to  insufficient  knowledge  of  their  early  stages 
as  to  insufficient  attention  to  what  is  actually  known  and  puhlished  re^rard- 
ing  them.     The  principal  modifications  in  that  structure  must  now  come 
from  a  consideration  of  the  earlier  stages;  and  though  Denis  and  Schifler- 
muller.  m  their  classical  work  on  Vienna  Lepidoptera,  long  ago  wrote  "  Ein 
Aug  airf  dem  Schmetterling,  das  andcre  auf  die  liaupen,  so  wcr.len  alio 
Schwierigkeiten  gehobc,"  it  may  fairly  be  doubted  whether  one  in  ten  of 
those  who,  in  the  century  that  has  elapsed  since  that  was  said,  have  dis- 
cussed the  classiiication  of  butterflies,  liave  ever  made  the  sli-ditest  exami- 
nation of  the  newly-born  caterpillar  of  a  single  butterfly,  or  could  tell  in 
what  points  It  differed  from  its  own  self  at  maturity.     Yet  no  biolo-ist  will 
dispute  that  the  study  of  these  earliest  forms  is  at  least  of  equaf  impor- 
tance to  the  study  of  the  mature  caterpillar  for  any  correct  knowledge  of 
the  phylogeny-and  hence  the  classification -uf  butterflies.    It  is  only  the 
closet  naturalist,  with  whom  the  world  is  now  done,  that  would  hesitate 
The  painful  fact  nevertheless  rejuains  that  one  may  count  on  liis  two  hands 
the  names  of  those  in  all  the  world  who  have  ever  contributed  to  a  knowl- 
edge of  the  structural  characteristics  of  butterfly  caterpillars  at  birth. 

It  will  be  tlionght  by  many  that  some  justification  is  needed  for  the 
course  adopted  in  subdividing  the  different  groups  more  minutely  than  is 
customary.  To  such  I  have  only  to  say  that  if  the  characters  I  have 
pointed  out  as  pertainuig  to  such  grou]is  and  tlieir  relations  to  those 
placed  above  and  below  chem  are  not  in  themselves  a  justification,  then 
1  have  none,  and  no  words  of  mine  could  or  should  alter  such  a  facf 
If,  howerer,  these  characteristics  represent  actual  categories,  and  if  at  tlie' 
same  time  such  groupings  make  clearer  the  relations  which  the  life  his- 
tories and  the  distribution  of  the  groups  bear  to  their  structure,  then 
words  are  not  needed. 

On  the  other  hand,  I  may  be  permitted  to  ask  one  question  of  such 
complainants.     If  this  minute  subdivision  did  not  affect  the  commonly 
adopted  scientific   names  of  butterflies  (as  it  does  hi  many  instances) 
would  any  objection  be  raised  or  any  justification  be  required  ?      If  no' 
objection  would  be  raised  (and  who  believes  there  would  ?)   then  is  all 
this  outcry  against  "fine-drawn  distinctions"  a  mere  quarrel  about  words 
and  names,  into  which,  as  quite  too  trivial,  I  decline  to  outer.     Call  thin-s 
by  what  names  one  will.  I  only  ask  that  the  facts  of  nature  be  ri.rht?y 
interpreted;   and  wliere  differences  are  fouiul,  that  they  bo   .dven  'tlieir 
proper  values  as  nearly  as  we  can  determine  them,  absolutely  regardless 
of  the  eftect  it  is  to  have  upon  tlie  paltry  question  of  names.     Names  can 
never  have  absolute  fi.xity  until  we  have  absolute  knowle.lge  of  all  the 
facts  regarding  the  creatures  they  represent,  and  the  sooner  this   truth 
IS  recognize.l  the  better  for  all  concerned. 

_  I,  for  one,  do  not  stand  with  those  who  claim  that  all  our  classifica- 
tions are  mere  conveniences,  momentary  artificial  strait-jackets  for  a 
redundant  and  irrepressible  Nature.     In  so  far  as  they  do  not  represent 


PREFACE. 


Nature,  they  are  artificial ;  but  they,  and  not  Nature,  become  thereby 
inconvenient.  In  so  far  as  they  do  represent  Nature,  are  they  natural, 
the  expressions  of  natural  facts,  and  so,  convenient  and  valuable.  We 
gauge  their  value  and  their  convenience  by  the  closeness  of  their  harmony 
with  Nature ;  or,  if  we  do  not,  then  are  our  opinions  worthless ;  but  let  us 
not  suppose  that  Nature  has  yet  revealed  all  her  .secrets,  nor  that  she  will 
reveal  them  except  to  the  earnest  and  devout  inquirer. 

As  to  the  nomenclature  actually  adopted,  I  have  endeavored  to  follow 
the  rules  laid  down  by  the  American  Ornithologists'  Union ;  for  though 
they  contravene  my  views  of  what  would  be  best  at  very  many  points, 
they  seem  to  me,  in  the  existing  divergence  of  views  on  this  subject,  by 
tar  the  best  yet  proposed  which  are  likely  to  receive  final  adoption  by 
all.  The  progressive  adhesion  to  their  principles  by  men  holding  very 
diverse  opinions  makes  one  hopeful  of  such  a  peaceful  result. 

I  had  planned  originally  io  introduce  poetical  allusions  to  butterflies 
here  and  there ;  but  the  chance  collection  of  tliese  citations  showed  them 
to  be  so  much  more  numerous  than  I  had  supposed,  that,  with  tlie  aid  of 
several  friends,  I  searched  literature  for  its  entomological  specimens,  and 
the  collection  at  last  became  so  extensive  as  to  serve  for  even  more  than  a 
relief  from  the  dry  synonymy  they  followed,  and  to  permit  here  and  there 
a  seleciion  which  had  some  special  significance.  An  examination  of  the 
list  of  authors  cited,  which  includes  about  one  hundred  and  fifty  names, 
will  quickly  show  how  much  more  generally  the  poets  of  our  modern 
world  have  received  their  inspiration  from  the  external  life  of  Nature 
than  have  the  earlier  poets. 

The  butterflies  treated  of  in  the  Appendix  were  introduced  into  the 
work  when  it  was  seen  that  the  fauna  of  New  England  required  but  little 
extension  to  have  it  include  all  the  butterflies  known  to  occur  in  North 
America  east  of  the  Mississippi,  excepting  such  as  are  found  only  in  the 
unsettled  parts  of  Canada  or  south  of  Kentucky  and  Virginia.  It  was, 
however,  an  afterthought  not  entering  into  the  original  plan,  and  could 
not  be  made  so  complete  in  the  important  matters  of  the  history  and 
distribution  of  the  species  without  delaying  the  work  for  the  collection  of 
material ;  it  has  indeed  been  written  during  the  printing  of  the  work. 
To  maintain  a  better  balance,  I  have  therefore  limited  also  the  descrip- 
tive portion,  added  such  notes  as  were  readily  procurable,  though  I  have 
doubtless  overlooked  some  important  matter,  and  have  separated  the 
species  from  the  body  of  the  work,  tliereby  warranting  the  running  title 
at  the  head  of  the  earlier  pages. 

A  few  explanatory  words  may  be  added  regarding  some  details.  In 
the  synonymy  of  the  species  I  have  given  only  what  seemed  essential, 
omitting  much  that  had  been  collected,  with  a  view  of  presenting  the  first 
mention  of  tlie  insect  under  each  of  the  names  that  had  been  given  it,  and 
adding  to  that  only  the  more  important  citations,  including  especially 
origii.-il  descriptions  of  the  early  stages  and  accounts  of  life  histories,  and 


1         t 


M 


PREFACE. 


XI 


all  original  illustrations;  and  also  two  other  kinds  of  references  —first  all 
manuals  in  common  use.  such  as  those  of  Morris,  Fernald,  and  French- 
and  second,  references  tc  the  unpublished  illustrations  of  Abbot  and  of 

Sv'f  ■  .:^'  '''°''''^'  '•''  '"''""'°"  "^"i'^^-  I  '»*^e  «nly  to  refer  to  Excursus 
XXV.  ihe  measurements  of  the  butterflies  have  been  made  on  the  fol- 
lowing plan  for  each  sex  separately:  Choice  was  made  at  the  fme  of  tlie 
description,  when  the  largest  possible  number  of  specimens  were  collected 
of  the  largest  and  smallest  individuals  based  on  a  measurement  of  their 
spread  of  wing;  an  average  specimen  of  what  was  deemed  the  ordinary 
size  was  then  selected  by  the  eye,  and  all  measurements  were  based  on 
these  three  indivi.'.uals.  This  will  account  for  the  occasional  lacunae 
which  were  ntver  filled  by  measurements  from  different  individuals 

There  remr.wis  only  the  pleasing  task  of  tiianking  those  without  whose 
generous  and  welcome  aid  my  work  would  have  been  shorn  of  half  its 
value.     From  the  moment  of  its  announcement,  years  ago.  assistance  has 
been  offered  from  a  hundred  sources,  from  persons  in  all  walks  of  life 
many  of  them  then  entirely  unknown  to  me,  who  sent  notes  and  speci- 
mens of  the  greatest   importance,  especially  of  the  early  stages  of  our 
butterflies;   so  much  so,  that  at  one  time  it  was  difiicult  to  pursue  the 
systematic  outdoor  studies  I  intended,  so  constant  was  the  flow  of  needed 
material.     The  memory  of  those  first  beginnings  of  the  work  will  always 
be  fresh  m  my  mind,  and  in  particular  the  kind  assistance  of  lAIiss  Clarissa 
Guild  and  Messrs.  J.  B.  Hambly,  W.  Saunders,  C.  A.  Emery,  J.  A.  Lintner 
C.  L.  Hamlin,  and  F.  A.  Clapp,  who  were  constant  in  their' transmission  of 
specimens.     Since  then,  most  important  material  of  the  same  sort  has  been 
received  from  Judge  Chapman  of  Florida,  Dr.  Riley  of  Wasliim,'ton  (both 
of  these  with  abundant  notes),  Messrs.  H.  Edwards  of  Xew  York    and 
1.  G.  Sanborn,  F.  If.  Sprague,  and  G.  Dimmock,  of  Ma,ssachusetts,  be.<^ides 
Misses  Soule  and  Eliot  and  Mr.  S.  Lowell  Elliot      If  I  have  not  in  con- 
nection with  this  mentioned  Mr.  W.  H.  Edwards,  it  is  only  because  I  wish 
to  make  special  acknowledgment  of  repeated  and  constant  favors  throur-h 
a  score  of  years  in  the  gift  and  loan  of  specimens,  and  the  use  of  drawings 
A\ithout  his  aid  the  book  would  be  far  more  incomplete.     Then,  there  are 
many  from  whom  I  have  received  hardly  less  important  favors,  including 
longer  or  sliorter  lists  of  captures  with  their  seasons,  which  have  been  o*f 
great  importance  to  me,  the  loan  or  gift  of  specimens  for  description,  illus- 
tration, or  dissection.     I  do  not  know  whether,  in  the  lap.se  of  time  since 
some  were  received,  I  can  now  recall  them  all,  but  I  set  down  their  names 
as  they  chance  to  occur  to  me,  and  among  them  will  be  recognized  many  a 
known  entomologist:  Messrs.  J.  G.  Jack,  Holmes  Hinckley,  E.  L.  Morton, 
Roland  Thaxter,  Samuel  Henshaw,  Roland  Hay  ward,  P.  S.  Sprague  and  son 
James  Angus,  N.  H.  Rishop,  L.  Trouvelot  (who  painted  also  many  of  the 
insects),  C.  S.  Minot,  Profs.  William  Cook,  A.  !• .  Verrill,  Sanborn  Tenney, 
Messrs.  J.  Q.  Shnte,  N.  C.  Greene,  E.  R.  Reed,  II,  Gillman,  W.  V.  Andrews, 
H.  H.  Ballou,  C.  P.  Whitney,  A.  B.  Foster,  Profs.  A,  S.  Packed.  E.  L.  Mark 


xu 


PREFACE. 


S.  I.  Smith,  Mrs.  A.  G.  Whittemore  and  H.  P.  Nichols,  Messrs.  A.  Babcock, 

D.  W.  Beadle,  S.  Stebbins,  G.  J.  Bowles,  Theodore  F.  McCurdy,  E.  Norton, 

E.  L.  Graef,  T.  L.  Mead,  J.  E.  Meyer,  P.  R  Uhler,  B.  P.  Mann,  Wni  G.  Fish, 
Gol.  T.  W.  Higginson,  Drs.  G.  F.  Waters,  J.  C.  Merrill,  Walter  Faxon,  Wm. 
Wittfeld,  Eevs.  C.  J.  S.  ISethune,  W.  P.  Alcott,  and  W.  J.  Holland,  Profs. 
Ct.  H.  French,  C.  H.  Fernald,  T.  C.  Chamberliu,  A.  J.  Cook,  Messrs.  Charles 
Wright,  W.  llowells.  Curl  Braun,  J.  A.  Allen,  M.  W.  Harrington,  G.  W. 
Belfrage,  E.  P.  Anstin,  Austin  Bacon,  B.  Billings,  James  Fletcher,  J.  E. 
Chase,  Wm.  Couper,  A.  II.  Grote,  C.  J.  Maynard,  J.  M.  Jones  of  Halifax, 
H.  K.  Morrison,  F.  P..  Caultield,  G.  M.  Dodge,  Profs.  H.  W.  Parker,  F.  P. 
Atkinson,  Lawrence  Bruner,  L.  K.  Gibbes,  Misses  Harrington,  Mary  E. 
Murtfeldt,  Mattie  Wadsworth,  Messrs.  John  Akhurst,  E.  A.  Schwarz,  C.  A. 
Davis,  H.  H.  Lyman,  W.  D.  IVIarsh,  E.  M.  Hulbert,  Baron  Osten  Sacken, 
Drs.  Edward  Palmer,  G.  M.  Levette,  H.  A.  Hagen,  Juan  Gundlach,  George 
C.  Webber,  and  Messrs.  Eobert  Howell,  John  McCallum,  Charles  H.  Peck, 
Tryon  Reakirt,  C.  T.  liobiuson,  A.  W.  S.  Ritchie,  I.'.  A.  Blake,  L.  L.  Thaxter, 
E.  T.  Cresson,  0.  S.  Westcott,  E.  A.  Popenoe,  J.  Boll,  James  Behrens,  and 
G,  W.  Letterman.  Nor  must  I  forget  the  favors  received  from  European 
friends, —  the  late  Drs.  Boisduval  and  Herrich-Schaeffer,  Dr.  A.  Speyer,  Herr 
Chr.  Drewsen,  M.  A.  .Sall^,  Herr  von  Prittwitz,  Herr  P.  C.  Zeller,  M.  Th. 
Goossens,  and  J.  Jenner  Weir,  Esq.,  as  well  as  the  authorities  of  the  British 
and  Paris  museums  during  my  visit  to  them.  Mr.  Sereno  Watson  has 
given  me  very  welcome  assistance  with  the  plant  names. 

Acknowledgments  are  given  upon  the  plates,  or  the  explanations  accom- 
panying them,  for  many  favors  from  friends,  which  need  not  be  repeated 
here ;  but  I  owe  a  special  debt  of  gratitude  to  Mr.  Edward  Burgess  for  his 
kind  aid  in  drawing  for  me  the  abdominal  appendages  of  our  butterflies, 
and  in  most  cases  of  making  the  dissections  himself  at  great  expense  of 
time  and  pains ;  and  my  acknowledgments  are  due  to  Mrs.  Todd,  of  Am- 
herst, for  her  permission  to  let  me  copy  her  painting  of  New  England 
flowers  and  butterflies,  which  has  been  used  for  the  temporary  cover  to 
the  parts  during  the  issue  of  the  work. 

Finally,  I  have  warmly  to  thank  my  colleagues.  Profs.  Wm.  M.  Davis 
and  S.  W.  Williston,  Messrs.  L.  0.  Howard,  C.  V.  Riley,  and  Charles  W. 
Woodworth,  and  the  writer  of  the  Excursus  on  p.  1257,  who  have  consented 
to  prepare  chapters  upon  subjects  related  to  my  work,  but  with  which  1 
was  not  sulficienLly  familiar  to  do  them  justice,  —  chapters  which  have 
added  in  no  small  degree  to  its  value.  It  should  however  be  distinctly 
stated  that  these  writers,  and  particularly  Messrs.  Howard,  Riley,  and 
Williston,  are  in  no  way  responsible  for  the  terminology  of  the  butterflies 
mentioned  in  their  respective  sections.  The  names  are  there  employed  as 
they  would  have  been  had  the  chapters  been  written  by  myself. 


S.  n.  SCUDDER. 


Cambridge,  June  9,  1889. 


TABLE    OF    CONTENTS. 


Vol.  I. 

PREFACE *""■ 

LIST  or  ILLUSTRATIONS ^^^ 

INTRODUCTION. -L   The  Gen'kral  SiRDCTURE  OF  BuTTERrriEs     ....        l 
The  Egg ;    ■        2 

The  Larva  or  Caterpillar g 

The  Pupa  or  Chrysalis g? 

The  Imago  or  Butterfly 35 

II.  The  Modern  Classification  of  Butterflies  iiistohicallv  considered  5-2 

III.  The  Physical  Features  and  Faunistic  Division's  of  New  England  7.5 

The  Physical  Gkography  of  New  England.    By  W.  M.  Davis  7,') 

The  Climate  of  New  England.     By  W.  M.  Davis 86 

The  Zoological  Divisions  of  New  England gg 

IV.  Studies  on  the  Emrryological  Development  of  Eovanessa  antiopa. 

By  C.   W.    WOODWORTH    ....  n- 

\)o 

KEY  TO  THE  FAMILIES  OF  BUTTERFLIES ]05 

FAMILY  NYMPHALIDAE j^g 

Subfamily  Satyrinae  ...  „. 

115 

Genus  Oeuois 

'** »...!  .6'J 

ExcuEsus  I.   ne  White  Mountain  of  New  Hampshire  as  a  Home  for  Bulterfies  .    .     127 

Oeiieis  scmidoa  ...  ,  „ . 

.    .  131 

Ociieis  jiitta 

Gciuis  Cercyouis 

Excursus  II.   The  Clothing  of  Citerpitlars jpi^ 

Cercyonis  alope , ,, 

Cercyouis  ucpliele ,  _, 

Genus  Eiiodia 

Excursus  III.    The  General  Changes  in  a  Butterfly's  Life  and  Form 175 

Enodia  portlandia ,on 


XIV 


TABLE  OF  CONTENTS. 


■Ill; 


Vaok 

Genus  Satjrodes 187 

Excursus  IV.   TAn  Eggs  of  Butterflies jgo 

Satjrodes  eurydice ]  g;i 

Genus  Neonyniplia jOQ 

ExcUKSDS  V.    Till' Modes  of  Siixpencicjii  of  Chri/saliJs 201 

Nt'onyrnplia  pliocion 20H 

Genus  Cissia 20S 

Excursus  VI.    The  Geographical  Distrihulion  of  Butlcrfies 211 

Cissia  eurytus 21t 

Subfamily  Nymphalinae  222 

Tribe  Apaturidi 228 

Genus  Clilorippo 231 

Excursus  VII.   The  Ancestry  of  ButterjUes;  the  Primaeval  Form 2.35 

Clilorippe  clyton 241 

Tribe  Nyniphalidi 249 

Genus  Basihircliia 230 

Excursus  VIII.   The  Means  emploi/ed  by  Butterflies  of  the  Genus  Basilarchia  for 

the  Perpetuation  of  the  Species 200 

Basihircliia  arcliippus 207 

Basilarchia  astyanax 2S0 

Basilarcliia  proserpina  (astyanax-artliemis) 289 

Basilarchia  arliiemis 294 

Tribe  Vanessidi 306 

Genus  Polygonia 399 

Excursus  IX.   Dimorphism  and  Polymorphism 315 

Pdlygouia  iuterrogatiouis 319 

Polygonia  comma  . 332 

Polygonia  satyrus 344 

Polygonia  faunas 348 

Polygonia  gracilis 359 

Polygonia  progne 302 

Genus  Eugoitia 372 

Excursus  X.   Butterflies  at  Night  and  at  Sea ;  out  of  Season  and  out  of  Place    .    .  376 

Engonia  j-album 379 

Genus  Euvanessa 387 

Excursus  XI.   Butterfly  Sounds 392 

Euvanessa  antiopa 397 

Genus  Aglais 4I3 

Excursus  XII.  How  Butterflies  winter 4]  3 

Aglais  milberti 420 

Genus  Vanessa 43O 

Excursus  XIII.   Butterflies  common  to  the  Old  and  the  Neu>  World;  where  did  they 

originated 43g 


>      '-'» 


TABLE  OF  CONTENTS,  xv 

Vanessa  atalanta ^  4.1 

Vauessa  huntera >g7 

Vanessa  cardui _  Ann 

Genus  Junouia _  ^oy 

Excursus  XIV.    The  Ways  of  Butterflies 49  j 

Junouia  coeoia 404 

Tribe  Argynnidi gQ^ 

Genus  Euptoieta cqq 

Excursus  XV.    The  Origin  and  Development  of  Ornamentation  in  Butterflies    ...  510 

Euptoieta  Claudia gin 

Genus  Epeyeria _  coa 

Excursus  XVI.   Antigeny ;  or  Sexual  Diversity  in  Butterflies 531 

Speyeria  idalia co- 
Genus  Argynnis .  g-r 

Excursus  XVII.    Lethargy  in  Caterpillars g-^ 

Argynnis  cybele 55^ 

Argynnis  aphrodite g(.3 

Argynnis  atlantis g,^ 

Genus  Brenthis g-o 

'E^CVRSUS  XVllL   Glacial  Beminders ;  Our  Oldest  Neu>  England  Butterflies    ...  588 

Brentliis  myrina gog 

Brenthis  montinus gQi 

Brenthis  bellona »f<o 

Tribe  Melltaeidi 

Geiiils  Piiyciodes -., 

Excursus  XIX.   The  Butterfly  Fauna  of  the  Eu.Hern  United  Stales,  and  especially  of 

New  England,  compared  to  that  of  Europe 

Phyciodes  tharos 

Phyciodes  batesii    ... 

643 

Genus  Ciiaridryas 

^^^^^^^^^-   The  Three  Pioneer  Students  of  Butterflies  in  this  Country    ....  651 

Charidryas  nycteis       .    .  .,„ 

008 

Genus  Ciuclidia    . 

667 

Excursus  XXI.    Companionship  and  Commemalism  among  Caterpillars 671 

Cinclidia  iiarrisii     .     .  „_, 
07* 

Genus  Eupliydryas _  ..j, 

Excursus  XXII.   The  Hibernation  of  Caterpillars figg 

Euphydryas  phaeton ^  gg^ 


XVI 


TABLE  OF  CONTENTS. 


Subfamily  Euploeinae  ''*<>« 

r         ,       . 703 

Ucnus  Anosia  ..... 

AlKlSW  ploXippilS      .       .  ^  .'  liU 

.  700 

Subfamily  Libytheinae    .     .  ■         ■  ,^j 

j-^g 

Genus  Hypntus    .... 

,     ,     .  j'53 

EXCDRSUS  XXIV.   Fossil  Bulterjlies 

Hypatus  bachmauii  ^^'^ 

7G0 


>        » 


Vol,  II. 

FAMILY  LYCAENIDAE 
Subfamily  Lemoniinae 

Genus  Calcjiliclis 

^^^^J^siJsXXY.    Tie  Names  q/ButUrJIies 

Calephelis  borealis ■•■•■■■•■■■.     7S5 

SuMamily  Lycaeninae    ... 

Tribo  Theclidl      ..... 
Geuus  Strymon 

Excursus  XXVI.   IJi/pemetamorphosh  in  Butter/lies 

Sti-yiiiuu  titus 

Gcuus  Eroia 

Ex^sXXVIL   r..i,.,W..,,/«.r.//...,;.     'F^oHieB..^,nau.s    .     8,7 
Erora  laeta -oi/ 

Genus  Incisalia 

Excursus  XXVm.    Hahil  as  a  Guide  in  Classification    ........ 

Incisalia  niplion 

Incisalia  irus 

Incisalia  augustus 

Genus  Uranotes 

Excursus  XXIX.    The  Procession  of  the  Seasons 

Uranotes  melinus  .     , 


Genus  Mitura 


Excursus  XXX.    The  Adornment  of  Caterpillar. 
Mitura  damon  .    . 


767 
772 
783 


783 
791 
798 
802 

801 
809 
815 


819 
823 

826 
829 
834 

842 
846 


850 

856 

859 
861 


h 


-I 


TABLE  OF  CONTENTS. 


XVU 


Genus  Thecla ^"' 

003 

Excursus  XXXI.  Sexual  Dkenity  in  Legs,  Wings,  and  Scale  Arrangement   ...      872 

Tlicck  Ontario      ....  vr- 

o7.j 

Thecla  liparops C77 

Thecla  calaii us      .     .  00 r 

035 

Thecla  cdwartlsii onn 

Thecla  acailica gna 

Tribe  Lycaenidi g^^ 

Genus  Everes „„. 

UUa 

Excursus  XXXII.  Length  of  Life  in  Butterflies       ggg 

Everes  comyn*as n,. 

Genus  Cyaniris „,„ 

"^^cv^^va  \X\in.  Digoneulism  in  Butterflies ;   Rtensity  of  Life  in  America    .     .  92.'} 

Cyaniris  pscudargiolus no? 

Genus  Nomiadcs „,„ 

Excursus  XXXIV.    Origin  of  Faricties  in  Butterflies,  Possible  and  Probable     .     .  950 

Nomiadcs  couperi g_.. 

Genus  Ruslicus „,_ 

Excursus  XXXV.    The  Friends  and  Associates  of  Caterpillars ggg 

Rusticus  scuddcrii    .....  ncj 
904 

Tribe  Chrysophanidl ^-n 

Genus  Chrysoplianus o-. 

Excursus  XXXVI.   The  Distribution  of  Butterflies  in  i\ew  England 975 

Chrysophanus  thoe n-. 

Genus  Epidemia noo 

Excursus  XXXVII.   Local  Butterflies gj,^ 

Epidemia  cpixauthe _    _  go,. 

Genus  Ilcodcs    .    , „„„ 

'E^cuiisvs  XXXXlll.  Psj/cliological  Peculiarities  in  our  Butterflies 995 

Ilcodcs  hyi)opliIaeas ong 

Genus  Feniseca ,^„„ 

Excursus  XXXIX,  Periodicity  in  tie  Appearance  of  Butterflies ioi4 

Feniseca  tarquinius iQjg 

FAMILY   PAPILIONIDAE j^,- 

Subfamily  Pierinae -.^^^ 

Tribe  Rhodoceridi _  ,„,„ 

Genus  Callidryas ,„,„ 

Excursus  XL.   Aromatic  Butterflies -.q,- 

Callidryas  eubule      ....  in-, 
lUao 


XVlll 


TABLE  OF  CONTENTS. 


Geni's  Xaulhidia IqjjI 

Excursus  XLl.   The  Colonization  of  New  England 1064 

Xautliidia  iiieippe jQgg 

Genus  Eurema \m^ 

ExcuKSCS  XLII.    The  Stcurming  and  Migrations  of  Butlerfliea 1077 

Eurema  lisa jQg^ 

Genus  Eurymus iqoq 

Excursus  XLIII.   Color  Preferences  of  BMerflia;  the  Origin  of  Color  in  Butterfies    1101 

Eurymus  interior j^qjj 

Eurymus  pliilodice jiii 

Eurymus  curytlicme Wl^ 

Tribe  Anthooharidl ^y^,. 

Genus  Authocliaris ...  1130 

Excursus  XLIV.   Protective  Coloring  in  Caterpillars 1143 

Authocliaris  geuutia _  11,7 

Tribe  Pieridi ^^j. 

Genus  Pontia ,    .  nr,. 

115b 

Excursus  XLV    Cosmopolitan  Butterjlies Y\^i^ 

I'ontia  protodice i ig.. 

Genus  Pieris _  ,,-, 

Excursus  XL VI.  r/{p  5;,«ffrf  0/ «  ^aZ/wy/^  w  ff  „e«,  ifft^i'oa  (with  a  map)   .    .    .  II75 

Pieris  oleracea -i igi 

Pioris  rapac -^ggg 

Subfamily  Papilioninae ^319 

Genus  Laertias _  -,230 

Excursus  XLVIL  A  Study  of  Certain  Caterpillars i234 

Laertias  phileuor.     ...         _  -xa,-, 

Geuus  Iphiclides p-n 

^^cv^s^s  XhWll.  The  Butterflg  in  Ancient  Literature  and  Art.    By  C.  H.  B.     .  1257 

Iphiclides  ajax ^264 

Genus  Jasoniades ...  i  gsn 

Excursus  XLIX.  Melanism  and  Albinism ^285 

Jasoniades  glaueus ,00^ 

Genus  Euphocades -.oq- 

Excursus  L.  Deceptive  Devices  among  Caterpillars;  or,  the  Defences  of  Caterpillars  1310 

Euplioeades  troilus jo,. 

Genus  Heraclides .  1307 

Excursus  LI.  Southern  Invaders jggg 

Heraclides  cresphontes ^  100 . 


'*  mi 


^ 


TABLE  OF  CONTENTS. 


XIX 


Genus  Papilio 

ExcUESUS  LIL   The  Law  of  Suffusion  in  Butterfies 

Papilio  poljxeiies 

FAMILY  HESPERIDAE 

Tribe  Hesperidl 

Genus  Eudamus 

Excursus  LIII.  Effect  of  Cold  on  Development 

Eudamus  proteus 

Genus  Epargyreus 

ExcUESUS  LIV.    Odd  Caterpillars 

Epargyreus  tityrus 

Genus  Aclialarus 

Excursus  LV.    Variations  in  Habit  and  in  Life  according  to  Locality  and  Season 

of  the  Year 

Aclialarus  lycidas 

Genus  Thorybes 

Excursus  LVI.  Some  Singular  Things  about  Caterpillars 

Thorybes  batliyllus 

Thorybes  pylades 

Genus  Thanaos 

Excursus  LVII.  Nests  and  other  Structures  made  by  Caterpillars    ...... 

Thanaos  lucilius 


PiOl 


1350 
1333 


Thanaos  persius 

Thanaos  juvenalis 

Thanaos  horatius 

Thanaos  terentius 

Tlianaos  martialis 

Thanaos  ausonius 

Thanaos  brizo 

Thanaos  icelus 

Genus  Pholisora 

Excursus  LVIII.   The  Perils  of  the  Egg 

Pholisora  catuUus 

Genus  Hesperia 

Excursus  LIX.  Anomalies  in  Geographical  Distribution    . 

Hesperia  montivaga 

Hesperia  centaureae 

Tribe  Pamphilidi 

Genus  Aucyloxipha 

Excursus  LX.   A  Budget  of  Curious  Facts  about  Chrgsalids 
Aucyloxipha  uumitor 


1373 

1378 

13S3 

■1386 

1393 

i397 
1399 
1412 

1413 

1418 

1423 

1427 

1432 

1436 

1445 

1434 

1458 

14G8 

■•476 

1486 

1490 

1493 

1498 

1500 

1507 

1514 

1518 

1519 

1527 
1531 
1536 
1542 
1346 
1551 
1554 
1558 


XX 


TABLE  OF  CONTENTS. 


Grniis  Pnniphila ^503 

Excursus  L XL    iHiat  Fumiliei  of  PlanU  are  preferred  by  Caterpillart  ?  .     .    .    .  1567 

Panipliila  manilnn j5(5g 

Genus  Aiiililysciitcs j5j'5 

Excunscs  LXII.    Cu/or  Rclnlioiis  <f  Chri/Ml'nh  to  their  Surroundings 1678 

Aiiiljlyscirtes  viiilis ...  1582 

Aniblyscirtes  snmoset i5§y 

Genus  Ponups jjgg 

Excursus  LXII  I.  liulfrrjlies  as  Botaninta i^c^^ 

I'oanes  niassasoit 1597 

Genus  Phjcanassa jCOo 

Excursus  LXIV.    Pontiircs  at  rest  and  asleep \%<)2 

Plijcanassa  viator jqq^ 

Genus  Atrytouc _  jgQ^ 

Excursus  LXV.   The  Em-Mies  of  Butterflies ......  ifilO 

Atrytoiic  logan \ft\i 

Atrytouc  zaliulon .    .  1617 

Genus  Hylcjiliila 2(505 

Excursus  LXVl.  Seasonal  Dimorphixm ](;27 

Hylcpliila  pliylucus if^^Q 

Genus  Erynnis 1G34. 

EXCUESUS  LXVII.    The  Costal  Foil , , ml  Diseal  Streak  of  Skippers  .     .....  1639 

Erynnis  sassacus jg^2 

Erynnis  manitoba .    ,  i(54,g 

Erynnis  metea jg-Q 

Erynnis  attains _  _  igeo 

Genus  Atalopcdes _  jgrg 

Excursus  LX VIII.  Flight  in  Butterflies jgjg 

Atalopcdes  hurou 2.661 

Genus  Antliomaster 1667 

Excursus  LXIX.  Biitterfli/  Vision iggt) 

Antliomaster  leonardus 2673 

Genus  Polites 2678 

Excursus  LXX.   Sexual  Dieersiti/  in  the  Form  of  the  Scales 1681 

Polites  pcckius 2683 

Genus  Thymelious 2689 

Excursus  LXXI.   The  Jet  of  Pupation 2693 

Thymelicus  aetna 2696 

Tliyniclicns  brettus 2701 

Thymelicus  mystic 2  705 


.1   K^ 


^ 


TAlJa.E  OF  CONTENTS. 


XXI 


Genus  Limochores      .  '*oi 

Excursus  LXXI I.   The  Lam  nf  Colorational  Pattern    .    .    .    .    .',".'    !!!! 

Limochores  himaciil.'i     .     .  

I7l*i 

Lituocliores  nmimtaaoua 

*  '  *•••,• 1  yoA 

Liniocliores  taumns 

1  70  r 

Liiiiocliorcs  poiitiac  .  •     •     •     •      /  ^ j 
1732 

1735 

1737 
1739 
1742 
1746 
174'J 
1750 

1757 

175!) 
1701 

1763 

1766 


Genus  Euplijcs 

ExcuHsus  LXXIII.   How  Butttrflie,  ,u<'k 
Eupliyps  metacoNif't  .     . 
Enplijes  veriia     .... 

Genus  Calpodcs 

Excursus  LXXIV.   Odd  Chryfalidi  . 

Cal;)odcs  etiilius   .... 

Genus  Oligoiia 

Excursus  LXXV.  Monstrontiei, .    .    .    . 
Oligoria  maculata     .    .    .     . 
Genus  Lcrcnia    .     . 


Excursus  LXXVI.    THe  Colon„,  of  Bntterjlics  a,  related  to  their  DistHMion  ' 
Leremn  aceius 

Lerenia  hiauna  

'■•■•••■■•    1771 


Vol.  III. 

BUTTERFLIES   OF  THE   XOUTHEASTERN    TNITED   STATES   AND  CVNADA 
NOT   FOUND   L\   NEW  ENGLAND. 


NYMPHALIDAE. 

OeiiL'is  mauounii .  .  .  1775 
Ociieis  Calais .  .  .  ,  1777 
Ccroyonis  pegala  .  .  1771.) 
Coeuonynipha  inoniata  1782 
Neoiiympha  conielius  .  1783 
Nuoiiympha  initrhellii  .     1735 

Cissia  sosybiiw    .     .     .  ]78fl 

Chlorippe  ccltis  .     .     .  I7S8 

Anaca  andria .     .     .     .  1794 

Semnopsycfae  di.ma .     .  171J9 

Argyiinis  alccslis     .     .  1802 

Breiithis  ficiju    .     .     .  ] 805 

Brenthis  chariclea   .     .  1808 

Charidryas  ismeria  .     .  1810 

Agraulia  vanillac     .     .  1814 


LYOAENIDAE. 

Callicisia  culiiiiu.llii . 
Cidycopis  cecrops  . 
Tliccla  lorata .  .  . 
Eiipsyche  m-albi'm  . 
Atlidcs  Iialesus  .  . 
Nomiadcs  lygdanius 
IJusticus  striatus 
Epidcmia  doi'cas 


1S20 
1821 
1823 
1824 
1827 
1828 
182'J 
1830 


PAPILIONIDAE. 


Oallidiyas  sennae 
Callidryas  phiica 
Zerenc  ccsonia  . 
Pyn'sitia  mciieana 


1831 
1833 
183(5 
1840 


Nathnlia  iole  ....  1842 

Syrichloe  olympia    .     .  1344 

Euphoeades  p.nlamcdes  .  1846 

Papilio  brevicaiida   .     .  J8,-)1 

HESPEBIDAE. 

Khabdoides  celliis     .     .  js,-,.5 

Thorybes  electra      .     .  Igsc 

Pholisnia  bayhnrstii     .  1857 

Oniisma  powcsheik .     .  1859 

Potaiithiis  omaha     .     .  1881 

Erymn'g  uiicas     .     .     .  ]8(52 

Liiiiocborcs  palatka .     .  lSfi3 

Eiiphyes  osyka   .     .     .  1865 

Prencs  ooola  .     .     .     .  isgc 

Prenes  panoquin      .     .  Is67 


xxn 


TABLE  OF   CONTENTS. 


TIIK   lIVMKNOPTEROLo   PAIIASITKS  OF   NORTH    AMERICAN    15LTTEKFL1ES. 
Hv  I..  O.   llowAUi),  with  a  siTtion  on  the  Micrognstcriime  by  C!.  V.  Uii.ey. 


lOHNEUMONIDAE. 

IdinfJimm  rulivontiis  .  IS?.") 

"         ealijiimisiis  .  IbTl) 

"         iiistiibilis      .  ISTI) 

"         vi'i'sabilis  1S7T 

lloiilisiiu'ims  iiioriiliis  .  1S7S 

Trufius  I'xt'soriiis  ISTS 

Trogus  obaiiliaiiator  1S7U 

llcmitek's  iitilia       .     .  1n7'.' 

Hcmitclcs  lyoiu'iiae  .     .  ISSO 

Crvptus  sp ISSO 

Opbion  bilincatus    .     .  ISSl) 

EsDcliiliiiii  iiiiimbim  ISSl 

Annmalon   pseiidargioli  ISSl 

Mi'suchoiMis   pimilicoUis  IS82 

5Io9ocborn9  si'ilulus     .  lSS:i 

I.iinm'ria  fiigitivu     .     .  1SS3 

Limnoriii  liuii'iiitiilia  lSS;i 

I'impla  niiimlipi'3     .     .  18SI 

Glypla  crralii'a   .     .     .  1SS5 

BRACONIDAB. 

Mifnidiis  sanctiia     .     .  1S80 


CHAIiCIDIDAE. 


PEOCTOTRUPIDAE. 


Chalcia  flnvi])ca   .     .     . 

1S80 

Tel 

eiioiims  gi-aptae  . 

isyo 

Chali'is  I'obusta   .     .     . 

1887 

Tel 

I'lioiims  I'iliyi 

18Uf 

Eni'vrtus  iiioiitinus  .     . 

18S7 

BRACONIDAE. 

Ciipiilosoma  tunii     .     . 

ISSS 

Microgastcrmao. 

I'leroiiinlus  rhionobac!  . 

188U 

Apanteles  gloiiierat ns 

1898 

pnparimi    . 

18U0 

"         congiTtfatiis 

I'.lOl 

"          vam'ssac 

is'.in 

"         edwanlsii 

I'.IOl 

IS'Jl 

iiu'gatliymi 

1902 

"         linienitidia 

\'.m 

IVnistiMiiis  aiitiopae 

IS'Jl 

"         luiKiliis    . 

liui;! 

Cindspilus  iiigcr      .     . 

I8y2 

"         I'vaairidis 

rnoit 

'IVtraslirhus  seniicli'ac   . 

is'.m 

"         nrgviiaidis 

lUOl 

saumlci'sii 

is'.i;! 

kdi'bilei   . 

laoi 

thei'lao      . 

181)3 

"          lla\  intriiis 

1«05 

"           moilcstus  , 

IS'.U 

1 

"         cmargiiiatiin 

lyoa 

Tni'bogniiiuna     miau- 

"         thi'clae     . 

l'.)Of. 

tiiiii 

ISDt 

"         jiiadiiiae  . 

1U07 

Trichdgramiiia  miiiulis- 

"         cardnicola 

iyo7 

siiiiinii 

1S115 

"         ntalantac  . 

iyo8 

Trii'hii'^raiiiina  iiilcmic- 

"         pholisorae 

11)09 

ilium 

ISUn 

"         cassianna 

.    lyoD 

1    M 

cTogaater  I'arinata 

lyio 

THE   mPTEliOlS    PARASITES   OK   NORTH    AMEKICAN    Hl'TTKUI'LlES. 

By  S.  \V.  WiM.isTiiN 

Acroglossn  hespendarum  l')17 

Exiii-istii  I'utilia   .     .     .  1917 

"      blaiidn  .     .     .  191S 

hiranlft.     .     .  1919 


Ev, 

risia  Iheelarnin  . 

19:20 

I'boi 

ircra  nillwtocki 

iy22 

Kxorisia  acuddcri 

1921 

MasoiiTra  arehippivora  . 

1923 

l>h 

iioccrn  ednnrdsii 

1921 

• 

frenohii     .     . 

ly23 

Ph 

H'ocera  animdersii 

iy22 

lileyi   .     .     . 

iy2i 

ADDITIONS   AND   C0PT1ECTI0NS     .                  1925 

DATES  OF  rUBLlCATlON      . ^^^^ 

INDEX .    •    •         •.••••  •'•'3.'» 

LIST  OF  SURSf'RlBERS,  MAY,   1889          I"''' 


n 


LIST    OF    ILLUSTRATIONS. 


Vol.  I. 

rORTllAIT  OF  JOHN   ABBOT ^,,„,,,^,,^^. 

Vol.  II. 

PORTRAIT  OF  JOHN   LbCONTE ^,,„,,^,.  ^^ 

A  Sekiks  of  Figurks  showing  the  Changks    miRiNo   FurATiON   in   Antiic     ''"'' 

ciunis  GENUTIA.     (Lent  by  Mr.  W.  H.  Edwards.) ^gg 

Map  showing  tub   Puoukkssivk   Distuiiiution  of  Pieius  uapak  in  America 

BETWEEN    ISGO   AM,    ISSMInldnl) Opp<.i/. fa^n  USH 

A  Series  of  Figires  u.u.stkating  the  Constriction  op  the  Median  Giimi 

IN  the  PlPATlON  OK  Fl'PllOKAHES  TROIMS.     ( Hy  Dr.  C.  V.  Rilc.v.)  1324 

A  Series  OF  Figures  iua-stuating  the  Mode  of  Fixation  of  the  Cbi;master 

OF    THE    ChRVSAMS    in    THE     PaI,    C  OSSTRrCTEI.    HY    THE    C.iTERPU.LAR    OF 
DIFFERENT   BUTTERFLIES.      (By  Dr.  C.  V.  RiloY.) 1(594 


Vol.  III. 

PORTRAIT  OF  TIIADDEUS  WILLIAM   HARRIS Fromspi.rr. 

Butterflies  in  Color ^^^^^^    ,_j^ 

Butterflies  in  Black .,,,,. 

Colored  Maps  of  GEooRAniicAL  Distribution ..      jg,.,., 

Male  Abdominal  Appendages "      3'i  ■): 

Neuration  of  the  Wings <•      •jo   1 1 

»)o— l* 

Scale  Patches  and  Folds  of  the  Wing   Membrane  found  in  the 

Male  Butterfly     ....  •■      ,q  ,f 

'l-O-l.T 

Androcon'a,  or  Scales  peculiar  to  the  Male  Sex •<      40.51 


XXIV  LIST  OF  ILLUSTRATIONS. 

Side  Views  of  Butteuflies,  showing  Appendages  of  the  Head  and 

Thorax  (excepting  the  wings) pi^te,  52-60 

SIlSCELLANEOUS  SteUCTUKAL  DETAILS  OF  THE  ImaGO Plate           61 

Internal  Anatomy  of  Anosia  plexippus <•           gg 

Embryology  of  Euvanessa  antiopa  (in  color) "           63 

Eggs  in  Color  and  in  Black P/afc*  64-66 

MicROPYLES  OF  Eggs .<      67-69 

Caterpillars  at  Birth  (much  enlarged) "      70-73 

Mature  Caterpillars  (mostly  in  color) «     74-77 

He.u)s  of  Caterpillars  at  different  Stages "      78-SO 

Nests  of  Caterpillars "     81   82 

Chrysalids  in  Color  and  in  Outline ••      83-85 

Miscellaneous  Structural  Details,  mostly  of  the  early  Stages   .  "      86,  87 

Hymenopterous  and  Dipterous  Parasites ••     88  89 

Physical  Map  of  New  England  (in  color,  folded) j,t  end. 

Isothermal  and  Faunal  Map  of  New  England  (in  color,  folded)    .    .  At  end. 

Map  op  the  White  Mountains  of  New  Hampshire  (in  color)        .    .  Jt  end. 


THE 


KlillMA. 

Ill  liPiid  linns.     I'au'cs  U  and  li!.     l-\,r  i  a  iKiii'ir.i.Aits  rcnil  iiriri;i!i-|.iKs. 

.!;;  jiiid  :'.."i.       ••     cA  I  i:i;i'H.i.M! /■('(,/ I'liitvs  vi.is. 
Ill  tc\l.      I'an"  i:.,  Iiii..>  :il  Miiii  :ii;.     /■'.„■  ■I'licsinr  ,•,,/,/  Ti.inai'r^ 

i07,  lilU'     17.        /•'!//•  Hh'.liuMl    /'..'i/  llll'llitlll. 

111.  Inst  liin's  hilt  •>  and  .s.     /•'()/•  laritcr  rctui  Inn^ri.r. 

l."lL'.  lilK!  L'.S.         /-n/Miidt^Oll  /■(•(/./  (iailllilc. 

l.'i.'i.  line  20.     I   ii'ani  tliat  jiitta  was  disi'uvi'r.'d   liy  I'rol'.  ('.    II. 

I'uniald  at  Hie  DruiKi-Sldlwal^'i- Im;;,  in   ls7:i.  l);.|'(iiv  .Mr.   lii'aiiii 

caiiio  to  liaiiuor. 
lilt<.  line  .").     l-'iii-  Sii'iiacl<i'  rrdil  SlrwiacUc 


Ulohulicorncs  or  Aclialin()[)toni  with  .similar  .si-rnilication,  the  group  is  not 
a  natural  one,  — that  is,  at^  an  a.ssomhlage  of  k'pitloptoroii.s  in.sccts,  it  has 
no  equivalents  of  equal  value  and  weight.  Tlie  gn.Mping  is  siinplv  a  con- 
venience, not  the  cxpres.sion  of  a  natural  division.  The  four  families  ot 
scaly-winged  insects  which  are  thus  assemiiled  may,  however,  he  usually 
distinguished  in  their  [lerfcct  state  from  the  other  faiuilies  l.y  the  thickening 
of  the  tips  of  their  antennae,  so  as  to  make  the  latter  appear  more  or  le,'^ 
eluhhed  ;  also  l.y  the  total  absence  of  any  lateral  appendages  to  the  separate 
antemial  joints  ;  and  hy  the  want  of  a  bristle-like  extension  of  the  costal  ner- 
vure  of  the  hind  wings,  by  which  it  is  ciuight  to  the  front  i.air,— all  which 
features  obtain  in  the  majority  of  other  Lepidoptera.  They  .lilFer  also,  but 
in  a  very  general  way  only,  in  habits,  butterflies  usually  lioi.lingtlioir  wings 
erect  when  not  in  use,  almost  invariably  flying  only  "by  day,'  and  in  tlidr 
transformations  seldom  spinning  any  cocoon,  the  hinder  end  i.f  the  chrysalis 
being  provided  with  little  hooks  by  which  a  finn  hold  is  had  of  a  button 
of  silk  spun  beforehand  to  cling  to;  while  .itlier  Lepidoptera  generallv  fly 


XXIV  LIST  OF   ILLUSTRATIONS. 

Side  Views  of  Butterflies,  showing  Appendages  of  thf  H.--ad  and 

Thorax  (excepting  the  wings) P/a to  52-60 

Miscellaneous  Structural  Details  of  the  Imago piate        61 

Internal  Anatomy  of  Anosia  plexippus <<           go 

Embryology  of  Euvanessa  antiopa  (in  color) ■•           53 


■;l 


•  ■:! 


THE 


BUTTERFLIES  OF  NEW  ENGLAND. 


INTRODUCTION. 


I. 


THE   GEXEKAL   STllUCTUKE  OF  BUTTEHFLIES. 


Uclx'liti'    Xol  I.     Uciiciitriici' is  till' wci-'ht 

(.If  iMili,iii'>ti'il  iiirals  i-M  yr>li'ril;iy. 

"I'is  for  l;ir;;i'  iUlilll.lls  lliiil  u'iil'i;r"()ll  lU'l'V, 

Nut  lor  a  lKiiH\v-si|i|iiim'  liiilti  rlly. 

1  mil  :i  tliiii.u'  uf  rliynir  ami  n'lloiiililias. 

Tlir  niuiiiciitai'v  ra'liilniw  vu  the  >|iray 

JIaili'  liy  the  tliiiiidiTiiii.'  lorrcnl  uf  iii'i'irs  lives; 

No  iiiaitiT  ulii'llicr  1  aiii  here  or  there; 

1  !-lill  eati'h  .-iiiilieaiii!-, 

(iKoiidK  Ei.ioT. —  T/ie  S/'i'inish  Gupsi/. 

rpHE  word  hiiiterHy  is  a  popular  term  for  ti  f' \v  of  the  Iiiirlicr  families  of 
-L  scaly-winged  insects,  or  Lepiclojitera.  -Vlthough  for  niiuiy  years  sys- 
tematic writers  have  fretjuently  used  the  terms  Pjtpilionidae,  Klio[)alocera, 
(jlobul! 'ornes  or  jVchtdinoptera  with  similiir  signification,  tlic  groii[)  is  not 
a  natural  one,  —  thtit  is,  tis  an  asseniblao-e  of  lejiidopterous  insects,  it  has 
no  cipiividents  of  etjual  value  and  weight.  The  groii[)iiig  is  sim[)ly  a  con- 
venience, not  the  exnression  of  a  natund  division.  The  four  iiunilies  ot 
scaly-winged  insects  which  arc  tlnis  !isseml)led  mtiy,  however,  he  usutillv 
distinguished  in  their  perfect  state  from  the  other  families  liy  the  tliickcning 
of  the  tips  of  their  antennae,  so  as  to  mid\e  the  latter  apjiciu'  more  or  less 
chilihcd  ;  also  hy  the  totid  idjscnce  of  any  laterid  ajipendagcs  to  the  separate 
antemial  joints  ;  and  l)y  the  want  of  a  i)ristle-like  extension  of  the  costal  ner- 
vure  ot  the  iiind  wings,  hy  which  it  is  caught  to  the  front  p:ur, —  idl  whicii 
features  obtain  in  the  majority  of  other  Le[»idoptera.  They  dilFer  also,  i)ut 
in  a  very  general  way  only,  in  hal)its,  hultcrllies  nsmdly  holding  tiieir  wings 
erect  when  not  in  use,  almost  invariably  tiying  oidy  by  day,  and  in  their 
transformations  seldom  spinning  any  cocoon,  the  hinder  end  of  the  chrysidis 
being  provided  with  little  ho  )ks  l)y  which  ti  linn  hold  is  had  of  a  butttm 
of  silk  spun  beforehand  to  cling  to;  while  other  Lepidoptera  generally  fly 


2  TiiK  i!i'ri'i;i;i'i-ii:s  of  new  kx(;i,ani). 

by  ui^lit,  i'\|iim(l  tlicir  wini;s  i'lilly  ur  cvt'ii  incline  tlicni  downwiinls  when 
at  1'e.st,  \Mi<!i  their  ehrysnhs  state  in  a  eoenipn  or  lieneath  the  jrn)iin<l,  and 
Imvi'  no  hdiiks  at  the  tip  ot  tlie  clnysalis  ;  all  these  features,  however,  are 
liaMe  to  t're<|nent  exceptions. 

'i'vi_i;-etiier  \vilh  all  other  icpiihiptcrons  insects,  the  hntterfly  is  well  known 
to  iinilerii'o  pccuhar  and.  to  ontward  appearance.  \t'ry  sinMcn  transl'oi  ina- 
tions  (hu'iniL;'  its  yi-owth  :  liorn  as  an  cl;l;'.  it  eiiicru'cs  from  it  as  a  worm-like 
animal  called  a  caterpillar,  which  I'ecds  ^()^ncionsly  on  the  |ilant  upon 
which  the  maternal  instinct  has  taiijiht  the  liiittertly  to  lay  her  cj:'^,  casts 
its  skin  several  times  in  its  ifrowth,  and  finally,  slonuliinn'  its  intci^'innent 
aii'ain,  <'omcs  ont  a  pn|)a  or  chrysalis,  in  which  the  ereatnre  appears  as  it' 
in  swaddliiiL;'  clothes,  all  its  appendai,  's  neatly  encased  upon  its  hreast.  and 
itselt'  lu'l]ilcss  and  almost  completely  motionless. — to  ordinary  view  as 
ditl'erent   as   possible   from   the  ai'riid   ereatnre   will,    \arieifate(l  trennilons 


wmijs  one  ni;iv  see 


oi'  dancmii'  nicrnlv  in  the  snnhuht 


hortly  afterward 
th  ' 


ppinu'   honey  from   an   open    tlowei 


Chanp's  simiiai'  to  these  are  now  kno\\  n  to  occur  throughout 
dcralile  portion  of  the  animal  kinu'dom,  lint  ll 


no  nicon- 


ie\-  arc  most    tamiliar  to  tlie 


pop 


toiinlar  mm( 


I  and 


//>■ 


jtiir  trffllriK-r  m 


,'  Hrst  kni 
th.e  Lepidopt 


to  fl 


ic  ancients  ni  the  in.-ect   trilics  am 


\\'ilhont  enterinu;  in  full  upon  the  characteristics  of  Icpidopterons  insects 


m  Lii'nci'a 


I.  we  shall  in  this  inlrodnction  Hrst  examine  tl 


le  u'encra 


1    strnctui 


of  hnttcrtlics  hotii  external  and  internal,  in  the  \arion'  stay'es  of  I'xistence. 
as  a  lia^is  for  a  knowledge  of  their   proiier  clnssKication.      ^\'e  shall  next 


utiiiie  sucji  a   cla-^siljcaiion   I 


(h 


ly   means  of  a  liisiorical  snr\'ey  of  former  en- 

th 


illow  this   liv  a  stndv  of  the  physical  features  ol'  the  territorv  with 


whose  i> 


uttertlies  and  liutterti\-  faunas  we  lia\c  most  to  do,  and 


close  Willi  a 


ih 


special  investinatioii  of  the  earliest  lieiiiniiinys  ot'  life  within  the  eu'ii's  of 
Imtterriies.  We  shall  then  he  prepared  to  discuss  the  ditferent  sorts  in 
svf^tematic  detail. 


THE   FJKi 


All  in»ri'ls,  liKi'uix',  lii'iiii  I'cirlli  woi'ins.  i'\-<t|)1 
:i  ii'iiiilii  ;;c'iMi>  nl'  liiiltcrllii*.  ami  IIu'm'  liriiiir  fiirtll 
•A  JKiril  >ii'i>l!iiiri'  ri-fiililiii'^-  a  i^nilii  of  liiislanl 
^:lll'^l>ll,  lull  uliii'li  iiiti't'iially  i>  li<|iiiil. 

Aliisiiii  i,i;.'  '/'iii/lnr's  truiinliitiou. 


I. 'I 


External  characteristics   (1'i.ati.s  64-69). 

The  ei;"j;'s  of  hiittertlies  arc  composed  externally  of  a  thin  pellicle,  separa- 
ble into  the  base,  walls  anil  iiiicro|iyle  :  the  first  is  usually  Hat,  destitute  of 
tipecial  markinjfs,  servinjjf  simply  as  a  held  of  attachment ;  the  walls  aro 
viirioiisly  .scidptiired  and  compose  the  rest  of  the  cirjJ:.  excepting  the  minute 
mieriipyle,  which  oeeiipies  the  very  summit,  and  is  made  up  of  a  rosette  of 
exoes.sively  minute  cells. 


THK   EC.C:    KXTKliXAL    ClIAIiACTKlMSTlCS. 


Those  e-g,,  tli..n-li  wUvays  ciirular  ..r  voumWy  i.ulvlR..ln,l*   in  section, 
vary  greatly  in  «I,ai.,',  and  air  da..e.l  in  ..nc  ..I'  tl'ie  .•liaptens  ..f  this  work 
into  l)aiTcl-..hai.u(l,  glc.l.nlar,  tiaratf  and  hcniisphcrical.      Tlie  first  aiv  tlu' 
most  common,    vary  nnich   in.   proportionate  heigi.t  an.l  aiv   nsnally  ■dso 
r.M.ed   vertieally,  the  ril.s   varying  in  onr  speei.s  tron.  eio-ht  to  thlrtv  or 
forty  m  nnmher,  the  former  ol>taining  in  some  sptries   of'  \'anessidi  "  ihr 
hitter  .n  Knrema.      Where   the  rihs   run   from    hase  to  summit,  the  s'j.ae.. 
between  them  is  always  l.rokon  up  into  (,ua(h-ate  cells,  i.v  nnu'h  more  fre- 
quent and  generally  more  delicate  raised  transverse  lines.   "  lint  the  character 
of  the  rihs  varies  in  different  species  almost  as  much  as  the  form  of  th..  co-- 
Itself ,   and  wlnh-  some  of  these  eggs  are  two  an.l  a  half  times  hi-her  than 
hroad,  the  height   of  others   exceeds  their  hreadth  hv  verv  little  ;"some  are 
tlmnhh-shapcl,  sugar  loaf-,  flask-  <,r  acorn-shaped,  while  others  are  even 
fusiform  ;  so  the  rihs  may  either  he  coarse  and  heavv,  or  delicate,  stron.dv 
cHonpressed  an.l  greatly  elevated  ;  they  may  he  as  large  at  their  ch^es  a^,;! 
their  liases,  or  wedge-shaped  ;   the  cross  lines  are  usiiallv  verv  delicate    hut 
m  a  few  species  they  vie  with  the  vertical  rihs  in  stoutness  and  near  or  upon 
the  sunimit  of  the  egg  are  often   niueh  heavier  than  elsewhere.      Harrel- 
siiaped  eggs  occur  in  every  family  excepting  tiie  Lv.'aeiiidae. 
_    (Jlohular  eggs   occur  only  in  the  Satyrinae.  Xymphaiidi,  and   Papilion- 
mae        I  hey  air  always  a  little  flattene.l  at  the  hase.     The  surface  is  either 
simply  rugose,  as   in  the  rapilionini;e  ;  or  covere.l  with      .rv  minute  and 
very  mei.nspMuous  cells,  as  in  some  Satyrinae  :  or  is  l.roken  up,  as  in  Xviu- 
phalidi,    hy  very   high   and    thin   partition-walls   into  pre.tv  regular  deep 
hexagonal  cells,  from  the  angles  of  wlii,.li  threa.l-like  filaments  proic.t  to  a 
considerahle  distance. 

Ilemispherieal  eggs  are  only  known  in  the  Pampiulidi,  an.l  anion.>.  them 
we  fin.1  great  uniformity.  The  surface,  apparentlv  siii..otli,  is  hrok.Mrup  hy 
exceedmgly  delicate  lines  into  minute,  usually  liexao„iial  cells,  the  flo.ir  of 
winch  IS  pr.,fusely  filled  with  shalhiw  micn.scopic  puii..tulati..ns. 

AAith  the  sole  exception  ..f  the  genus  I'arnassius  amono-  Papilioni.lae, 
n-H'I'nu  m  „„t,n.  America,  tiaratc  or  echinoi.l  eggs  are  :.onfinc..l  t..  an.l 
mclu.le  all  of  the  Lycaeui.lae,  hut  in  one  genu.,  Heo.h.s,  the  base  ..f  the 
egg  is  broa.leiud  t.,  such  an  extent  that  it  is  oiilv  bv  suff.Tan.v  that  it  ...n 

be  classed  here  ;   it  is  rather  .lemiechinoi.l ;    the  surfiu'c   ..f  tiaratc s   j. 

marly  always  hn.ken  up  i„,o  cells  of  varying  sixe  separar..,l  bv  .H:;inct 
livavy  walls,  win,.!,  are  sometimes  .,f  uniform  h.'ight  throimliout,'at  .itluMN 
pmlueed  lit  the  angh.s  into  tubercles  presenting  on  ch.se  examination  a  ve.y 
(.lifterent   eflct.  '' 

The  egg  shell,  without  taking  into  account  the  in.'rcas.-.l  thi.'knes.  which 
IS  often  given  to  a  large  part  of  the  surfa.v  by  ri.lg.s  an.l  ribs,  is  always 

*I)c.ho,-tysr,ys  tli.t   in  ll„.  E:,s,  I,„li,„   ,.,-       pr.,l.,l,lv  ,,„■:„,.  >i,„|,lv  ll„„  UhmtIK  .,lv...,...s 
.■a..m.l.  forma,  tlu.  ,■-  is  l„.xal,..,lral.  win.-i,       .i^..|.v  l.r,.. 1  f,.'/  '  "" 


THE  BUTTERFLIES  OF  NEW  EX(ILANI). 


moderately  liojivy  iind  toiigli.  It  seems  to  '-e  tliinnest  in  the  Vanessuli, 
but  tlie  presence  of  liijrii  tliin  ril)s  prevents  one  from  readily  examining 
tliroiiLrli  the  shell  the  nature  of  the  contents  or  the  eon<lition  of  the  emhryo. 
In  the  I'ampliilidi,  it  is  lunisually  thick  and  't  the  same  time  opaque,  while 
in  sume  of  the  Lyeaenidac,  the  walls  of  tiie  cells  .'vc  sometimes  excessively 
heavy,  es[)ecially  on  the  crown  of  the  ejrji'. 

The  centre  of  the  sunnnit  is  always  occupied  hy  the  miero|)yle  (Plates 
(67-69),  a  system  of  delicate  microseoi)ic  canals,  usually  from  four  to  six  in 
number,  which  radiate  from  a  minute  pit  in  the  very  centre,  and  the  mis* 
sion  of  which  is  to  convey  into  the  egg  spermatic  threads  for  its  fertiliza- 
tion. Around  these  is  a  rosette  of  minute  cells,  the  character  of  which  in 
the  Pamphilidi  diHers  but  little  from  ordinary  cell  structure  exce[)ting  in  its 
delicacy.  In  nearly  all  butterflies  it  occupies  an  inconsideral)le  portion  of 
the  sunnnit  of  the  cj!;}!;  and  in  some  species  is  either  so  minnte  or  obscure 
as  with  ditficulty  to  be  seen  at  all,  excei)ting  under  the  most  favorable 
light.  Usually  it  is  slightly  depressed,  and  in  some  cases  is  situated  at 
the  bottom  of  a  profound  pit,  but  in  others  the  contour  of  the  shell  is 
not  disturl)ed  by  its  presence.  The  cells  generally  increase  in  size  from  the 
centre  outward,  and,  although  sometimes  comparatively  few  in  number  and 
nri'angcd,  especially  the  central  ones,  in  a  definite  })attern,  arc  more  com- 
monly cro\vded  rather  confusedly  together. 

Internal  changes,  as  seen  externally. 

Having  been  unalile  to  improve  my  opportunities  of  studying  the  embry- 
oloifv  of  butterflies,  and  almost  nothinij:  being  known  concerniu";  the 
changes  they  undergo  within  the  egg,  I  am  forced  to  content  myself  hero 
with  brinjrin";  forward  the  followimr  brief  statements  concernin<f  such  i)he- 
nomena  as  may  be  witnessed  through  the  usually  rather  opaque  shell.  This 
I  the  less  regret  as  I  have  obtained  the  kind  cooperation  of  Dr.  Wi)odworth, 
whose  s[)ecial  study  of  the  embryologieal  history  of  Euvancssa  antiopa 
will  ai)pear  in  the  closing  section  of  this  Introduction. 

The  changes  which  transjiire  within  the  eggs  of  butterflies,  as  viewed 
through  the  external  envelope,  may  be  said  to  indicate  rudely  four  distinct 
stages  of  dovclopment  :  all  of  these  stages,  excepting  perhaps  the  last  at  its 
dose,  are  often  greatly  or  entirely  olisciu'cd  from  view,  either  Iiy  the  opacity 
of  the  shell  itself,  as  in  some  oi'the  I'amphiiidi,  or  l)y  the  confusion  arising 
from  the  rough  sculfitiu'ing  of  the  outer  surface,  as  in  the  Lycaeninae, 
Basilarchia,  I'ieris  and  the  Argynnidi,  and  even  to  some  extent  in  the  more 
delicately  marked  Vanessidi. 

In  thi'  jirs/  period  the  ccnitents  are  homogeneous,  just  as  when  they  are 
laid,  when  only  a  jiure  color,  shining  through  the  integument,  can  be  seen  ; 
this  conditiim  lasts  l)Ut  a  short  time, — doulitless  nuich  shorter  than  apj)ears 
from  tiie  indications  which  can  penetrate  the  shell ;  a  certain  change  makes 


TiiK  r.(;(;:  intkuxal  ciiax(;ks. 


its  appciiranee  in  from  two  to  four  daya  after  deposition,  or  in  from  onc- 
tliinl  to  (me-.seventh  of  tlie  total  duration  of  the  emhryonie  life.  In  Eiuy- 
mus  pliilodice  a  ehaufre  wa.s  first  noticed  in  forty  two  hours  after  depositiim, 
so  that  the  first  stage  occupied  al)out  one  third  of  its  life.  In  Cercyonis 
alope  no  dittercnee  was  noted  until  the  third  or  fourth  day  or  after  one 
seventh  of  its  oval  existence  had  elapsed. 

The  first  chanjje  of  color  proclaims  the  advent  of  the  sfrnin)  pm'oif,  in 
which  a  uniform  alteration  is  noticed  in  every  part  of  the  contents  of  the 
egg,  —  prohaldy  the  period  known  to  emln-yologists  as  that  in  which  the 
formation  of  the  hlastoderm  or  cellular  layer  takes  place  ;  it  is  indicated 
externally  cither  hy  a  uniform  dotting  of  the  whole  surface  with  specks  of 
a  deeper,  usually  reddish,  color  giving  to  the  egg  a  new  tint ;  or  hy  a 
simi)lo  change  of  color,  its  cause  heing  ohscure.  In  Cercyonis  alopo  for 
exani|)le,  the  color  changes  from  honey  yellow  to  a  pale  pink  color ;  in 
Enphydryas  phaeton  (64:37)  *  the  original  yellow  becomes  strongly  tinged 
with  i)rown  ;  in  Eurynnis  pliilodice  the  yellow  yields  to  a  pale  salmon  :  in 
I^imochores  taumas  the  change  is  from  i)ale  green  to  a  pale  wood-hrown 
tinged  with  green ;  in  the  last  case  a  closer  inspection  shows  this  alteration 
to  l)e  accompanied  hy  the  ai)i)earance  of  deep  vinous  Hecks  scattered  over 
the  whole  egg;  sometimes  these  are  reduced  to  mere  dots,  at  others  they 
are  larger,  while  ill-defined  streaks  are  distriliutcd  over  the  surface  with 
great  irregidarity  and  no  a[)i)arent  meaning.  This  jieriod  is  of  even  shorter 
duration  than  the  preceding.  In  Euryuuis  pliilodice  it  lasts  hut  fourteen 
hours  ;  in  Limochores  taumas  four  or  five  days  ;  I>ut  the  usual  term  is  one 
or  two  days.  In  Ancyloxypha  numitor,  the  first  two  stages  occupy  two 
days  and  a  half. 

The  Ihin/  pi'vlod  is  first  indicated  hy  a  decided  and  significant  change 
in  the  distrihution  of  the  spots  or  of  the  tints.  Either  tliere  is  simiily  a 
distinction  ])etween  the  jioles,  or  more  commonly,  an  aggregation  of  the 
Hecks  into  larger  more  or  less  irregular  spots,  forming  a  narrower  or  hroader 
liand  around  the  middle  of  the  egg,  at  equal  distances  from  the  h  ise.  Dur- 
ing this  period,  which  doiihtless  corresponds  to  the  formation  of  the  germinal 
I  land,  the  organs  and  parts  of  the  future  caterpillar,  whetlier  they  are  in 
their  primordial  condition  or  have  assumed  the  contour  and  divisions  of  the 
growing  insect,  lie  wholly  in  an  annulus  upon  the  sanio  plane  with  the  liasc 
of  the  G^ra^x  this  seems  almost  imiiossihle  in  the  eloiiirated  fusiform  c"'"'  of 
hurymus  pliilodice,  hut  I  sec  no  reason,  from  the  ohservations  I  have 
made,  to  believe  that  this  embryo  departs  in  any  way  from  tli(>  general  law. 
This  period  is  generally  longer  than  any  of  the  others,  occupying  in  nearly 
all  the  species  I  have  <;!;.ierved  fully  one  half  of  their  einhryonic  life ;  in 
Limochores  taumas,  however,  it  occupies  hut  two  or  three  days  of  the 
twelve  or  thirteen  usually  passed  in  the  egg.  In  Euiihydryas  phaeton  the 
*ni!ii-k  fiu'fil  luiiiionils  ivfoi-  to  tlji'  pliu-;  otlicrs  to  tlio  lijriuc-  (iii  llic  iplaip. 


TllK   liLlTKia  LIK^S  Ol'   NKW    KNlil.ANi). 


icci'ssion  ot'tliiji  stiiji'f  i.>t  iiiarkr<l  liy  iiii  iilUTiition  of  tin  jircviuiisly  iiiiil'urnt 
irowii  til  a  l)i'(i\vn  wliicli  is  of  a  rii'li  |iiii|p|l.-li  liiii'  aliovc  and  dark  yellow  i,»li 


Im'Ii 


o\v,  a  chaiiiiv  wliicli  .■icciiis  to  iiicrcasf  in  nitcnsity  a.i  {rrowth  adNaiiccs. 
In  all  otluT  oIisci'mmI  s|u'cics.  the  clianuc  is  sonicwliat  diliiTi'iit,  In  lOiny- 
inns  philodicc  tlir  nnifoi'hi  salmon  is  cxclianu'cd  for  a  liroad  central  liaiid  ot 
Ipii^iit  rccldisli  oraiij;'!',  the  o|i]io>iti'  poles  lieing  yellow.  In  Aneyloxyplia 
nuuiitor  (66  :o"))  iri'egnlar  rau'ned  patelies  of  deep  oranue  red  make  tlieir 
appearanee,  I'neirelinii'  the  eyji'  willi  an  areliijiela^'o  of  eolor.  In  Liino- 
eliores  tannias  the  ehanji'c  is  indicated,  first  hy  an  alteration  in  the  position 
of  the  retldi.-h  Hecks  which  now  con,i;reji'ate  in  the  n|)|(er  half  of  the  ejiji', — 
a  i'lian;;it  which  seems  analoji'oiis  to  tliat  ret'erred  to  in  iMiphydryas  phaeton  ; 
then  hy  their  colleetinu'  into  streaks  similar  to  tiiose  of  Ancyloxi|iha  nnmi- 
tor,  rnnnin"'  irre^'iilarlv  in  overv  direction  ;  and  iinallv  l>v  their  still  y,ri'ater 
concentration  into  a  hroad  .spot,  sneli  a.-i  will  next  lie  descrihed  in  Krynnis 
metea.  In  this  latter  species  the  opacity  of  the  shell  does  not  permit  the 
t'arlicr  sialics  to  lie  witnessed  and  the  lirst  indication  we  ha\e  of  anv  chan^ie 


tl 


rs  the  aiiiK 


arance  of  an  oliscmv  fiiscons  hand  or  cloud  across  i 


me  sale  oi 


the  ciii^',  extcndiini'  from  the  extreme  liasi'  a  little  way  o\i'r  the  sinnmit,  its 
edges  full  and  rouiaU'd  ;  afterwaiil  it  contracts,  ocenpyinjj' only  the  middle 
of  the  side. 


Tl 


lere  are   then    mk 


th 


dicati 


of  at    least    three   snecessivo   stages   in   this 
period.    \i/.,    the    polaiily    ol'  the    contents,    tlii'    appearance   of  a  central 


ammins  a 


nd  the  definition   of  a  larLi'e  lateral  spot  :   the  tir,-t  t 


wo  correspoi 


d 


to  the  formation  of  the  primitive  hand  and  the  last  to  the  dcHnite  eonstrnc- 


tion  ol'  '1 


■ad.      The  duration  of  the  first  sia^c  seems  to  lie  shorter  tl 


lai) 


that  of  the  two  sneceedinu'  ones,  which  are  alioiit 


cijual  III 


leno-tl 


The  Papilioninae,  owinu'  to  the  grealer  tenuity  ot'  the  shell,  ofH'r    lietter 
opportunities  liir  the  I'xaminatioii   of  the  couleiits  of  their  euys    than    the 


Ilesiieridae.      I  ha\e  not,  h 


owcMr,   taken  special  noti'  of   tluir  earlier 


lifl 


In  lioth  I'apilio  polyxenes  and  lOnphoeades  trolhis  the  flecks  and  streaks 
are  dark  green  and  reddish  lirowu,  and  in  the  huier  portion  of  this  period 
assume  a  definite  arranu'cmeut,   skctcliiiiL;'    in  a  \aL;ue    wav  the   contoiu'   of 


till'  euclosi'd  lar\a.    whose 


coll     IS  \ 


isiiile  from  ihe   summit   of  the  viXiX '•  th 


dermal  ajipendagc.-  seem  to  lie  formed   at  an  earlier  |ieri(id    than  we  should 
anticipate,  and  ihrough  means  ofiluau  the  parts  can  lie  more  readily  ri'Cog- 


ni/.ed  :  in  this  instance 


I  I 


lelicM'  III  all  olliers.  Hie  eoforei 


I  flecl. 


ks  are  move 


clearlv  indicated  on  the  side  of  the  lar\a  nearesi  the  summit  ot'the  ey-y;  and 
appear  as  little  jiapillai'  or  tongues,  often  spatiilate  in  form,  projet'ting  from 
the  liody  and  so  o\crlap|iing  I'aeh  other  as  to  form  an  intricate  net-work. 
At  this  time,  the  close  of  the    third    period,  ilu'  half-formeil    lar\a  lies  in  a 


coil  aroiuul  tlic  ( 


1  tl 


<hell.  re(Tmiiig   upon  its  ,>i(U',  its  head  and  hinder  ex- 


tremity 111  juxtaposition  ami  in  tlie  same  |ifaiie. 

The  change  to  the  J't>i(rl/i  and   final  jn n'lxf  is  a  \i'ry  short   one,  and    ii 


TiiK  i:(;(;:   inii;i;nai,  cuAXdivs. 


this  |,rri,Ml   tli<'    Imfv;.  iittiiins  its  (.ml.rv..nic   inMt.intv   l.v  cN.vclinnlv  i,,,,;,] 

-rnwtl,  :  tl.c  ciiVMit  ,.ni,c  .-o.,,..  Ini.nvr  Mifii.rs  lor'i.s  .m-.v  .■Mnii'l.'.l  I y 

Mii.l  tlu'  1k.;i,I  nni.l.i.illv  iimxcs  m  !itt|,.  ,i|,„;ir,|-  :n„I  in„:,r,|s.  ,|„.  1„„.t  pur- 
ti..iis  ,,ftlw  .•iMl.Tior  s,.o,n,.Mts  sli,l,.  uv.T  til..  „,,|,,,.  ,„,rli,.,is  uftlic  |M,Mr,-i..r 
ernes  .■m.l  liic  li.M.l  .MTiiim.s  tl„.  ,,.|itiv  ..f  tlic  smnmil  oi'  tlir  siniciiir,. :  in 
tliis  |M.siti(,ii  tlic  huv.'i  is  to  lie  iliiiiHl  Just  lid'oir  (■iiicr-inu-. 

Twciitv-f.Hir  iM.i.rs  l„.t;„v  lnl,l,iii,n-.  ,|„,  ,,..„.  „|'  I.:„,,|„,i,,„l,.s  tmilus  ■<\u,^y< 
t\u-  iM.u'i.n.i,,;,.  uftlns  stiinv:  tl,..  inMn.lil.Irs  ,.r  tl„.  |,mvi,  ,n;,v  then  1...  plninlv 
s.rn.  liMi.uinn-  s,.,,;,nil,..l  fVun,  ,,„•!,  ..thcr  like  onlinM.v  M|,|.,.n.l;in,.s,  wl.ilo 
111.'  I.-M.l  is  j„st  l..-in„i„„.  ,.,  ,„ist  i.nvMnls:    siii.s,.,,u,-i.tlv  lli,.  Mniiiii.I  is  s,, 

'■•"' '  ''"'  '•.-•^'  '''"f  'I"'  "li.ldl..  line.  ..ftl.c  in;.n.liM,.s  (tli',.ir  MTnit..!  clo-.w 

.■nili,,-  „v..r  ,.;,..|,  ..tlur  lik,.  (■..o-wlurls)  li,.s  dinrilv  nvvv  tUr  suture  wl^H, 
M'P'i'.it.'s  tl,..  (uuith  M.i.l  filtl,  s.-n.cnts  .,f  th..  al,.l„Mu.n  :  tlu-  i!i„r:..M..  s,.,.. 
MKHts  ,nr  s..  i„.nt  ns  t..  I.rino-  ,|„.  1„,„1  ..y,,;,,,,  ,|„,  ,,|„l,,M,inni  vhv.  the 
■  ip.'X  ..ftlic  (mniil..  ,,n  the  th.nt  .,f  the  \w:u\  Ivino-  just  nt  .,:•  sli..;,Hv  i„  ,,1. 
v.iMr..  „rtl„.  suuuMil  oCil,,.  ..o-M.,  t|„.  iK.irs  ..fti,,.  sniHl„rsMl  :,l.,l.,n,inal  s,,.;,.. 
■■"■'■  .lnv.-t..,l  t,nv,„-,l  ,,n,i  int.TlMp  ,l,.,s,.  nf  ij,,.  „pp„sit..  si.Irs,  ..x,.,.ptiMo-  „„ 
til.'  tu.,  i.tmuhmI  s.-nu.nis  wlinr  fl„.v  miv  .linrl,.,!  p„st..no,K  .  VII  this 
-nnvtl,  .s,.|Hvt...l  in  »  sin-l,.  .Imv.  .Inrii.n.  wl,i,.|,  tl,..|,.,nM  tn.in.'nllv  ,.|,„n..,  s 
Its  p„s,t,nn  l.v  twirlin-  in  tiu'  slu'lL  i,  M,ov..n.cMt  prnlmMv  pr.Mln.v.l  l.v  ,!„. 
mm!  Mt  il,..  .I.TUKil  Mpp,.n.|Mo-,.s,.ft|,..  |„„|v  :  th.vs,..  .,s  I  .!,,1|  lH,vMli,.r  si„,„. 
••Mv  p.-Mliir  t„  tl.is  stMo-..  „r,!u.  ins,.,.i-s   lif...  I„.i„n.  |„..,.  nn,    in,l,...,l  mI  ,1,.' 

.■Mt  tn.ni   III,.  ..,oo-.,.„v.l,.p,..  l.nt  at  tlir  (irst  ultin-  of  tli..  larvii. 

in  Krviiiiis  MMt.'a.  F,Ini..r||,„-..s  laiinias,  and  ,I,.mI.'i1..ss  all  tl,,.  (.iIi.t  INmi- 

I'' "'•  "'"''•'■  •'"■  f''i'-''    l-'i-'l    i<  n,ark..,I    l.v  a  laf.Tal    l,l„irl,.  ,|,..    ,.|,,„„-,. 

''•'""  'li''  tl'inl  tn  tl...  tonrtl.  p.ri,,.!  is  in.li..at...l  l.v  a  nn„.val  „C  this  p.iH, 
to  tl„.  snnnnit  of  tl...  ,.n-,o-  an.l   tl...  app..M,-aM,...  within  i,  ..f  ,  ,1;„1<..,.   .n.all,..- 

sp,.t       ,h..  ,.,,.,n.lil.I,.s.      In    K.-.vnnis    ,n..t..a  this    pat.'h    npi,.s  the    wh„|.. 

ot   tl...  npp..,.   ,hi..,l    „(•  on,.  si.K.  . ,r, I,.,  „_,„„,, |„.„|,|„,,,  ,,.,„.,,,.  ^,^^,  ^^^,^^,^, 

sMi..:  tl...,la.-k..rsp.,tin,.lu,l..,Iin  it  is  fansv.a.s,.  an.l  .vnit;,,.,,.  an.l  „,...„,•.„„ 

that  s„|,.  wl.m.  the  pafl,  is  ia..,i.-,.st.  a  littl..  al.ov..  il...  n.i.l.M..  .,f  th. 

"  Kn,.y,„ns  phih,,!!,.,.  th,.  ..ha-.o-,.  is  in,ii,.at...i  l.v  th,.  ass,„,.pti.,n  .,f  a  plmn- 
''-"i.shuoa,..!  in  Knphy.h.yas  pl.a..t,.n  l.v  a  ,uT„wi„..  pah.,...ss  at  th,.  I.asc 
^'■'<1  ot  .ln.oin..ss  at  tl...  snn....it  of  tl...  ,.on-.      In  n,.a..|v  all    th,.s,.  instan..i.s 

''"'  '''""■- •'••"•■^  "'f'"""  "  «V  <•<•  l.nt,.|.ino-.  hnt  in  th..s..    I.utt,.,-Hi..s  whi,.h 

n'uuun  a  Ion.,  wl.il..  i„  th,.  ..n-j,-  stat..  (..x.-hnlin..  .,f  ....n.-s..  tl.„s,.  whi..],  l.ih..,- 
tmto  ami  «1.,..|.  havon..t  l.i.,.„  l.,-,.u,irht  at  all  ,n.,l..r  ..on.si.Wati.m ).  this 
l'eno.l  may  last  f.n-  two  .„•  th,.,.,.  ,lays.  I„  l,ntt,...Hi,.s  whi..h  I  hav,.  .sfn.li,..] 
t  ...  ,hn.at...n  ,.f  tho  v^y:.sU^tv  in  th..  sn.,n....,-  va.i..s  f..,„n  Kv..  t..  twn.tv-sc.v,.,, 


8 


TllK    llLTTKltFLIKS  OF    \K\V   I;N(;LAM> 


THE   LAIIVA    on  CATEIU'lI.LAli. 


Miii'ii.  liiTil,  w  ilh  jii>t  our  iii^liiKi.— Iliiil  i)f  '.'rowtli : 

lli'i'  i|ii:il{lv  \\;i>,  nili'i'iiilhii'-IIKc, 

'I'u  iill-iniii-riiinlv  ■.cIiti  :i  Imf 

.\iiil  witlii'iil  {iiii'niii>>i<iii  I'ccil  Iji'I'  till, 

Hiidiiic  ilii'  rnlnii'il  ri'MC(pck.  (ir  hclikc 

'I'lic  Iti'iiij'-lciiii'-wiii'^.  w  lull  liiiii'  cif  yi'iir  »liiiiilil  Miit ; 

Ami  "lis  :i  »ii:ii  (-iiv  (■nl(iiiMilii:rKi>i 

Of  .iikiii'.>,  when  till'  cnMiiiri'  >l(i|i«  lis  iiiriil 

One  liillilllr,  I'lllliT  to  liKik  ll|i  lit  Ili'llM'n. 

(•!■  Iiirii  ii«li|c  fur  iliiiiii;!'  (if  iiliiiii'iit. 

ltl!(>\v.\i.N<;.  — 7i'(''  O'll'iii  Sii,ilil-<'(ii>  C'lHiiti-i). 


i; 


External  form  and  characters. 

Caterpillars  of  l»utterflie!i  dirt'er  in  no  siiiiiif  t'oatiiiT  t'loiii  tlmx'  of  moths. 
In  "(.iioral,  tlicy  may  I)L'  saitl  to  lie  lonj;',  cylindrical  and  uniform,  usually 
more  or  less  flattened  lieneath,  and  to  lie  eom|)osed  of  two  rc^dons,  perfectly 
distinct  t'roni  each  other, — a  head  and  a  liody  ;  the  former  is  a  horny,  com- 
pact, more  or  less  appressed,  ^lohular  ease  liearinj;'  numerous  apjiendaires 
al)out  the  oral  orifice  ;  the  hody  is  divided  into  thirteen  nearly  e(|ual  Heshy 
seiiinent.*,  tlie  anterior  three  of  whicli  form  the  future  tiiorax,  lieariu"-  each  a 
pair  of  more  or  less  horny  five-jointed  leii's,  armed  at  tip  with  a  simple  elaw  ; 
the  otlieis,  which  form  the  future  ahdomen,  hciny  provided  on  the  third  to 
the  sixtli  and  the  last  seiiiuents  with  a  pair  of  stout  fleshy  prolejjjs  or  stumps, 
hearinu'  at  the  ti|)  a  series  of  minute  hooks  ;  all  the  sejiinents  of  the  hody 
are  pro\  ided  with  hairs,  tuliereles,  spines  or  filiunents,  and  some  with  lateral 
openings, —  the  >pii'ucles  or  lireathini;'  pores. 

The  head  and  its  appendages  (87:1(;).  The  lu'ad  is  divided  hy  a 
.-iilure  into  two  lateral  halves,  Imt  near  llie  niiddh'  of  the  front  this  suture 
divides  and  leaves  hetween  its  fork>  a  trinnu'ular  s])ace,  the  frontal  trianii'le 
or  clypeus,  which  is  often  characteri.->lieally  marked  ;  it  is  down  this  middle 
suture  that  the  head  splits  when  the  inteiiument  is  cast  lor  pupation  :  at 
previous  exuviatiims  the  head  is  cast  entire,  hut  at  the  final  moult  the  two 
halves  arc  [)arte<l :  just  within  and  parallel  to  this  forked  suture,  forminji 
the  lateral  walls  of  the  frontal  trianiilc,  is  another  more  deeply  im[)rcssed 
li:ic.  which  would  readily  he  taken*  for  the  suture,  since  the  marking's  are 
distrilfUted  in  relation  to  this  rather  than  to  the  other  ;  it  is,  however,  simi)ly 
liie  rcxcrsc  of  an  i-,'jrior  ridae  for  the  support  of  nuiscles  ;  tlic  true  suture 
i>  almost  always  very  incon.-pieuous  and  can  often  hardly  lie  discovered  in 
the  e:n-iier  larval  staues  (70-80).  llie  two  can  best  l»e  seen  in  Anosia. 
.lust  lielow  the  triannle  and  as  broad  as  its  base  is  a  verv  short  iiiece,  yen- 
eially  inconspicuous  and  welded  to  tiie  triaiiii'le,  most  distinct  in  the  I'apili- 
oiiinae,  called  the  epistoma,  to  the  lower  edi:e  of  which  the  labrtim  is 
altacheil  ;  tiii'  latter  is  usually  bilobed  by  a  very  dee[)  excision  of  its  front 
border,  li'enerally  nai'rower  th.ui  tiu>  e|)isloma,  to  which  it  is  attached  by  a 
Ijeshv  I'iiiiic,  is  always  broader  than  lonu'  and  moves  freel\-  back  and  forth 


Tin:  (  Ai'Kiini.LAit:  sii!i(  iiiii;  ov  iiii;  iii;ai». 


u|Miii  tlic  iniiiiilililc-*.  till'  ii|i|icr  liMX'  of  wliicli  it  .«ci'\c.-  In  inutict.  Tlic 
iiiiiiilililc'^.  Kill'  III!  citlici'  s\(\v.  iirt'  (■((iii|Mi,sc(|  ciicli  ot'  ;i  >lii(rt,  xcry  .>tniit, 
tiiinicl,  lioi'iiy  |iliit('.  I)i'();i(lciiiiiji' I'niiii  tlic  lni>r  :i|iiciilly,  it-' ii|)i('iil  (■(lji:<'  iiKdv 
(li'iiwc,  ami  I'itlicr  straij.'lit  ami  clii.-icl-likc  nr  suiiicwiiat  serrated,  the  ti'etli 
Usually  triaii^'iilar  (86  :->2).  neliiml  tlie  iiiamliMes  lies  tlie  liasal  poitioii 
lit' tlie  maxillae. — a  flesliy  mass  lieariii;;'  a  lar;,'!'  lint  sliurt  ami  sniiiewliat 
iiiammitt)i°m  jniiit  :  tliis  in  its  turn  lieai's  an  inner  ami  an  niiter  |ial|iiis  ; 
the  inner  is  nrtlinarily  nnii'li  the  less  eiiiis|pieiinns,  ami  eunsi^ts  nt'  imly  one 
nr  two  joints,  whieli  jii'iierally  reseinlile,  luit  are  smaller  than,  the  |ii'niilti- 
niate  or  the  apieal  two  joints  of  the  outer  |ial|iiis  ;  the  latter  usually  eoiisist;* 
ot' three  joints,  the  apieal  two  at  least  heiii^'  of  a  partially  horny  eonsisteney, 
eai'li  of  them  eylimlrieal.  etpial,  ami  usually  iiiiieh  smaller  than  the  pre- 
eeilin;;',  the  last  lieiii;^-  always  miiinte  ami  fri'i|uently  almost  impereeptihlc. 
These  two  palpi  are  erowdi'il  tofi'ether  just  at  the  liase  ot'  the  mamlihles. 
( )i'('Upyiii;X  neaijy  tiie  whole  of  the  reiiiainiii;^'  portion  of  the  under  snrfaeo 
of  the  head  hetwi'en  the  liasal  portions*  of  the  opposing;'  maxillae,  is  the 
hihiuni  :  its  hasal  portion  reseiiiMes  that  of  the  maxillae  :  it  liears  apieally 
on  either  side,  just  \\itirm  the  inner  li;ise  of  the  maxillary  palpi,  a  pair  of 
minute,  slender,  two  jointed  laliial  palpi,  the  Itasal  joint  of  whieli  is  eom- 
paratively  hiiijr.  the  apieal  wvy  minute:  Ketweeii  these  two  the  apex  of  the 
laliium  is  peculiarly  developed,  heinii-  tumid  ami  liearinjj;  on  a  swollen  hasc 
a  small,  conical,  slender.  de|ieiidini;'.  horny  tulie,  forming'  the  spinneret, 
iliroiii;h  an  oritice  in  which  the  tluiils  jiass  when  the  insect  spins  silk.  The 
antcnuae,  lyinu'  just  outside  the  liase  of  the  mamlihies.  are  composed  of 
four  joints;  the  Kasal  joint  larye,  fleshy,  mammit'orm,  pressed  upon  hy  the 
base  of  the  widely  expanded  jaws:  the  second  mueli  smaller,  usually  half 
as  long  as  hroad,  and  ha\  inn'  a  somewhat  horny  consistency  :  the  third 
cileiiderer  than  the  second,  much,  sometimes  tiirice,  loiiiifr  than  broad,  cy- 
lindrical, nearly  eipial.  aliruptly  truncate  and  lieariiii;'  at  its  tip  a  \ery  long 
tapering  bristle,  usually  much  longer  than  the  rest  of  the  antenna  ;  beside 
this  bristle,  but  not  in  the  middle,  is  situated  an  exceedingly  uiinuti  fourth 
joint,  sometimes  ilitHcnlt  to  distinguish.  The  ocelli  (86 :- 1, 2'))  are  situ- 
ated just  behind  and  a  little  above  the  base  of  the  antennai'.  They  gener- 
ally ha\e  the  appearance  of  smooth  hemispherical  wavts,  some  larger  than 
others  and  oeeasionally  somewhat  protiilierant,  six  in  number  in  most  ma- 
ture caterpillars,  of  which  Hvi'  are  generally  arranged  in  a  more  or  less  open 
and  regular  curve,  whose  convexity  is  t'orward  and  whosi'  anterior  limit  is 
freiiueiitly  marked  by  a  slightly  impressed  line;  the  sixth  lies  behind  the 
others  though  at  no  great  distance  :  the  genera  diti'cr  somewhat  in  the  varied 
relations  and  exact  position  and  size  of  the  ocelli. 

The  head  varies  greatly  in  general  contour,  especially  about  the  summit, 
which  is  oeeasionally  iifodiieed  into  long,  pointed  horns,  or  bears  elongated 
thorny  tubercles  or  .stout  pricklv  spine;*.     It  y  also  uenerallv  covered  to  a 


10 


'iiii;  i!i  riKui'ijKs  OK  Ni;\v  kxci.axd. 


ik      'if: 


I 


groiiirr  (ir  less  extent  liy  |i;i|)ill;ie  nr  tiiliercles  lieiifiii^'  slioi't  or  loiiir  Iiiiirs, 
(ir  else  liiiirs  ;ii-e  tumid  Mi-isiiiL;'  direelly  tVoiii  the  siirt'iiee  :  fur  liiiirs  in  stinio 
f'orin.  eitliei'  sessile  ur  seiiieil  (in  iiii|iillMe.  iire  mIwiivs  tiinnd  n|Mm  some  jiart 
(if  tlie  lieiid  :  I'M'ii  III'  the  I j\c;ienid:ie.  where  this  reuimi  is  reli'Mctiie  witiiin 
tlie  fii'sl  tiidl-aeie  .-eunieiit   (78-80). 

I  h:i\f  here  (h's<'ril)ed  the  he;id  iis  it  :i|)|)e!irs.  nut  in  its  iiinr|)lii)hiL;ieiil 
rehitioiis,  'liiere  e;iii  lie  no  (|iiesticin  thiil  ideidiy  tlie  lieiid  is  eoniposed  of 
t<e\('riil  seiiiiieiits,  nmsi  ot'wiiirli  lieara  sinu'le  imir  (iC  iiit'eriiir  oru'Mns  hinno- 
IdH'oiis  to  leys,  such  as  llie  jaws,  maxillae,  etc.  So,  too.  I  ha\e  spoken  of 
iin  outer  and  an  imiei'  maxillaiy  iiai|iiis.  and  in  treatinu'  ot'  the  imai;o  shall 
refer  to  a  siiiy'le  pair  as  //n'  maxillae;  liiit  niiieh  eoiit'iisioii  has  arisen  amonij^ 
eiitdinoltiicifts  in  the  application  ol'  these  terms:  ideally,  and  soinetinie.s 
aetiially,  the  maxillae  of  insects  hear  three  palpi,  any  one  of  which  may 
beeonie  specially  devclo|)e(l  and  recei\i'  the  name  of  maxilla,  wliih'  the 
tithers  are  termed  palpi  ;  thus  the  oryan  called  maxilla  in  one  uronp  is  not 
always  strictly  honioioji'oiis  to  wliiit  hears  that  name  in  another  uroiip. 
These.  lio\ve\ir.  are  not  siihjeets  for  discussion  lu're,  and  are  only  meiiliuiied 
to  pri'\eiit  misapprehension. 

The  body  and  its  appendages,  '{"he  hody  i>  composed,  as  has  heeii 
stated,  <if  thirteen  seiiiiieiits  ( (  Oiiipare  Packard,  .Viii.  nat.,  xix  :  ;'>IIS). 
The  iiiteu'unieni  is  only  occasionally,  and  in  special  areas,  ot'  a  corneous 
nature,  heiiiu'  usually  more  or  less  leatln'ry  :  the  intimate  stiiicliire  is  e\- 
ccediiiiily  variable,  as  shown  hy  .Minot  (.\rcli.  mikr.  anat.  iNMi ) ,  ;ind  wdiilil 
donhtless   t'lirnish   excellcnl    points   ot'  distinction   ;ind    aihiiity    if  carel'iilly 


le  riiiii's  of  the  liod\   resenildc  each  other   esseiilialK  . 


studied.       I'll 

tfcv  niav  ln'iir  \ci\'  ditlereiit  orii'ans  or   \ai'\  ciinsidcrahlv 


ithoiiuh 


in  >i/e  :    the  lir-t 


and  till'  last.  howc\ 


er.  otteii  ililli 


r   from  the  others  in  their  u'l'iicral  app 


ance  more  tiian  the  rest  do  amoiiL;-  tlieniseU cs.  'i'lie  lirst  is  alta<'hed  to  the 
head  liy  a  eiintiimation  of  its  more  or  ii'ss  coriaceoiis  intcu'unieiit.  and  \aries 
more  than  any  ot' the  others  in  si/e  :  sometimes,  :is  in  liycaeninae.  it  is  xciy 
tumid  and  jieimits  the  head  to  lie  entirely  withdrawn  \\ithin  its  t'olds  ;  or 
the  scii'ment  partially  co\ers  tlii'  iiead.  as  in  the  I'apiiioninae,  and  hears  a 
pair  of  extcnsiiile  scent  oi'uaiis  :  at  other  times  it  is  exlremely  small,  t'orni- 
)U<j.  as  in  till'  llesperidae.  a  sort  of  neck  lietwecn  ihe  head  and  the  ri'st  of 
tile  body  :  and  then  the  npper  snrt'ace  is  usually  covered  in  part  by  a  horny 
shield.  'I'lie  armature  borne  by  the  first  scunient  iicnerally  diflers  from 
that 


upon  Ihe  other  sei:iiicnts.  Iiciiii:'  more  dinmmlivc  m  si/e  or  less  con- 
spicuous ill  nature.  ,*>oinetimes.  however,  as  in  some  .\rL;yiiiiidi.  a  part  of 
it  is  more  conspicnoiis.  The  leiininal  .-euinenl  diti'ers  I'rom  the  others  more 
by  reason  of  its  position  than  from  any  other  caiisc  :   f'rei|iieiitly  it  is  .-imply 


rounded  behind  ;    at  other  times  it  tli'\ 


eloiis,  as   ni 


<'li 


ippc  and   the  .^aty- 


rinae,  a  pair  of  backward  project iiij;' lapi'rinu'  prolonualioiis  :    \ery  often    it 
lias  a  sliii'ht  central  tnbercnlated  extension,      rsualhthe    hairs   are  loiiiicr 


■#• 


i 


>;J 


TIIK   (ATKlil'llJ.Ai;:     .v|'i;r(  TlUK   OF   Till-;    liODV, 


11 


■J 


niM.ii  llii.  ...o-incnl  tliiiii  u| ,iiiy  utlicr  :  nnd  lik,.  the  lirsi  si-incnt  it  srl.l..ni 

ifcviT  l.c;.i-s  !i|)i.cii(li.M-(.snf(iiiit..  the  snnu'  cIimimcI.t  ms  the  rest  oftlu'  lm.lv. 
With  tlicso  ("x.rphoiis,  liuwcvcr  (nnd  the  |.nM'nc..  or  n\>snwv  of  lens  i,„,l 
.s|.irach's)  till' J..iiit.-<  of  tlu-  IkmIv  :nv  very  siniijjir  to  ..mcIi  otiicr.  Tliry  iii;iy 
lie  (livi(lc<l  into  tlionii'ic  itnil  MlMloniiiiiil  MccMdinu-  ns  llicv  hcionu-  to  tlicsc 
pmspc'ctivc  rc,-:ions.  llic  former  l)ciiriii,a-  ciidi  ;i  imir  of  |,.m-'s.  iI„.  Imtcr  i)CMr- 
in-  prolc-s  only,  iin.l  iihvays  on  the  ll.ini  to  tlir  sixtl.  ';.n,l  on  the  t..ntl, 
ali(loniin;iI   ficirmcnts. 

The  Icjrs  (87:l;i)  iiiv  Hvc-joint(..l.  tlic  basal  two  joints  iisnallv  lai-v  an.l 
tlcshy,  tlic  apical  tlim'  nvncrally  coriaccons  or  horny,  lonov,.  ti,.,,,  hn,:,,]. 
tho  last  armed  with  a  simple,  small.  l.,nt  or  enrved,  often  heeled  claw." 
The  prole,u-s  (86 :27.;!1  ;  87  :l'!  )  consist  of  two  very  lar-e,  tieshv.  shorj 
and  stont  joints,    the  apical  hearino'   .m  the  inner   side  of  its   tip  a  i)air   ..f 

thickened  pads  movin--  laterally,  the  outer  and  s etimes  i!;..  im,er   .f  which 

hears  a  strongly  cnrvin.y-  row  of  niiimte  hooks  :  the  ventral  prole-s  are 
directed  (h.winvar.l.  the  anal  pair  or  that  ol'  iho  i,.„th  seon.cnt  l.oth  down- 
ward and  l.a.'kwani  :  the  latter  are  also  a  lillh'  larn-er.  and  the  p,Ml  provided 
more  ahundantly  with  h..okIets.  The  lot.o-  l.asal  p.irtion  of  the  hooklels  is 
li-htly  imhedfh'd  in  the  skin  and  the  exserted  portion  is  slen.ler.  stronulv 
enrved  and  lio(,ked.  the  hook  s(.metimes  hhmt  and  sometimes  pointed  :  they 
arc  sometimes  arrano'ed  in  sin-le.  s.mietimcs  i,.  donfic  or  triple  rows,  anil 
apparently  .'an  he  cxtdHU'd  somewhat  at  will  :  the  tip  of  th..  fool  hcluecu 
tlK'  |.M<Is  may  he  so  intlated.  .'spcMally  in  ih..  i  ■...H;,,,,;,,,,,.  ,„„|  Il,.sp,,,.idae, 
as  to  hrin-  the  rows  of  hooks  outside  and  thus  the  pads  can  he  opene.l  or 
-hnt  at  pleasure,  the  animal  .•linj..  with  ismt  tenacity  to  anv  ohj.^ct  upon 
which  It  is  standinn-,  and  also  readily  disennao-e  itself.  'I'he  hooks  are 
always  numerous,  thickly  crowdc.l.  an.l  in.irase  in  numiuT  with  a-e : 
^sometimes  as  many  as  one  hundred  are  found  on  each  foot. 

FJrcathin- p,Mvs  or  spiracles,  someumes  ..alle.j  stigmata,  o.riir  onlv  on 
the  first  thoracic  an.l  first  to  th."  ei.u'hth  ah.lominal  s.'o-nuM.ts*  ;  th,.y  arc 
situatcl  a  little  heh.w  the  mi.Idh' ..f  the  si.l.'s  in  the  •■entre  .,r  sliuhtly' in 
a.lvamc  of  the  centre  ..t  the  sco-ments.  and  .■.msisl  ,.f  s'rai-hl  .-^111^  trans- 
verse t..  the  l,o.ly,  snrroun.K.,1  i.y  a  thi.'k.'n.Ml  lip.  the  .uiter  mar-in  of 
wlu.'h  IS  usually  oval  and  frcp.ently  raise.l  :  th.'  spira.^les  ..f  the  firs'i^  tho- 
racic an.!  ei,i.hth  ah.lominal  sem„ents  are  fiv.|uenll\  hin-her  than  the  r.'st, 
especially  in    the    Ly.'aeniiiae  an.l  I  Icsperi.hi.',  an.l  also  oft. 'ii  laruvr. 

'  la  M,m,.  l.,.|,i,l,,,,|..n,.  :„  in  ,l„.  y,uu;  ...t-       Al^rn,,,,,  .  |. |.;n^I.n,l,  ,l,r„„^l,  It.v. 

',"'"'"  "'     ^'" ' .■M„l;u,.s|Mn,W,.s,.„.v  1„.       Mr.  Il,.|ll„s„f  Ivvrt,.,-.  .M.  „ri,»ln.-  I),-    V.rk- 

'""";' "" ";•  ^' •"' ;""' -'-■'! 'I""'-''" -^-  -•.!•> "..,1,... „. ,1,.. .„hi..,., I,.. ,11.,;.  ,; I  I. 

"";'"';  "";" '•••■"""■■■"  .l...,v.,-,., ■:,!.,.  .,,1,-       ..|„M,.,v,:    ,n„. I  „„„;  ,|,„„,„  „llh, 

.n,.a.s„s  Willi...  M...M.,|.,il,.„.i„.„l„.,-...     .My        (  Am.  „i,l..  viii :  .VIl ).     n„.||,.;,. .„|J    '   " 

nvM.n.r  ,.f  „■„..  s,.ir,„  ,.  ..„  ,h,.  hi,,,!...-  ,1,,..       i,,....,,  „,  „,■ I  L.  L:  N  a  n  J  ull  o    . 

nido  M-ni,.|ils  of  lrpi,l„|ii,Tua.  larva,'  l.v  l>i'.       >i,iia,lc,  '""'iuil 


12 


Till':  m  ri'KiirMKs  of  xkw  hxci.axi). 


'I'lic  tluinicic  Mini  ;il)(l<iiiiiii;il  scyiiicnts  iilso  (litl'tT  tVc(|iiciitly  in  tlio  jiosi- 
tioii  (if  till'  ai'iniitiirc  Imriu'  liy  tlii'  scuiiiciits.  iiiul  wlu'tlicr  tlii'sc  cdiisist  uF 
["iinislc  (ir  ciinipdUiKl  s|iim'.s.  tiilicri'lcs,  Inistlc-ln'Mriiiy'  |)ii|iill;u',  nr  Hcsliy 
til;iiiii'iils.  tlicy  arc  iismilly  arranii'cil  in  scvitmI  dcfiniti'  liiiiuntiidinal  scries: 
liiit  siicii  scries  arc  tVe(|iiciitly  liniUcii  at  tlic  (li\isiiiii  lietwcen  tlie  tli(iracie 
ami  aliddiiiiiial  seu'ineiits.  a  siil»l<ii'sal  iiliilnininal  series.  Cor  instance, 
lieeiimiiiji-  latcriidiirsal  mi  tlic  tlioraeic  si'i;'nients  :  siinietiincs  also  a  series 
is  limited  to  oiu'  or  the  other  rciiioii.  On  this  account  and  in  order  to  <r\vc 
greater  jirccision  to  dcscri|itions  of  the  parts  of  I'aterpillars,  I  have  here 
adopti'il  a  uniform  nomeiiclatMre  to  desii;iiate  the  [irecise  heij^lit  on  the  hody 
at  which  the  serial  appcndan'cs  occur,  as  follows  :  ilorxal  or  iiift/ifxffirsdf 
for  a  line  passiiij;  down  the  middle  of  the  liack  :  sll<iiii(itiil  for  a  line  pass- 
iii"'  aloni":  the  sniracK's  ;  lalinil  for  a  line  midwav  lietwcen  these  two  ;  hit- 
eroi/orKiil  for  a  line  midway  hetweeii  the  mediodorsal  and  the  lateral  ; 
.•iiffiffiirxiif  \\n-  ;\  line  lietwcen  the  medi<idorsal  aiul  latcrodorsal  :  siijirii/i'/'rn/ 
and  !  iij'niliiliriil  tor  lines  just  aliove  and  liclow  the  lateral  :  Uihi'dKl'Kjiiiiihil 
for  a  line  midway  lietwcen  the  lateral  and  stin'matal  ;  loipfiixl'Kjtuntiil  and 
iiif'riis(!iii,i<it<il  tor  lines  just  aliove  and  In-low  tl'e  stiiiiiiatal  :  ntilrnl  or 
ni(il!<irf)iti-<il  for  a  line  passini;-  aloiii;-  the  mitldlc  of  the  liclly  :  c'  ••inlrul 
for  a  line  close  to  it:  liih'rnntil fii}  tor  one  still  further  rcmo\cd  from  the 
medio\-cntial  :  and  fiiili'miliifmnUil  lor  any  lietwcen  this  and  the  iiitVastiii- 
luatal  line.  The  nei'cssity  for  precision  is  greatest  aiioxc  the  spiracles,  for 
tlic  armature  of  the  caterpillar  is  t'ound.  as  would  he  expected,  almost 
entirely  upon  the  up[H'r  surface  of  the  liody.  Ail  of  our  liiittcrHy  caterpillars 
arc  clotlic(l  with  hairs,  althouuii  in  the  I';ipilioiiinae  and  l''uplociiiac  tlicy  arc 
so  short  and  delicate  as  to  lea\i'  the  crcatui'c  a  naked  app<'arance,  and  in 
addition  to  this  most  of  them  haxc  other  tcuumeiitary  appendaj;Ts  in  differ- 
ent parts  of  the  liody  :  their  arranyement  atfiirds  admiraliU'  ifcneric  cliar- 
actcristii's  which  have  not  hitherto  liccu  siitficieiitly  iippropriated. 

In  this  connection  it  sh<iuld  lie  statcil  that  in  the  character  of  the  arma- 
ture lioth  of  the  head  and  liody  enormous  dilU'rcnccs  will  lie  found  lietwcen 
the  yomiji'  and  maturi'  larvae  of  the  same  species, — ditrcrences  which  until 
recently  appear  to  ha\<'  lieen  entirely  o\crlooked.  In  t'act  jiiNcnile  cat.  i 
pillars  in  their  lirst  staii'e  may  lie  tersely  said  to  ditl'cr  u'cucrically  tVni,! 
thcmseJM's  at  a  mature  epoch.  In  sonic  the  cJiauLi'c  liccomcs  an  a'^riiji! 
one  at  the  lirst  moult  :  in  otiicrs  it  is  liroiiuht  aiioiit  liy  comparaiivcly 
sliirht  altcrati  ins  at  successi\c  moults.  The  diU'creiiccs  consist,  for  exaiii- 
plc,  in  the  |ircsence  in  some  jii\ciiilc  lai'xac  of  papillae,  cmiitiiiji'  hairs,  some- 
times of  cxecssi\i'  lenit'tli,  arranj^ed  in  dclinite  series,  all  of  which  entirely 
disappear  at  maturity,  the  liody  lieinu'  then  clothed  only  with  short  uni- 
formly distriliiited  hairs  seated  on   |iapillac  :   or,  to  take  another  instance, 

the  head  of  a  lu-wly  liorn   cat<'rpillar \crcd   with  several  lar^c  tiilierelcs 

which  entirely  destroy  the  rcuularity  of  its  contour,  j,dves  place  to  a  well- 


t::;:  catkimmm.ai!:  stimcti'iM':  oi-  tiik  uodv. 


13 


ntimdcd  licud  wlmso  siiininit  Iicars  ;i  pair  of  cxccssivclv  pnMliiccd  coiiicid 
apiicndjiiivs  :  or  :i_naiii,  liairs  scaled  on  iiapillac  arraiii-cd  in  definite  series 
in  a  jnvenile  caterpillar  may  l)e  sii|i|)lantcd  liy  tliorny  sj.ines.  arranged  also 
in  definite  rows  in  the  niatnrc  larva.  Iiiit  oeciipvinu'  :in  entirelv  ditrerent 
jiosition  from  the  series  seen  in  the  yonni;-.  An  examination  of  the  descrip- 
tions ill  the  hody  of  this  work  will  afford  many  other  instances  (piite  as 
f^trikini;-  as  those  j^'ivcn  ;  and  from  the  ol)scr\ atioiis  of  others  lans-  dif- 
ferent ".'Toiips  of  insects  1  am  inclined  to  lieiieve  that  this  is  hnt  a  too  partial 
statement  of  a  general  law.  (Compare  plates  70-73  with  74-77;  see  also 
plate  86.) 

|{esi(h's  the  elothinu-  or  armature  of  the  hody  proper,  there  is  another 
feature  which  may  draw  onr  attention  tor  a  moment.  lOaeh  seynient  is 
divided  into  sections  or  siih-sejrmencs.  as  perhaps  they  may  he  called,  l.y 
transverse  creases  which  extend  around  the  entire  hody  exccptin-r  the  ven- 
tral surface:  it  is  as  if  the  division  lines  lietween  adjoining  seuments  were 
not  siifHcient  for  the  free  motion  of  the  creatnre.  These  creases.  whi<'h 
have  ,ii-reater  or  less  distinctness  and  depth,  are  foimd  in  allied  insects  at 
the  same  place,  so  tliat  even  some  y'roups  of  eonsidcraliie  size  mav  lie  eliar- 
ai'terized  hy  the   mnnher   of  the  sections  into  which  the  principal  hody  scl;- 

ments    are    (li\ide(l.      As    a    u'cneral    ride    these    mr    nearly    the    same 

successive   sco-ments   of  the   hody,    hut    the   thoracic   sen' iits   often   dilU'i- 

from  the  ahdominal  to  a  .ureater  or  less  extent,  ami  the  first  and  last  seg- 
ments of  the  hody  rarely  auree  with  the  others.  In  the  following,  note  is 
made  only  of  the  distinct  ion  seen  in  the  alidominal  scanicnts. 

In  a  few   caterpillars   these  seuinciits  do    not   seem    to   he  di\  ided  at  all.N 
Such  are  our  native   I'apdioninae   with   which  also  the   oeronton-cic  'j'hais   \ 
a-Tccs.  althonjih  soinej£ the  allied  uvnerii.  I'anjussiiis.  Dm'itis  ami  Ismenc.  ^ 
have   three   or   four   siih-dMilons.      The   same   simplicity   is    foniid    in    the 
Chrysophanidi  ;    and  indeed  the  same  is  the  ease  to  a  nearly  complete  extent 
1.1  all   the   Lycaeninae   thoiiuh,  exc.'ptinji-  in    the    ( 'hrysophimidi,   thev  arc 
often  ttiintly  svparahle  into  two  siihsennients.    The  only  uciiiis  of  Leinonii- 
nae  which  I  have  i.een  alile  to  examine,  the  Kiiropean  Nemeohiiis,  also  has 
two  siihsci-nients.  tlionuh  the  hinder  of  the  two  is  ay-ain  siihdivided  c(|iially. 
So.  too.  all  t'-e  Arji-yimidi  and  Melitaeidi  have  too  snhseu-inents,  the  anterior, 
as  is  nearly  the  universal   case,  eonsiderahly   larger,  exc.'ptinn-  that   in   onr 
species  of  Hrenthis  the  hinder  siihscnnient  is  au-ain  divided.      The  Ilclie.m- 
iuae  aji-ree   with   the   Arnynnidi.    while   in    the    Knplocinae    not  only  is  the 
hinder  half  siihdivided  into  two  snhse^iincnts,  hnt  the  anterior  half  as  well. 

thoiiirl,  smm'what  ohsc„rely.      The  next  d<',ure<'  of  , .plication  is  toimd  in 

the  remaiiiin,ir  Xymphalinae  which  have  four  siihseonients,  the  anterior  the 
lurjfer  ami  always  hearina-  the  principal  armatiire.  tli.'  hinder  portion  hein-- 
snhdivided  into  three  smaller  siihsejiinents.  Aiiai'a.  however,  has  the 
hinder  portion  siihdivided  into  four  siihseuinents.      It  is  curious   to   note   in 


It 


TllK  fAlKl'.l'Il.I.AKs  OK   NKU     KNf.I.AM). 


:j  m. 


!i 


tliis  connection  that  Lilntlica  liiis  linn-  siili?  li-nicnt.'S  as  in  the  hnll<  of  the 
Nvniplialinae.  iiltliouii'li  in  tiiis  cum'  the  t'  nr  siihsciiinents  are  of'  nearly 
ei|iial  >ize.  In  tiie  leniainini;'  \vni|ihaii(lac,  liiat  is.  in  the  Satyrinae.  we 
find  a  (irciijcd  ihlU'i'cnce,  llic  t'ninl  siihscL:uii'nl  miiy  a  lillle  hii'u'cr  than  the 
rc-t  or  scarcely  larger  at  all.  an<i  the  whole  >r:^uicnt  (li\i(lc(l  into  six  siii)- 
scu'nicnts.  A  sinu'le  exce|ption  only  has  hcen  nolcil  in  the  Hiiecr.  species  that 
1  lane  Keen  alile  to  examine,  anil  that  is  in  the  i']nroiieap.  1  lipjiarcliia  liyjier- 
anthns.  which  has  only  timi'  siihscuincnts.  the  front  one  no  larii'cr  than  tlu^ 
oihcrs.  while  jiniira.  ]ilace<l  next  il  hy  some  Knro|ican  ciitonioloi;isls,  has  the 
normal  nnnilicr.  ( 'losely  aurccin::'  w  ilh  them  are  the  I'icrinae  w  liich  nsnally 
have  six  snliseonients.  hut  in  tlu'  iMiropcan  Aporia  the  last  two  are  hanlly 
separahle.  A  cni'ious  exce|ition  however  is  to  he  tiinnd  in  the  Antho- 
charidi.  which  usually  have  si'von  suhsegnients.  including-  oiu'  own  ^einitia, 
thonuh  the  Kni'o[)ean  hi'lia  has  hut  six  snlisejiiuents.  and  the  speeii's  ot 
eyris  on 


Z 

In\h 


ly  li\i'  anil  the  last  two  of  these  scarcely  separahic  I'roni  each  otlu'r. 

vest  tiiniily  we  find  a  distinction  hetwcen  the  IIes|)eridi  and  the 
I'amphilidi  in  tin'  yri'Mter  nnmher  of  snhsej;nients  helonji'inu'  to  the  latter 
i.n'oiip.  The  Ilesjieridi  nsnally  have  ti\e.  the  firtit  of  them  the  larger. 
r>nt  onr  IK'speria  monti\ai;'us  has  only  four  and  the  same  is  the  case  with 
Ixvo  species  of  Thanaos.  persius  and  hicilius.  while  Thanaos  jnvenalis  and 
another   unknown  spicies  auree  completely  with  the  hulk  of  the  IIesperi<li. 


'i'hc    I'amphilidi    on    ijic    ntju'r    lianil   ha\('   sc\en 


sul)sei;nien 


ts.    tl 


loULili   a 


n  inarkahle  exception  appears  to  occui'  m 


the  K 


Ad 


nropcan  .\(lop:iea  Imcola.  m 


the  snl)sci;nients  licliind   the   first   apjiear  to   he  paired,  so  that  tlu're 


are  here  but  three  where  ordinarilv  tl 


leri'  are  six. 


\'    a    lew    words    m;i\     lie    >a 


lid    rcLiarilinii'   the   iiiands   lia\iiiL;'   their 


Fiiiall 

external  opening'  upon  the  .-iirt'acc  of  the  hody.  These  may  he  diviilcd. 
perhaps  naturally,  into  two  groups,  according  as  ihcy  occur  upon  the  tho- 
racic and  alidoiiiinal  scgiucni.- 
ihe  caterpillars  of  al 


glands  aiH'   apparently  found 


in 


laitlertlies  though  lliey  arc  licst  know  n,  as  tlu'v  are  the 
must  striking,  in  the  caterpillars  of  the  I'apilioninae.  Here  they  are 
found  111!  the  dorsal  surface.  Iiear  the  name  of  osmateria,  and  consist  of 
a  tork-sha|MiI  sac  which,  ordinarily  drawn  entirely  within  the  iiody,  may 
lie  aliiio>t    insiantancouslv  thrust   out   throuuh  a  transverse  slit   in   the  first 


tl 


loracic  seyii 


lent,      'ihis  oruan  when  thus  exiriidi'il  is  u'cnerallv  of  a  liriuht 


>lor  and   exhales  a  m 


oi'i'   or   II 


ss  decided  odor  differiiu 


accordmu'  to  the 


species,    iiciiiu'   M'arcciv    perci 


ptihie    in    liacrlias   and   \arying  lliroi 


iLili    al 


recs  of  offensiveiiess  to  a  truly  sicki'iiing  sleni'h  in  Iphiclides.      Thee 
I 


on- 


,-lruclion  of  this  organ  has  hecn  dcserilied  in  somewhat  diflerent  terms  liy 
Stiider  and  Kliiiiciisiew  icz,  It  is  really  a  development  of  tlu'  integument 
and  the  erIU  at  its  iia>c  are  glandular,  llieir  secretion  heing  perhaps  dis- 
<'hargcil   throiigii  poic«  of  the  adjoining  ciiliciila.      "It  may  he  assumed,'" 


l>i 


savs  i'lininocK. 


•that  the  oilorous  secretion  accunndatos  in  the  imimiuated 


I'lli;    CATKltni.l.AI!.    CI.ANDS   Ml'KXIXi;    KX  ITliX AI.I.V.  1. 


nils  jiiid  is  I'lccil  hv  til, 


H'lr  t'xscrticii.  '      WluMi   witlidniwii,  ( 


w  itli  (iiic  III'  its  liorns  (III  citlicr  inicridr  sidi^  nf  tlir  I, ml 


til  llic  lil-st   ;iii(I()| 

:ii'f'iriliii;X  ti>  Stii(l<r.  uh,,  i„,tli   studied  tl 


,  tiii.s  oroim    lies 
y.  (Nfciidcd  hjickwnrd 


lllllil!  M-iucnt   ;i(Vonlii|n'  t,>   Kl,iiirli.i,.«i,./.  i.iit  Idthr  tliir,! 

NIC   S|ICci(S.    I'illlilio     lluicl I. 


nil    .•|-1(V    lIlMt    II    dclic;l|r    lllllscic    is   iltlilcll.Ml    tu   tl 


li.'is  It-  iiis(|-ti(iii.  iici'Di-diiin-  til  Stud 


!<■  lip  III'  I'iK'li  Inn 


11.    Wlllc 


innisifwi.v.  <iii  III,.  \..|itr,d  .uU-  ,,f  ,1,,.  |„,dy.      It   is  l,v  tlii>  iiiii„.| 


"- f<'i'i:i   lire    witlidriiwii.   :iiii|    tl 


"I'ly    iii"\«'   'jiiitc    iiidc|ini(K.iitly    III'   tlir    -itl 


I'l'  "li  till'  diirsiil.  iiiit    McciirdiiiL;-   to    Klr- 

liiat    till" 
I. 


IIS   cxiiliiiiis  \\  In-,  diirii 


l.U'    \Mllidr;i\v;il.  iiiu 


■.Ullls  lit    till'  ti|).       Til,.    (..MiTsiiiii    ,,f   tl 


ii'r.    iiiid    that    tl 


H'     lIHMliinillKlll 


■•' '  ''X  flit'  iiiiisciilMr  I'imtra, 11,111   ,1!'  tli,.   walls 


II'  osiiiat,'iia    is  iiri'siiiiialily  ImuiLiiit 


til,.  Iliiids  (ifilic  I),id 
.•ill  tl 


III'  ill,.   IhhIv,  wliicli  f 


y  into  the  ic\,'iNcd  ,is l,.ria.      I 


.'ill  ill,,  liiiltcrllics  wliich  dii  mil    |i.issfss 
liMvc  ,'xiiiiiiiicd,  nil  the  ventral  si 


orccs 
iiiisiiiiicli,  Ii()\\,.\i.|-,  as 


Hiialcria  arc  I'liniislu'd, 


I 


irtiicc  111' til,,  first  tl 


ill  rruiit  ,it'  and  lid 


wt'i'ii  tiie  first  jiair  ,if'  I 


mniri,'  scii'iiii'iit,  difc-ilv 


i(',i;s,  with  a  iiiiir,.  ,ir  I, 


.■X!,.iisi|,.    lilaiMor-lik,.    v,.si,.|..    (86  :.;ri  ;  87  :l(l),    wl,i,.li      wli,.|i     witl 


|irnllllll,Ut 


dr 


|ircs(.|its  a  lraii>M.rs,.  slit  \ 
>urfii,.(.  ,if'  til,.    I'a|iiliiiiiiiia,. :  and 
piissc'ss  tliis  inf'criiir  \(.si,.|,..  it 


I'l-y  similar  tu  that  whii-li  is  t'liiind  ii|iiiii  tli,'  ii|i|irr 
iniisinui'li    as    iiuiu.    nf  ih,.    I'a|iiliiiiiiiia,. 


uiiiy  ii,.  iircsiinicd   that    this 


iir^;-an  inav  lia\-,. 


<iiiiilar  ul,|,...t  :    |„„  ,ts  pivi^is,.  us,,  has  n,.v,.r  li,.,.n  ..learlv  inailr  nut.  tli,.i,.di 


It  lias  lii.oii  km 


iwn  since  ih,.  iinic  nf  I'miu 


Til,'   !ilidiiiniiial    ylands 


let  a  ceiiturv  and  a  half 


aii'ii. 


Iiivseiit.  ar,.  fliiind  only  in  th,.  sin-l,.  siiiifainilv  |. 


Mre   of    two   ty|i,.s.  and.    as    far   as    is   known    at 


(87:l:i) 


ycacninac.      ( )n,.  of  tl 


i>   \cry   siniilar  to   tlii.   iiifiri.ir  olaiids   of    th,.   first   ili 


niiciit.  lint  is  f'01111,1  a  little  li,.|iiiii|  th,.  iiiiddl,.  of  tl 


s,.\,'iitli   ali,l,iniini 


oraei,. 
le  liorsal  siirfiic,.  nf  the 


il    s(.i;-iii,.|it    and    is    inilicat,',!    I 


point,  throiio-li  which  (Ii,.r,.  mav  li 


ly  a  traiisM'rs,.   slit    at    th 


\,'si|.|(..  wlii(.| 


nay  h,.  oi.,.asionali\   |iriitriii||.d  a  ininiit,.  y'loliular 


1  s(.eins  1,1  s,.eretea  fluid 


of  ureat  attra,.|i,in  to  ants.      T| 


III  soiii,.  >ort,  inasiniieli  as  it  is 


lis    \,.siele 


prolialily  ,.xists   in  all  th,.  I. 


iiiiii  as  wi.||  as  ins ,.  Tli(.elidi,  am!   tluiimh   it    has   not    h 


a  point 
\,'a,.- 


iiir  ('liryso|i|iaiii,li  it  ,|,i,.s  ,i|.|.ur  in  th,.  Ki 


found 


111  aii\' 


In  addilion  to  this  fi 


iro|i(.an  Thestor  halliis 


ii'iii   of  n|and   there  ar,.  f. 


extensil,.   ornans   or  ,.ariiii,.|es.  wlii 


uiid  in  xnwtv  sp,.,.i,.s  lateral 


(.lulitfi   alidoniinal    si.u-imnt  (86:11;  87;ll.l'.i).     T| 
sileorii-ans  which  wli,.|i  fully  exsert,.,!  aiv  ..ylimlrli.al. 
it   lu.spriiikl,.,l   with  spi,.|ilif',.r,iiis   n,.,.,ll 


ell   may  lie  si.cii  upon    the  sides   of  th 


lest.    ,., insist     of    (.xti'li- 


u  itii  a  r,iun,|e,|  s 


11111- 


hav..  I 


es  :   (.xcptinu"  ill  Tli(.st,ir   iialliis  I 
>vvn    iiiial.lc  to   find   tlu.in   in   any    -ronp    bcsiiK's   the  Lvacnidi  and 


licre  they  are  liy  no  ni,.aiis  invariaiil 


.r(.  first  ,ilis,.r\ed  liv  IV.tzhold  ami   tl 


y  pr,.si'iit,      Tli,.s,.  curious  app(.ml 


yiaiiil  f,iun,l  upon  the  si.Huu.nt  in  f 


ic  attiai'tion   to  ants  of  || 


itral 


an\'  iiili 


or  aecoinpanies  rlic  (..xiriision   of  iIi,.m.   h 
il  s 


I'oni  was  first  noted  liy  Ks|i,.|-.      Wli,.th 


iteral   orn-ans  ,if  th,.  (.ii^htli 


" '""  ^<',^iii''i"  1^  imcertain.      In  th,.  Indian  Ciin.tis  tlu'ivs  (fin-mv.l 


Horsli,.M,('at.  Lep.  K.  I.  {'0.  i.iil.  1 


li.i;'.  •>  —  1  III   (  as  staled  in  ex 


pl.pl.), 


IC 


TlIK   (ArKKl'll-I-AltS  or   NKW    KNCiLAM). 


^ 


3 


a.s  explained  to  nie  explicitly  l)y  Mr.  de  NieoNilie,  tlicv  li>nii  iiiinieiisc  nnii- 
retnu'tile  pillar.-;,  iloiiMiiiLi'  the  lieiuiit  of  the  IkmIv  at  this  point  ;  or  rather 
ill'.'  hotly  is  tiiiis  elevated  and  from  the  siunmit  of  the  jfillars  "issue  when 
ahinned  two  lon_Lj  lilanients  or  tentacles  frinjicd  with  very  lonir  hairs  .  .  . 
wjiich  it  whirls  around  wi,,.  .litoij-ether  astonishing  rapidity,  tlonhtless  to 
friiiiiten  away  iclieiininon flies."  'I'lu' caterpillar  Mr.  <le  Nice\ille  tells  nie  is 
not  attended  hy  ants,  and  theretore  prol)al)ly  lacks  tlii'  slit  in  the  prceedin;f 
sejfnient.*  In  our  species  the  caruncles  are  so  minute  as  scarcely  to  ho 
\  isihle  without  a  lens,  hut  as  pointc(l  out  hy  Dinunock  their  accoini)aninient 
l>y  hairs  exposes  still  more  sui'faee  to  tlu'  air,  and  this  j;-ives  a  hetter  chance 
for  spreading'  any  odors  which  they  may  sc(!rete.  Moth  this  or^an  and  the 
osmateria  are  so  constructed  as  to  present,   savs   Diminock,  "the  "'reatest 


econom 


V  in  the  use  of  an  odoi'ous  thud 


l)y  exijosmj. 


•sut 


Idi'niv  a  hu'i 


surface  moistened  with  the  fluid  to  the  surrounding  air." 

It  is  in  evi  ry  deirree  [jrohahle  that  other  ahdominal  glands  will  he  foimd 
in    eateipillars    just   from    the  I'gii',    for  the  flaring-tipped    1 
arranged   with    which    si 


ian> 


seriallv 


many   juwnile  and    some    adidt  caterpillars  are 
I'iei'is)    niay  frc(picntly    he  seen   under  the  microsco])e   to 


•lothed    {r. 

■xude  at  tin'  tip  a  droplet   of  fluid,  ll 


sumel 


,  as  in  similar  aitpcndage; 


the  hase  of  the  hair,  which 


le  source  of  wiiich  I'an    only  he    |)re- 
lower  Lcpido|iiera.  to  lie  in  a  gland  at 


1   IS  always  moun 


ted 


upon    a    eonici 


l>i 


It  th 


l'='l 


illii 


ns  I.-  a  snhjcct  upon  whicli  no  writer  has  yet  ventureti  either  experi- 


ith< 


mentation  or  (lisciission 


Otl 


icr  sli'uctures   in   tlu'  caterpillars   of  various 


I 


vcaeiiiniie  a 


t  hirt 


I  may  pos.«il)ly  lia\i'  some  similar  purpose. 


Internal  organization  (I'hiie  62). 

In  coii>ideriiiL;'  the  externa!  cnist  of  the  caterpillar  and  its  appen(higes, 
we  lia\e  lieeii  iihle  hy  its  very  orgaiii/alioii  to  examine  each  part  separatclv 
without  I ,  .ifusioii :  for,  l)y  the  ilivision  of  the  hody  into  distinct  regions, 
and  of  the  regions  into  separate  rings,  eacji  hearing  its  special  aj)pendages, 
t\\v  mind  can  readily  locate  these  and  recall  ihcm  when  necessary.  The  same 
will  also  he  found  to  he  true  of  the  future  stages  ot'the  animars  existence. 
A\'heii.  howc'Ncr,  we  come  to  the  internal  parts,  the  ease  is  generallv 
dillerciit  :  for  hoth  now  and  later  the  organs  inn  in  a  longitudinal  course 
through  the  hody  and  disregard  in  great  mcasuri'  not  only  the  jointed  strin'- 
tiire  hut  e\i'n  the  regioniil  di.-tinctions  uf  the  hody.  'I'o  systematize  our 
examination,  therefore,  we  iiiiist  treat  them  differently,  and,  ■^epar.itiiig  tln'Ui 
into  natural  suhdiv  isions  accortling  to  their  functions,  discuss  them  in  that 
scipience  which  promises  to  give  us  the  clearest  conception  of  their  use. 

.\s  the  hasis  of  the  whole,  we  have  the  structural  framework  of  the 
aniiniil,  its  outer  crust  ;   and  since  power  of  movement  is  the  primal  need 


• 'I'lic    lir«t   M".;iiiiiil   •111   llic  I'iulil    ill    ilin—        liciiii;'  icl|-!ii'tcil  hfiKjalli  il,  iillil  .-u  altoirrlliiT 
lirlil'.-    Il.ulirr    i>   till'  lii'-l    lliiii'ucir.  the    liiiiil       Dili  of  .-iL;iil. 


TIIK  CATKIilMKLAK:    IXTKltNAI.   (.KdAXs. 


1 


'I 


of  ii  livin.;-  crontiiiv,  we  .sIimII  fir.t  c.nsi.lcr  tl.c  iiiiis,.|,l:,r  svstcn!.  tl.nMi-I. 
whicli  Hk'  fi-ai.R-\vo.-k  and  its  ii|)iK'n(la-es  luv  m.-vcd  :   next  we  .sl,:,Il  take  np 
tli.Mlifri...tive  .system,  the  i.rovim-c.f  wl.icl,  is  f„  ,,n.|,arc  .•ni.le  nutriment  for 
the    insect;    tiie    further    preparation    of  this    nutriment    i)v    oxvirenati(m 
reipiires  that  we  should  folh.w  with  tlie  respiratorv  svstem  :   and  the  distri- 
l.ution  of  the  nutriment  over  tlie  hody  l.v  the  eireuiatorv  svsten.  eompU'tes 
the  circuit  of  tlie  reh.ti(m  of  food  to  tlie  creature  :   hut  whether  the  natural 
action  of  tlKvso  systems   l,e   voluntary,    as   in   the   first   n.enti,.ned,    partiv 
voluntary  a-id  partly  involuntary,  as  in  the  second,  or  whollv  invohuitary. 
as  m  the  last  two,  they  all  require  t(.  I.o  l.roufrht  int..  rt'lation"  to  the  will  of 
the  animal,  or  their  vital  aeti.m  ceases  ;  we  shall  therefore  consider  n.'xt  the 
n.^rvous  system,  tlio  seat  of  volition  and  sensation.      A\'e  shall  follow  this 
with  the  o.]an,lular  or  secretory  systen..  since  its  sole  in.lependent  represen- 
tative  IS   th.'  or-an   which  serves  to  secrete  silk,  l.v  means  of  which  the 
caterpillar  is  al.le  to  walk  where  it  needs  to  procu  e  nourishment.      These 
are  all  the  systems  which  have  to  d..  simply  with  the  life  of  the  individual, 
iM.t   there  is  still  aiK.ther,  the  reproductive,  whicl,   must   take   the   hhrlu-sj 
place  as  related  to  the  life  of  the  species;  tho,.,uh   in  the  •■aterpillar tlii« 
remains  m  an  eml.ryoni(!  c.mditi<.n,  a  conditi.m  ..f  pre|.aration  for  future 
devel..pment ;    and   finally  we   shall    ccmsidc    l.rieHv  the  .rllular  system 
whose  extreme  development  is  confined  lo  the  larval' sta-e  and  is  intiiiiatelv 
related  to  all  the  other  systems. 

Muscular  system.     The  muscular  system  of  caterpillars  consists  almost 
entirely  of  Hat  r.l.i.ons  of  simple  muscular  fii.re.      For  c.mvenience  sake 
and  also  to  a  limited  extent  as  a  natural  .•lassificarion.  tliev  mav  he  divided 
mtu  those  oceurrinu-  in  the  head  and  those  confine.l  to  the  l.ody". 

The  head  is  mostly  filled  with  conical   muscular   l.iuidic.s.'  i„ta<.lied    l.v 
tlu'ir  Imses  to  the  upper  and  lateral  portions  of  the  posterior  two-thirds 
and  to  some  extent  to  the  upper  porti.m  of  the  anteri,.r  thir.l  of  the  vault 
of  the  head  :   the  apices  of  these  conical  mass,,  convi^fe  toward  the  mid.lle 
hmgitudmal  line  of  ca-'h  hemisphere,  ami  then  pass  downward,  terminatin.., 
m  the  lower  half  of  the  head,  in  a  white,  j-listenim;-.  tendinous  cord.  Ivii'o- 
,|..stl,eliuid  the  optic  nerve  ami  reachino-  down   into  the  man.lil.les.  whl.'h 
they  serve  to  close.      The  extensors  of  the  mandil.l,.s  are  attached  lu'liiud 
an.l  helow  the  o..elli.  and  pass  directly  t,.  the  outer  l.ase  ..f  the  mandihles 
winch  they  enter  l.y  means  of  a  tendon  attached  to  the  interior  wall   of  the 
same       The  retractors  of  the  lal.rum  are  sliu-h,,    fiat,    muscular    ril.l.ons 
attached  at  one  extremity  ah.no.  ,]„,  whole  ,.f  its  upper  interior  ed..,.  and  at 
ll..' other  to  the  fi,cialtrian-le:   the  lal.rum   is  drawn   inwards  l.v' a  .loul.le 
muscle,    winch  starts  al...ve   from    its  attachment   ah...-  ,,„.h   s'i.h.  „f  ,h,. 
median  sutu.-e  al.ove  the  fiicial  triano-le,  an.l  passes   fr.rlv  .lownwanls.  the 
muscles  ..t  the  two  si.les  c.mfiuent,  diminishino.  i,,  l.rca.lth  downward    and 
tcrmmatin-  „,  a  sin-le  teii.lon  atla.'hed  t..  the  mi.l.lle  ,.f  the  lah.um 


18 


'I'llK    Isri'lllltn.IKS  OK   NHW    KNdl.ANI). 


A   liMiul  (II'  rililiiiii.  uiiidc  u\>  of  siiii|il(',  luiin'itiidiniil,  |iiir:illcl,  iniisfiiliir 

Hlircs llcctcil    into   two  cniitiyiKiiis   sri'i|is,  tlic   inner   tlic  niin'owci'.  runs 

from  one  end  uf  ilic  liodv  to  ilic  otlicr.  near  tlic  >kiii,  lii'twccii  the  s|)ir;i('l(>s 
and  tin-  \cntr;d  side  of  tlii'  l)od\-.  In  lOnpliucadcs.  Iiowcmt,  llic  duiililc 
strips  foiiii  on  cacli  side  one  liroad  riiilion  niadr  ii|)  of  fi-oni  fifteen  to 
t\ventv-fi\i'  inde|)endeiil.  similar,  conti.ii'uons  cords.  Kacli  strip  is  |iro]pcrly 
made  np  of  a  series  of  liands,  one  to  each  seji-ment,  exteiidinu'  across  its  entire 
leniitli,  and  tliey  ai'c  permeated  liy  miniile  traclieal  \tv--cls  riuniinii'  maiidy 
at  riu'lit  angles  to  the  direction  of  the  lilirt's.  From  the  antci'ioi'  end  of  the 
inner  strip  of  eacii  sejj;ment.  a  slender  iniiscidar  strap  runs  ol)li(piely  to  the 
middle  of  the  ventral  line  of  the  scii'nient.  I5eneath  the  insertion  of  the 
longitudinal  liaiids  sets  of  nearly  parallel  lint  slightly  converuinji'  hands 
run  to  the  \oiitral  line  at  the  middle  of  the  front  of  the  sncceeclina'.  or  at 
the  postirior  edjfe  of  the  same,  seiiinent.  Aliove  the  spiracles,  on  each  side, 
arc  three  slii;'htly  oiili(|ne  innscnlar  riliiions,  the  lowcrnxist  lyinu:  nearer  the 


inte,iiiimi'n 
tracheae. 


t    tl 


lan    the    other 


its    I. 


t<inchmi. 


th 


if   th 


Th 


lese  three  strips  are   not  c<iiitiiinoiis  <in  sneeecdmu'  se<rinents 


hilt  the  innermost   liroadens  jiosteriorly  and  liecomes  two  in  the  sncceedin 


scii'ment,  its  inner 


iialt 


rcpcatinii' 


on  •^lie  next  seL;iiicnt  and  so  on. 


IJcneath    all    these    loiiuitndiiial    hands,   as   seen   from   within,  /, 
teii'iiment,  and  at  thi'  antt'rior  ed^'c  of  each  sennient. 


\'  1  n  LT 


nearer  the  in 

transvt'rse  licit  encircles  the  whole  liody,  passi.ii 

the  loiinitiidiiiid  tracheal  vessel  which  unites  t 


a  narrow 


at  tl 


le  stiiiiii 


ital 


iiic  oxer 


strappin 


it  to  the  iiiteixnnicnt. 


'I'lie   flexor  niiisch 


the  t 


rue 


h 


wo  coiitiiiiious  spiracle? 


oriiiiuatc   in    the   liody  just    heneatli 


tl 


ic  oriijiii  of  the  outer  of  the  two   loiiii'itudinal    musciil 


ir  rililions  of  the 


ventral  surface  of  the  liody,  and  extend  to  the  opposite  wall  of  the  seii'inent. 


The  mnscles  of  th 


V 


le  iirolei's  consi; 


it  of  flat  liaiuls  forming;'  a  muscnlur  coati 


to  the  walls  of  the   leys,  passing' 

tlr 

Icir 


III  a  < 


(i:   Ihev  do  not  cross  eaeli   otiier,  nor  iiass  to  oiiiiosite 


lirect    line  downward,  narrowniii;  as 

(les  of  tlu 


fs,  hut  are  ci 


r 


issiiiii'  now 


itirel\ 
to  tl 


ipp: 


simiile. 


le  muscles  attaclu'd  to  the  internal  oruans,  we  find  th 


eoutin' 


if  tl 


le  stoinac 


winch  IS  a  mere 


fil 


111,  over 


laid 


delicate 


dlel 


trips  of  niiisciilar  fiiircs  crossmu'  diaii'onally  in  opjiosite  directions  :   liesiih 


th 


tl 


ii'i'e  are   loiiii'i 


itudinal 
1 


nnisclcs  arraiiLicd    m  sets,  each   set  separ 


ted 


eiKtcr   iiaiK 


Is,  t 


raNci'sinii'   the 


from  its  lu'iiihiiors  and  composed  of  sever; 

entire  leiiuth   of  the  stoinacli  :   those  next    the   d<irsal  and  ventral    lin 


ar<' 


luire  proinineiit  than  the  others  and  on  the  anterior  are   larj^'er  than  oi 


th 


losteiMor  half';   sonietinies,  liowe\cr,  the  transverse  eiicirclinjf  niiisch's  are 
nore  highly  dcM'loped  than  the   loiii;itudinal  :  the  sets  on  the  dorsal   lines 


ire  united   into  a  doiilile   liaml  at  the  anterior  cxtremitN 


d 


to    the 


iliaui 


where  tliev  are  mori'  \vu 


lely  s(>parated  :  the  oesophajiiis  is  | 


viiled  also  with  other  loimitiidinal  niuseles,  and  tu  a  less  extent  wi 


th  tr 


iro- 


ins- 


iiiK  (  aiki!1'IM,.m;:   inti;i;\ai.  out. ass. 


Ill 


t 


4 


I 


Vfi-jc  I'liciicliiiy  liimils.     Tlic  small  inlc.-tiiic  iscdvcnd  wiiii  lioili  iiaii>viT>c 

and  loiijritiiilinal   bands  of  fliicU,  white  and   u'lislcnini;-  -ndar  lis>iic  :   at 

its  antcTiiircnd  i's|i('ciidly,  wlicrc  tlic  alinicntarv  canal  is  uicatlv  cunstrictcd, 
it  is  thickly  cc.vercd  with  sliort  lonaitndinal  nuisclcs,  whose  hinder  extrem- 
ities dovetail  into  other  ionj^'er  sets;  liesides  these,  there  arise  from  tlie 
middle  of  the  [tosterior  end  of  the  inlestine  a  nmnlter  of  parallel  hand- of 
muscidar  Hhre,  which  emiiraee  it  diananally,  passini;-  aronnd  to  the  ventral 
surface  of  its  anterior  extremity;  stai'tinji' just  in  front  of  the  |)osterioi'  in- 
sertion of  these,  and  interlacinji"  with  them  at  riyht  angles,  is  another 
shorter  set  of  parallel  mnscles,  whose  other  extremities  are  attached  to  the 
l)ody-wall  ;  still  further,  a  set  of  four  independent  jiarallel  muscular  hands 
passes  lieneath  and  supports  the  jMisterior  end  of  the  small  intestine,  reach- 
'm<r  horizontally  from  the  middle  of  one  side  of  the  eiichth  alidominal  seo-- 
ment  to  the  opposite.  The  colon  is  furnislicfl  simjily  with  lon-vitndinal  anti 
transverse  muscidar  hands,  heavier  than  those  on  the  stomacli-wall. 

Digestive  system.  The  dijicstive  tract  of  the  caterpillars  of  hntter- 
tlies  consists  of  an  alimentary  canal  with  anterior  appendaycs  (salivarv 
-lands)  and  posterior  appenda-ics  (hiliary  vessels).  The  alimentary  canal 
is  a  simple,  strai-;ht.  cylindrical  tuhe,  varied  hy  expansions  and  contractions, 
which  divide  it  into  an  oesophagus  (at  the  anterior  extremity  of  which  the 
sidivary  j;lands  are  em[itied),  a  hnv^  intestine,  or  stomach,  if  it  may  he  so 
termed,  a  short  intestine  (toward  the  anterior  end  of  wliicli  the  hiliai'v 
vessels  are  attached)  and  a  colon. 

The  ocsopha<i-ns  consists   of  two   parts  :   anteriorly    a   simple,   straiiilit, 

eipial  tuhe,  and  posteriorly  a  laro-er  portion  swollen  in  the  middle a  sort 

of  "crop" — which  is  hetter  provided  with  nniscular  haip'-  ;uid  extends  part 
way  into  the  cavity  of  the  second  thoracic  seuinent.      Th    stomach  is  nuicli 
the  more  conspicuous  jxirtion  of  the  alimentary  canal  and,  indeed,  the  most 
conspicuous    oruan    in   viie    hody ;    it    is    a    straiiiht  swollen   tuhe,    alwavs 
crowded   with   food,  and   only  occasionally    lar^iier    in    the   anterior  portion 
hecanse  the  animai  has  recently  yor^ued   itself;   it  extends   from   the  middle 
of  the  second  thoracic  to  the  middle  of  the  seventh  abdominal   sennicnt  and 
varies   in  size  aceordinu'  to   the  anionnt  of  food  that   has    been  swallowed  ; 
the  walls  seem  to  be  the  merest   film,  traversed  by  nniscular    Hbrcs,  which 
by   lines   not   deeply   impressed   divide   the   surface   into   niurow,  rounded, 
transverse,  parallel    lobes,  reachin-i'   from   the   middle   of  the  upper  or   the 
under  surface  to   the  middle  of  eithi'r  side  and   which   alone  pre\eiit  a  per- 
fectly free  and  direct  movement  of  the  frajiuicms  within.      There  is  also  an 
investing  tunic  of  Knifj-itiidinal  nuisclcs,  and  the  two  lavers  can  rciidilv  be 
separated  from  each  other.     This  orpin  seems  to  act   mainly  as   the  recep- 
tacle of  the  recently  devoured   food,  since  the  fraj-inents  at   the  posterior 
end  seem  s<'arcely  more  digested   than   those  which   have  Just   entered   the 
anterior  extremity.      At  the  middle  of  tiie  seventh  alidominal   se<:inenr.  or 


20 


TIIK   liriTKltl'I.IKS  OK   Ni:\V   KNUI.AM). 


■■I 


tlu'   I 


iVCiicnidiic    iiiiich    ciir 


licr,    tlic  itiiinriitiirv    (':iii:il    t,'i| 


icrs   .•'iKlMcniv 


M. 


hi'liifT  t'ii\vrii|)|ti'(l  l>y  a  stroiiir  liiiml  of  iincstiiiji'  iiinsclc.-t,  ii!!''  then  cnlarjics 
slijrlitlv  ami  the  iiitcstinr  licLi'ins;   tliis  alsu  cimsists  oC  a  straiulit  cn  liiidrical 

i>\'  iiiiisciilar  tissue.  Imtii   Idimitiiiliiial   and 


tiilie  snri'(inn(le(l  liy  thick  \\: 
eneirelinj:'.  tlie  t'ornier  es|M'eially  dislinet  and  nunddin;^'  llie  iii'.erior  walls 
into  very  prominent  lonu'ilndinid  ridiics  ;  of  wliicli  tliere  are  seven  or  «'ifiht 
in  llaniadryas;  it  isofei|nal  si/e  tliron<;liout,  a  little  more  than  half  the 
diameter  of  the  stoniaeli.  and  generally  extends  half  way  from  the  enil  of 
the  ^stomach  to  the  end  of  the  liody.  The  colon  is  a  siin[)le  straijfht  tnhc 
eajjalile  of  considei'ahle  ex|iansion.  lait  ot'  the  sanu'  size  as  the  intestine 
when  not  distended  hy  excrement  ;  nsnally  nnich  shorter  than  the  intestine 
1   nearly  f^loliiilar   when    distended,   it   is   sometimes  (as  in  Callophrys) 


an< 


nearlv  as 


lonir ;   the   inner  surface   is  smooth. 


of  the  excrement  from  the  hodv, 


pt'rmittiiifr  the  ready  passaj^c 


The  salivary  j.dands  are  a  pair  of  long'  flat  rilihons,  extendini^  from  their 


attael 


nnent  at  either  side  ot'  the  antei 


lor 


end  of  tl 


le  oesopliaijiis 


hitckward. 


hesiiK'  the  alimentarv  canal.      In  Anosia  thev  are  strai'dit.  taperinu: 


sliL'ht- 


ly  and  rejrnlarly  to  a  hhmtly  rounded  tip.  and   look   like   Hattened    liiaidcd 


con 


Is.  1 


)emu'  CO 


mpressed  alonf.'  the  median   line,  while  each  side  is  det 


excise* 


I'oh 


1   at   re.uular   f 
tl 


rei|uent    mter\als.    mto 


heac 


1-lik. 


iironnnencc! 


Ii 


vn'onia  thev  appear  as  scarce 


Iv  t; 


iperinu'  tortuous  threads,  and  reach  tl 


middle  of  the  third  thoracic  segment,  where  thi'y  ap|)ear  to  in-  closely  c(ai- 
iiected  with  some  of  the  tracheal  tuhes  at  the  i)aseofthe  laterodorsal  spines. 
They  are  straij;'ht,  <'ylindrical.  and  scarcely  taperinjf  in  Ilamadrva.s,  hut 
form  lari^e  and  liroadly  tortuous  tuhes  in  Callophrys,  their  extremities  at- 
tached near  the  niidiUe  of  the  thoracic  rejiion  to  the  dorsal  vessel.  In  the 
lower  families  they  are  flattened  and  rilihon-like  ;  in  Kurynms  hent  a!)rupt- 
ly  outwai'd  heyon.d  the  middle,  taperinji'  rey-Ldarly  to  a  liluntly  rounded  tip  : 
ill  Kparjtyreus  uniform  in  <liameter,  crinkled,  reachin^j:  the  front  of  the 
stomach,  where  thev  are  attached  to  tissue  ahout  the  dorsal  vessel  by  a 
slender  suspensory  thread. 


Tl 


le  ma 


Ipiuhi 


nil  or 


l)il 


larv  vessels  oriicmate  as  s 


lend 


er  orjifans,  one  (m  ea 


eh 


side  of  the  middle  of  the  anterior  half  of  the  intestine;  as  tolerahly  liii"jre 


J'oh 


Ilia,    Ilainadryas.    ('allo|ihry 


aiK 


I  I-: 


urvmiis. 


slend 


er 


(Anosia)  or  very  slender  thread-like  tuhes,  which  either  so  continue 
(Kparffyreiis)  or  exjiand  into  a  sac  (  Kii|)hoeades)  ;  at  a  short  distance 
from  the  origin  the  vessel  siihdivides  into  three  liranches  (tlu'  under  hraiich 


or 


iginating  just  hefore,  in    [■']j)arii"vreus  a  short  distance   hefore,  the  otl 


ler 


two),  which  are  strongly  waved  or  (arniilated  cords,  and   are,  throughout, 


nearly 


or  (iiiite  as   large  as  the  tuhe 


ae  at  its  verv  oriii'in 


tl 


le  under 


hraiicli  passes  forward  usually  in  a  tortuous  hut  in  Euryinus  in  a  straight 
course  ahove  the  ner\-oiis  cord,  along  and  in  contact  with  the  under  outer 
surface  of  the  stomach,  to  a  distance  varying  according  to  the  grou|),  from 


■I'lli:   rAli:i!lMI,l,AI!:    INIHUNAI,  OU(iANS. 


21 


iiliiiiit  tlic  iViiiit  III' till'  iiliilniiiin.'il  ri'^niin  in  Aim-^iii  mihI  ( 'iillii|ilir\  s.  in  iii':n' 
llir  iiililillr  III'  till'  tliiril  iiliiioiniii.'il  si'H'ini'iit  in  l']|iMi'i:'\  reus  ;  Iii'it  it  lii-iiil.« 
ii|iiiii  itM'H'iiiiil  rctiiniM  in  a  siinilnr  niiiniu'r,  u  litilr  liiulirr  iip,  tu  tlic  pniiit 
rniiii  wliii'ii  it  started  ;  tlic  twn  utlicr  liraiirlu's.  wliirji  arr  a  liltir  smal'iT 
than  till'  lii'st,  cxtriiii  liu'wanl  anil  tlicn  liackwanl  in  a  .'-iniilar  iiianii'  '  ami 
tci  a  siinirwiial  similar  ilistanrc.  snini'tiiiir-  nni'  nl'  tlii'  tliifi'  tlircaiis  rrarli- 
iiii!'  t'arllicst  t'orwaril.  si'iiictinics  oiu"  nl'  llir  ntliiTs.  arnirilin;;'  In  the  trilic  ; 
one  III'  the  ii|i|K'r  lii'anelies  passes  alniij;'  the  ii|i|ier  luitir  |)iii'tiiin  of  the 
stciiiiaeh,  the  iitlier  aliiiiff  its  side;  all  three  iiranehes  pass  (iiitsiile  the  tia- 
elieal  tiilies  wliieh  invest  the  .-lnniael;.  and  when  all  lia\e  i-etiirned  tn  the 
piiiiit  I'niin  which  they  started,  the  extremities  nl'  the  tlc'c  arc  cullei'teil 
with  those  nl'  tiie  nppiisitc  side  in  a  siaijflc  intricate  com  iilntcd  mass  eii- 
veiiipin;f  the  iiitcstiiio.  and  cii\criiiLC  sdsn  the  wlinlc  siirt'aec  nl'  the  ecilnn 
with  their  ninre  delicate  terminal  threads.  When  Uic  pnsteriur  part  of  the 
alimentary  canal  is  pressed,  whitish  particles  can  lie  seen  tn  move  in  an 
irri'irnlar  manner  within  the  malpiyhian  vessels.  In  the  characteristics  uf- 
their  main  pnrtiiin,  the  malpii>'hian  m'sscIs  are  much  slinliler  and  shnrtcr 
in  I''.iiplineadcs  and  Kparuyreiis  than  in  the  liiii'hcr  luitterllies. 

Respiratory  system. — The  respiratnry  (ir«ran,s  of  caterpillars  cnnsist  nf 
tracheal  \essels. — cylindrical  tiilics  eiimpnscd  nt'elnsely  compacted,  shininLTi 
sihcry,  spiral  threads,  enveloped,  nr  at  least  the  principal  steins,  liy  the 
thiimest  pnssililc  investineiit  and  ramityiiii;-  endlessly  ;  they  lane  their 
orijiin  at  the  spiracles,  situated  on  either  side  ol'  the  hoily  on  the  lower 
poitinn  III'  the  sides  nt' the  Hrst  thoracic  and  first  eiji'lit  alidiiminal  scfrments 
—  in  the  last  seiiinent  a  little  hiffher  np  the  sides  than  in  the  others,  and 
es|iceially  so  in  the  Lycacnidae.  The  trachea'  trunks  di\idc  at  their  very 
nrij;in  into  a  eonsidcralile  iinmlier  nt'eijiial  nr  nearly  eipial  Iiranehes,  which 
at  once  push  their  way  into  ilitl'erent  portions  ot'  the  nciii'hliorinii'  orji-aiis, 
prescntinij;  an  appeai'ance  resemlilimr  the  aerial  runts  nf  snme  trnpical  tree  ; 
most  III'  them  reach  the  stoinai'li  and,  dinrmishin<r  alirnptly  in  siz(>,  at  once 
lirancli  at  wide  anifles  and  riimity  all  over  it,  every  t'nld  ni-  loliiile  hcinj; 
tracked  hy  t\vo  or  three  nf  the  finest  nt"  the  threads;  the  intestine  is  trav- 
ersed nnly  liy  the  finer  tracheal  tnlies  ;  other  .shorter  Iiranehes  permeate  the 
riiiatinji'  iirgans,  attach  themselves  to  the  imiscles  and  the  nerves  and  track 
alonj;  the  cord-like  Mppeiidajjes.  Eiu'li  si't  nt'  tracheae  is  ennneeted  at  its 
hase  with  the  set  in  trnnt  nl'  and  lii'hind  it  hy  a  tiilio  as  lar>>;e  us  any  ol' 
them,  which  emits  several  slinrt  Iiranehes  :  thus  it' any  s|iiraele  is  closed  liy 
ai'cideiit  its  iiciji'liliors  may  do  service  for  it. 

These  vssels  are  somewhat  modified  in  the  anterior  portinn  of  the  lindy  : 
the  tracheae  of  the  first  alidominal  segment  are  larjicr  and  liranch  more 
extensively  than  those  nf  any  other  si'jiinent  (althniifi'h  tlii'  sjiiracle  is  no 
larger  than  the  others)  their  ramifications  extending  to  the  anterior  ex- 
tremity of  the  stomach;   while  those  of  the  third  and  second  and  es|)eeially 


»>»J! 


TIIK   l(l'ITi:i!l-l,Ii;s  (»r   NKW   KXdl.AM). 


llic  M  riiiid  tliiiiiicic  scji'iiuiit,  wlni'i'  tlurc  ;iif  nii  .<|iirii('li'>,  ■•ire  siiiiill  iiiid 
<'(iiii|i:ii'ati\('ly  iii('iiii.<.|iiciiuii<.  iiiiil  I'onnct'tcit  wiili  llic  iiiiiii'li  in  the  first 
:ili(|iiiiiiM:il  M'L:'iiu'iit  licliinil  liy  iiiily  ii  siniill  lon^itiKlinal  caiiMl.  'i'lic  first 
lliiiriicic  x'Liiiu'iit .  wliicli  liiis  !i  siiiriiclc  iind  liciu'i'iiliv  diic  of  lariicr  si/c  tliaii 
ii.«ual.  Iicars.  Iidw  v\  it.  an  ('xt('iisi\  c  linncli  ol'  Iraclicac.  Ilic  anterior  lirandi 
of  tliis  liniich  su|)iiiirs  tlic  licail  ;  it  ai'flics  iipuaril  on  cacli  side  alonji'  tlic 
liindiT  rih^v  ut'  the  head,  until  it  meets  tlial   of  tlie  o|i|iosite  side,  when   tlie 


is  re(|iiired  to  iiai 


It   ll 


leni 


A,« 


an(t 
soon 


two  join  so  stronj.dy   that  eonsideralile   force 

the  only  mark  of  sejiaration  is  a  pale  line  on   the  dusky  snrf'aei 

as   they  meet,  tliey   liend   toward   the  head,  then   separate  and  run  side   Ir 

siile   iieneath  the  nniseular  mass  which   occupies  most  of  thi'  lieatl,  over  th 


(lollhle  eel) 


hali 


fanj.dion  and  r'ur\c  o\er  toward  tiie  lai'min.      ISefore  unit- 
injj'.  these  two  o|)po.site   ln"anehes  emit  from   their  anterior  surface  simil 


hranches.  wlu( 


h  aU 


ocni'a 


th   til 


u'  nniscidar  mass   towan 


1   tl 


lar 


le  anterior 


and  lower  part  of  the  head  ,   lonie  curve   upward  and  emhraee  the  iniiscu- 


inass  from  lieh 


wa\ 


l.ct 


ween 


th 


iracK 


aiut 


lie  top  o 


.f  th 


id  thi«  tirst-mentionc(l  archiiiL;'  liranch   emits  from   its  jiosterior  surf 
.tl 


ice  a 


slender  otisiioot.  wiiich,  toiiether  with  another  lirancii,  eomiiiu'  almost  direct 
from  the  spiracle,  pass  toward  the  tracheae  of  the  opposiite  side,  and  unite 
at  tlic  nuMlian   line   with  a   similar  set   from  the  opposite  trachea. 

Circulatory  system.     The  circulatory  system  consists  mainly  of  the 
." — a  straiii'hl  tuhe.  Ivinu'  alonu'  tlii'  middle  of  the  hack,  next 


•dorsal  \( 


tlie 


i.^h  jiellncid  fil 


it  seciiis  to  lie  composed  c.\l<'rnally  of  an  exeessi 


til 


le  w 


hit- 


Ill. 


It  is  of  xarvini;-  shai 


iinpl 


le  and  iim 


slenilei 


iidiii:^   ill  a  well-rounded  tip  at  the  extremity  of  the  iioii 

ic   iiei\oiis  cord  as  far  as  the  middle  of  the  third  ahdominal   sciiiiient   ii 


tl 
IIiiiiiadr\i 


liiit  1) 


■yond  this  point,  where  i 


t  is  attached  to  the  wall  of  the 


aiK 


1  ret 


liiis  the  same  as 


tl 


le  next   seiiinent   it 


hody,  it  suddenly  expands  to  a  much   larjft'r  .- 

far  as  the  se\('iitli  aliduminal   seji'iiieiit  :   here 

expands  into  a   i'usifonii  reser\oir  and  then  tap 

in   ( 'allo|)lirys  it   is  comparatively   larjjft' and  ecpial  as  far  as  the  third  ali- 

doiniiial  seiiinent.  thoiiyli  it   expands  sliu'htly  at  the  point  of  attaehment  of 


tl 


to  the  I'lK 


1  of  the  body 


the   salivarv   Lrlamls  mar   the  middle  of  the   thoracic  reirioii. 


T 


lie  iloi'tt 


\essel  is  very  clastic  and  tlexihle.  and  when  one  side  is  [luIled  even  pretty 


forcililv  the  other  reinain.- 


III  iilaci' 


It   is  seen  to   he  sli<flitlv  enlaiii-ed   at 


the  division  lines  of  the  se!.niienls  markiii!'  the  ends  of  the  ehaniher.s,  where, 


the  reflection  of  the  tissi 


ahe-like  structure  is  formed,  hv  which 


the  fiiiids 


foi<'eil   from  one  chanilicr  into  the  next,  the  inovement  he 


iiiiT 


from  licliiiid  forward. 


Nervous  system  (86:1).     'ihe  nervous  system  of  Imtterfly  larvae  con- 
^ts  of  a  scries  of  horizontal  disks,  connected  hv  a  straight  slender  doiilile 


rilihon,   emittiiiL;'  lateral  threads,   and  which  runti  al 


loiu 


the    ti 


loor  o 


f  t 


le 


lilt 


ernal    ca\ity   from    tlu'   head,   where  it    extends    U[iwar(l,    encircles   th 


IIIK   (  .\li:i!l'll,l..\l!;     INIKIiN.M,  <»1!(;.\\S. 


>3 


iiliiiiciit;irv  I'liiiiil  iiml  ('.\|imii(U  iiitn  :i  [iiiir  kI'  IkIk's,  In  iiciir  the  liji  lit'  llic 
iili(liiiii('n. 

\'i(\\((l  t'nini  iilimc.  iIk'  cciiliMlic  u'ltii^rliii  i"iiii>ist  (iCii  piiir  nt' iiciirly  j.'1m- 
liiihir  cir  >iili|ivrirnnii  lnlic.-.  <'liiscly  jniiud  liy  tlicir  ImuT  cilLifs,  nv  at  Icii-t  in 
iu\l.i|Mi-:itiiiii  :  tli('\  iil'c  sitlliitcil  ill  the  xci'V  iiiiililii'  iil'  tlif  licMil.  jil'-t  ;i1im\i' 
till'  iM'i^iiillillu'  lit  tin'  .•ililiiclit:uy  cniiMl.  illiil  (111  ;i  level.  al)ii\e.  with  llie  tip|) 
of  the  t'nnit.'ll  tri:ni;;ll'.  I''rnlll  tiie  luwcr  illllerinr  niiter  lllinle  nt'  eileh  luhe, 
till'  optic  iu'r\e,  liirjic  at  liiise.  lint  ;;'rii(hiiilly  t;i|ierinu'  lieyoiiil,  pusses  ijowii- 
wiinl,  ti)r\V!ir<l.  ami  uiitwiird.  in  »  «tiaiL;ht  ecmiv-e  tnwiinl  tiie  neelli  :  a»  it 
reiiehes  theiii  it  expiinds  intii  :i  liruad  ti<'lil  eoniprisinir  the  neelli. — hiaek 
(■(PiiieMl  masses,  their  apiees  plunu'eil  in  the  iier\inis  tissue  tiirniiiiL;'  the  tielil. 
.Iiist  liehind  the  oriii'in  nf  the  ciptie  ner\t'  another  independent  ner\e  arises, 
extendiiiii'  to  the  upper  portion  of  the  tendinous  cord  which  terininatcs  tiie 
jfi'cat  iniisciilar  mass  of  the  head  and  moves  the  mandihles.  A  litth'  fiirtiier 
removed  from  the  optic  nerve,  and  on  the  lower  anterior  edi;<'  of  each  lohe, 
a  little  within  the  middle,  another  slender  nerve  arises,  which  rims  in  a 
straiirht  course  to  the  liase  of  the  antennae. 

From  the  lower  outer  edL;c  of  each  cephalic  lolie  a  nei'Miiis  cord  passes 
downward  and  a  little  liackward.  the  two  cinhraciiiji'  thi'  oe.-ophae-iis.  and 
then  coincre-i's  until  they  unite  in  the  siiliocsiiphaireai  ;j:aiijj;lion.  a  horizontal 
lentienlar  disk,  sitiiatet!  at  the  liase  ot'  the  head  just  alio\e  its  hinder  edee  ; 
just  lieneath  the  ocsopl'  uiis  these  emiiracinu'  corils  arc  united  liy  a  cross 
thread:  tiiis  snlioesopliii^cal  ii'anii'lion  throws  out  lateral  nerves,  dircctecl 
litrward  and  outward,  and  is  strapped  in  its  place  liy  traiis\erse  muscle-, 
one  just  in  front  and  another  just  liehind  it ,  w  liich  oriuinate  toL;-cthcr  on 
the  floor  of  till'  liody  ;  and  the  hinder  of  wliicii  is  streiij;tlieiied  on  each  sidi> 
liy  a  secondary  innscle.  which  runs  haeUward  licside  the  cord  for  a  short  dis- 
tance, divancatinfi'  slijihtly. 

The  i,Mnulia  of  tlii'  iiody-scicments,  wliicii  are  similar  in  ijfcncral  character 
to  till'  suliocsopliaii'ca!  piinrlion,  are  situated  in  or  near,  iiciierally  a  little  in 
alvance  of,  the  middle  of  each  scirment.  as  tiir  as  the  seventh  ahdominal 
sejrnK'iit.  where  there  is  a  pair,  in  close  proximity,  one  liehind  the  (itlier. 
and  with  these  the  nervous  cord  terminates.  All  the  iianjilionic  disks  are 
eoiineeled  liy  a  pair  of  rihhons,  lii'iierallv  Iviiin'  in  sneh  close  proximity  as 
to  appi'ar  to  lie  sinm-le  and  straitflit.  hut  antcrioi'ly  they  are  separated  some- 
what widely. 

In  Icavinu'  the  sulioesophajieal  jxanu'lion,  the  nervou.s  rililions  run  nearly 
parallel,  or  with  only  a  sliulit  outward  enrve,  tit  the  firs'  l»ody-u:an;j;lion. 
Stiirtiiiii-  ayaiii  close  together  at  the  middle  of  the  posterior  liorder  of  the 
first  jiaiiiilion  they  diverge  in  straight  lines,  lint  very  eradnallv.  until  tliev 
are  nearly  twice  as  far  apart  as  tiie  width  of  the  first  jianjrlion  (which  is 
often  twice  as  far  removed  from  tin  second  as  from  the  suiioesophafical 
iXanjrlion),  and  then  convernv  more  rapidly  and   enter  the  second  uanLdimi 


24 


TIIK   lU  TTKIirLIKS  or   NKW    I;N(;I-ANIi. 


lit  its  Diitcr  imtci'ior  Imrdcr.  Tlic  (listfiiicc  t'roni  tlic  .sccoiid  to  llic  tliinl 
L;;iii;ili(Hi  is  ctU'ctcd  in  a  siinilar  miiniicr.  'V\\v  tuiirtli  ^imifliuii  i>  Itiit  Uttli! 
rciii(i\(.'(l  t'nini  tlu'  third,  iji'inji"  in  fact  iioariT  to  it  tlian  tliu  latter  is  to  tlie 
point  of  ffrcati'st  divcrii'cnt'i'  of  tlic  ril)i)oiis  in  advance  of  it ;  it  is  sometimes 
situated  in  the  middle  of  its  se^i'ment  as  in  iMiphoeades,  sometimes  at  its 
anterior  edji'e  as  in  Anosia  and  Kin'vnnis  ;  sometimes  wholly  within  thonuh 
at  the  posterior  edfre  of  the  last  thoi'aeie  seiinu'nt,  as  in  l"^pin'^\  rens ; 
lietween  the  third  and  fonrtli  ";an<dia  the  rihhon  is  strai"ht.  sii;'htlv  lonjfer 
than  hroad.  hroader  than  at  any  point  posteriorly,  and  its  se[)aration  into 
two  cords  is  not  readily  seen,  thoiifrh  in  iMiphoeades  it  can  he  determined 
licre  as  thronyhont  the  wiiole  lenytii  of  the  cord.  iJehind  this  the  "aniilia 
art'  ncai'ly  ei|nidistant  (np  to  those  of  the  seventh  alidominal  scffment)  and 
connectcil  hy  a  straight  donhle  rihiion,  scarcely  liroadcr  than  either  one  of 
the  cords  hetween  the  second  and  third  gany'lia.  and  which  is  seen  to  he 
donhle  onlv  hv  the  slijiht  diverifence  of  the  cords  in  advance  of  each  'jun- 

.  .  c*  c*  c* 

^lion  as  they  enter  it.  The  last  uaniflion  is  situated  in  the  seventh  ahdo- 
minal  segment,  just  postt'rior  to  the  precedinj;',  and  these  two,  of  whicl-  the 
eleventh  i>  the  larg-er,  either  apjtear  almost  to  coalesce  at  their  ailjoming 
edges,  or  t!ii'y  do  completely  coalesce,  as  in  Knphoeudes  and  Epargyrcus. 
From  the  second  alidominal  segment  haekward,  the  nervous  cord  does  not 
come  in  <Iirect  contact  with  the  alimentary  canal,  hut  considerable  fatty 
tissne  is  inti'i'posed  lietween  them:  in  advance  of  this,  however,  the  re\crsc 
i-  the  case,  the  fatty  tissne  appi'aring  as  if  strapped  in  its  phicc  lietween 
the  ner\(ins  cord  and  the  integnment  hy  the  hranches  of  t  lie  former. 

From  each  side  ot'  each  alidominal  ganglion  two  lati'ral  ncr\i's  are 
emitted,  the  iinlerior  at  I'ight  angles,  the  |iostcrior  in  a  siighty  p<isti'ri<ir 
direction  and  soon  forking,  and  at  their  lia.«cs  the  two  are  connected  liy  a 
delicate  fill"  liesides  tliese  a  laterid  thread  springs  from  each  side  of  the 
main  connnissnres  jwst  in  front  ot'  tiie  ganglia,  ami  is  sometimes  almost 
transt'eired.  as  in  Kuphocailes,  to  the  ganglittii  itself.  In  the  tiioracie  seg- 
ments theiv  is  a  similar  arrangement  of  nerves,  lint  in  the  first  ganglion 
uidy  the  anterior  lateral  nerve  is  present,  and  it  is  directed  hirward  ;  the 
third  ganglion  on  tlu'  other  hand  follows  the  rnle  of  tl:e  alidominal  ganglia, 
wriile  in  the  second,  the  nerves  arc  continent  at  their  origin,  directed  at 
ri;;iit  angles  onlward.  and  almost  innnedialely  diverge  at  right  angles  to 
each  other,  one  forwaid.  the  other  iiackward.  In  addition  to  tint  lateral 
nerves,  the  lei'Miinal  ganglion  is  fnrnishe(l  with  two  pairs  of  longer  and 
stonier  poslcrioi'  nerves,  reaching  into  the  hinder  segments,  the  onler  cords 
trending  somewhat  onlward. 

Qlandular  system.  The  ghmdnlar  system  consists  of  only  a  single 
pair  of  vessels  having  an  independent  outlet  at  the  surface  of  the  li<idy  : 
these  are  the  vessels  for  the  secretion  of  silk  ;  their  outlet  is  upon  the  laliiuin  ; 
and   from   this  point    haekward  thev  consist,  first,  of  a  delicate  thread  or 


TIIK   CATKIU'ILLAl!:    INTKItNAL  OIUIAXS. 


25 


aiv 
'riiir 
hy  a 

tlR" 
linst 

-t'U'- 

>liim 

tlio 

rliu. 

•<1  lit 

to 

(tcral 

and 

(tills 

mull' 
iidy  : 
iiiiii  ; 
il  or 


I 


duct  nmning  hack  alonjif  the  jiidos  of  the  aliiiioiitaiy  canal,  in  a  straiglit, 
sli"litlv  wavy  or  tortiioiisi  course,  to  a  jjoint  varying  from  tlic!  middle  of 
the  thoracic  to  the  l)ejrinninfj  of  the  ahdominal  segments  ;  and  second,  of 
a  larger  i)iit  still  very  slender  sometimes  flattcne<l  tidie  or  vessel  proper 
(though  scarcely  larger  in  Ilamadryas  and  Aglais),  wiiich  lias  at  first  an 
irregular  course  hut  runs  heside  tiie  stomach  to  a  point  of  attachment  on 
the  same,  generally  in  the  sixtii  ahdominal  segment,  terminating  in  a 
slender  thread.  It  has  the  gi'eatest  and  most  conipiicatcd  devehpment  in 
the  skippers  which  spin  more  silk  than  others.  In  Kpargyreus,  for 
instance,  the  vessel  begins  to  expand  as  it  enters  the  ahdominal  region,  and 
continues  of  tlic  same  diameter,  .as  far  as  the  heginning  of  the  fifth  ah<lo- 
niinal  segment ;  then  it  turns  ai)ru[)tly  hack  upon  itself,  ai)ove  its  former 
course,  as  far  as  tiie  front  of  the  second  ahdominal  segment ;  again  turns 
back  with  e([ual  al)ru|)tne8S,  above  its  previous  course,  and.  diminished  to 
nearly  one-lialf  its  former  diameter,  extends  nearly  to  the  middle  of  the 
third  ahdominal  segment ;  it  then  turns  ui)ward  at  right  angles  along  the 
walls  of  the  stomach  to  the  middle  of  the  sides  of  the  same,  or  a  little 
higher,  ami  again  resumes  its  general  liackward  direction ;  on  this  it 
extends,  with  a  slightly  wavy  course,  as  far  as  the  end  of  the  stomach, 
when  it  turns  downward  !uid  inward  again  and  soon  terminates  in  a  lihmt 
tip,  its  extremity  scarcely  slenderer  tiian  its  width  wlieu  it  is  freed  from  tiie 
coils  on  the  sides  of  the  stomach.  The  coi'ed  or  reversed  })ortion  covers  a 
distance  of  ").7.")  nun.  The  initial  duct  is  !(.,"i  nmi.  long,  the  stouter  part 
of  tlie  vessel  12  mm.  long,  and  the  slender  terminal  portion  11.5  nun. 
long. 

The  length  of  the  initial  duct  is  rarely  so  long  as  here  and  in  Ilamadryas 
is  only  al)()ut  one-seventh  of  the  whole,  while  the  length  of  the  whole  varies 
from  a  little  over  12  nun.  in  Eurymus,  to  as  uuich  as  t?.")  mm.  in  Anosia. 
In  all  other  s[iecies  examined  the  sudden  change  of  direction  found  in 
E[»argyrcus  on  the  third  ahdomin  il  segment  is  wanting,  the  second  abru[)t 
reversal  of  direction  being  the  la>i.  In  some,  as  in  Cidlophrvsand  Eui)hoe- 
ades,  the  stouter  part  of  the  vessel — .dwa'/s  the  jiart  before  any  reversal 
of  direction — lies  whidly  upon  .'h.e  ventral  siu'face  beside  its  mate,  l)ul  in 
others  the  two  lie  removed  from  each  other  in  the  lower  portion  of  the 
sides.  There  is  consid('ral)le  variation  too  in  the  point  at  which  the  first 
and  seeimd  reversals  occur :  in  some  the  first  is  iit  the  second  al)doniiual 
segment  (Ilamadryas,  Polygonia,  Callophrys),  in  others  at  the  tliird 
(Kurynuis,  Kuphoca(h's),  while  in  Kpargyrcus  it  is  at  the  fifth  :  the  second 
reversal  is  always  at  the  first  or  second  abdominal  segmeui  :  and  beyond 
this  point  the  narrowing  tube  has  always  a  uku'c  or  less  tortuous  course. 
Throughout,  the  alimentary  canal  is  closely  hugged. 

Reproductive  system.  Tlu;  orga.\s  of  generation,  as  far  as  they  are 
developed  in  the  mature  male  larva,  eon  ist  of  a  pair  of  compound  organs, 


^ 


26 


Tin-:   HUTTEHl-LIKS  OK  XKW   EXCiLAXD. 


tiituated  in  the  luitldlc  or  posterior  part  of  tlie  dorsiiiii  of  tlie  fiftli  abiloininal 
segment,  iiul  connected  l>y  a  slender  tlu'cad  to  minute  bodies  in  tlie  poste- 
rior po  ion  of  the  under  surface  of  the  hist  segment.  Tlie  compound 
organs  or  testes  are  placed  next  to  the  alimentary  canal,  those  of  the  oppo- 
site sides  in  ju.\ta[)osition  but  with  no  direct  communication.  They  are 
more  or  less  elongated,  ovate  or  reiiiforni  in  shape,  bright  colored,  and 
(juadrilolied,  containing  each  four  similar  ciiaiiiliers  in  a  row  from  in  front 
backward  ;  the  anterior  extremity  of  each  testis  ends  in  a  very  short  and 
slender  thread.  .Iv.^t  !>ehind  each  testis  a  delicate  pellucid  thread  arises, 
wliidi  passes  [losteriorly  and  a  little  downward  until  opposite  the  spiracle 
of  the  sixth  alidominal  segment ;  here  it  jilungcs  downward  toward  it,  and 
passing  tiirougli  the  mass  of  tracheae  to  those  of  the  seventh  segment, 
sweeps  around  toward  the  iiicdioveiitral  line  of  the  body,  and,  passing 
through  an  independent  muscular  bundle  scarcely  larger  than  itself,  whicii 
stretches  transversely  across  the  body  at  this  point,  enters  a  minute  whitish 
sac,  situated  just  beneath  the  termination  of  the  intestine. 

The  ovaries  of  the  female  are  situated  in  tiie  same  place  as  are  the  testes 
in  the  male,  and  consist  of  a  pair  of  long  ol»o\ate  sacs,  bluntly  rounded  at 
eacii  end.  vertically  disposed,  approximated,  but  with  the  lower  end  curved 
outward  ;  they  are  white,  and  each  consists  of  a  liimdle  of  four  similar  tubes. 
The  whole  structure  is  completely  homologous  with  the  corresiioiiding  parts 
of  the  male,  and  as  will  be  seen  the  future  development  of  the  parts  in  one 
set  is  paralleled  by  that  in  the  other. 

Cellular  Bystem.  A  caterjiilhir  seems  made  to  gorinandi/c  :  the  muscles 
are  few  and  either  serve  to  give  action  to  the  alimentary  canal,  to  transport 
the  animal  to  a  feeding  spot,  or  to  remove  the  old  integument  to  admit  a 
larger  growth  and  greater  capacity  for  food  :  they  will  not  enable  it,  by 
rapid  movements,  to  escape  an  enemy  ;  those  of  the  head — ami  there  is  little 
but  muscle  therein  —  are  almost  exclusively  attached  to  the  jaws  ;  other 
organs  serve  tlie  same  purpose ;  the  general  cavity  of  tlie  iiody  is  mostly 
occupied  l)y  the  alimentary  canal  and  its  a|)pen(lages :  spinning  glands  fill 
some  of  the  space,  and  they  are  used  only  to  give  the  insect  a  foothold 
when  eating  or  travelling  in  search  of  food  ;  air  vessels  supply  the  means  of 
using  the  food  for  nourishment ;  the  nervous  system  is  very  slight  and  most 
of  its  ramifications  are  addressed  to  the  muscles.  Yet  a  coiisideralile  por- 
tion (if  the  iiiatt'rial  in  the  ca'.  ity  shows  that  this  gormandizing  has  an  imme- 
diate ol)jcct  ; — namely,  the  storing  up  of  nourishment  for  future  use  during 
the  great  changes  that  are  to  occur  during  the  subsc(|uent  (piicscent  state  ; 
for,  completely  enveloping  the  alimentary  canal  and  its  aiiiiendages  and  oc- 
cupying all  possii)le  sfiace  between  this  and  the  muscles,  the  fatty  bodies  are 
really  the  most  conspicuous  portions  of  the  interior  organism  of  a  caterpillar  ; 
it  is  upon  this  that  the  parasites  feed  and  in  conse(iuencc  of  the  loss  of  it 
that  the  animal  attacked  by  them  finally  perishes. 


TIIK  (  III!VS.\I-|S:    i;Xli:i!N'A[.   I'KA'I'lltKS. 


27 


rilE  I'UPA    OR  CllHYfiALIS. 

Tlic  fiiiiil  I'liiliriicc,  the  lindcr  ki>-. 

Wliiili  lii\c  Id  its  ('.\|ii'i>>iiin  liriiiu'>. 
Arc  lull  llic  liiisk  till'  iliry«:ili« 

Wi'iir>  (in  it>  wiii'j-. 

Al.lci:  (MiY.— /,((^')i^  I.ifi'. 

External  features. 

Clirvsiiliils  of  l)iitterHifs  prcsi'iit  an  oiitwanl  !i[i|iciiraiir('  essentially  dis- 
tinet  from  that  of  either  the  eaterpillar  or  the  iniaji'o.  (Quiescent  in  eondi- 
tion,  orf^iins  of  motion  are  useless,  and  are  therefore  I'liveloped  in  ^heatlis 
and  folded  eompai'tly  upon  and  yliied  to  the  iiody.  \>hi('li  on  its  part  is  en- 
tirely corneous  for  its  better  proteetion,  and  shows  little  of  the  primary 
distinctions  into  head,  thorax  and  ahdomi'ii.  'I'he  head  is  seldom  distin- 
guishalile  from  the  thorax  liy  anythinj;'  more  than  a  sutiiral  impression,  or 
is  slijflitly  prominent,  anil  althoujrli  upon  the  ujiper  surface  there  is  a  more 
or  less  distinct  rcffional  eontom-  clearly  dividin<r  the  thorax  from  the  abdo- 
men, it  is  entirely  concealed  helow  liy  the  appendajres  of  hoth  head  and 
thorax,  which  are  those  of  the  imajro  in  a  partially  iU'\eIo[)ed  condition  and 
are  extended  in  an  almost  eonuiion  mass  over  the  whole  of  the  thorax  and 
half  of  the  ahdomen.  In  its  forming'  condition  all  these  orj^ans  can  he 
se[)arated  from  the  liody.  hut  once  hardeiu'd  they  are  immovalily  attached 
to  it. 

It  will,  ho\\e\er.  he  hoth  convenient  and  [iroper  to  treat  of  these  diHerent 
rcfrious  separately,  in  order  to  olitain  a  hetter  notion  of  the  exact  structure 
of  the  insects  in  this  staji'c. 

The  head.  The  head  is  a  more  or  less  rounded  compact  mass  of  ahout 
equal  heiifht  and  length  hut  iiroader  than  either,  usually  occupyinjf  the 
whole  of  the  anterior  extri'mity  of  the  liody,  imt  in  Lycaenidae  crowded, 
hv  the  great  ex[iansion  nt'  the  prothorax,  cnlirely  upon  the  under  surface. 
There  arc  no  distingui-lialile  sutui'cs  dividing  the  head  into  I'cgions  or  sec- 
tions. The  outer  anterior  [lortion,  covering  the  eyes  ot'  the  future  imago, 
is  always  more  or  less  t'ull,  frc(|iu'ntly  ]>rotuherant  and  conical  or  jiyrami- 
dal,  apparently  for  no  other  ohject  than  to  protect  the  parts  heneath, 
although  these  would  not  seem  to  lie  so  important  in  the  ccouom\  of  the 
future  insect  as  other  cephalic  organs  which  are  not  so  carefully  giiardi'd  : 
the  [tosition  ot'the  eyes,  howe\er,  is  such  as  to  render  them  more  liahlc  to 
injury,  and  il  is  noteworthy  that  these  promiiu'iiccs  arc  more  marked  in  tlu' 
Nyniphalidae  which  hang  liy  the  tail  and  swing  in  every  hreeze.  and  in  the 
Pa|>ilioninae  (87  :!!)  which,  although  girt  around  the  middle,  ha\i'  the  ante- 
rior part  of  the  l)ody  projecting  to  an  unusual  degree,  and  lieing  fastened 
hy  a  loose  girth  have  some  fri'eilom  of  motion,  than  they  are  in  the  other 
grou|is.  In  the  Piei'inat',  however,  the  same  ohject  is  I'llected  hy  a  single 
antei'ior  projection    in   the  middli  of  the   head,    which    in    a    girt    chrysalis 


28 


TlIK   ItlTTKHFLlES  OF   NKW   i:X(il.AXl). 


wiiiild  pnitoct  tlu'tif  jiarts  of  the  lirad  ii.s  cHVctiially  as  tlic  (loiililc  corniitiDn 
of  till'  I'apilioiiinac.  It  is  evident  tVoni  tlic  coiulitioii  of  the  parts  in  tlio 
I'ierinac,  as  from  tlu'  nearly  or  (ptite  ecpial  development  of  all  the  parts  of 
tlie  eyes  in  all  bnttei'Hies,  that  tliese  projeetions  are  not  for  the  purpose  of 
atlordini;'  additional  space  for  tlu'  material  wliieh  is  to  form  the  |iarts  ln'iieath. 
At  the  lateral  hase  of  the  i)arts  eoverinii;  the  futiu'e  eomponnd  eye  is  a 
strongly  enrM-d,  moderately  hroad  and  ecpial,  simooth  hand,  which  I  have 
termed  the  ocellar  rihhon  (86  ::i2,2.'J  ;87  :"24)  hecaiise  it  seems  to  he  cor- 
related with  the  enrvin;:'  row  of  ocelli  of  the  larval  head,  the  anterior  cnr\inj; 
limits  of  which  are  generally  marked  in  the  larval  head  hy  a  distinct 
imprcssiein  (86:24).  At  the  upper  posterior  part  of  the  head  the  antennae 
take  their  rise,  at  some  little  distance  apart,  and  at  once  diverge  from  each 


oth 


otlier,  i)assm<r  mi  exactlv  opposi 


th 


)pp 


ite  (1 


irections 


iloiig   the  hinder  part   of  the 


head,  hetween  the  front  liorder  of  the  jirothorax  on  one  sidi'  and  the  upper 
termination  of  the  ocellar  rihhon  on  the  other,  cutting  off  a  portion  of  the 
latter,  crossing  to  the  thorax  Just  lielow  it  and  then  continuing  in  a  lU'arly 
straight  line  postei'iorly.  hetween  the  wings  anil  the  legs,  over  a  portion  at 
least  of  the  ahdomen.  The  front  of  the  hulk  of  the  head  is  limited  lielow 
l)y  an  angular  suture,  making  a  projecting  angle,  from  which  a  piece  (the 
epistoma?)  is  soinetinicscut  oH' (87  :1.")).  .Inst  lielow  it,  variously  de\  eloped 
izc,  hut  usually  sinall.  sleii  ler,  longitudinal  and  pentagonal, 


in  form  am 


IS  a  piece,  pr( 


Iv  the  lalirum,  which  separates  on  either  side  inoi 


V  or  less 


triauiiu 


lar  opposing  projections,  hroad  at  hase,  their  apices  jo 


mm!''  or  near 


ly 


joining  lieneath  the  lahriim  ;   thesi'  re|iresent  the  maiidihles.      liehind  tlii'se 
(87:'i)  is  a  long  doiihle  rilili<in.    liniad  at   hase  hut  narniwing  for  a   short 


distil 


ncc,  and  then  continuing  ncarl 


Iv  e(iual  side  hy  side    in    a  straig 


ht    I 


ne 


posteriorly,  licyond  the  iiiuder  limits  ot'  the  thorax  :  tlii'y  are  the  lateral 
halves  of  the  maxillae,  the  future  spiral  tongue  :  lieneath  their  expanded 
tiase,  entirely  concealed,  with  no  so[iarate  sheath  of  their  own,  hut  lying 
extended  [losteriorly  and  parallel  to  one  another  in  a  straight  line  over  the 
thorax  are  the  lahial  palpi. 

The  thorax.     The  ihorax  is  distinctly  divided  aliove  into  its  three  usual 
sei'tions.  the  niesothorax  heiiii;'  invariahlv  largest  and  more  or  less  tumid, 


often  provide! 


1  witi 


th 


1  a  greativ  cleva 


itcd 


central  prominence  and  occasiona 


iilly 


th  lateral  ones  of  lesser  size  ;   the  prothorax,  however,  attains  consideni- 


ilc  d 


unensions  m 


the  L 


vcacinilac,  in  wnicli  ri'spcc 


liicli 


.p: 


el  tl 


leir  clirvsaiKis  resein 


hlc 


the  larva  rather  than  the  imago  ;  in  all  the  otlii'r  groups  hoth  tlii'  |iro- 
thorax  and  metathorax  ai'c  comparatively  insignificant,  the  mctathorax  re- 
>t  ahdouiinal  sci;mcnt  :  lieneath  and  on  the  sides  the  thorax 


semhlmi''  the  In 


th 


is  entirely  hidden  liy  its  own  appendages  and  those  of  the  head  ;  the  wings, 
suhoval  in  form  and  of  course  very  much  smaller  than  in  the  imago,  are 
spread  over  nearly  the  whole  under  surface  and  sides  of  the  thorax  and  the 
hasal  four  segments  of  the  ahdomen,  the  hinder  part  almost  entirely  con- 


Till-:  cmiYSAMS:    KXTKKXAL  FKATL'KIvS. 


29 


cciili'd  iiy  till'  iiiitcrior,  wliii'li  aro  siiporiinpoMcd  upon  tlii'iii  l)iit  iillow  of 
their  apiKiJinincc  ti»  ii  <jrLNUor  or  k-ss  dcLrroe  alunjj:  their  vvhiilc  .siijierior  ami 
sDiiii'tiiiii'.s  posti'rior  I'dij^c  ;  the  interior  cdiros  ot'  the  win^s  s()iiictiim.'js  adjoin 
mar  tiio  tip,  lait  usually  the  touj^ue  and  often  also  the  antennae  ;r.v  inter- 
posed ;  at  tlu'  very  l)ase  of  the  superior  and  to  a  lesser  extent  at  that  of  the 
inferior  winjfs.  the  winii;  is  shouldered,  humped  or  spini'd  and  to  these 
parts  I  have  jriven  the  names  of  liasal  winii'  tubereles  in  my  deseriptions. 
Sometimes  the  \vin}j;s  are  not  raised  hy  the  thieknes.s  of  their  theeae  ahove 
the  general  contour  of  the  hody,  hut  at  othei's  they  are  (•onsideral)ly  raised 
and  even  ridjjed  at  their  edj^es.  The  leu's  are  actually  all  hent  at  the  apex 
ot'the  femora,  the  femora  directed  forward,  the  tiliiaeand  tarsi  backward  in 
a  straifjlit  line;  all  the  femora  are  therefore  concealed  ;  the  tihiae  and  tarsi 
of  the  first  two  pairs  lie  side  liy  side  tapi'i'ini;'  and  cianeryinL;'  sliyhtly 
toward  their  tip.  the  middle  pair  outermost,  the  two  tou'ctiu'r  tilling  the 
space  lietween  the  antennae  and  the  tongue  :  the  himl  pair,  however,  is 
entirely  conceah'd.  lying  licncath  the  front  edge  ot'  the  wings  :  the  ajipen- 
dages  then  lie  side  hy  side  from  the  ventral  line  oiUnards.  in  the  following 
visihle  order:  (87:l!,l."))  tongiii',  fore  legs,  middle  legs,  antennae,  and 
wings  ;  the  tongue  generally  reaches  as  tar  as  the  wings  hut  sometimes 
(Lyeaeninac  and  a  few  Xymphalidac)  fall-  considcraiily  short  of  it,  and  at 
other  times  (some  Ilespcridac)  t'xtends  tar  l)eyond  them,  the  portion 
hcyond  heing  tree  ;  llii'  ant(  nnai'  also  usually  extend  just  as  far  as  the 
wings,  hut  sometimes  ('.//.,  I'aiiilioninac)  fall  short  of  them  hy  ahout  one- 
fourth  :  the  w  ings  usn;dly  reach  nearly,  sometimes  (piilc,  to  the  tij)  of  the 
fourth  alidominal  segment,  while  the  miildle  legs  are  never  more  than 
alpoiit  two-thirds  as  long  as  tlic  w  ings  and  the  fori'  li'gs  are  shorter  still, 
■  'Specially  in  the  N/mphalidae.  In  tiic  suture  hetwecii  the  pro-  and  meso- 
thorax,  close  to  its  outermost  limits,  is  the  aperture  of  the  thoracic  sjiiraele 
(87:11),  which  is  :•  narrow  slit,  ii)  .-.imc  groups  {<.'/..  N'yinph;didae)  con- 
cealed Ity  a  fold  ot  ilie  anterior  I'dge  of  the  mcsothorax,  and  sometimes  has 
its  presence  marked  liy  a  minute  o\al  Mister  of  independent  coloring  ui)on 
the  mesothonix  (  Lycaeninae)  :  while  in  others  it  is  a  mimite  circular  orifice 
lionnded  i)y  an  eipial,  rather  hroad,  semieirele  en-  scmioxal  of  velvety,  vciy 
close,  and  short  pile,  also  upon  the  mesothorax  (Ilespcridac).  Although 
in  the  larval  stage  this  thoi'acic  spiracle  lii'longs  to  the  prothorax  its  rela- 
tions in  the  pupal  stage  are  rather  mesotlioracic. 

The  abdomen.  The  ahdomen  is  evlindrieal.  consisting  of  ten  seg- 
mciUs,  the  third  or  fourth  slightly  larger  than  the  hasal.  lieyond  thoni 
tapering  rather  rapidly.  'i"he  Itiisal  four  segments,  as  already  stated,  are 
concealed  on  the  ventral  surface  hy  the  appendages  of  the  head  an<l  thorax, 
lint  they  as  \ell  as  the  fifth  and  sixth  are  evidently  of  luiiform  length 
throughout :  ihe  seventh,  eighth  and  ninth,  however,  are  increasingly 
contracted  upon  the  under  surface  in  most   species,  causing  this   surface  of 


30 


riiK  mni;i!i-i,ii:s  oi-  m;\v  i;x(;i,.\ni). 


the  alMloincn  to  Ix'  nearly  strniiilit  in  a  IdiiLiitiidinal  dire f  ion.  wliilo  the 
ii|>|>t'i' snrt'a'-c  is  stron;;Iy  cin'vnl  :  in  tlic  Hi'sin'ridac,  liowovur.  tins  i.-*  not 
tlu"  caisi'.  TIr'  tenth  scifnicnl  is  pciMi Marly  niodiliod  to  lorni  tlu-  ciTniaster 
or  anal  hnftoii  (87:1).  a  more  or  li'»  tetra(|netral.  tapi-rinfj,  i'urvin<>\ 
lihintly  docked  in'oniinence.  its  convexity  iipward,  lioniolon'ons  with  tlie 
anal  |)late  of  the  caterpillar,  its  apex  and  soinetinies  its  interior  tmrtaec 
tiirnishe(|  w  ith  a  \»'ry  laru'e  nunilicr  ot'  lonj;'  and  sleiider.  cylindrical,  cor- 
neous hook>.  sironiily  crooked  and  usually  thickened  at  the  (listal  extremity. 
Iiy  means  ot' which  the  chrysalis  is  securely  t'asteued  to  the  silk  the  larva 
has  spun.  Ill  the  Lycaeiiiuac  the  extrciuity  of  the  alidomen  is  so  cnr\i'd 
ovci'  as  to  lii'ini;-  the  eremaster  upon  the  under  surface  and  it  simply  forms 
a  slii;htly  tumid  mass.  Iieariug  the  lio(;!;K-is  on  its  outer  and  posterior 
edji'cs.  At  the  inferior  Itase  of  the  eremaster.  upon  the  ventral  sm-faee  of 
the  ninth  .dxlouiinal  sejrment.  is  the  closed  anal  oriKee,  its  ?< ides  lii'oadly  liiit 
sliii'luly  tumid  and  these  a^ain  often  hounded  liy  cur\  inj:'  ridj;es  endinji"  in 
an  anterior  tulicrele.  IkiuioIohous.  ms  Uiley  has  shown,  w  ith  tlu'  anal  pi'olejjs 
of  the  calerpillar.  the  whole  part  lieini:'  often  so  ureatly  developed,  espec- 
ially in  the  Nyuiphalidae.  as  to  crowd  still  further  the  \entral  surfaces  of  the 
seu'iuents  just  anterior  to  it.  The  spiracles  arc  transverse  slits  hounded  liy 
semilunar  lips  and  occur  on  the  second  to  the  eiLrhth  ahdoniinal  segments, 
those  on  the  second  .■lucl  third  heinj;' partially  concealed  hy  the  upper  ptu'tion 
of  the  wind's.  ( )ccasionally  (e.  <f..  Hasilarchia)  a  sinii'K'  sciiiuent.or  more 
frcfpu'Utly  (c.  u'..  I'icris.  Laertias.  etc. )  two  or  three  eousecuti\e  segments 
on  the  anterioi'  pai't  ot'  the  alpilomen  have  median  or  lateral  promineni'cs  ; 
hut  tlie  most  orilinary  ai'uiature  consists  of  si'ries  of  tuhercles.  warts  or 
simple  spines  arraiiii'cd  in  louLi'itudinal  rows,  in  each  of  which  there  is  one 
appendaii'c  to  each,  or  nearly  e\ery  scuinent.  except  the  last  two:  occasion- 
ally thei'c  i>  a  lateral  continuous  or  nearly  eontiimous  lidiic  of  considera- 
lile  prominence,  and  there  is  also  t'rei[Uently  a  siijiht  median  ridu'e  :  trans- 
verse ridji'cs  of  any  cousiderahle  prominence  seldom  occur  and  are  then 
usual!\' conlincil.  ;il  least  the  conspicuous  oni's.  lo  a  sin;n'le  sei^inent.  and 
especialh'  to  the  t'ourlh  alMlominal  si't;iuent. 


Internal  structure  (I'i.  62.  fiu.  -'i. 

For  the  sake  of  readii'r  comparison.  wi>  will  follow  here  the  same  order 
pursued  in  our  account  of  the  internal  t'ru'aus  of  the  eaterpill.ir  ;  hut  so 
little  is  known  ol'  the  xariatious  in  the  internal  structure  of  ehrysalids  of 
liutlerllies.  thai  oui'  account  nnisi  he  very  im|perfi'ct. 

Muscular  system.  The  thorax  is  almost  entirely  ^iveu  up  to  nm.seular 
liundles.  the  principle  portion  of  wliich.  for  the  movement  of  the  future 
will's.  isdi\isil)le  into  Iwd  sets.  ( )ne  ol'  these  sets  is  restricted  to  the 
lower  part  of  the  side.-,  of  the  ihoi'iix.  and  its  fihres  are  directed  from  the 
liase  of  the  w  inji'.-  towanl  the  middle  .il' llu' lower  surface,  those  of  theojipo- 


Tin-:  CIIIJYSAI.IS   INTKHXAl,  STlUt  TllM:. 


81 


(iitf  .sidt'f  iiu'lininii'  towards  each  otiier  at  !V  littlu  more  tliaii  a  rij^lit  anjrlo. 
In  tlio  \' -.shaped  .-ijace  Itetweeii  them,  and  hichidiiifi  all  the  upper  domed 
part  of  the  meKothorax,  is  tlie  otluT  set.  nmiiinif  loii<;itiidinally  in  super- 
imposed hiyers.  In  jreneral  tlie  nmsch-s  of  tlie  aluhimen  seem  to  l)e 
situated  nmeh  as  in  the  larva,  l)ut  are  more  compact  antl  almost  or  alto- 
gether h)n<ritudinal,  the  olili(pie  nmscles  disappearinjj:.  'i'hose  of  the  under 
surface  of  the  ahdumen  consist,  on  each  side  of  the  liody,  of  a  rihhon, 
composed  of  two  contiguous  strips,  the  <»uter  slightly  the  hroader.  running 
next  the  integument  through  the  entire  length  of  the  ahdomen.  the  inner 
edsxe  at  ahout  its  own  width  fi'oin  the  ncrxous  cord. 

Digestive  system,  'i'he  oesophagus  is  a  mere  thrcad-IiUc  vessel  and 
runs  straight  to  the  stomach  :  as  it  enters  the  alxlomen  it  is  at  once  directed 
upward  anil  suddenly  expands  into  a  small,  huHtous.  nuiscular  crop,  the 
anterior  upper  part  of  which  opens  into  the  food-reservoir  or  paimch,  a 
suhfnsiform  hlind  sac,  liroadly  rounded  at  tip,  in  the  nearly  adult  pupa 
reaching  the  extremity  of  the  third  or  fourth  alxlominal  segment,  and  lying 
over  the  stomach  ;  in  the  early  stages  of  the  chrysalis  it  forms  with  the 
crop  a  simpli'  minute  sac.  Directly  following  this  crop,  the  digi'sti\i'  track 
widens  greatly  and  *orms  the  stomach,  a  cylindrical  tuiie.  tapering  in  front, 
suddenly  contracted  at  its  posterior  end.  It  is  very  large  in  the  young 
pu|ia,  hut  gradually  contracts,  terminating  at  last  near  the  end  of  the  tit'tli 
ahdominal  segment  and  only  a  little  lieyond  the  full  grown  foo(l-r«'servoir. 
On  each  side,  at  the  hase,  the  stomach  hears  within  some  rounded  luhes, 
nearly  as  large  as  the  crop,  and  hesides  these,  arranged  in  a  row  down 
each  side  of  the  median  line,  it  is  profusely  coNcred  with  small  pea-like 
pockets.  The  intestiiu'  in  a  nearly  matiu'c  chrysalis  is  a  rather  large,  cy- 
lindrical tuhe,  ahout  three  times  as  hroad  as  the  oesophagus,  slightly  tor- 
tuous, especially  anteriorly  ;  in  the  mature  chrysalis,  however,  considerahle 
change  has  heen  cH'eeted.  i\  -  the  intestii\e  has  rapidly  grown  to  a  much 
greater  length  at  the  expense  of  its  diameter,  which  is  now  hardly  twice 
that  of  the  oesophagus  ;  it  is  a  little  larger  at  the  two  (■xtremities.  hut 
otherwise  eipial  and  much  more  tortuous  ;  at  Krst  it  is  directed  upward, 
forward,  and  slightly  to  one  side  tor  a  short  distance:  then  it  douhles  upon 
itself,  crosses  to  the  oppositi'  side,  and  moves  upward  in  a  tortuous  man- 
ner to  the  colon,  which  it  enters  a  little  hehind  and  to  the  left  of  its  anterior 
extremity.  'I'he  colon  is  a  small,  oval  or  pyriform  sac  and  grathially  pass'-.s 
into  til  '  hroad  straight  rectiun,  which  seems  only  a  contimiation  of  it. 

The  salivary  vessels  are  composi'il  of  slender  threads  of  a  uniform  size 
throughout,  without  any  size  distinction  of  duet  and  gland  :  they  first  run 
straight  heside  the  slender  oesophagus,  until  near  the  middle  of  the  meso- 
thorax,  when  they  take  a  douhle  turn,  and  heyond  this  are  at  first  straight 
and  reach  oidy  as  far  ns  the  stomach  ;  hut  afterwards  they  hecome  very 
much  longer,  and  instead  of  heing  straight  form  exceedingly  fine,  crinkled 


32 


TIIK  nrTTKHFLIKS  OF   XKW   KX(;|,A\1). 


tluvinls,  \\\-  eh  colliM't  in  a  Inniritiulinally  disposvil  mass  on  i-acli  side  of  ami 
toiu'liinji  the  (H'supliajriis,  t'orniiiijf  l»y  tlicir  conNoliitions  a  timitorni  nia;*.'* 
wliicli  extends  to  tin-  niiildlc  of  tin."  inetatliorax. 

TIk'  nialpiirliian  v'ssels  avisi-  at  tlio  liindiT  cxtrfUiity  of  the  !*tonia('li. 
sonu'tinu'.-i  without  the  intervention  of  any  l)asai  sac,  tlie  three  l>raiielies 
arising'  ahiiost  tojiether  at  a  very  slioi't  <hstance  from  the  hase  of  tlieir 
eoimnon  stem  and  partinj;  from  it  at  rijilit  anjrles.  One  of  tlie  hranehes 
extends  ahmg  tiie  snperior  lateral  walls  of  tlu-  stomaeh.  as  far  as  the  middle 
of  its  anterior  half  (perhaps  farther,  later  in  life)  and  then  retnrns  ;  the 
other  hraneh  ot'the  onter  set  passes  alonir  the  inferior  lateral  walls  of  the 
stomaeh  ;  they  are  all  very  delicate,  and  after  their  return  are  strongly  eon- 
voluted,  enwrappinji  the  intestine  lait  not  tlu    colon. 

Respiratory  system.  Ihe  tracheae  seem  to  ho  nuich  as  in  the  Iar\a, 
only  jxreatly  reduced  in  size,  very  delicate  and  not  at  all  o|)a(|ue.  The 
tuhcs  in  the  posterior  part  of  tlic  hody  are  small,  hut  from  the  third  alxhimi- 
nal  seiiment  forward  they  heirin  to  enlarire  ;  this  is  especially  notlceahle  in 
the  longitudinal  canids.  which  are  every  where  larger  than  the  other  vessels, 
and  lar'r"st  in  the  first  aixlominal  segnu'nts,  hut  agi  in  reduced  in  size  in 
the  thorax,  where  they  are  less  than  half  their  fornu'riiameter. 

Circulatory  system.  The  dorsal  vessel  is  a  si  nder,  eipial  canal,  lying- 
next  the  inti'gument  of  the  future  imago  (86:17).  IJetwecn  the  fotu'th  and 
sixth  alidominal  segments  (hchind  which  it  is  \ery  ohscure)  it  is  firndy 
attached  ahove,  anil  again  in  the  middle  of  the  thorax,  hut  elsewhere  is 
free  ;  on  all  the  alidominal  segments,  hehiiul  the  first,  it  expands  laterally 
at  the  jiosterioi'  limits  of  the  segment ;  on  the  first  segment  it  hroadens 
slightly,  and  in  front  of  the  expansion  hcgins  to  diminish  gradually  and 
slightly  in  size,  so  that  when  it  enters  the  thorax  (from  the  ahdomen)  it 
hecomes  reduced  to  half  its  former  size.  .Vs  it  enters  the  thonix  from 
hehinil  it  plunges  downward  to  just  ahove  the  oesophagus  in  advance  of  the 
food-reservoir,  then  passes  rapidly  upward  again  to  the  upper  wall  of  the 
hodv,  which  it  follows  to  the  middle  of  the  mesothorax,  din.inishcd  again  to 
half  its  former  size,  so  as  to  appear  a  mere  thread  ;  and  then,  easting  free 
again,  jiasscs  forward  as  in  the  larva,  reaching  the  oesoiihagus  again  in  the 
prothorax  in  the  yoimg  chrysalis  ;  hut  as  it  grows  older  this  jiart  hends  more 
and  more,  until  in  the  mature  chrysalis  it  has  completely  douhled  on  its 
course,  rmming  directly  downward  and  hackward  until  the  oesophagus  is 
nearly  reached  and  then  turns  forward  parallel  to  the  latter. 

Nervous  system.  The  principal  changes  which  take  place  during 
pu[iation  are  the  enlargement  of  the  cephalic  lolies,  the  shortening  of  the 
entire  cord,  and  the  conc(>ntration  of  the  thoracic  ganglia.  IJetween  the 
cephalic  and  thoracic  ganglia  the  nervous  cord  in  Ilamatlryas,  where  we 
have  studied  it  most  attentively,  is  moderately  hroad,  flattened  and  douhle  ; 
the  thoracic  ganglion,  which  is  a  compound  of  the  five  ganglia   succeeding 


TIIK  (ATKltl'lLLAH:    INTKltXAL  OUdAXS. 


ss 


in  the  lar\ii  the  t<uhi)e.-*(i|)li!»jr!il  ganj::lii>ii  (except  sucli  as  are  ah.«i(ti-hetl  In 
sHu  ) ,  iti  situated  in  tlic  front  i)art  of  the  niefotliorax  ;  it  is  oval  and  evitU-ntly 
composed  of  two  inuMpial,  anterior  and  jiostcrior,  ch'nients,  for  slijfiitly  in 
front  of  the  middle  it  is  pii-rced  liy  a  vertical  ijassajre  of  eonsiderahle  size, 
and  the  portion  in  front  of  this  has  a  slijiht,  independent  tumidity  ;  from  near 
the  middle  it  emits  lateral  nerves,  douhlo  at  their  origin,  which  pass  lowaid 
the  winifs.  and  just  before  the  hinder  end  a  I'ather  prominent  nerve,  wliich 
nms  l)ackward  lialf  way  to  the  ahdomen,  parallel  to  the  main  con,  ...d  lU'arly 
as  larjie  as  it,  evidently  fecdinj:^  the  lejrs  ;  besides  these  there  is  another 
similar  pair,  also  running,'  backward  l)nl  divarieatinjr  a  little,  which  orii^i- 
nates  from  the  widest  part  of  the  posterior  portion.  Itehind  this  Lranirlion 
the  cord  is  very  slender  and  a  little  before  enteriuif  the  abdomen  emits  a 
pair  of  slender  but  very  distinct  nerves,  which  are  directed  backward  but 
divaricate  considerably,  passinjj;  to  the  infiated  lon_i,'itndinal  tracheal  canals  ; 
there  is  no  jjanjxlionic  enlargement  at  their  ori;;in,  but  it  perhajis  indicates 
the  site  of  the  former  sixth  body  j;anjflion.  Innnediately  on  enterinjj  the 
abdomen  the  nervous  cord  fif)iK(irs  to  thicken  and  forms  a  ps"udoL!:an^lion 
of  an  elonji'ate,  fusiform  shape,  terniinatiufi:  just  i)efore  the  fii-st  alidominal 
ganjilion  ;  this  a|)pearanee,  however,  is  produced  i)y  the  fact  that  throuuh- 
out  the  abdomen  the  cord  is  overlaid  by  an  investment,  mainly  ])ellucid,  l)Ut 
not  pelluci<l  enouifh  to  allow  the  true  cord  to  be  seen,  cxceptin<^  from 
beneath  :  this  investment  does  not  cover  the  ifanirlia  to  an  e((ual  extent,  liut 
only  as  a  film  ;  so  that  the  abdominal  development  of  the  nervous  system  is 
an  exceedinjrly  delicate  cord,  expandinji  at  four  different  points  into  lenticu- 
lar, disk-like  jiannlia  of  a  small  size,  but  many  times  exceedinjf  the  cord  in 
diameter,  the  whole  enwrapped  in  this  semi-pellucid  investment  which 
makes  it  ap[)ear  of  nearly  uniform  diameter,  exceptinj;'  in  front  of  the  first 
true  alidominal  jianjilion,  where  the  investment  becomes  swollen  and  less 
[lellucid,  resemiilinj::  a  greatly  elongated  ganglion.  The  purpose  of  this 
investment,  the  "bauchgefiiss"  of  the  (iermans,  is  not  understood,  lint  that 
it  is  an  integral  jmrt  of  the  nervous  sytem  has  been  proved  by  Leydig,  who 
[lointed  out  that  it  was  an  expansion  of  the  Hoor  of  the  nenrileme  uniting 
above.  The  abdominal  ganglia  are  ecpiidistant  in  the  mature  chrysalis  of 
Ilamadryas,  but  \ary  with  age  and  species  ;  the  first,  which  is  scarcely 
broader  than  the  cord,  and  noticeable  mainly  by  its  whitish  color,  is  situated 
in  Ilamadryas  nearthe  end  of  the  second  segment ;  the  second  at  the  begin- 
ning of  the  fourth  ;  the  third  at  the  beginning  of  the  fifth,  and  tlie  last  in 
the  miildle  of  the  sixth  segment ;  thi  last  is  larger  than  the  others  ami  emits 
four  delicate  [losterior  nerves  ;  each  of  the  abdominal  ganii'lia  is  also  pro\  ided 
wi 


th  lateral   nerves,  similar  to,  but    more  delicate  than,  those  of  the  larva. 


Het 


ween  a 


11  tl 


lese  "auiflia. 


tl 


le  con 


ld< 


not   at  first  pass  in  a  straight  line 


but  in  tolerably  strong  lateral  sigmoid  curves,  as  if  th 
crowded  together  faster  than  the  cord  could  contract. 


ml 


ic  ganu'lia  were  iiein'r 


34 


TlIK   lU.-TTKRFLIKS  OK   N'KW    KN(;i,AXI). 


Ill  Xi'wpoil's  iil)!*orvations  (I'ljil.  trans.,  IM.'l-i)  mi  tlii'  cliuiijje!*  in  tlic 
lUTVoii.s  ('(•rd  of  A^fIlli^^  urticiic  (86:'J-12),  lif  shows  n  mure  CDiisiik'nil'lo 
ciiaii^fr  hftwi'cii  forty-i'iiflit  and  fit'ty-ciirlit  liours  tlian  pi'i-liaps  ht'twcL'U  any 
(itliiTs  of  till'  stairi's  111'  lias  ilrawn  and  di'si'i'il)i'd,  wliirli  are  siit'i'ossivi'Iy 
(after  tlu'  |)n])al  stati'  is  assninod)  1,  l.'(,  IS,  21,  Mu  IS,  and  ")S  honrs. 
Ai'i'ordinir  to  his  ai'i'onnt   thi'  second  and   third  (oritiinai)  '^anifjia  at  thin 


pe 


riiMl 


iilipi 


iiDiiroai 


■h  and  I'oalosiT,  and    the   douhle   ifanuflion   thus   foniuil  is 


only  separated  fnni,  the  larj^er  tlioraeie  mass,  eoniposed  of  the  fourth  and 
fifth  ^'anjflia,  and  part  of  the  sixth,  hy  very  short  lint  iniicli  enlar<,n'd  cords." 
As  the  tiiruivs  Lfivi'ii   Itv  him  do  not  in  theniselves   show  how  this  anial'ra- 


niatiuii 


of  tl 


le  sei'oiK 


1  and  third  ii'aniilia  is  atli'cteil.  I  examiiii'd  the   iierMnis 


eord  of  llamadryas,  4s,  "il  and  ;")")  lionrs  alter  pupation,  with  the  follow- 
in<f  results  :  The  pupa  of  4S  houri  aye  ditli'rs  from  that  ot'  Aj,dais  only  in 
the  separation  of  the  fourth  iranirlion  from  the  united  fifth  and  sixth:  very 
short  and  hroad  rilihoiis  (•ouneetcd  them,  hut  they  were  uniuistakaiily  sepa- 
rated l)V  half  the  width  of  the  fourth  t>ani;lioii  ;    while  the  third  and   fourth 


H'anulia  were  se| 


eiiarated  liv  ahout  the  diauiete 


the  latter  i;'anirlit 


III. 


At 


"il  hours  the  eonditioii  was  more  as  represented  liy  Newport  at  IS  hours  in 
Aglais,  the  fourth,  fifth  and  sixth  uaiiiilia  heini;  completely  amaljrainatcd 
into  a  single  loiiu'  ovate  mass,  while  the  third,  thoujrh  eh'arly  distinct  from 
the  mass  hehiiid  it,  was  separated  from  it  liy  only  less  than  half  its  own 
diameter,  very  short,  stout  rihiions  unitini;' the  two  :  it  was  also  of  the  same 
size  as  at  4S  hours,  and  the  second  ii'aii;i'lioii,  instead  of  travellinu'  toward 
the  third,  as  Newport  asserts,  retained  very  nearly  or  (juite   its  own  jilace, 


liiit  was  rei 


luceil 


ill  size,  heiiu 


ii'raduallv  aosoi 


•hed 


111 


This  alisorjition  was  entirely  effected  at  ."I'l  1 
amaliramation  of  the 


place  liy  tlie  con 


th 


loiirs,  a>  was  a 


Iso  tl 


le  com 


third 


iraiiiilion  witli  the  nia 


th  th 


liel 


mid    It. 


Th 


ilete 
'ond 


iranylioii  then  is  not  amali^'amated  with  the  third,  liut  disaiipears  in  place — 
a  point  (jiiite  in  keepinj;'  with  the  lesseiiinjf  inniortance,  hut  eontinued  in- 
te<rrlty,  of  the  protliorax. 

In  the  chrysalis  of  the  Kiiropean  Manci|iiiini  lirassicae,  however,  in  which 
these  ehaiiires,  in  the  winterinj;  pupa,  take  place  far  more  slowly,  Iler- 
old  fiji'ures  the  nervous  cord  as  if  the  second  jfanji'lion  did  not  disappear 
ill  place  liiit  united  with  the  third  to  form  a  coiiimoii  mass  from  which 
the  lateral  cords  of  liolh  the  i:aii!_dia  are  represented  as  dcri''    i. 


he    oiilv    IK 


titiccalilc    difference    hetween   the 


Reproductive  organs. 

iiale   orjfaiis   of  the  yoiiiin-  pupa  and  of  the  caterpillar  is  in  the  complete 
iiiioii  of  the  ;j;laiids  of  the  two  sides  into  a  spherical  hody,  and  in  the  tortuous 


path  now 


taken  livtlie  threads  that  unite  it  to  a  sac  Iviiiu  heneath  the  ex- 


tremity  of  the   alimentary  canal.     Its  further  developinent  is  entirely  in 
these  two  latter  parts  ;  the  threads  merely  <^ro\v  in  diameter  and  somewhat 

"liniiiilt  ;i«-('rl«,  t'riini  (iliM'rvMtioiis  uii  this      of  fjanjilia 'aki's  place  only  )iy  ainalf.'iiiiialioii. 
:inclollici-«|K'cii'»,llial  riMJiiiiioii  in  tl»>  luniiln'r       ncvcrliyali^orplloii  (Ilor.  M)i'.cnt.I{os>i.,  xv.). 


TlIK  (ATKItl'ILLAK:    INTKUN'AL  OlKiAXS. 


S6 


in  l(nf.'th  ami  liccdino  tlio  ctfl'ront  ducts  ;  wliorc  tlicy  enter  tlic  sac  tlicic  is 
at  tlic  first  a  slijilit  l)iill»iiis  enlargement,  anil  it  is  jnst  lierc  that  the  most 
rcmarkaltlc  growtii  takes  place  :  the  l>nliis  increase  so  as  to  I)econic  notiee- 
al)le  :  then  a  constriction  takes  place  in  their  common  union  witli  the  sac; 
tlic  neck  |)rolonjrs  to  wliat  is  finally  a  slender  tui)e,  tlie  ductus  ejacnlatorins. 
as  lar<re  as  one  of  tlic  efferent  vessels  iind  nuich  longer  than  tlic  whole  hody 
of  the  insect,  leading  into  tlic  intermittent  organ  of  tiie  male  ;  while  the 
hull)s  grow  in  a  similar  way  to  form  a  pair  of  tuliular  glands  or  seminal 
\escicles,  into  wiiich,  shortly  lieforc  tiieir  union  to  form  the  duct,  the  cHercnt 
vessels  open  ;  and  these  various  slender  organs, — vessels,  glands  and  duct 
arc  at  maturity  enwrapped  and  intertwined  in  a  mi>st  intricate,  common 
and  indistinguishai)lc,  l)ut  loose,  convoluted  mass  whieli  fills  the  last  four 
segments  of  the  nhdomcn. 

TIk.'  testis  is  clasped  by  fine  tracheal  vessels  wiiicli  suddenly  expand 
from  the  larger  tul)e  of  one  of  the  niain  stcni>  arising  in  the  fifth  al)domiiial 
segniciif.  In  the  mature  chrysalis  it  is  cranuned  witii  spermatozoa,  which 
in  Aglais  are  of  two  sorts,  one  larger  though  only  ahoiit  tiirce-cpiarters  of  a 
millimeter  long  and  pretty  regularly  tapering,  the  otiier  shaped  as  cluhlied 
filaments  less  than  a  (piarter  as  long. 

'i'hc  changes  in  the  female  organs  are  exceedingly  similar.  A\'ith  the 
siiortening  of  the  hody,  the  first  change  is  in  the  sinuosity  of  the  thread 
which  unites  the  ever  separate  ovaries  to  the  pair  of  sacs  heiieath  the  aii.i' 
orifice  :  iinicomitantly  the  liase  of  the  four  terminal  threads  of  the  ova- 
rian mass  l)egin  to  separate  from  each  other,  and  this  porticm  of  the  ovarian 
tuljes  practically  remains  merely  a  set  of  ducts,  tiie  jiarts  l)eyond  forming 
the  ovary  proper,  developing  enormously  and  containing  eggs,  usually  in 
varying  stages  of  development  in  each  of  tiie  four  tapering  tiil)cs  of 
wiiich  it  is  composed  on  eacii  side  of  tiic  hody,  and  wiiich  are  united 
again  at  tiic  ti|i,  and  are  tiien  fastened  to  tiie  wail  of  tiic  fourth  al)- 
dominal  segment  aliove.  Hut  tiie  important  new  develo|mients  arise,  as  in 
the  male,  just  at  the  hinder  extremity  of  the  oviducts,  for  in  a  similar  way 
wholly  new  organs  are  rapidly  developed.  Tiie  single  accessory  gland 
and  the  copulatory  poucii  originate  on  opposite  sides,  in  a;i  entirely  similar 
miinuer  to  fiie  paired  accessory  gland.  Ail  ai'c  at  first  mere  hullinus  ex- 
crcsitiK  cs  of  the  hase  of  the  thread  mentioned.  Hut  some  develop  from  this 
hegiuning  in  erne  way.  some  in  another,  until  in  tiie  mature  pupa  all  tiic 
appendages  of  tlie  liiittcrtly  are  fully  developed. 

Development  of  the  strings.  Inasniucii  as  most  of  tiic  ciianges  in  tlic 
organs  from  the  larval  condition  to  their  perfect  development  take  place  in 
the  intermciliate  (piiescent  state,  we  may  here  say  a  word  ahout  tlic  <levci- 
opnicnt  of  tiie  wings,  wiiich  first  a[»[iear  as  external  oi^iaus  in  the  pupa, 
although  they  siiould  more  jirojierly  have  l)eeii  considered  in  tiie  preced- 
ing section,  since   tiiey  arise  and  develop  in   tiie   lar\al  period.     In    tlie 


80 


Tin:  m'i'ri:i!Ki.ii:s  or  nkw  i:n(;i.\ni>. 


iimturt'  l:ir\:i  tlicv  will  rciuliK'  lii'  t'uiinil  i>ii  tiu'  iniici'  >iil('s  n|'t!u>  sccoiul  :iiiil 
tliinl  tlmiMcic  NCffiiii'iit.x,  iiii[iL'iirinjr  !is  omiI  |iii(is,  iicniiciitcd  liy  triiclu'iil 
vcsscN,  >itiiat('il  jiif<t  !il)i>v('  iind  scurccly  in  aihiiiict'  i)t'  tlic  iiiisc  ot'  the 
tnicliciU'  ill  tlio  ri's|)octivi'  scirmciits,  tliosi-  nt' i)|)|ii)siti>  sides  dirt'cti'd  inwiird 
cacli  ittlicr  al)ovc>.  'I'licir  (■(iiiiicctii>n  witli  the  l()ni;itiidinal  traciical  canal. 
tVuiii  wliicli  arise  tlic  threads  wliieh  |K'iietratt;  tlieiii.  is  so  iiitiinare  that  they 
have  l>een  descrihed  a>  (iriifinatiiiir  tVoin  them  ;  luit  in  reality  the  winj; 
ai'ises  at  the  very  ontset  "f  larval  lite  hy  the  int'oldinjr  of  the  hypoderni  in 
such  a  way  as  to  resenihic  the  halt'-iiucrted  finjfiT  of  a  j;h)VO,  tiic  |i(»int  of 
which  at  the  |)rii|ier  time  pushes  its  way  outwaril,  and  when  the  chitinons 
onter  coat  is  east  oH'  a|)|iears  as  an  external  instead  of  an  internal  or^^aii. 
The  lejjs  and  antennae,  <|nitc  new  stnictnr<'s.  orij^inate  anil  develoji  in  a 
proeitifly  similar  way.  In  the  Iar\al  condition  all  are  infolded  hypodermal 
[lockets. 

THE   IMAdO   on   nUTTEUFLY. 


Mill  1)1  wliiil  li  riii^  (  \|iri'«»i\r  iiiiiv  icliilr 

'I'lli'  ilKIIILTr.  lllr-|ililli|u|M'  III'  IllrlrilrW  turinM   -Intr!- 

Tliiii'  lisniri'  iiiir  riiiii|iii»iil  III'  liliiiy  «kiii. 

I  M'  riiiii>iriiii>  lli'^li  »  illiiiiil.  III'  Imiiii'  v\  illiiii. 

I'llll  '■nlllrlllill^  lllMIl  rul'|iiil'i>;ll  llliU'i'  I'llillril, 

Ami  :i.rilr  m>  iIh'Ii'  IiIIiIii'  iiil'in'iiiiiiL'  iiiliiil. 

Ill  I'M'i'y  I'M'  li  II  lliiiii^Miiil  lii'illianls  Mii/.i'. 

AihI  luiiiu  iii'.irN  llii'  \;i«l  Imri/iiii  •s-.v/v. 

(ii'iiiin'il  d'l'i' llii'll'  liriiiN  llii' iiiiiir>  III'  Iiiili.'i   L^lrani. 

Aliil  lii':iM'ir«iiu  II  \\:i  I'll  lulu'  li:i«  ;in'ii\'i|  llii'ii'  l'r:iiiii': 

Kuril  «li:illL'lri|  Imrk  liriulll  >|il'illklillu'   -|iri'lx»    llijiilll, 

Kai'li  |iliiiiii'  iiiilillii'>  llii'  I'li-y  tiiii'liiri'il  iimni: 

S|iri'iii|  cm  I'Mi'li  will:;'  llir  lluHil  m':i»iiii»  l'Ihw, 

Sh;iili'il  Mini  M'l'-M  Willi  llii'  ri'li'-lial  Imw  , 

Wllrrr  c'lilolirs  lilcliil  nil  ever  \al'>  ill-  ilvr. 

Anil  wiinliiii  ill  llicir  u'liy  i'\ili:iin.'i'>  \ir. 

Ili:\i!v  \\v.iMH<v..—  Vitii-ifsiii  Itiiiiilij. 

External  structure  (1*1.62:  li<^.  1). 

The  head  and  appendages  (87:2.').  The  head  of  the  imajro,  like  that 
of  the  cater[iillar.  is  m  •.  ally  composed  of  a  definite  nnmher  of  iipi)enilajfO- 
liearing  rinj^'s,  hut  as  tiiese  are  jjjroatly  ohsciired  hy  the  excessive  deselop- 
mcnt  of  some  parts  and  the  aliortioii  of  others,  wo  w  ill  confine  onrdescriptimi 
simjily  to  the  parts  as  thi'v  appear,  without  reference  to  their  morpholoirical 
relationships. 

The  head  as  a  whole  is.  in  u'ciieral  terms,  transversely  ohovate,  whether 
viewed  from  ahove  or  in  front,  and  is  almost  always  umeh  hifi'hei'  than 
lonjj;  and  more  or  less  flattened  hehiiid,  next  the  pi'othorax.  It  is  com|)aet, 
the  sides  oceiipied  hy  <flohuIar  masses  of  whi<'h  the  {greater,  an<l  always  the 
whole  of  the  front,  portion  forms  the  facetted  eyes.  It  may  he  divided  into 
three  jjrincipal  areas  :  the  fnmt,  the  occiput  and  the  flanks.  The  front 
occui)ies  the  whole  or  most  of  the  front  of  the  head  hetween  the  eyes  with 
the  anterior  half  of  the  sunnnit,  is  usually  tumid  to  a  jireater  or  less  extent, 
and  devoid  of  any   great   irregularities  of  surface.     The    occiput,  which 


iiii;  i!i  iTi-.iii  i.Y:  vii!i(  iTiti:  or  riii:  iikad. 


37 


(Mcu|)i»'«  nil  cxiictly  ('(irrt'Hiioinlinir  |M(.-iItioii  licliiiitl.  !■<  mIsh  tiiiiiiil  luit  utii- 
(Tiillv  ciijuvs  (•oii,><i«l«'riilile  var'u'ty  ot'cniiionr  witliiii  it*  nwii  liiiiiiKhirics.  tlic 
ii|i|K'r  purtiDii  liciiii.'  not  intVo(|iu'iilly  ridiicd,  :iiiil  llic  sides  pnidiiciiiL;'  little 
|ininiiiiciii'('s.  Tiu'  tlsiiiks  have  a  re^fiilar  sinracc,  ncciiiiy  iiiDst  ut'  the  rrar 
lit'  tlif  lifad,  art'  Imimdfd  iiit(  liorly  l>y  tlic  M('ci|iiit  and  aiitcritirly  and  cx- 
Ici-iurjv  aliiit  n|inii  llic  eyes,  tiinninLr  a  |iart  ot'  llic  ii|(il)c  wliifli  tlicy 
iicciipy. 

Tlio  iitlicr  parts  in  the  stnicliiri'  ot'  llic  lu'iid  w  liicli  i-f(|iiin'  ftiiisidonilinii 
ai'i'  the  eves,  tlic  aiitcniiac  and  the  iiiinilli  appciidaLiCs. 

The  position  of  tlu'  rifiM  lias  aircaily  liccii  stated.  Antcrioily  tliey  al- 
ways liavo  a  similar  Ixiiindary,  Imt  posteriorly  tliey  do  not  occupy  nearly 
the  whole,  and  soinetiuies  scarcely  more  than  halt"  of  the  ^wnllcii  mass  of 
which  tliev  form  a  part:  they  \ary  too  in  the  tumidity  of' the  mass,  in  most 
species  lieiiiL;' quite  prominent,  while  in  others  and  I'specially  in  the  Lyeae- 
niiiae  thev  do  not  rise  ahoM  the  t;'eneral  contour  ot'  the  surface  of  the 
hi'ad  :  ordinarily  and  in  the  two  lower  families  always  they  are  naked  :  Imt 
ill  the  riV<'aeiiidae  they  frccpicnily  lia\e  a  poriior  at  least  ot'  llic  >iiriiice 
sparsciv  covered  with  short  cxcecdiiiLily  delicate  h;iii'«  :  and  in  the  Nyiii- 
phalidae  they  arc  often  supplied  with  a  pretty  ilcns<'  mass  ot'  rather  loni.' 
hairs,  always  standin;:'  ercci  and  separate,  and  oriuiiiatiiii;-  at  the  annles  of 
the  t'accts.  The  purpose  of  this  clothiiiir  is  ditHciilt  to  o.au'rstand.  ilie 
eves  (86:20.21)  are  composed  externally  of  cxceediiiLrly  inimite  hexagonal 
t'accts.  Naryiiiii'.  '*o  far  as  I  have  e\ainiiic<l  them,  from  ahoiit  tirteeii  liim- 
dred  to  t'oiir  thousand  in  a  s(piarc  millimetre.  No  lnntciHics  arc  provided 
with  ocelli,  willi  the  •.inuic  known  exception  of  the  L;-cims  Lei'cma,  where 
some  of  the  species  have  a  siiiirle  ocellus  in  the  midilic  ot  tlu'  t'ront  in  one 
or  lioth  sexes  :  while  in  some  of  the  lower  I'ainilics  ot'  Lepidopterii  the 
normally  posterior  pair  of  ocelli  alon<'  occairs  and  Is  >itnated  liehind  the 
antennae. 

The  (iiiliiiiiiif  take  their  ri<c  in  little  pits,  allowinn'  them  lull  frccihun  ot 
motion  lietwecn  the  eyes,  in  the  line  lietween  the  occiput  and  the  front. 
In  the  Lyciienidae  they  infriiiiic  a  little  upon  the  eyes,  lint  in  all  the  other 
tiiinilies  they  are  (|tiite  free  from  them.  They  are  usually  not  far  from 
the  lenirth  of  the  ahdomcn,  and  iire  composed  of  a  larj^e  and  varialilc 
iiiimher  of  joints  ;  there  is  occasionally  a  dilfcrcn.'e  of  one  or  two  joints 
lietween  the  si'xes,  in  favor  soinctimes  of  one,  sometimes  of  the  other. 
They  arc  composed  of  three  parts  :  the  hase,  the  stalk  and  the  cliil).  The 
liasc  conf<ist.s  of  two  joints  (the  hasal  always  smooth  and  naked)  which  :iro 
diti'ercnt  in  character  from  the  remainder,  heinif  very  lar^e  and  stout,  and 
capahlc  of  a  i>:rcat  deal  of  motion  upon  one  another  and  within  the  socket, 
while  the  other  joints  have  little  motion  mion  one  another.  'I'he  st;dk  is 
of  very  nearly  uniform  size  tliroiiirhoiit,  the  joints  usually  very  much 
shorter  near  the  hase  than  in  the  part   lieyond.  where  they  ;ire  unif<n'm  : 


38 


TiiK  nriTKitri.iKs  ok  m:w  i:n(;l.vm). 


it  is  I'itln'r  nitircly  iinki-d  oi'  is  cIdiIii'iI  tlirmmlioiit  or  in  (lart  with  scalo  ; 
tlif  [(ortidu  most  tiLMjiiently  K't't  iiaiv  is  a  iiicdiaii  stripe  alon;:;  tiii' iiiidt  r 
siirtiioe  ;  in  no  case,  so  tSir  a.>  I  lia\c  soon,  are  tlio  anlonnao  olotliiil  with 
hail's.  'I'iio  ciiil)  is  a  I'-ciiiiai'lty  ot' liiittorHios  anionjr  Lopidojttora,  wlu'nco 
the  torni  "Kh(i|ialiir('i-a'"  ot'ten  appliod  to  tiioni.  It  lonsists  of  a  roiiidar 
thiokt'iiinii'  ot'tiio  apical  joints  and  varios  jrroally  in  cxtfiit  and  app('aran<'o  : 
in  many  ciiscs,  liio  joints  increase  in  thici<ness  to  so  slinht  a  dciiroe  and  so 
uraihially  tiiat,  aitliongli  tiio  tliielinoss  of  tlio  chili  may  lie  donl)K'  that  of 
tlic  -taik.  it  is  diHicnit  to  (U'tcrmine  where  one  ends  and  the  otlier  licijins  ; 
iiruaily,  iiowevor,  it  is  not  difticidt  to  mark  liie  limits,  ami  tlie  more  so  as 
the  joints  hist'  jn  iom;th  what  tliey  uain  in  thickness,  and  so  present  a 
second  mo(U'  ot'  determination.  Tlie  chih,  like  the  stalk,  is  usually  cylin- 
drical, liut  is  not  inl're(|ncntly  depresse(l.  sometimes  to  a  consideraMe 
dejrree,  or  is  i'\en  compressed  or  tri(piotral.  It  varies  irroatly  in  len^fth 
hnt  may  lie  said  to  ho  iisnally  of  aliorii  one-sixth  the  Iciintli  of  the  wiiole 
antenna.  It  ordinarily  increases  in  si/c  ncaily  to  the  tip  and  then  decreases 
airain  with  nmch  Ljroater  rapidity,  the  terminal  joint  occasionally  hearinL:'  a 
produced  jioint  at  the  tip:  in  the  Ili'speridae  a  nnmhi'r  of  joints  are  em- 
jtloyod   to  t'orm  a   lonji  and   taperini;  ti|),  sometimes  nearly  as   lonji  iis  the 


rest   of  the  ehih  :   hnt  in  most   hnttcrtlies  the  li 


hinntly  rounded.      'I'lie 
1 


clidi  is  usnally  straii-ht,  luit  occasionally  droops  or  is  cni'ved  npward.  or 
as  in  the  Mesperidao  who'r  the  tip  is  pro(lnced,  the  taperinii'  apex  is  tnrned 
at  a  .  tronj;"  anule  ontward  and  haekward.  In  the  scaled  antennae  one  or 
two  apical  join, s  are  nsnally  hare  to  a  jjfreater  extent  lielow  than  ahovo,  as 

an  expansion  ot'  the  median  strip(> 


i.s  a  hro.'id  field  on  the  nndor  snrfaco, 
oi'  the  stalk,  ( )ften  one  or  two  s' ''-.der  earinac  art'  to  ho  seen  npon  the 
imder  sni'faeo  and  some  little  dimple-like  depressions  (87:1^)  arranii'ed  in  a 
loni;it'!din..l  row.  'i'ho  eontonr  ot'  the  snrtiice  is  rari'ly  interi'nptcd  at  the 
joinlin;,;s,  lint  in  the  arcnate  elnhs  one  >ide  presents  a  serrate  appearance 
from  the  proji'ction  of  tlu'  ajiices. 


am 


'11 

1  h 


le    appemlaLro; 


if  ll 


10   inoiitli  are 


tlio  lalirui'.i,    mandililos,    niaxil 


ll  iial 


The  Inin 


palp 


if  Ih 


'iruDi   IS  only   a   slii,dit    ronnded    pnijoetion  ot'  the  eeiitro  ( 
lower  liorderof  the  front,  rransM'rsoly  eorriiL'ated,  soldered  to  the  t'l'onl  and 
thus  ininio\alile  ;   it  serves  liy  its  position  to  unard  the  ii|iper  portion  of  the 


<iecii 


liar 


inaxillao 


Ihi 


The  fiKiiiilllilis,  too,  thoii^ih  somi  .vhat  \arioiisly  dovoloiiod,  are  irroatly 
aliorted,  immovalily  soldered  to  the  he;id,  ineonspiciions  in  size,  triaiiLinlar 
in  form,  and  ser\('  only   liy  their  situation  to  snp[ioii  iho  sides  of  the  max- 


illae 


ihicli  tl 


apices  nsnally  touch. 


no  /;/' 


i.fllliir  are  iinilonlitedlv   the  most   iiociiliar,  as  thev  are  ti^e  most 


11   III 


itterfli 


thev  are  alwa\.- 


oliaractOiis'ie   oruan   of  the   Lepidoptera.      I 

onormoiislv  developed,  as  vor\'  loiiir  and  slender  dosed  tiihos,  hollowed  on 


4 


TIIK   niTTKHFI.Y:    S'lUrcifltK  OK    TIiK   IIKAD 


39 


tluMT  inner  nii»ru:in  to  t'orni  liy  llic  junction  ol'  tlic  two  ;i  (';iii;tl,  open  ;it  the 
lip  and  mihictinu'  !it  tin-  lia.sc  to  ilu-  oral  orifice,  ami  wliieli  is  kept  closed 
l)V  tlio  iiiterlockiiiLT  of  (inirer-like  plates  on  the  ciIlih's  of  the  lateral  troiiii'hs 
(87  :'.N-:i)-  III  the  I lesperidae  and  next  to  them  the  I'apilioninae  this 
tonjfue  reaches  its  inaximuni  length,  heinjf  sonietinies  twice  as  lonir  as  tho 
l)odv,  while  in  ihe  Satyrinat!  and  soini^  I^yeaenidae  it  is  proportionally 
shortest,  in  some  eases  hardly  twice  as  loiij;  as  the  head.  If  is  I'urnislied 
at  the  tip  for  a  <j;reater  or  less  distance  with  papillae  specially  developed 
prohalilv  as  sense  orj^ans,  which  are  nmch  mori'  hiifhly  organ i/cd  inIhet^\o 
liiuhcr  than  in  the  two  lower  families,  and  may  hy  their  armature  s(.rv(> 
to  rupture  the  nectar  irlands  of  (lowers  (61  :-(>-.">•"•, •'!'.!- 1">,.">1">7). 

The  liihlinii  ilsell'  is  \cry  slightly  dcvt'lopcd,  heing  simply  the  Iran  '■• 
work,  situated  helow  the  oi'al  ajierture  far  removed  from  the  surface,  up  n 
which  the  greatly  developed  lahial  palpi  arc  su|  ported  :  each  side  has  a 
cvliudrical  raised  e(lge.  upon  which  the  jointed  palpus  is  -cMted  ;  usually 
this  wall  is  low.  hut  in  the  groups  (such  as  the  I'icrinac)  lieariug  a  dis- 
proportionately long  liasal  joint,  ii  is  exceedingly  jiroilueed  and  itself  lieiirs 
'^reat  rcscmlilauce  to  an  additional  joint.  The  Inhinl  jiiilji!,  nn  the  con- 
trary, are  ex('es»i\i'ly  (le\clopcd  and  ihrce-jointctl.  the  second  joint  In  iiig 
aluio-.!  iu\arialil\  the  lougc-l  and  u-uail\  nmch  longer  lh:ui  the  other  two 
logeiher;  in  the  Ilesperidae  it  is  uftc  n  mm/  stoiU.  The  liasal  joint  is  slmi-t, 
excepling  in  some  I'ierinae,  where  it  o<'cu|iies  tlu'  larger  part  of  the  pal- 
pus ;  while  the  apical  joiiu.  usually  llie  >liiii'ic-i  as  well  as  the  smallest, 
and  sonu'times  (piile  minute,  is  al  <illicr  lime^  cuoi'mmusIv  dcNclopeil,  as  in 
tli('  Lihytlieiiiae  :  in  the  llcspcridne  il  i>  rarely  onc-fourlh  as  siiiut  as  the 
middle  joint,  iMid  though  always  >lraight.  often  appears  as  a  mere  jioiiit 
projeciing  lieyond  the  apii'al  haij'-  of'  the  middle  join!.  Ihe  paljais  is 
heavily  clothed  with  la''gc  scaler  aud  u-uall\  heavily  fringcci  lielow  and 
>'imetimes  aliove  with  a  mass  of  long  iiairs.  ordinarily  compactcil  into 
a  vertical  plane,  hut  in  the  IIcsperMae  sometinu's  so  ari'angeil,  in  ;i  t'/ick 
regidar  mat  of  scale-like  hairs  of  uncipial  length,  as  to  give  the  palpi  s 
a  ietrahedral  or  tri(|Uelral  appearance.  They  thus  guai'd  the  sides  or 
the  ri>llcd-up  spiral  maxillae  vv  hiih  they  pass  in  their  coiu'sc  ;  thev  are 
direclecl  upward  and  somelimes  apicii'U  forward,  clasping  the  front  ol'the 
held,  tile  shortest  (in  the  I'apilioniuae  and  sonu'  liemouiinac)  reaching 
only  as  t:ir  :i»  the  lower  edge  ol'  the  front  :  iisuallv  thev  are  much 
longer  than  the  eye  and  in  llypatus  are  fiillv  Hmr  limes  i|s  length.  The 
apical  joint  is  usiiiillv  clullicd  and  fringed  to  :i  le>s  cxlciu  liiaii  tiie  other 
joiiiis. 

The  thorax  and  a)»p«udageH.  Theiiiorax  of  liulterllics.  asseenfroiu 
aliovi'.  is  eompiis(d  almo-t  <  ntircly  ot  ilie  mcso-  and  mctalhorax,  the  pro- 
ihorax  lieing  repres'iHed  only  l»y  ;i  p.iir  of  liulhoiis  enlargemeul-  which  I 
have  tiaaned    the   pri>fii'»meic   l<,!n..  (61  :;'>").  and  wliiih  :irc   almo>t   always 


40 


TUK  lu Tri;i;ii,iKs  oi-  m;\\   i:.\(;l.\ni>. 


'oiiiis  wliicli  (III  not  iniM 


t  li 


th 


reduced  to  ii  mere  ii[»|iret-.-*ed  pellicle  in  those  [£v 

tore   \v<^r'   uliortt'd   in  liotli  -exes,  ms  if  in  eonijiensution    for  their   :ilro|)li\ . 


('holodkovsk\'  li 


rc( 


(■nth   tried  to  show  thiit  these  lolii 


les  were  honioioyuc; 


seu'nients.  Init    en 


tirel 


V  withont    siicee,- 


ot' the  winirs  on  the  other  thoriiel 

Tiie  ineso-  and  nietatiioriix.    wliieli.   ;dthoii,iih    iiert'eetlv  distinct,   seem 

compose   one   homou:eiicons  whole,  form  a   compact    oval   mass,  the  np| 


ler 


-in't'ace   of  wiiich    is   arched  and  sides  sometimes  compressed 


Th 


tile  most  important  and   is  compo-cd  of  two  nnc(pial  parts 


thorax  1- 

mesosentinn    in    front  and  a  nmcli  smallei'.  soioew 


ihat 


d"e-sl 


laiied  iiiecc 


the  mesoscntellnm.  the  apex  ot' which  cnter>  the  middle  of  the  mesosciitum. 


The  metathorax,  on  the  other  hand,  a? 


ir  as  it  is  readily  seen,  is*  com  post 


d 


al. 
tasci 


.f  tl 


U'ce  iiiece; 


aced   transverst 


Iv,  tl 


le  (I'll 


tral 


itell 


iiin,  ai-o  more  or 


k 


I'dii'cd  lictwccn    the  oth 


piec( 


e  hemii'  tlic  mc- 


th 


th 


metascnta. 


icwcd  trom  tli< 


dc.  tli< 


tliese 


arts 


le  metathorax  assumes  a  much  ui'cater   importanci 
ary  in  comparative  dimensions  and  relatisc  jiositions  in  tl 


dirt'erent  u'ronps.      It 


mav  he  a(|( 


led. 


i'eneral  tei'ins.  that  as   rcLjards  tl 


trunk  of  the  imayo,  the  families  seem  to  he  distiiiirnishcd 


th 


le 
ont(tiir  of 


the  |irincipal  ntasses,  while  the  sidifamilies  are  depi'iident  upon  the  shape 
of  the  u'rander  parts  which  compo-so  the  mii!<f<es,  and  generic  characters  are 
to  lie  soiiLrht  foi    in  the  structural  details  within  the  diflcrent  jiarts. 

The    appendii;j.'es   ot'  the   thorax  are  two    |iairs  of  w  inji's  and  one  pair  of 


liitau'ia  aliov( 


aiiHl 


th 


u'ee  pairs  ot  U 


Tl 


fl( 


le   wmt;s.  ii(\('r   wantiii"'  in 


rs  heh 
ittertlii 


are 


attached 


rtivelv    t< 


lie   nieso-  anil  nn'tatliorax 


tl 


lev   are  \crv 


laru( 


111    comparison   with    the 


hoih 


d  seldom  more  than  twice  as  loiiir  as  hroad,  altlioiii.di  alwa\s  loiiLi'er 


than  liroad.       Th-    u'cneral  form  oi' the  I'oic  winus  is  a  trianu'le  whose  triin- 
ted    apex    is    at   rJie  point  of  attachment    to   the  hody  ;   that  of  the  hind- 


ea 


itl 


Willi:-   siihcirciilar.  with   a   tendenev  also  to   the  trian 


isnh 


ir  oiitliiu 


tli 


Th 


are 


ttat. 


'xceptmi 


that 


■ometimei 


tl 


\e  iimei 


I  lord 


er  am 


1  its 


outer   aiiiilc   m 


the  hind  wiii;:>    mav  he  iJiittered  or   plaiteil  or  hent  at  an  aiiiile 


Tl 


lev  are 


eacii   composed,  o 


thin  doiilile   HI 


111    o 


f  mciiiliranc,  covered  on  hoth  sii 


faer-  with  imliriealcd  scales  and  with  scattered  hairs,  the  latter  partienhirly 
upon  the  upper  surtiiee  and  n|Miii  the  hind  winjjfs  near  the  liase.  'I'liis 
iiilirane    is    stretched    upon    a    rciiiilar  system    of  tuliiilar  rods. 


il>i 


(liiiiiile    nil 


termed    ncrviirc 


ir    veins,  which    liinu'c  at    the   liase  upon  the  liodv  :   thev 


P 

conduct  the  iier\(-  and  air   tiilics   to   all    parts   ot'  the   wit 

niimlier  of  vi'iii-  in  the  winii's  of  insects  (38-42)  is  six,  d 


'II 
It. 


normal 


IX,  disposed  to  a  certain 
extent  in  piiirs  :   the  middle  pair  usually  hrauches  to  a  greater  extent    tlia 


n 


the  other-,  and  -iipports  most  of  the  niemlnaiic  of  the  wiiii^.  in  luitter- 
tiies  the  fopf^niost  vein  is  always  ahseiit  (except  in  the  front  wini.'s  of  some 
male    llespt-ridi  J  :   the   hiiidmo-t    i-   also   M'ly  commonly  wantiui;',  >o  that 


tl 


lere  are  iiMialh   on 


ly    five  (often    only   four)  principal  \v\ 


itl 


ins,  rather  inap- 


propriately desi^^iiated  c(j.stal,   subcostal,    median,    siilimedian,  and,  wl 


leu 


I'lIK    liriTKHFLY:    STlsn  rillK   OK    llli;    WINdS. 


41 


pri'seiit,  pivciistal  iind  intoniiil.*  Tlio  precorital.  costal,  .siilum'tliiin,  and 
intcniid  vi'ins  are  iiivarial)ly  simple  and  terminate  at  the  mari,nn  oi'  e\ en 
disappear  before  reaching  it.f  The  sulieostal  and  median  veins,  on  the 
other  hand,  are  as  invariably  hranehed,  and  with  their  (tifshoots  snpport 
nearlv  the  entire  winjr  ;  the  subcostal  vein  curves  downwai'd  and  the  median 
upward  so  as  to  meet,  or  nearly  meet,  alxtut  the  middle  of  the  \vin<r,  and 
to  inclose  between  them  a  largo  s[)aee  called  the  discoidal  cell  ;  all  the 
branches  of  the  median  vein  are  thrown  ott"  from  its  lower  side  before  union 
\\\t\\  the  subcostal  vein  ;  the  iirinei])al  branches  of  the  subcostal  vein,  on  the 
other  haiiil,  are  thrown  off  from  its  upper  side,  but  as  the  \('in  cm-\('s 
downward  at  the  extremity  of  the  cell,  another  set  is  thrown  off,  at  least 
in  the  front  wings,  from  the  lower  side  ;  and  it  is  these  branches,  rather 
than  the  subcostal  vein  [troper.  which  unite  with  the  median  vein  to  close 
the  cell.  \one  of  the  median  nor  any  of  the  inferior  sui)costal  brandies 
arc  ever  forked  :  but  at  the  ajiex  of  the  front  wing,  wht>re  the  play  of  neii- 
ration  is  usually  the  greatest,  the  last  su[)eri()r  subcostal  branch  is  occa- 
sionally forked.  The  noiiration  of  the  wing.s,  then,  consists  essentially  of 
upper  and  lower  simple  straight  vi'ins,  and  a  pair  of  middle  veins  which 
unite  with  or  a[)proacli  each  other  near  the  centre  of  the  wing  ;  and  from 
the  outer  edge  of  the  cell  or  lot)p  thus  formed  throw  off  to  the  border  a 
muulier  of  branches.  The  veins  are  more  closely  crowded  ne.xt  the  front 
edge  o''  ihe  front  wings  to  give  greater  solidity  to  the  parts  which  meet  with 
the  greatest  air  rcsisiaiue  in  Hying.  No  cross-veins  proper  exist  in  butter- 
Hies,  exci'pting  that  one  occasionally  (especially  in  Pai)ilioninac)  connects 
the  median  anil  suiiniediau  veins  next  the  base  of  the  fore  wings.  All 
these  iiervures  and  thcii-  branches,  when  they  do  not  run  into  one  another, 
terminate  at  the  i)order  of  the  wing,  and  by  their  extension  determine  to  a 
great  extent  its  form  :  fiir  though  the  membrane  often  recedes  between  the 
tijis  of  the  nei-vures  so  as  to  give  a  scalloped  margin  to  the  ^^  iug,  this 
never  takes  [)lace  to  an  excessive  extent ;  while  the  thrusting  forward  of 
the  subcostal  nervures  of  the  front  wing  necessitates  a  more  or  less  falci- 
form outline  ;  or,  the  great  extension  of  a  single  nervure  of  the  hind  wing, 
as  p.iiti  larly  of  the  rliinl  median  nervuli^  in  tlu'  r;ipilioiiiuae,  or  the  first 
median  in  '■'><    Lycacninae.  permits  ;i  tail-like  .ippcnd;.;'!' of  great  beauty. 

In  couMi'ction  with  the  wings  it  ^^ill  be  well  to  mention  the  epidermal 
covering  ciiaracteristic  of  the  order  to  which  the  butterHics  JK-loiig.  since  it 
is  upon  the  wings  more  than  upon  any  other  \r.\vt  ot'  the  body  that  they 
take  the  form  of  scalo  from  which  the  name  Lepidoptera  has  lurn  dcri\((i. 
The  .vf'//«  v  are  deprr-'^cd  >iics  ot'  a  uioim  ir  less  rounded,  (piadratc  or  trian- 
gular  t'orm.  striate   i  (ion    tbi    upper  suitace.  usually  rounded,   al-o  decplv 


'  spiniL'liri'^  c'lilh  tlicin  I  ill  tlip  iiMwt  r lit  t  Ttii'  Inli'i'iial.  in  ilir  fruiii  Hinu-.  iiiid  i— 

papii'  ipM  llir  siil>»'i'l)  fi'-iiil.  "iilii'O'iCaJ.  r  iiliitl.        |i('4'iiilly  ill  Il('«i)c  riiltn  -  -<»iin'tiliu'?»  tcl'liiiimtv- 
illiiiir.  anal  ami  aiiitlar\  liv  ninniiii:  inli>  llii'  > iciliiiii. 


42 


riiK  lu  rn;i!Ki-iKs  or  nkw  i:N(ii,.vM). 


am 


I  fiiK'ly  tuotliril  at   tlic  apical   in; 


died 


It  an  cxtri'mc 


laillx 


c.Miansinn 


I'Xl 


n   |p(ickcts   in  tlic   nicnilirane  of  the  \vinjf.      'I'lic  packets  lii' 


(liitrilmtctl,  tl 


ic  .xcak's  arc  arran 


K<'<1 


ir<jin.  and  at  the  liasi'  constrictt'd  into  a 
liy  wliicli  tlioy  air  licltl  in  place 
infi'  rcjfularly 
li  as  tlic  slate.'*  noon 


ni  rows,  vcrv  ni;i< 


ithtl 


lose  o 


f  it 


s  neiirhhors 


hh 


the  root' of  a  house,  those  of  one  row  alternatiiiii'  w 
and  the  hase  hidden  fvoni  \  icw  and  specially  j^narded.  It  is  thronjili  the 
•  •olorinji'  of  these  scales  that  all  the  wdiiderfnl  variety  of  the  iiiarkinif!-  upon 
of  hutterflies  is  produced.      Many  studies  of  the  ficales  have  heen 


the  win"' 


made,   and   tlu'ir  essential    identity  with  hairs   clearly  estalilished.      Kvery 
lation   hetwei'ii   the  two  may  he  found,  and  those  in   dillcrent   parts  ot 


•a( 


lie  wmirs  olten  assunu'  special  toriii 


In  th 


le  male  sex  the  \  arietv  in 


the  f( 


>rin  of  scale 


often  far  irreater  thai 


ill  the  female  (46-51).      I"'or,  certain  scales  ot'  peculiar  form,  and  in  soi 


lie 


It  I 


cast  serviii 


as  outlets  to  seeiit-tclands,  inav  he  found  either  scat- 


lereil  irrcn'iilarly  over  iiortions  of  the  winij;s  or  clustered  into  definite  are; 


II   iiiaii\  case 


leciallv  when'   it  is 


rtaiii   that    tlie\-  are   the  \-eliiclc  t' 


or 


the  iliti'ii.-ioii  of  odors  i'roiii  jrlmids,  tlii'y  are   attenuated   and  vi'ry  delicately 
friiiiicd.  and  each  iiiicro-copic  lilament  ot'tlic  frinu'c  is  a  tiihiilar  canal  cmi- 

tlie  scale   itself  to  the   liase  where 
ihicli   these  scales    iiiav 


iiectinii  "itli  iliici.-   Ill   ilic  iiicmhrane  o 


the 


rlaiid 


s   arc   ^itllatcil 


As   tl 


ic   \arioiis  torm- 


issiimc  will   lie   specially  treated    in  the    liody  ot'  this  work,  and   their  posi- 
rciii    ij:roi!p>  directly    speciticd,  it    will    lie  iinnecessiiry  here  tt 


tio 
(III 


-in 


1    ill 

iilK'i 

er   iiit 

(1  till 

iciiin 

i.iit  s 

111  oviii.nii 

rtii 


details.  Iiiil    a   fiirll 


d    iiiav  In'  added  rcirardiiiLr  th 


:iiiii-s  in  li'cneral. 

-^^nies  iiiav  lie  said   to  he  nolhinu'   more  than  modiiied    hair 


ri 


lev  oriiTJiaatc  in  urei'isclv 


th 


aiiie  iiianner  anil  have 


111 


th 


histol 


oiCical 


-triK  .lire. 


.V.»j»lreadv  -.lid,  tliev  iiiav  he  called  flattened  sacs,  I 


)ein<<:  made 


ol'twi  tunics  w-tli  a  hollciw   interior,  foriiiinji'  in  fact  a  closi'd  liajr.      Orij^i- 
natin  ;  in  a  >oiiM-wiiat  liladder-likc  form,  the  contraction  of  the  uitper  siirt'ace 


■,w  tliev  hwoiiic  tiatteiied  tends 


lo  rcni 


h'r  th 


■iiir 


pp 
i'aee  striate,  and  the  larger 


-triatioiis  wliicli  ;ire  ri'adilv   seen  upon  the  surfaee  of  all  scales  is  contined, 
as  is  shown  in  tlw  cross  se<-tioii  m  PI.  61 :  H^.  .'5M,  to  the  upper  surface  only. 


^OIUC 

'llloiml    n 


•ah 


lontain    im    coi...iriii<i;    niatler, 


It    tl 


lev    alwavs 


hid 


I'  soino 


fair.  .Vs  [ihinittock  lias  pointed  out,  tiie  ordinary  scales  of  I'ieris 
ntpac  and  tii«  metallic  silvery  scalt-i-of  the  spots  on  the  under  surface  of  the 
fritiilaries  nHilaiii  no  ikppr«H"ttili|e  coloring'  matter  and  hotli  contain  air:  and 
ai*  in  a  (■•minion   mirror  the  incrciirv  aiiiali^am  sci'm's   to 


he  helii 


rliat. 


iriw  a  sil\ei'\  i\'He«;tion,  so  the  layer  of  air  ca\  ilics  in  the  interior  of  tliesi' 


wi'i>  tlie  same  purpose,  the  colors    lieiiia'   only  ojitii'al  elfects  | 


ro- 


hy  rc(le<'|ed  li;rlil.  Hut  in  most  scales,  there  is  plainly  a  piii'inent 
*«i'l<iM«xl  hotvveen  the  tarn  layers  ot"  which  the  scale  is  composed,  seali'd  ii|i 
a*  it  weri'  for  lietler  iKnttt-fctiou  a<fainst  ilie  action  of  the  air,  and  which,  ac- 
coMlini!;   to   Iiiiniicisfer.   is  principally   attached   to  the   upper   layer   <if  the 


m 


TIIK   lU  TTKHILV:   ST1{1(  TCItK  OI'    Till';   I.KdS. 


43 


.scalc.-^,  rondiTing  it  ii|>iuiiu'.  wliik'tlu' Iowit  layer  receives  less  of  this  deposit 
and  is  eoiiftequeiitly  a  little  more  transparent.  Wiienee  it  follows  that  the 
colors  of  the  seaU'!!  as  a  whole  are  more  vivid  u[)on  their  upper  than  upon 
their  under  surface.  The  ehan>jeal)le  and  irridescent  colors  of  some  I)utter- 
Hies.  on  the  other  hand,  which  are  seen  far  more  rarely  in  hiitterflies  of  the 
temperate  rejfions  than  in  those  of  the  tropics,  iu'e  not  due  in  any  sense  to 
a  pifjment  hut  solely  to  the  reflection  of  the  lijrht  from  the  fine  imjiressed 
striae  upon  the  s<'ales.  Ah  a  jjen(>ral  rule  the  scales  peculiar  to  the  male 
sex  have  little  or  no  color,  hut  there  are  some  exceptions,  as  in  the  various 
speeiei*  of  Arf^ynnis  and  its  allies,  where  the  hasal  portion  of  the  scales  is 
of  a  deep  iilack  color.  A\'hile  colorless  scales,  exce|)tinLi:  such  as  occur  in 
the  vitreous  spots  upon  the  surface  of  the  wing  of  some  huttertlies,  arc  other- 
wise of  comparatiM'ly  rare  oceurrcnec. 

'I'he  j)iif>ii/i>i  are  slender,  small  |)ieces  of  niemhrane,  curving  around  the 
anterior  hase  of  the  fore  wings  and  connected  with  the  trunk  i)y  a  sleniler 
attachment  just  in  front  of  the  wings:  the  portion  in  front  of  the  wings  is 
very  short,  the  main  part  being  applied  to  the  up[)er  surface  of  the  hase  of 
the  wings,  -ind  often  extending  to  a  eonsideral)le  distance  [)osteriorly  ;  they 
serve  to  [U'ote<'t  the  hinge  of  the  wings  from  injury  and  are  densely  covered 
with  scales  or  hairs  or  l)oth  ;  there  are  none  in  front  of  the  hinrl  wings. 

The /''//••>■  (52-60),  as  in  all  true  insei'ts,  are  six  in  numher,  one  |)air  to 
each  division  of  the  thorax.  They  are  invarial>ly  very  slenih".  and  agree 
in  tlieir  parts  and  generally  in  their  proportions,  although  not  minutely. 
As  we  ascend  the  structural  scale,  however,  the  front  i)air  hecomes  more 
and  more  atrophied,  first  in  one  sex.  afterwards  in  hoth,  as  will  he  hereafter 
detailed.  The  leg  is  conii>osed  of  five  distinct  porti<ins  :  coxa,  trochanter, 
feimu-.  tihia  an<l  tarsi.  The  ro.i'fir,  or  haunches,  arc  usually  pretty  well 
developed,  sometimes,  as  in  the  I'apilioninae.  very  prominent,  serving  in 
their  connate  olipyramidal  form — connate  hoth  as  regards  the  opposing  and 
the  neighhoring  pairs — as  excellent  I  ascs  of  attachment  for  the  movahle 
[larts  of  the  leg  :  tlu  y  exteiul  ohlicpiely  downward  and  backward  iuid  form 
a  strong  supjiort  to  the  hinder  part  of  the  thorax,  which  is  the  centre  of 
;fravitv  of  the  whole  iiodv.  The  tror/itfufi'rs  are  inconspicuous  small  li'lohu- 
lar  masses  at  the  ti|ts  ot'  the  coxae,  carrying  the  i)ase  of  the  femora  a  little 
outward,  and  serving  for  gri'ater  freedom  of  motion  in  all  the  succeeding 
parts.  'V\wt'i'iiior(i  or  thighs  are  long  and  slender,  straight  hut  somewhat 
gihlious,  compressed,  stick-like  memhers,  largest  near  the  hase.  and  when 
in  position  placed  at  a  very  sharp  angle  with  the  coxae,  which  they  almost 
always  exceed  in  length  ;  they  are  the  stronger  parts  ot'  the  moxahlc  legs, 
their   "'ilihous  form    <n\in!;    I'oom   tor  a   consi<lerahle  amount    of   nuiscidar 


tissue 


tl 


U'v  are  alwavs  unar 


nieil,  hut  ^eiu'rallv  denselv  clothed  with  scale 


or  s 


tl  not  infreipiently  with  an  inferior  hea\y  fringe  of  long  hairs.   The  fifn'iic 
hanks  are  slender,  straiirht,  eiiual.  cvlindrical 


or  letra(|uetral  memhers 


44 


Till-;  lu  rrKUKi.iKs  ok  nkw  i;\(;i,a\I). 


onliiiiirily  ot'alMHit  tlie  Irnj^ili  ot'  tlic  foiiiora  hut  iiiiicli  slcinlt'ror  tliiiii  tliov, 
anil  in  tlicir  natural  |iiisitii)n  |ilac('il  at  a  ri^lit  an^lc  or  mure  than  tliat  witli 
the  t't'UKira  :  u'cnt'rally  ('lotht'<l  witli  scah's,  lint  ni'vcr  frinjfi'd  with  hairs, 
tiicy  arc  usually  arnu-d  also  witli  a  larfjc  luunhcr  of  .-diort  spines,  ordinarily 
arranged  in  longitudinal  rows,  and  particularly  upon  tlu>  sides  ot' the  under 
surface.  They  lU'c  alhmst  always  armed  at  the  tip  heneath  with  a  pair  of 
nuich  lonji'cr  spines  or  spurs,  which  are  thenisi'lvi-s  sometimes  miiuitely 
scaled  :  occasionally  in  the  lowest  family  the  hinder  pair  is  also  provided 
with  a  second  central  pair  i»t' spin's.  In  the  same  family  also  and  in  the 
i'apilioninae.  the  fori'  tiiiiac  arc  supplied  on  the  middle  of  the  inner  siu'face 
with  a  |ii>cnliar  leaf-likt'  apjicndaji'c  or  epiphysis  covered  with  velvety  pile.* 
The  liirs!  are  composed  of  five  Joints,  tlu'  first  usually  aliout  as  lonj:  as 
the  other  joints  comliincd.  and  in  the  Lycaeiiidae  sometimes  swollen  in  the 
male  sex.f  \\  ith  this  exception  they  are  iisuallv  slijrhtly  slenderer  than 
the  tihiae.  straiji'ht.  their  comhined  Icnj^th  usually  ^-rcater  than  the  tiliiae. 
li'cnerally  scaled  upon  at  least  the  upper  surface,  and   in  their  natural   posi- 


tion iilaced  at 


sra 


1 

led.   tl 


tlian    a    rij>:ht   auj;'lc   witli   the   tihiae.      Iicsidcs    Ipciufi' 


lev  arc  turni; 


the  outer  e( 


.f  th 


•hcd  t. 


)  a  greater  or    less  extent,  and  especially    upon 


iti 


ic  under  siu'lacc.  wUh  a  consitlcrahle  mnnher   o 


lort 


spines,  the  last  joint  onlinarily  to  a  less  extent  than  the  other? 


spmes.  ( 


>r  at  least  th« 


.f  th 


I' 


le  outer  row.  are  prolonLjed  hevond   tlie  oth( 


th 
d   th 


111  a  irrcater  or  less  dcirrce.  imd  take   the   nature   of  spur 


hears  appendaji'cs  ot'  a 


d  nat 


lU'c  at  Us  extrcnu 


I' 
tv.— tl 


The   last  joint 


le  claw 


V 


a  and  pnl\  illus.      'I"he  din 


rs  are 


cx|ircs>es.    Usually  compressed,   curvinji'   more   or   less,  ai 


I  pair  of 


lornv  oi'u'ans  su( 


h  as  the  name 


d   ti 


lermi;'   to   a 


point  :  thi'v  are  of  varialilc   Icnji'th  and  iliver<j;enee,   ordinarily  simple    i)ut 
sometimes,  as  in  the  I'ieriiiac.  deeply  cleft  and  iiilid.      Kncireling  their  hase. 


aiiove, 


cxcepti 
(luentlv  Ipccome.' 


tl. 


pai 


ipillate,  tenuous  nu'iniiraue,  which  verv  fro- 


cxcessi\('ly  developed   at  tl 


lie  side.'' 


(I    heh 


lie   claws 


and  forms  the  jtitminirlilii,  a  sort  of  secondary  claws,  or  whitlows,  not  so 


cur 


ved  as  the  true  cla\ 


ws  and  meri'lv  memoranons  imitations  o 


.f  tl 


wore  ;  occasionailv,  as  m 


the  r 


lerinae 


th 


le  portions  lieside  rather  than 


lem,  as  it 


that 


lielow  the  claw  are  highly  ilevcloped,  and  form  liroad  ineinhranoiis  cxpansii 


iiearlv  coucealiiiii' 


tl 


le  r\\\\\s  (111 


de  \  iew  ;  often  the  pi 


iironvch 


tns 


are  en- 


tirelv  aliseni  and  no  trace  of  aiiv  surroimdiu'!' inemhrane  eai 


he  di 


'coveret 


The  jiiil rHliis  is  a  sort  of  foot-pad,  which  seems  to  he  more  or  less  pedicel- 
late, and  the  pedicel  to  originate  from  hetween  and  in  front  of  the  haseof  the 

s<'rves  as  the  foundation 
h 


IWS, 


'I 

.f  th 


at  tl 


le  ceuli'c  o 


f  tl 


ri 


esiiv  mcmiirane  w 


ihi<'h 


paronvcliia  :  sometime: 


puhillus  seems   to   he   nearly  sessile,  at 


^ 


W'M^v  (/lil.-rhf.  ('111.,  n.  I'.,  X  :  ."i(i)  iTyiirds 


tl>isl;iiil.  in  iiiniiliiniiii.'  iIiIscIimi'ik'Ici'Iii  IIic 


ilii>  a|i|iiiiil:ii.'('  a>  Hie  iclli'  iif  :iu  oi'iiiiii  fill'-       linliini  ircmis  (Jcijilii^,  iiill>  it  a  "  |)Ii"Im 


I'liiil 


Mil  rlyi|i'V<'lii|inl  1.11'Imjiii  iIh' aiilriiniif  liy  p'.iss-  cliai'iii'lci-  In  Hliniiiilororii"  :  It  Is  fiiniKii-c  c'diii- 
iim  the  liillrr  lii'lwccii  its  Iihict  siilc  and  Ilic  iiinii  lliaii  Wdiild  appear  rriiiii  that  n't'cnnn'. 
iMiia.  lhiiii.L:li  In  (ii'i-ydiis  ll  l>  iiiiiiMially  pniiiiiiiciil. 


Tin:  itcrrKiui.Y:  s-riirc  tcim',  or   riii:  audomkx. 


45 


iitlicrH  tlif  jiodioel  is  halt' us  loiiir  iis  tlio  daws  and  the  pud  n  loiiir  nitiiil)ra- 
iiiitisHiip,  at^u'lu'il  til  it  liy  one  cxtrcinity  ;  the  pail  may  tako  mi  ahiiust  any 
t'urm,  l)iit  is  iisuidlv  strmiLrly  appn-ssi'd.  Mcsidi's  thi-sr  ti-rniinal  appcndaLTi's* 
itiif  oi"  twit  pairs  i)f'  hinji'  cin'vinfi  hairs,  oriirinutintr  just  aliuM'  tiii'  iiasc  nf 
thi-  claws,  afch  over  and  cxtfiid  t'af  licyond  them  :  tiiis  is  cspi'i'ialiy  niitii'i>- 
alilc  in  till'  Ili'spt'ridat'. 

The  abdomen  and  its  appendages.  'I'hc  alidmncn  nt'  liMiti'i-ttics  is 
t'cirnii'd  ofnini'  scj^nu'iits,  tlic  ti'iitli  scj^ini'iit  <it'  tlir  i'iit('r|iiihii'  iiavinii'  liccii 
dnippod  witli  the  iTcniastcr  ut'  the  chrysalis.  In  u'l'iici'ai  these  sci.nncnts 
arc  very  siniihir.  I)nt  the  first  is  always  smaller  than  the  siicci'cdiiii;'  (as  in 
the  chrysalis)  and  the  terminal  scirmcnts  ha\c  special  mudilicatinns  accnrd- 
iiiU'  ti)  the  sex.  Kxceptini:  these  terminal  segments  tiiey  have  mi  appcn- 
iImltcs  and  ditrer  I'rom  the  siimc  parts  in  ihe  carlici'  stajjfcs.  in  that  the  upper 
and  lower  plates  of  which  each  somite  is  made  are  corneous  ;'nd  distinctly 
separated  liy  a  more  or  less  memliranoiis  piciu'al  interspace,  within  which 
are  situated  the  spiracles,  on  the  first  to  the  sc.  ith  sciiincnts  only,  the 
spiracle  oi'  the  eighth  scLiinent  of  the  catci'pillar  liaviiij;-  lieen  dropped  on 
the  assumption  ot'  the  pupal  conilition.f  ilie  aiiilomen  is  usually  com- 
pressed to  a  siiyht  decree,  souietimcs  con-iideralily,  and  is  always  as  louir 
as.  ifcnendly  loiiLi'ei-.  sometime^  nuich  lonn'cr  than,  the  rc-t  of  the  liody,  and 
t:i|iers  at  lioth  ends. 

The  posterioi'  portion  of  the  seventh  sennient  ot'  the  female  is  nioililied 
licneath  to  form,  iu  ciinjnnclion  with  the  anterior  ]»art  ot'  the  eii^hth  seij- 
mcnt.  a  more  or  less  wide-mouthed  Ncstilmlc  into  the  upper  jiart  ot'  which 
the  vaji'lua  opens.  'I'hc  cii^iith  scu-ment  in  the  same  -I'X  is  umch  smaller 
than  the  preecdinu'.  while  the  ninth  is  \-ery  small  and  •orms  uu'i'cly  a  com- 
pressed pair  of  short  lappets  serxinu'  as  an  o\  ipositor.  Iieinu'  internally 
Liroo\-ed  for  the  oviduct,  and  ha\iuu'  immediately  aliove  that  the  anal  open- 
inu'. 

in  the  male  the  se\ciilh  sejvment  underiioes  no  modification,  and  oi-di- 
narily  the  eighth  scu'ment  also  assumes  no  special  form,  luit  in  ci'rtain 
instances  it  departs  from  this  general  rule.  Thus,  as  Hui'iress  first  pointed 
out.  the  sternal  portion  of  the  scjiiuent  is  enormously  produced  in  Ku- 
ploeinae  to  form  lamellate  lappets,  which  sinndate  the  lateral  appendajres 
characteristic  of  the  succeedinji'  sciiinent  in  luitterHies,  and  so  ari'  termed 
hy  him  "false  elaspers"  :  mi  also,  the  median  jiart  of  the  notal  piece  of  the 
same  sejvment   in   I'ierinae,  as  the  same  oliscrvei-  noted,  is  pruihiccd   poste- 


•   A  ililVcrcilt  iicniiinl  ul'  llii'>('iiii|ii'M(lii;;i> 
::iMn  liy  IlinMnrisIn-  ( l,c|i.  |{i'|i,  Ai'i;..  IS-llM. 


iiij:.     If  llir  rnii'irdiin  (•iiiiiliiiiin  nf  llic  yimii^ 
lie  rcL':il'il('il,  ,•!>  iiior|>lii>l<iui>t.'  now  I'liii-iilcr 


t 'I'liis  ii  rorrclliiii'il  Willi  iiiiij  iiiiiUmlili'illy       il.  m..  ;iii  iii'(|iili-('il  clKii'iiriiTNlir.  Ilif  >|iiiMrlc 


IIM'IHICIII    llllllll    lIlC  IH'flls  <lf    this  SCi,'llll'lll    III 


lllr    I'lnilllc    lilllll'I'llv.  Illl 


LTllli'lll   lic'lllir  licl'r 


I'rufoiinilly  iimililii'il  Imili  I'Mrniiilly  iiml 
K'iMiilly  liy  till'  iiciTssilics  iif  llii'  viinillill  (ijii 


if  till 


i'l;:'lilli   iiliiliiniliial   m'i.'Iiii'1iI    iiiti^l     In 


liiilkril   nil 


lali' 


'ii:iiialiiiii.  mill  U<  frr- 


i|iiriil  liH'U  iif  iiiiiriiciiii'iit   v\  nil  llic  iillii'i's  iiml 
jil'calci'  >izr  may  lir  iiinri'  rrailily  r\|ilaiiiril. 


46 


Till-:  i'.ri'ri:i!i' I.IKS  or  si:\\   i:n(;i,a\|). 


ridi'ly  to  :i  ('iir\  ill!.'  Iiook,  wliicli  in  its  turn  .>^iinniiit('«  the  ii|i|ii'i'  ii|i|K'ii<liii:'( 

Tlir   .■<:Mm'  i>   true  nf  tlic    l*ii|>ili()niiiiic,    ii^ 


>t'  til 


sncci'ctlinj;'   scifnicnt. 


lincliiuiiui  W'liiti'  iiiif  ,h|i()W'i.  iiniv  licrc  it  i>  (l('c|»ly  clt'Ct    nic.-iiilly.      A  still 


more 


MXnl 


ir  anoiiialv   dccius   i 


II    liilivtliciiiiic,    wliicli    ill    the    Aiiii'riciiii 


il_v|ii(tus  iTsi-iiil>h's  tlic  I'icriiiiU',  wliilc  in  the   Kiini|ioiii)    Liliytiu'it   it   tiiktv 
iiioiT  tlio  t'orin  id'tlu'  l'a|)iliiininiii'. 


It 


tl 


IS   111   the   ninth  sctrincii 


It.  Ii 


that    the  urcatt'st  \arictv  of  t'oriii 


aiK 


Tl 


1  structure  is  sec..,  the  seifineiit  hearinjf  hi.ij^eil  a|»|>eii(laj;es,  servinj:  with 

.  rliisj)! iiij  iiri/'iiis,   iit    the  iiiatin<x  season, 
lis  apparatus  (33-37)  may  he  siiii|»ly  (Use  rilied  in   general   terms  as  eon- 


lie  other  external   annatiii 


sistin^j;    of"  a   median    iiiieate   upiM 


oi'iraii    iiiovin; 


vei 


tiealh 


y.  and   paire( 


huninate  side  pieces  or  clasps  niovinji  laterally.  The  upper  orjfan  (tli" 
sicula  ot'  Itamliiir,  tcj^umen  ot' liiielianan  White,  scaphiiiiii  of  (iosse)  is  in 
".fcneral  a  [loiiited  or  forked  hook,  covering'  the  apical  orjj:ans  ahove  and 
ImviiifT  an  upwanl  and  downward  mincineiit.  In  its  \arious  dexelopment.s 
it  may  he  said  to  consist  of  a  main  hody  or  centriuu  with  apical  hook  or 
liooks,   and  eurvinjj;  or  hent   lateral   arms  :    these  latter  may  he  independ- 


ently  de\('loped    and  eonspieiious,   as    in    Satyi 


mac   am 


1    I 


iVeaenitlat 


soldered  to  tne  hodv  or 


conn 


ite  I 


•enea 


th  tl 


ic  aiiica 


common  interior  aniiaturi'  of  prickly  point 


lio(d\ 


k,  and  sup|)ortin;. 


is  in  Ilesiu'ridac  ;  or  de\eloiie<l 


mere  angular  projection.- 


r 


lermac 


I'apil 


lionmae,  where 


the  median    process  of  the   eijrhth  sejiiiient  (uncus  of  (Josso)  usurps   the 
protectinji'  function  of  the  upper   or<;an,  they  may  form  transverse  [irickly 


llld    COIT 


imati'd  rihhons    (the  homoloifiie  of  the  inferior   armature  of  th 


.f    tl 


le    iiiti'oimtteiit    <  rirai 


>hicl 


1  are 


Ilesperidae)  lyinj^  near  the  l>;i 
sometimes  torn  from  their  attachments  in  mating  and  left  in  the  vestihnic 
of  the  female  (61:IH)  ;  or  finally  they  may  he  altoi;etlier  ahseiit.  as  in  the 
hulk  of  the  Nymphalinae.  The  clasps  (valvae  of  Ivamhur)  admit  of  an 
eipial  variety  of  de\elopment,  hut  may  in  general  ti'rins  he  said  to  he  iisii- 
ally  composed  of  a  hase.  with  an  upper  lohe  and  a  hlade  hardly  separahle 
from  it.  tl'i'  former  usually  developing  prickly  or  pointed  upper  processes 
(styles  of  Kamhiir)  and  hind  processes,  the  latter  cajiahle  of  hearing  arma- 
ture at  :.ny  i»oint  at  will,  and  generally  furnished  with  many  stiff' hristles 


near  the  outer  ed"'e 


11  some  of  the  liVeaeniiiae, 


peeiallv  the  Theclidi 


the  clasps  may  he  very  slightly  developed  and  simpli-,  forming  a  mere 
channel  for  the  siipjiort  of  the  here  enormously  developed,  apieally  flaring 
intromittent  organ  ;  or  the  iijiper  lohe  in  other  eases,  as  in  the  Papilioiiiiiae, 
may  form  a  large  concealing  flap  (valve  of  (Josse),  and  the  hlade  he  devel- 
oped as  a  eur\  ing  ]irickly  ridge  (liarpes  of  (Josse)  lying  u  ithin  the  vah'c. 
The  form  and  sciilpliire  of  these  appendages  varies  in  I'verv  species  form- 


iiijr    e.\ce 


lleiit 


means 


SI 

for    *hcir  distinction,  and  thov   thus   hceonic, 


Diifoiir.  *•  the  guarantee,  the  siifegiiard.  of  legitimate  pair 


inj. 


As  ciuinected  with  the  outer  tejiiiment  rather  than  with  the  internal  organs, 


TIIK   lilTTKItFI-Y :    INTKIINAL  OlKiANS. 


'>'  ■"■■  '" II  -----  ^  ^_ 

s,  lis  ill  sin  IK-  instiiiiws  has  liirn   provcti  lt>  lie  tlic  <'iisi'  in  niDtlis.     I'mt  in 

mu-  of  tlio  lii<:lu'r  hiittcrHics.  !is   in  our  own  Ano.-ia.  \w  iinvc  a  protnisili- 

•i-.cii  oflonu:  liairs  (61 :  ID, ")'.!),  wliicli  apjicarto  lie  f\  lindrical  fiilics.  Ivinjj; 

slu'atlis  on  t-at'Ii  side  of  the  I'ijriitii  alxlnmlna!  ^I'liinciit  of  liii' niah' ;   and 

an  ahnost   precisely  eqiiivaK-nt   |iosition    on  the    same   segment   ot'  the 

male  of  allied  ImtterHies  (C'olaenis.  Helieoniiis,  Kneides,  Dioiie,  Aeraea), 

ritz   Miiller   has  shown  the   existence   of  a    pair  of   protriisiie  vescieular 

■;i:ans  clothed  witli  scales,  wliicji  are  distinctly  odoritl-roiis  and    nndoiilit- 

edlv  connected  with  sexual  functions. 


ui 

in 

t'cnii 

l-i 

or 


The  internal  organs  d'l.  62:  li^s.  •!  I). 

Althoiijih  the  interna!  oi'l;:iiis  of  liulterllies  are  hrouirlit  lo  their  lidl  p(  r- 
feetioii  at  the  close  of  tiie  pupal  c(Uidition.  and  lia\e  thcrefoi'c  lu'cn  already 
outlined  to  a  certain  extent,  yet  as  the  account  has  Keen  coupled  with 
statement^  of  the  chanu'cs  uudci-L:'(inc  in  liic  lar\:d  ori:ani/ation  to  ctfi'ct  the 
rci|nired  ri'sult.  it  may  lie  worth  while  to  ^iM'hcrc  a  >uccinct  account  ot'the 
completed  structures,  t'ollowiiiii'  the  same  ordi'r  as  heretotiiii'.  The  piihlishcd 
materials  for  such  a  survey,  it  may  lie  remarked,  ai'c  exci'edinirly  scanty, 
and  my  own  dissection>  haxc  lieen  larii'cly  conlined  to  the  earlier  >tai;-es. 
The  only  u'ciu'ral  sketch  y<'t  pulili*lied  i>  that  hy  the  indcfitiiralilc  l^coii 
Dufoiir  (Comptcs  rendus.  iS.'ci),  Imt  an  exccllci  t  ontliiU'  is  furnished  in 
his  conipleto  anatomy  of  Anosia  plexippu>  (Anni\'.  mem.  IJost.  soe.  nat. 
hist.)  Ity  my  ijifted  friend  Kdward  r>uri:ess.  whose  loss  to  entoiiiotomy  is 
only  partially  com|)ensated  hy  the  ii'ain  to  scientilic  na\al  architecture. 

Muscular  system.  Tlu'  urcat  mass  of  the  muscular  tissue  is  now 
developed  in  the  thorax  and  principally  to  direct  the  action  of  tlu'  willies  : 
these  imiscles  form  two  principal  sets:  one  lonifitudinal.  hy  tlir  the  ni<ist 
numerous,  which  serve  to  deiiress  the  w  iii'.rs  hv  shorteniii'''  the  thorax  ;  the 
other  a  transversely  ohliipie  set.  attached  helow  to  the  floor  of  tin-  thorax, 
and  aliove  to  the  hases  of  the  eomiilieated  structure  of  the  inner  frame  wdrk 
of  the  winji-  aetiiiii;  thus  at  ^reat  disadvantaiic  as  a  lever:  hesides  these 
a  third  accessory  set  runninu-  from  the  seutelhim  iK'tweeu  the  other  two 
sets  to  the  front  Itase  of  tiie  winjrs,  serves  to  draw  them  tiirward.  All 
otiu  r  muscles  of  the  hody  ser\in_ir  'o  move  external  appendages  are 
attached  to  the  walls  of  the  hody  in  the  immediate  vicinity  of  the  orjrnn  to 
he  moved  or  to  special  ridjjes  or  inner  ontjiTowths  of  the  walls:  while  the 
internal  orjrans  may  iiave  their  independent  muscles  as  in  the  early  stajfes  ; 
some  of  these  will  he  ineiitioned  in  their  place. 


-18 


Till:  liLTi'KiM'i.ir.s  oi-  Ni:\\   knci.and. 


I 


Digestive  system.  A>  a  wliolc.  tlic  ili;icsti\('  .system  is  iiMially  .--oiiu-- 
wliat  loiifri'i'  t\y,iu  tlu'  IkmIv.  (lioiiirli  its  ('(invitliitioii.s  hit  oiitiri'ly  coiiHiii'il  In 
tlio  intotinc  |i"(>|i('r  In  llic  liinilcr  jtarl  ut'tlir  iiliilimu'ii.  Its  iii<)>t  |)t'riili.'ir 
fcahirc  in  l)iitti'rlii('s  is  tlii'  cniiiiilicati'cl  a|i|iiii'atiis  liy  iiicaiis  ot'  wliicli  tlic 
}(|(m1  I'litcr.s  tlic  stdiiiat'li,  llic  cxart  inctliiid  nl'  i)|i('ratiiiii  as  \\v\\  as  tlir 
orLranic  finiiKlatioii  of  tlu'  sanu'  liavinjr  lii'cii  discovcivd  uiid  well  cliicidiitrd 
liy  Hnr^'i'ss  (87  :;i."i.l'. :.'-'!)•  As  we  sliall  di'sciilx'  fliis  somcwiiat  in  detail 
in  tlic  liixly  of  tins  work,  it  i>  only  iK'ccssary  tn  say  licri'  that  l>y  means  of 
a  lii;ildy  miiscidar  pliarynjieal  sai'  a  \aeunni  is  prodiictrl  w  itliiii  tiie  l)()dy,  \>y 
whii'li  the  Hnids  ai'e  sueked  np  the  month-tiilie,  and  an  prevented  from 
retiirnini;'  the  same  way  l>y  a  simpU'  \al\e  at  the  anti'rior  extremity  of  the 
sae.  'I'lie  -ae  ojieiis  directly  into  a  lonji'  and  sh-nder  ocsophaLiiis  and  lih 
parts  that  follow  show  little  variation  within  the  whole  trilie  of  imtlerflies, 
so  far  as  I  ha\e  seen,  prolialily  dne  to  the  jireat  jicneral  similarity  of  their 
food, — honic(l  \e;^etahle  si'cretions  or  dccomposin;^-  xei^ctation.  The  oeso- 
|tlia;riis  is  a  perfcctlv  straight  and  uniform  tithe  extendin"'  to  tlie  \erv  ha.sc 
of  th(!  ahdomi'ii.  Here,  just  hcfore  il  eidarji'es  to  form  the  stomach,  it  liii- 
an  inih'pendcnt  enlarjrement  of  its  own.  from  the  upper  surfaci  ut  which 
the  so-called  food  resi'rNoir  (61 ;  ICi.  I7,.'ii»  i  takes  iis  rise;  this  organ,  char- 
acteristic of  Lepidoptera  and  therctore  doui)tless  connected  with  its  peculiar 


means  of  ohtainini;'  nourishiii'  n 


IS   a   larjfc 


)ladder-like.  eh 


It  (th 
ited 


,di  its 
•1  1 


;tual 


use   IS 


still 


unknown ) , 


vessel  lying  upon   the  stoma* 


I     Ml 


tl 


H' 


anterior   half  of  the  ahdomeii.  Iiliiiilly   rounded  hehinil.  tapering  in   I'roiil 
to   a    rather 


slend 


nder   neck,  throu; 


nil 


liich    it    enters    tiic    \estil)ule   i>f  ll 


stoimx'li.      Ciilicular    |ii'( 


(61  :■!<■>,  l-"i),  like    moistened  and    therefore 


tapering  pencils  of  hairs,  line  the  iniu'r  surfaiH'  The  >tomacli  i«  likewi.se  a 
straight,  cyliiulrical  or  fusiform  tulie,  three  or  tour  times  the  diami'ler  of  the 
intestine  hut  still  slender,  extending  through  about  half  of  the  ahdomen. 
when   it   ct)ntracts   to  nearly   its   initial    sixe   to   form  a  short,  oval,  occn- 

a  little  larger  than  the  siicceediini;  intestine,  into 


smnnlly  cylmdrical  passagt 

which   the   malphigian  vessels  enter.      I'mrgess  dcscrihes   no  such  chamher 

separate  from  the  stomach  in  .Vnosia,  into  the  posterior  |)art   of  which  he 


ma 


kes   the  malphigian   vessels   enter ;  hut 


Mi 


uiciiiiuin. 


fiy:ur( 


llerold.  this  chylitic  ventriciile 
t'orins  a    part  of  the   intestine. 


clearly  distinct  from  the  stomach  and  rather 
The  intestine  is  a  slender  cvliiidrieal  tuhe, 


according  to  l>ufour  (who  distinguishes  the  eliylific  ventriciile).  swollen  at 
its  origin  in  \'ancssidi  and  I'apilionidi,  hut  uniform  in  Aiiosia  and  Man- 
cipimn  ;  and  terminating  after  its  8-sha[ted  curve  in  a  pyriform  or  cylindri- 
cal chamher,  the  colon,  which  is   simple   in  Aiiosia.  hut   in  others,  such  as 

le  colon  [lassos  in- 


.Mi 


inciiiium.   iiroviilei 


1  witl 


1  an    anterior  coecal   sac. 


Th 


sensihly    into  a   slightly  tajiering   rectum,   with   the    anal  o[)euing  at  the 
extremity  of  the  hody. 

At  the  anterior  end  of  the  alimentary  tract,  just  beneath  the  i)haryngeal 


nil-;  III  riKiMi.V:  inikunai.  kki.ans.  4{> 

sac  iiiiil  at  llii'  iiilrriiir  lui t' tlic  niii\ill:n'y  I'inial ,  i>  (lie  ii|iiiiiim- ul' the  >!il- 

iviiiy  ili'.'t,  wliicli  \*  a  ('a|)illary  llcxililr  iiilif.  ninniiii;'  lia''k\\  ;iri|  lor  Muly  a 
-liKi't  ilistaiici-  Ik  li»r('  (liviiliiij;  into  two  diicts.  |ias>iiiir  iii.-4('ii>ilily  into  ^rlnncN 
lit' a  similar  t'orni  wliicli  arc  at  Ica-t  ii;ilt'as  Ion;,'  as  tlic  lioily.  Iiiil  li\'  ica«oii 
ot'tlic  many  convoliitinns  as  liicy  run  licsidc  tlic  ocso[iliii_irns  cxtcnilinfi  on!  \' 
as  I'ar  as  tlic  liasc  of  tlic  aixlomcn. 

As  ill  the  early  s|ii;:cs  ofllic  insc<'ts  life,  tlic  inal|iliii.naii  \csscls  are  com- 
|iosim1  .1' three  lilit'onn  crinklcil  liilies  on  each  -i'lc  ■>!'  the  lioily.  their  eon- 
voliitioiis  ovcrlyiiiLT  the  stomaeli.  the  einls  tree,  iinilini;  jiist  iict'ore  enteriiiif 
the  chvlilic  veiitriciilc,  lir-l  one  ji,,  i-  aii''  tlu  ii  tin  third,  to  t'nriii  a  \crv  short 
canal. 

Respiratory  system.  Accurdiiii!;  lo  Itiiiinii'  tin  iiaclical  m'>>cN  <>t 
liiilt(  rllics  arc  jiiircly  tiilnilar.  Iiavini;"  none  ot'tlic  \cs(  ii  njar  cx|iansioiis 
cliai  aclciistic  ot' the  S|ihini>idac  and  siuiic  other  mollis,  which  partake  ot' 
iioiiri>hiiiciit  while  hoNcrinu'  Iict'ore  a  tlower.  The  utaicral  |ilaii  i-  'lic«anie 
as  in  the  earlier  -taucs,  only  iiere  the  origans  are  much  le--  liiilky,  l.cinir  I'e- 
diiccil  III  cxcccdiii;;ly  -lender  \e>scl-  and  lirailcliiii;^  tulies.  "i'lie  verv 
short  main  trunk  into  which  the  -tii^mala  ojieii  soon  di\idc>  into  liranchi  -, 
which  rim  to  the  -pccial  oru'an  to  lie  aerated  and  tlici'c  ot'icii  liranch  al>rn|iily 
into  a  u'l'cat  niiiiilMa'  ol'  line  iiihc-  .  .  .  The  -tiiiiiiata  "I'  the  tirst  pair  lie  in 
the  side-  ot'  the  [irolliorax  luliiiid  liic  |iidthoracic  lolics"  (  Ihii'Lress  ).  'I'hosc  of 
the  second  |iair.  iioi  mentioned  liy  liurii'cs-.  nor  indeed,  we  lielie\  e,  liv  any 
wriliM' licsidc-  liurmci-tcr. '  lie  just  m  I'ldiii  ot'tlic  lia«e  ot'  the  hind  wiiiLi's. 
concealed  ill  ilic  -uliiic  liciwcen  tlic  iiw-oiliorax  ami  mcttilhorax,  at  the 
t'urthc-t  advance  ot'tlic  lattia':  the\  |iiiil>alily  lielon;:'  to  the  mc-oihora\.  a- 
llii'y  and  the  dcii\ail\e  tracheae  adhere  to  it  on  t'oiriliic  ru|il!iie  ot'  these 
jiarts.  \s  liurnieisier  I'cmaik-.  the  |jre-cncc  ot'  -ueli  a  pair  is  -urjirisini;. 
Iieeaiise  no  spjrai'lcs  .are  |ircsiail  hei'c  in  tlie  eaiei'|iillar.  thouuh,  a^^  «c  have 
sciai,  a  sjireadim^  liiiiK'li  ot' tracheal'  arise  t'roin  the  lon^ritndinal  canal  where 
the  -piraclc  Nlioiild  he  expected.  Siii-ceediii;;-  pair-  ot' sti^fiiiala  .are  situated 
in  the  pleiiia"  ot'tlic  first  seven  alidominal  -oiiiites,  the  pair  in  the  tiist  scu-- 
mciit  lieiii;^'  rather  hard  to  lind  ovviii:;  to  the  t'olds  in  the  in;,  uuincnl  ot'  it- 
side-. 

Circulatory  system.  i'he  hatmal  or  dorsal  vessel,  -onieliiues  calleil 
the  licarl.  "-is  a  -mall  iiilie  lyinji  immediately  luider  the  dorsal  wall  of  the 
ahdoinen,  and  Iiuiil;'  in  this  position  liy  trianunlar  musiailar  -liects  (the 
alary  niuscle-)  which  are  placed  in  pairs,  apices  inwards,  on  i  itlier  si(h>  .  .  . 
'I'he  wail-.  .  .  eoutaiii  two  si'ts  ot' mnsiailar  fihrcs  runiiiiijr  spirallv  in  opjio- 
siic  directions.  Sliijht  constrictions  divide  the  In  iit  into  a  niunlier  ot' 
seirments.  eorrespondiiifi;  to  those  of  the  ahdoinen.  Maeh  -eiiinent  has 
prohalily  a  pair  of  clefts   fur  the  eiitniiiee   of  the    lilood  ...  In  the  lia-al 

"  Miiliil  ;iliil  Uliri;!'—   I- ;.'lii/.e  here   ill   llir        iiKilli,    Alcliii.    "all    iiiriiii-iiiiii.iii-    ^uih. 

iiilri-liiial    iiM'iiilinnic   ill    the    ••oUnii    wnriii       wliirji  I- prrlnp- a -|ilni'li-." 


50 


nii:  III  1  ii;i;i  i.ii>  <»i   m.u   km-lank. 


'1  Lriiii'iit  111"  |liciil>i|i>iiicn.  tlic  lifiirt  iiiiiTowK  .'.li;;litl\ .  iiitikiii;;  llic  ln'^iiim'mj; 
III' tlic  iiitrlii.  'I'lii.'  iit'lcr  <'iiti'riii;r  till' tliiii'MN  niii>  ii|i\\;iiil>.  |i;i.«.»iii;i  lictwi'i'ii 
ill!'  lij,'llt  mill  Ift't  .«rts  lit'  llliillirir  llill-rli'..  :illil  llirli  lllliirr  llir  -lltiiri'  lir- 
Iwrcll  till'  ll|r.-<ii>i'lililiii  iillil  .>riltcl!lllll,  illlil  r\|iilllil>  r.ltlirl'  -iuIiIi'IiIn  illln  ;i 
l;ir;;r  [iiiirtiil]  I'liiiiiihrr,  wliirli  isliiin;r  in  |)ii>itii>ii  liv  a  iirt-wnrk  uC  (iliroiH 
I'lPiiiH'i'liM'  li«,-iir.  .  .  .  Till- tiii'wanl  cihI  int'tlii^I  1k'iiiI>  iIi>\vii>miiiN  -oiiu'- 
tiiiii'.-  iilirii|itlvj  anil  aj;:iiin  I'lmtrartf  iiilu  a  [iimn'  nr  !<'.•*.■']  .oloiiiii'i'  iiilit'  [in 
lIrs|K'rian.s  M'arri'lv  .sIciiilrriT  llian  tlir  anrtal  I'liaiiilu'r.  luit  i'iiiii|irr>>i'ilj . 
whirl)  runs  liai'kwaril  ami  ilnwiiwani  until  it  irai'lir>  llii'  tir.-l  |iai'l  nt'  tlir 
anrta,  ami  at'tt'r  |ia*.-in,L:'  ajnn^-  llii'  aiitrrinr  tMcr  (tfilii^  I'oi'  a  >lii>rt  ilislaiirc, 
it  Ik'IuI.'* -iiililcnlv  tiirwanl  ami  niii^  aluiiir.  ami  jii^t  almM'.  llir  iM'.-ii|ilia;;ii>i. 
Iiafsin;.' >\  itii  tin- latter  iiitu  tlir  liiail  and  llii'i)ii;;:li  the- ii('Mi|ilia^'('al  iiitm' 
c'ldlar"  ( ISiirji-cs:* ).  TIk'  aorta  tlicn  ili\  iili'>  iiitu  .•^rxcral  lirani'lir-i,  wliirli 
aro  I(i-*t  in  tln'  inti'i.'iiinriil.*  ut  ilic  lirad. 

Nervous  system.  A  iiraln,  i  i'iiiii|ii)iinil  tlioracic  pin^liun,  ami  tniir 
aliiliiiiiinal  u'an^dia,  l\  iii^'  alnii^  tlir  \rntral  wall  nl' tlir  Imily  anil  rnnni'rtril 
liv  iloiiMi'.  iit'tcn  I'Diinali'  riiiunii.-.->nn'*.  titnii  the  liasc  of  tlir  nervoiis  .systfiu 


Ml 


lintti'i'tlii',' 
Tho  I 


ii'ain  oi'i'iiiiii 


tl 


ic  I'l'iitrt'  III'  tl 


If  lirail,  niuiii'i 


lialcl 


V   o\  IT   till'  l(l'>l>|lll 


a:;ii!',  is  laterally  liiloiiate  ami    |ii'inri|ially  niailo  ii|i  of  two  emiriiiou.->  ojitir 


nerve; 


It  fi 


rni.«lii'>  a 


l.o  tl 


II'  aiilinnal    iiersi'>  ami    i>  eonmi'li'il    l(\    -linrt 


I'lii'iN  on  t'itlier  .-iile  li>  a  niiniitr  frontal  j;an^lioii.  x\liiili  i:iM«  oil'  |iii^te- 
riiu'ly  a  reenrreiit  iiei'M' :  there  are  alxi  a  pair  of  |ii»terioi'.  lateral,  ininnte 
jran;;lia  in  the  lieail  eonneeteil  with  this  reenrreiit  iier\e,  whieh  innervates 
the  oe.-<o|ilia;;ii>  ami  ilorsal  vessel  ami  with  its  liranelies  spreads  mer  the 
stuinaeh.  I'lie  eonniiif<siires  whieh  extend  from  the  hrain  haekward  pass 
on  either  side  of  the  oesophauiis  and  iiiiinediateiy  liefori'  leavinj,'  the  head 
iiniti'    lieiieath   to   fonii  the  siilioesuphajieal  _iianj;lion  :    from  this  arise   tl 


ic 


nerves  wineii  iiass 


hieh 


1'' 


to  tl 


le  month  iiart 


Till'  thnrarii'  ^raiiii'lia  are  situated  in  the  front  part  of  the  inesothorax, 
ami  separated  liy  a  eon>ideral>le  distani'i'  from  the  j;aiii.dia  of  the  head. 
They  are  I'oinpouml,  and  their  eomiinimd  ori;:'in  is  usually  marked  to  some 
extent  liy  tin  form  of  the  mass  itself,  luit  they  sometimes  form  a  sinule 
i'lon;;ated  i)\al  dise.      From  this  arise  the  eriiral  and  alarv  nerves,  or  tho-e 


siipplyini;'  the  le;:'s  and  winji's. 

The  aliilonrmal  ;:aii,ulia,  small  round    lentienlar  di" 
niinilier,  the    tii-l    separated   from   the   tl 

IK 

III 


ari'  alwavs  tour  in 


loraeie  "an^ilion  hv  a  distaiiee  of 
arly  half  the  leiiu'th  ot  the  entire  nervous  eord.  the  last  eoinpoiiml  :  they 
e  situated  in  the  third  to  the  sixth  alidoniinal  sej;nienis  respeeti\ely  and 
are  eijiiidistant.  As  the  eord  enters  the  aliilomen,  and  for  the  rest  of  its 
eoiirse,  it  liecoines  liordered  riijlit  and  left  l«y  a  white  fihro-miiseiilar  niein- 
lirane,  which  llxes  it  to  the  ventral  te^iiinient  aeeordinu'  to  l)iifoiir:  and 
the  same  writer  states  that    a    white  elliiisoidal   filirmi!*  capsiilo   is  emhraccd 


iiii:  i;riii;i!ri.Y:  in  ri:i!NAi.  oiis  ws. 


61 


l(V  it  iit  it<i  ^itjirtiiii:'  |iiiint.  iil  tli<'  fiitrinicf  nt'  tin-  I'urd  iiilu  tlic  iiImIuiiu'Ii, 
whifli  miiflit  <';i-ilv  lir  t;iki'ii  ti>r  :i  M^im;.'li(iii. 

Olandular  system-  It  is  ^tiitcti  liy  iintlnii's  th.'it  m  |i:iii-  cit'  i':iiiiii«r 
irliimls  is  Mdiictimcs  f'oiiiul  in  tin-  t't'iimlc  ItiittcrHy,  -ilmiti'tl  nciir  the  orifice  ot' 
tlic  xMiriiiii.  "wliii'li  sccrt'tf.  |i('rliii|i>'.  an  iKlnniiis  siil^tiinrc  tluit  rxritcs  tiic 
riiiiiiiiitni'v  sict. "  Tlicy  HIT  iiotnl  ill  Mclitiicti  Mini  Arirvniiis.  ■•iiid  I  uiicc  dr- 
MTil»'«l  rniiii  tlic  llis^*(■l'tiun  of  tlir  nciirly  iiijiliirt'  r(in;ilc  |)ii|i:i  of  .\no>iii  ••;! 
triiii^vcrsc  rcnit'onii  vessel,  iittai'licil  Imcidly  liy  it«  Ipm^c  to  tlii'  interior  wiill 
ot'  the  oviduct  iit  its  \cry  cxtreinity,"  its  tip  tcniiiiiiitiiiL'  in  two  little  tlii'e!id«. 
Iliit  iis  |liirj,'ess  made  no  note  of  any  sucli  or^'aii.  tlic  |ioiiii  re<|iiii'es  new 
di>«eetions  to  estiildisli  it.  'I'liese  <;|iinds  iiiii«l  not  lie  eoiltoiinded  w  itil  tlio-e 
o|ieiiinii'  <'Xtel'll:dly  in  llie  t'einale  of  some  liMltertlies.  iiotii'cd  aliove. 

Reproductive  system.  TIk'  paired  o\ai'ie>  ol  the  I'cmale  coii^i.'.t  each 
ot' t'oiir  tnlnilar  liraiiehes  which  at  maturity  are  loiiu't'i'  than  the  hody  of  the 
iiixct.  ami  alwavs  so  lonvr  that  they  liaM'  to  run  liai'kward  Jind  torward, 
-ometinies  maiiv  times,  to  accommodate  theniselve-  to  their  narrow  i|iiai'ters, 
ol'teii  rolled  o\er  and  om'I'.  lint  always  eonnected  liy  their  united  and  now 
-olid  tips  to  the  upper  wall  of  the  alidomeii, — in  Aiiosia  at  the  fourth  se;^'- 
meiit.  From  their  tips  liai'kward  the  o\ariaii  tnin-  inerea>e  in  size  iiiid 
contain  <'aeli  a  huiidrcfl  oxincroiis  ci'lls  more  or  le>s.  in  which  the  liase>  ot' 
till-  future  e^ifs  lie  outward.  As  tlicy  att.ain  their  larii'ol  the  four  ovarian 
tiilie-  unite  on  each  >ide  to  form  iin  o\iduet,  and  the  two  o\iduc'ts  -hortly 
al'terwards  unite  to  form  a  common  duct.  theo\iduct  proper,  which  is  the 
common  receptacle  of  all  the  special  accessory  origans,  and  itself  is  ot'icii 
eiiiarirt'd  in  some  liCpidoptera  to  form  a  point  of  arrest  t'or  the  e;^'i;s  while 
tlicv  are  prepared  for  future  needs,  '{'he  most  important  of  the  orjjaiis 
trihulory    to   the  o\  idiict  arc  those  which   enter  it   near  the  middle   liy   tin- 

-perm  iluct — a  slender  tnht nncctcil  directly   w  itii   a   \cscicnlar  sai-.  the 

-pcrmalheca.  which  liy  a  similar  tiihi'  at  its  opposite  extremity  is  joined  to 
tile  laru'c,  loiiu'-  oval.  Iilailder-like.  Init  nuisciilar  capsule,  the  copulaturv 
poiu'h  :  this  conducts  liy  a  lari;'er  tuhe  or  curved  canal,  the  \auina.  into 
the  \c«tiliiile  on  the  under  surface  of  the  si'M'iith  and  eiulith  seirnients. 
There  al>o  enter  the  ovitluet  two  sets  of  accessory  glands,  one  sinirlc. 
iiiorplio|oi:'ically  the  mate  of  the  spermatic  vessels  and  the  smaller,  the 
other  set  paired,  and  all  consisting;'  first  of  Klifonn  secretory  vessels,  next 
of  a  reservoir  and  last  of  a  slioit  excfctory  duet  which  opens  into  the  ovi- 
duct :  their  function  is  supposed  to  he  eoiinocted  with  the  final  prepara- 
tion of  the  eu'LT  widl  and  its  varnish-like  co.atin'.''.  The  ovipositor  is  formed 
tif  the  lateral  lappets  of  the  ninth  seirment. 

The  male  orjfanf"  consist  of  a  sinjjle  larj^e  jilohular  testis,  coinixiiind  in 
orij.'iii  hut  now  simple  in  structure  and  liomojreneoiis.  ofti'ii  liif^hly  c(dored. 
rose,  irreen  or  pur[)le,  inesially  situated  in  the  fifth  ahdoniinal  seirment 
(or  ju6^t  ahout  the  centre  of  the  alidomeii )  ahove  the  stoinaeli.    It  is  retainetl 


52 


liiK  lurrKuiMKs  or  m;\\   i;\(ii,.\\i). 


ill  |(l;ici'  :mtl  Mi|>|i(iiti'tl  In   tlic  irMcliciii' oi' tlii.s  .■^(•iiiiiciit.      l'l<i.*i>  tDjiCtluT,  a 
|»iiir  ot'i'tfi'i'i'iit  (liii't.-i  arise  tVoin  tin-  [iDsli'i-ior  walls  (it'tlu-  ii'sii.s.  .siiiipli'  liilies 

)f  till- 


iliicli  c'on<luct  to  two  loll"'  tilit'onii  scinin:! 


il  \('scifli's  lu-ar  till'   liasc  o 


or : 


iatt 
sU'iid 


th. 


last 


soiiii    unite    to    lonii   the   eiaciiiatnrN 


the 


■-111 


er.  exees^^iM 


Iv  el< 


ated  duet  tor  all  tli 


Is  ajijiaratiis 


>liiel 


1  lielll;;-  iiiaiiv 


till)! 


ji'eneraily  t'roiii  three  to   IIm'  limes,  ioiiuer  tliaii  tlie  liody  of  tiie  insect 
ri'(|iiii'es  tor  its  aeeoininodation   to  lie  rolled   into  the  most  eoniplieated  eon- 


\oll 


ted 


mass    imau'inalile. 


T 


le    (liici    eiK 


tl 


le   intromittent   oryan. 


eorneous  Iiollow  neeille.  ol'ten  »'X|iaii(ied  ajiieally  anil  ahvays  t'liniished  with 
a  liiilhoiis  liase.  Special  iniiscles  attached  to  the  posterior  walls  of  the 
last  scijfiri.'iit  arraiifre  for  its  foreiMe  eje<'tioii. 


II. 


TIIK    MODKHX    CLASSIKICATION    OK    lU  TrKHri.IKS, 
IIISTOIMCALLV    CONSIDKIM:!). 


■\\iii~lii|i  iiiil  inc.  lull  find  I"  llic  iiiiui'l-  iirixc 
'I'liMl  i>  Iiim">  L'|-;Mi(lciir:  «lill.  in  jiclliri'  Ium 


'I'lir  niic  rye  i:iii  ilislini:iii>li  ,i;r 
Sliiill  niinc'ili'uniilc  tin'  vcUd  ^n 


III  inii'i 


(  M  c;ilrr|iill;ir,  iiiilnicr-H  iirni    -in'  u  li:il 
l!:ill  in  ;inil  <>nl  <>l'  l>ii'l.  f.uh  i>:ill  w  itii  l>rii-li 


<  M    \llMI,« 


-I'l'in;;!'  iiMiml  llii'  In 


Tliiil  ni«ll,>  -nil. 


Will 


ini|iMlr  Mli'li  {i,'U':luiii 


rc|l|iil-i'  r^:; 


1  ;i:n    -i"ini 


li;in«  ill  111!'  Ill 


I'liiil.  Iiiini  In  li> .  Kfi']i«  »\  ill;:  in  w  in;;- 
l'ii-i-li'nll\  ;i-li'iinilliiii;  <lnn,:;  mi  ciirlli 


Itiiow  mm; 


/,'.//   Cnlln 


Siilhl-i\ 


.  \\.lll>. 
'  '"II  1(1  I'll. 


'I'hat  the  fiiinilies  of  liiitteillies  rank  higher  than  those  of  other  Iiepido|i- 
tera  is  universally  conceded  and  sii>ccptilile  of  proof.  I''.\('ry  pari  of  their 
or"aiii/ation    when  considered   coni|iarati\elv  shows  a   moxciiient   from  the 


,1 
lowest  m.iths   to  the 


liiihcr  liiittertlic- 


•assiz   iioin 


ited  lail   that  in  the 


lower  families  as  a  ji'encriil   rule  (not  without  its  aliiindant  e.xceptionsj  the 


I  iiiu's  III  repose  are  ini 


lined 


roiii  each  ot 


lii'i'  like  the  sidi's  of  a  roof,  close- 


ly  rcscmliliiiL;'  the   position   they 


V  (liiniiii'  the  eailier  am 


I   tl 


leielore 


inferior  pupa 
liiii'her  oiii's, 


ll     sll 

tl 


lie  :   w  liile    in 


nearlv  all    liiitterllies    and    noiaMv    in    tl 


10 


10     \V1IIUS 


ire   lield  I'rei 


•t,  liaek   to   liacl 


d 


e  from   tlieir   location  in   the  chrvsali.s.      lint   this  \  ie 


w   IS  assiirctllN 


I'ancil'iil.  since  the  position  of  the  wiiiir"*  diiriiij:'  their  still  earlier  larval 
condition  reseiiihlos  that  of  the  Imltertlios  much  more  than  it  does  tiial  of 
the  moths  ! 


n   rea 


litv 


we   are  < 


leali 


lore    wi 


til   families  in  a   siilionh'r  and   c 


III) 


scarcely  expect  to  find  the  well-marked  siji'iis  ol'relati\e  ran!-'  which  attach 
more  strun^rly  to  the  larger  divisions  into  which  a  class  is  di\ ided  ;  aiiioni,' 
families,   rank   is  siihordinatcd  to  chiir.icteristics  more  peculiarlv  iittaci 


to  tl 


10  nature 


iftl 


liinu' 


10  u'roi 


,p  :   hut  liy  triiciiiL;'  out  tiio  do\elopiiieiit  of  certain 


Ce.itiires  of  the  order,  we 


tind 


mrselvos  travellmn'  in  a  [lath  in  winch 


iliicli 


new 


("I.ASsiKICArioN  or   If.  T'l'KltKMr.s 


53 


cliiirai'tcr-  :ii>|"':ir  iiiul  ;ii,fjj:riui(liz(',  \\liilc  ntlicis  (liiiiini^li  and  fiiialh  l-idc  ; 
and  thus  ii  is  that  we  can  t'ullow  out  the  rclatiM'  rank  ct'  its  nii'nilicis  with 
a  i-onsidi'ialih'  dcifi't'c  of  satistartion.  and  di.«('u\(r  a  scries  cnhninatiuL;'  in 


the  t; 


UMIlR'S  l( 


t  linttcrHics  :  the  ('onsidcratinns  w  hicli  will  lie  liruni^ht  I'nrMard 


in   discussiiiLi'  the  relati\e  jiDsitiun  nt'  (he  >e|ia<'ate   families  will  eKniiiniallv 
tin-dw  liu'lit  niMin  tliis  view  and  we  need  nut  ('.i.seiis.-  it  further  in  tliis  |ilaee. 


ut    iinteeed    to  an  exaniinatinn   of  the   \  lews  of  autiinr>    enneern 


irui 


I 
lai  \  di\isii)ns  of  luitterHie; 


'I'he  first  ef}; 


the  ela»ili' 


th 


I-Hi 


From  1758  to  181 

was  made  iiy   Linne  in  the  tenth  editinn  of  the  Svstema  naturae  (17.")S)  ; 
his  selieme  is  as  fulKiw.s  : — 


;i.     Kiillili'-. 

'ri'iijiMii. 

Acllhi. 
I>.     ilt'liciiiiii. 


('.     I>:iiiji. 


caiiiliili. 


il.     N>  IM|>li:ilr« 
urillllltlli. 


IMi'Im 


'li:il<'i':Mi. 


nir;ili'«. 
iii'liii'iilM 


I.     Ii:i>l;inli. 


Here    tiie    l'a|)ilioni(hie   are    iihued    iiiu'he>l.      Their    di\isi(>n    into    \\ 


j;r"in|is  is  nu'rely  a  faneifid  iine,  di'|iendinii'  "U  the  |)re.senee  nr  ahsenee  of 
re(l  >])i)t>.  The  la^t  iiroup  eiunprises  only  forms  who.'-e  proper  location 
\\a>  a  puz/le  and  from  which  tiiey  cuuld  i)e  drawn  and  distrihuted  properly 

thercl'ore  lie   left  out    ot'  couside\'a- 


a>  llicv  iMMnnie  li( 


Iter  1. 


Known,  anil    iua\ 


tion.  W  ith  this  exception  the  llesperidae  are  placed  lowest,  as  they  ha\e 
lieeii  liy  e\cry  sulise(|uent  author,  for  their  close  relationship  to  the  lower 
famili(-s  of  Lepiddittera  loaves  no  doulit  what>ver  eoncernin^'  their  true 
position  :   liut  with  them  Linne  placed  the  j^reat  ji'roup  of  Lycaeniilae,  w  ith 


ihich    tlicv   ha\i'    Iml 


com 


iariiti\('h    distant    connection.      The    llcliconii 


were  founded  upon  a  few  sti'anu'c  lookin<jf,  dark-s|iotted,  white  liultertlies 
now  placcil  in  the  jfcuera  I)oritis  and  I'arnassiiis.  The  Dauai  liirmcd  a 
heleroo'eueous  ^rroup,  allhoiiL;h  each  of  its  divisions  is  in  itself  mainly 
natural,  the  1).  candidi  licloniiinu' properly  with  the  pri'\  ious  jirone  and 
the    |).    fesi"   "    correspond iuii'   to    iviploeiuac    and    its    allies.      The    u'roiip 


>hal 


vnipuales  wo 


idd    have    liecu   .i    natural 


ad    ihe    Dauai   fc>ti\i    li 


idded  to  \t ,  hut  its  di\isious,  liased  on   the  preseuee  or  alisen<'e  of  oeellalt 
■pots  ou  the  wiuji'.s,  svas  utteily  without   >alue. 

In  his  Fauna  Su''cica  (  ITti!  ).  I<iune  had  iili'cady  niadi'  alicraliou>  in  hi- 
ilau  ol'  divisions,  t  le  whole  of  the    l>auai  candidi    licini;'  merged   wiHi   tin. 


II 


eliciinu,  whii 


ii  wiiidd  thus  iia\('  formed  a  uiitu^'a!  u'rou|i  had 

•ft 


not   souu'  o 


ier>  were    lell    as    lielore  ui 


the  Salxrii'ae  lieeu  also  iuciuded    in    it.  while  oil 

the  .\yniphale>  :    liut  in  the  (uclth  iditiou  of  the  S\s(i'ma  ualur;u'  (  17()7), 

the  ol<l  system  was  restori'd. 

In  1 7li2,  ( ieotfroy,  in  his  llistoire  des  iu>eclis  aiix  en\  irons  d(>  I'aris, 
projiosi'd  a  nvw  scheme  of  classitication  in  which  his  priniai'y  ji'roups  were 
founded  upon  the  character  of  the  tore  leu's,  to  which  I  lielie\e  Ucaunuu' 
first  drew  attention  ;  lint  he  did  not  tail  to  recoyuize  other  di-tinctions  also, 


^  ll 


54 


llll-;   liUITKltl- I.IKS   OK  NKW   KN(ii,AXi>. 


and  \v:ifi  tlio  first   to   [KTCfivc  tlic  valuo  of  cliiiruoters  dniwii  t'rum  all  tlic 
stai^cs  ;  tlic  t'ollowiiiif  is  liis  tlivisioii  : — 

I.     Willi  fiiiir  U"j:-  (I'riinl  \v^s  witliont  I'luws,  li;i\  in;:;  ulli'ii  llif  aiiiicaraiicT  ul'  a  lipiun,— "pal- 
aiinc"). 


I.    (;alfriiillar>  ^piii: 


.  \viii;.'>  ;iii;;iilar. 
wiiiL's  ri)iiiiilcil. 


3.  ••  Miiooili:  full'  Icirs  !.li()rt  lint  iml  lliipi'l-liko. 

II.    Willi  >ix  ll■^'^  (all  till'  li'L'-  I'liniislicd  with  claws.    Clirysaliils  lioiiiKiiilal,  ,i,'ii't  ai'oiiiul  tlio 


iiiiilillr  with  a  til 


I.I). 


'i'lic  Hrst  division  oomiiriscs  the  N yni|)liididae ;  its  first  two  sulidivisions 
{•(••.•'•i's|ioiiiliiijf  to  tlie  ViiiiL'ssidi  iind  Xyiiiiilialidi,  the  tiiird  to  the  Kuplociniic 
and  SatyriiiiU'.  This  w:is  more  niitiiral  tiiaii  Ijinni'"s  divisions,  iind  (niolfVoy 
was  also  tiic  first  to  rccoifiiizo  the  superiority  of  the  Nvnijiludidat'. 

Dc  (Jeer  (1771)  divided  liutterHie.s  into  five  fiiinilies,  hut  he  reversed 
the  order  of  (Jeotfroy,  pliieinjj;  the  liutterHies  with  perfect  fore  lejfs  tdiovc 


those  in  whicli   they  we 
tliev  were  as  follows  : — 


re  iitrophied.      X 


one  o 


f  his   faniil 


les  were  niinied 


I.    six  lii.'-.     Wiii:r>  I'liilirafinuiiiiilcr  >iiil'ai('iif  aliiloiiH'ii. 
II.     Six  \fix-.     Willis  I'liilii-aciiiu' iipiirr  >iirl'ai-c  of  alicliiiiii'ii. 


III.     Six  IcL's.     Willi;*  iiK 


■ll  liai'kwanl. 


Kiiiir  lc'u~.     lAn-c  l('x«  liaiiuiiiir  liki'  a  lipiu'l  [=  Xyiiiplialiila 


IV, 

v.     l-'ciiir  liu-.     Kiiri'  l(%<  viry  >iiiall  ami  >lic>i'l  [==  miiiic  Satyriiiac]. 


rl. 


■Diiic  >al\  I'liiaci 


In  tl 


i: 


.)   app 


ie;ire(i   a  \i'rv  reiiiar 


kalil 


e  iiiionviiions  woil 


on  th( 


Lcpidnpicra  ot'  the  vicinity  of  N'ienna  (Systcniatisclics  vcr/.eichniss  der 
si'linictleriinu'i'  der  \\'icneri>('_u'cnd )  in  which  the  cliiiriicter  of'  the  ltir\;ic 
f  the  classiticjition.      Instetid  of  r(>coifniziny  the   tiuthors, 


forined  the  I 


itisis  o 


Me- 

("ati 


A.  I, 


«r; 


Di'iiis   iind   Schiller 


ninllci 


It 


jreneni 


ilo^lic, 


Th 


us  IS  the  division  propo 


<c(l  therein  : — 


iiown    ;is 


\h 


irvac  l(>itririfi)riiii'«  [lli'>piTiilai'l 
••     lioiiiliyi'il'orino  [|iiii'ili«) . 
■•     >iirii',i.'atac    [I'apilioniiliJ. 
•■     iiic'iliiistriatai'  [I'irriilij. 
••     palllilivc'iitiTs  [liliMiloi'.Tiili) 
"    -iilifiix'ac  [Satyi'iiiac], 

iniiitac  [.Vpatiiriili]. 

[Nyiiipliali.li]. 


I.    I,ar\ai'  aiillu>piii(i~ai'  [Vaiii'««liliJ. 
ill()spiiii»ai'  [Aruyiiiiiill]. 


pTiiild.piiiD^ai'  [Mclilaiiili 


Oiiisrifiiriiir.i. 

iililiiniiiiM'iitatai'   [( 'hi 
.:'ihhiisiisi'iitatai'   [I,; 


••llli*piiii 


(Icpri'ssiisnitatar  ['riiriliili] . 


pliaiiiilij. 
iniilij. 


An  exaniiiiiition  of  this  scheme  (to  the  iiieini)ers  of  which  inodern  naiue,-i 
are  atttiched  in  iiraekets)  will  siiow  tliat  netirly  all  the  principle  irroiips  of 
butterflies  found  in  Kiirope  are  recojj;nizcd  in  it  tnid  most  of  them  for  the 
first  time.  With  the  exception  of  the  position  of  the  oniscifomi  caterpillars 
the  }j;enerid  order   is  almost   faultless.      Mad  siihscipient  tiiitliors   paid   as 


iniieli  attention  as  tlics(   writers  to  th- 


stafxes  our  know 
proj>;resfti. 


ledu 


iracters  prc>cnted   iiy   the   earlier 


-f  tl 


leir  iiiitiiral   rehitions  would  lia\e  made   lielti 


Scopoli  in  1777  divided  the  species  catalog-iied  hy  Linne  in  the  tenth 
edition  of  the  Systema  naturae  into  six  irenera,  all  them  hetero^reneoiis, 
l)ein|.f  founded  wholly  on  superficial  characters,  in  which   he  certainly  had 


CLASSIFICATION    OK   lilTTr.l.'l-l.ir.S. 


55 


!>(>iiu' wiiiTiiiit    ill  tlic  pnu'tii'o  (if  liinni'.      Owiiiir  iin>l)iilply  td  tiu-ir  inixcd 
clmriicttT,  t\\i>v  li'i'iieric  iiuiiirs  liavc  iii)t  liccii  linmylit  intu  uaiicrnl  iix'. 

15t>rkliim;<t'n,  tlie  writer  of  tlio  first  (listiiictivo  work  ttii  Kiiruiicaii  luittcr- 
flifs  ( 17.SH),  was  tlicfir.it  to  iinproxc  1111(111  the  classification  of  Liiiiic  liy 
cliaractcrs  drawn  from  tlie  perfect  insect.  Tlic  followiiii;-  rc|H('scnls  Iiis 
classification  : 


l'[  Ilonlc.  N.Mii|ilii 


4tli  llonli'.  Diiiiai  [riiTiii:ii'] 


Nii.jiiilo    [Vi(in»-iili    iiiiil    Nyin-       'illi  llimlr,  I'lilicii  nii-iilo  [l.>iiiciiin;M|. 


pli.'iliilij. 

Dijiiilc-  [Ari.'yiiiii<li]. 

Iliiina.liyii.l,.s  [Mclitiicidi]. 

(trcmlo  [Satyriniic]. 
2il  Ilui'dc.  Kiiiiitcs  [rapilidiiiili], 
i!(l  llurilc.  Itcliioiiii  [l'aniM»icli]. 


ra|iilii>iic.    «iilicmiilali     ['I'liiili- 

di]. 
I'ap.  riitili   [<  lir\  xipliaiiiili]. 
l'a|i.  iiolydpliilialmi  [l.ycariiiili]. 
(illi  IlDrilc.  riclirii  iii-lpii'iilai'  [llr-|icriila('l. 


liorkl 


lauseii  w 


as   the  first   author  after  (icotf'rov  to  recou'iiizc  tli 


ic  snncrior- 


itv  of  the  Xvinphalidae.  which  he  divided   into  li'roiips  already  separated 


m 


the  \' 


lonna 


Catal 


omie 


At  th 


aiiie  tnne 


he   pi 


th 


■Dana!   i'esti\i 


whore  they  hclonji'.  with  the  "Nyinphac."    F(»llowiii<^  still  further  tiic  divi 


BIOIIS     o 


f   Del 


aiK 


1   SchiHeriniillcr,  he  divides   tit 


'l»lel 


icii   riiralc.' 


into 


three  irronps.  which  are  wholly  natural.  Had  he  simply  placed  his  fifth 
horde  next  to  the  first,  he  would  have  shown  a  series  leaving'  little  room 
for  imnroNcmcnf. 


M 
In  h 


IIS  earlier  woi 


ks  fr 


177.')  to   17S7   Kahriciiis    followed   closelv  th 


divisions  of  his  master  Linne.  In  his  Kntomolofiia  systeniatica  (171'.'!). 
he  seems  to  ha\e  paid  no  attention  to  this  classification  liy  norkhaiiscn, 
altlioniifh  he  alters,  Itiit  scarcely  for  the  hetter,  the  system  used  liy  himselt 
in  his  earlier  works,  as  will  he  seen  hv  the  followiii'f  ahstract  : 


(iiini-  l'a|iiliii 


Iviiiilc: 
Ti-c 


yam. 
Ki-liv  i  I  liaiiai  lr»lh  i  of 

|ilr\  iciM..  \Mirk«]. 


Nyiii|ilial(' 
lli'lrollii. 


Daiiaii  [t'onnrr  haiiai 


iiiiiliili]. 


I'aniassli  ffuniicr  llili-        »iinii>  lli-iMiia 
coiiiil.  liiiniii" 


Cil.i.i.la 


Mcsidcs  the  introduction  of  a  new  jfoneric  name  to  distinfjfiiish  the  smaller 
liiittcrfiies,  he  has  separated  the  ( )rcades  ot'   I'xirkhaiisen  from   the  uroiip  in 


rliich  lhe\   were  fornierlv  coiiilpiiic(|  under  the  new  name  ol'."^at\ 


11.  a  name 


used    in  prererence   to  llie  earlier  one 


which  in  various  forms  has  >iiicc  In 
of  Horkhaiiscn  :  and  that,  alllioiiuli  the  actiuil  scieniific  worth  of  Falirieiiis".- 
systcm  is  far  inferi(n' to  that  of  Itorkhaiiseu.  lie  has  also  introduced  tlu 
new  term  I'arnassii  for  the  Ilcliconii  of  his  former  works,  and  i;i\cn  llu 
latter    name    to   the   exotic   forms    iisiiallv    known   since   iiiider  that     title. 


I'x'sides  tlie-^c   van' 


inc.' 


lltcre(l    the    seipieiice   of  the    uroiip«  mu< 


•h    f 


or 


the  worse,  as  a  comparison  of  the  two  will  iiistaiilly  show. 

In  the  same  and  following  years  llerhsi,  in  the  sixth  to  the  ninth  vdlumcs 
of  his  {joneral  work,  proposes  still  another  elassificalion,  in  which    a  niim- 


lier  of 


names  are  introdincd,  most  of  them   in  coiukm  lion  w  itii    naliiral 


5G 


nil-:  isriTKi!!  I.IKS  ok  nkw  knckand. 


;friiii|i-:,  l)iit  :irr!iii;j:c(|  in  .1  niip>t  in'ct:'iiliir  iiiiiiiiu'r  ;is  ;i|i|ii';irs  tnim  the  I'ol- 
Idwiiii;' ;ilistr;ict  wliicli  liiirdly  needs  (li>ciis>i(in  : — 

Cimsiiles  [  iiii>i'ell;ine()iis  Nyin|ili!(li<liie]  :  Nuhiles  [iniseellaneoiis  Nyiii- 
pliiilinae]  :  IVilinni  [Kn|il(ieiiiiie]  :  l*rMel'e<'ti  [ N'iiiiessidi]  :  Pnietores  [some 
Sjityrinae]  :  \'est:de-  [lieniimiiiiae]  :  Arelicnites  (  A|)aliiridi/';niessidi.  etc.]  : 
I)i('tat<tres  [xmie  Satyrinae]  :  Milites  [Aiyvnnidi  and  Melitaeidi]  :  Kpliori 
['I'lu'clidi]  ;  Civt'si  [I>y<'aenitli]  :  Kustiei  [I  lesperidae]. 

In  1  71i>>  ( 'u\  ier  In  lii- TaMean  eli'nienlaire  dixiiled  Imttei'Hiis  intu  ilie 
twii  l-'aliriiian  ;;'cnera  l'a|iili(i  and  Ilesperia,  and  llie  lirst  n[  ilieni  intu  the 
ti)llii\\  inp' Ll'iiinp-  :  \\  nipliale-,  |(anai,  I'arna.-sii,  llelieonii,  Ki|nite>.  I'Iclieii. 
Tlioe  names  ciin-opund  In  llieii'  later  u>e  liy  I-"alirlehis  lint  are  arranjicd  In 
a  mure  iialnral  urder  and  willi  tlie  nmis.-idn  ul' several  employed  in  tlie  Kiito- 
mdloiiia  systematica. 

Ill  l><lll  we  eiinie  tn  liie  >eei)nd  t'annal  wdi'k  wliieli  (reals  ut'  ImtterHies. 
Selirank's  I-'aima  IJciiea.  and  in  tills  we  liiid,  as  In  I'xirUliaiisen,  a  mneli 
clearer  appreeialiun  ut  r.aliiral  I'elatinnsliips.  'I'lie  liiittertlies  iif  liis  district 
were  jiroiiped  intu  ih'c  i^encra,  wiiicli  were  airaiii  siilidivlded  intu  lettered 
trilies  til  wliicli  no  names  are  iii\en  ;  tliev  are  as  I'ulluws  : — 


\'.v\  iihi«  '  l|i-»iM'fli| 


IM'l'lilllr 


I'i.ri- 


A  .■•Il<li.-uiiii--l 

li  ["liiiiiili^"]. 

<■  [I'li'ii'li]. 

II  'l;liu.|..,','i'i,|i 


M'liiiohi. 

A   |S|iyiln:ic), 
II  A|i;ilill'i<lil. 

l>:ipillM, 
A   [N'yiii|.li:ilJ<li 
It    i  \':MU---|i|ij. 


f  [  Ar^\  iiiiiili]. 
M  (.\Mil;irl,li|. 
niilihi. 

A    [I   lir>-o|iil;lUii|i|. 

It  1  l.v.'ai'iiiili]. 
I-  [TlM.-li,li]. 


It  will  lie  seen  in  the  tii'st  place  dial  Scliraiik  I'ullnw-  prcciseK'  ilie  urder 
ul'tlit  N'icnna  ( 'ataluLine  :  and  next  lliat  lie  limil>  the  u-cniis  I'apiliu  to  llie 
Nymplialidat.'  ::iid  iiLi'iiuit  s  I'alirii'iiis's  mchu.--  litspc'-'a.  which  is  eipinalciit  lu 
his  uw  n  Krynni»  and  (  iipido   cimiliined  :  these   he  »tr;inL;'ely  separated 

at  the  widest  e.\treiiie>  :  had  iiis  iicniis  ( 'iipidu  lieeii  placed  hetwei'ii  his 
I*ieri»  and  Maniola,  little  ulijcetiun  cuiild  lie  made  lu  his  arraini'ement  :  a> 
it  i-.  it  11  mains  ul' ahuiit  cipial  \aliic  with  ihal  ut'  iiurlvhaiiscii,  altliuiiiih 
mure  I'lilly  I'recd  Iruiii  the  injurious  iiitliieiice  ut'lhe  earlier  anihurs. 

Latreille  in  Suniiini's  I'mtHin  (  iSd."))  first  intrudnced  a  distinctive  t'amilv 


line,    I'ajiilionides,   I'ur    all    Imtt 


nil 

I'ullow- 


.\>  iii|>liall-. 

.\'>  in|ilKil('>  pi'iip.  'lilt. 

(Nyni|ili;ilii||  \':i1ii'»-iili.  rlc] , 

I'lrhili  LVr^viiniiji  Mini  .M<  lilaihlil 

S:il\ii    [SalyriiiMc']. 
Il('lii'<iiiiii>. 


ertlles.      His   di\isiun    into    "I'liei'ii    is    as 


ll.'llllliilM    [Kll|>l<JrillH<'J. 

r;i|iil{i>  [rii|>ili<iiii(li]. 
l'tini!i«»iii»  [riii'iiti»iilil. 
I'li'n'«  [I'iiTiiiMi']. 
rnKiniiMlii-  [l.yrai'iiiiiai' 
lli--|M'ri;i  [IIc-|mtIiI,-ii']. 


The  .serial  value  ul  this  arraiiL;enieiit  is  an  impruvemeiit  upon  that  ut' 
Selmink.  altlii)iii;li  Polyuimiialns  is  placed  apaiii  in  close  eoiiiicetioii  with 
Ilesperia.  as  was  (ir^t  dune  liy  Linne.  (ieiieric  names  are  t'ur  the  fir^t 
tinu'  applied  tu  the  principal  divisiuns  ut'  Falirieitis. 


cLAssiricAiioN  (»!'  lUttl;IULIi:s. 


57 


At  llic  tiiiK'  tit'  lii-*  (IcMlli.  KMliriciiis  li.'iil  ill  |n•('^.1  ii  p'licral  S\st(iii;i 
LMn->;ii(iniiii,  lull  (iul\  llu  iiii|iiililisli('i I  |in ii ir-sliccts  rriiiiiiii  ,  an  ali,>ir,irt, 
liiiwi'MT.  was  jrivcii  ill  Illi.unV  niiiuii/'liic  (  |.S(I7)  in  wliiili  (he  Imth  iHir- 
wciT  iii\  idt'il  inlii  lipilv-niii' ^ciicra.  Iml  im  lii;^IiiT  dix  i-imis  wi^w  |iin|)(),>((l. 
Tlic  >('(|iiinic  (if  liis  tfcncra.  liiPwcMr,  .-Ikiws  that  lie  liail  sciir:-flv  altered 
lii-  toniK  T  serial  ariaii^ciiiciil,  and  siicli  clian^-cs  m<  he  did  iiilnMliice  \\ri\- 
IKil   tiir  llic  liclIiT. 

I^alrciiic  mad'' <-!ian;iVs  in  classiljcaiidn  in  nearly  all  Iii.>  nnnitinn-  works, 
sit  lliat  it  is  nei'cssary  In  I'cpIIuw  liiin  elusely.  In  lii-  (ienera  cTii-taceiii'iiin 
et  insecloniin  (l'"<(i:i)  lie  divided  luillertlies  into  two  families,  l'a|tiliiinides 
and  llesperiiles,  inelndiiifr  in  the  latter  only  tlie  IIes|ierida<'  of  iiii.dern 
antlioi's,  with  two  jfenera,  one  of  which  has  since  lieen  se|iarated  tVoni  the 
InitterHies  ;  the  first  family  iiielniled  eleven  genera,  extensively  ilivided  into 
unnamed  sections,  to  which  he  attein|ited  to  refer  the  Falirieian  u-eiieia. 
The  series  lieuan  with  the  Nyiii|ph;didae.  of  which  he  lirst  placed  the 
'■Satyri"at  the  head  ami  coiitinned  with  ('elhosia,  Ilelieoniiis  and  Danans  ; 
fdlldwinji-  with  I'a|(ilio,  I'urnassins  and  Colias.  it  <'losed  with  Mryeina  and 
Polyominatns.  one  i'c|)reseiitini;-  the  licnioniinae  the  other  the  I^ycaeiiinae. 
The  ui'iieral  arranm'ineiit.  therefore,  does  not  dilK'r  from  that  of  his  earlier 


work  nor 


from  that  of  Cinier's  TaMean 


In  the  follow  inir  year  however  (( "onsiih'raiions  ifeiu'rales)  lie  eliaiiLied 
the  rilative  position  of  these  j;eneni  ot'  Pajiilionidcs  matiTially,  hut  ntit  tor 
the  better,  lieiiinninjj  with  the  <fenera  ot'  I'apilionidae  lie  eontiiuu'*!  with 
those  of  i'ierinae  and  then  of  the  Faiploeiiiae  ;  after  this  tidlowed  those  ot' 
the    .N'yniphalinae   and    Satyriinu',    and    tinally.    as    iietln-e.    tliosi'    of  the 


I. 


vcaemdae 


Leaeh  was  the  tirst  Kn<f|isli  author  who  attempted  a  earefnl  elassificiiti 
of  luittertlies  ;   in   the   Kdinlinrjiii    Kncyclo|media  (Isl'))  he  pnMished  tli 


on 


followiiiLi:  scheme 


for  his  Section  Dinrna: — 


Trilir  I.  /'./,.///..„ /./..v. 

Kiini.  I.  l';i|iiliip|iM:i  [I'npiliip.  l';iniii>- 
>iii».  I'ii'ii^,  l'(plia>.  (icpiicpli  Tj  \,  Ar- 
;;.\iiiii-i.  Militiii'ii.  \':iiii'-«:i.  Ili|pip:pi('lii!i. 
I.iniciiili-.  Aii:iliii':i]. 


t'liiil.  'J.     j.vi-iiciiiilM  ['i'lu'rl;!.  f.M'ai'lia]. 
Ti-ilpill.     l'l,s,„ri'l.s. 


l'':iin.   I.    f 


i(l:i 


lli»|i(riilii 


The  ueneral  seipieiice  of  j,''enera  y'ivcn  in  Latreille's  then  last  pnlilished 
work  was  tiillowx'd  and  tin-  oppo.-i'ion  of  the  skippers  to  the  other  hiitter- 
tlies  still  maintained,  hut  the  laittertiies  witli  oniscil'orm  larvae  were  first 
reeojiiiized  as  a  family  j;roiip. 

Another  entirely  new  and  |ieenliar  elassitication  was  attempted  hy 
Iliilmer  somewhere  hetween  iNdCi  anil  l<Sl(>*  in  his  much  discussed  'I'eiita- 
nieii,  in  whieli  Phalanx  I.  I'aiiiliones  was  divideil  as  t'olhpws: — 


•lluliiiiT  -tiilo.  ill  till'  lirst  ii'iiliiry  of  lii-       iiinl  I   liav 
/iitniv'i'  (Isls),  tliiil  it  vva- piilili>liiil  ill  Isiiii,       llii- impi-Iv. 


iiipli'il  it.  u  lii'ir  iici(—.iirv,  ill 


■1,'^5I 


58 


Till-:  lu  riKitn.iKs  of  m;\v  kvcilaxd. 


ri 


'rriliii>  I.    Siinii'lmtrs. 

I.  N.Tci.lc-  [ll.'ii.-.iiiiiiii.']. 

II.  I,iiiiniiilr>  [Kii|il(M'iMac-J. 

III.  I,('iiiiiiii:iilr«  [Mi'litari'li]— n  tii'iilali. 

1\'.  Dryailo  [Ai'l'v  iiiiiili]— unmli. 

V.  Iliiinailryadi--  [Vam— -iMiJ  -iiinliilali. 

\\,  Niijailc'«  [N.\  iii|ilialhli]--  fa-iiali. 

\ll.  I'.ilaiiii.lr-  lA|ialiMiili]  -phalcTali. 

VIII.  Ori'aili'«  [Sal\  riiiarl— '.n'miiiali. 


'I'lilpll-  ill- II  HI  IK. — (il'll». 

I.  Itii-lii-l  [  1.1    '■  iiiiuii']— nii'alr... 

II.  I*riiici|ii>  (I' i|pili.iiiiiiai']— iiiiliili  • 

III.  Maiii'i|>ia   |l*icriiiar]   -viili-'ai'i'*. 

I\'.  (nll^lllr-  [l.ilivlliciliar]— ciillslllc: 

V.  riliaiii  [II(«|Mri(l,ii]-Hvllf». 


The  siuno  jr«'iit'riil  .■^cliciiic,  with  only  the  cliaiiifc  iit'  iiiiim's  I  liiivi'  inilicatcil 
:ilM(\t'  at'tcr  till"  (liislics,  wiis  used  l)y  Hiilnu'i'  tliniiii^lioiit  liis  l']iirii|K'aii 
Hiitti'rHu'.s,  |)iil)lisluMl  tVoni  INIk;  until   lii.s  death.      'I'lu-  iiiHiu'iico  of  I)((rk- 

i>iit   in   the  .separation  of  the 


lausen   IS  |> 


ivni] 


laini 


ihaiio.ie  a- 


V  .seen    in   the  nonienelatnn 
a  ,u:n>ii;    •)t'  e(|iiivalont  value  to  the  rest   of  the  l)uttertli 


this  scheme  is  nni(|iie 


riie  'rentanien  has,  !io\ve\er,  i 


)een  c'onip 


letelv 


over- 


looked liy  hiter  writers,  though  eo[)ietl  in  jirineipal  hy  Oehfenheinier,  as  will 
ln'  M'cii  shortly. 

Prom  1816  to  1836.  The  year  lM(i  jrave  hirth  to  no  less  than  three 
distinct  woi'ks  of  iinportaiicc  upon  hiitti'rtlies.  The  first  in  merit  was  that 
of  Dalman,  who  piiiilished  in  the  .'^weilish  .\cadeiny"s  memoirs  an  essa\ 
upon  tiie  classitication  of  the  huitertlies  of  .SwetK'ii  ;  in  his  definitions  of  (he 


'•roiiii-^.  Iiotli  of  laru'e 


UK 


I  minor  extent,  he  li.'is   hroiinht  into  use  the  most 


SIM 


itiiil   chiiracters.  drawn  not   only   from   the  iiiiaud  hut    from   the  lar\al 

trealiiiL;'   his  sul>ieet    in   a   manner  more   thoroiijjhlv  <v\- 

1.1 


and    pupal    state; 

eiitilic  tiian  had  e\,'r   lieen  ;ire\  ioiisly  doiu-.      I  siihjoin  in  lull  at  tiu'  toj 


the    next    pau'e  thi'   talile   which    | 'cci 
tjronpi 


(led    h 


lis    lull   characteri/atioii  of  the 


IS  it    presents  the  di\isions  of  the  author  in  a  succinct  form,  and 


how- 


he  p 


that 


lad  heen  made  at  that  lime  iiv  the  l)i'st  natnra 


li.sts 


It  \\\\\  lie  noticed  that  while  the  sc(|ueni'e  of  the  irronps  is  similar  to  thai 
tiiven  in  Latreille's  earliest  essay,  the  ijferms  ol'  se\  eral  of  the  larger  di\  isious 
of  later  times  are  here  first  'irought  tu  lijiht. 

The  si'cond  W(irk,  puliiishcd  in  •!       year    liSll!,  to  which    we  would    call 
attention,    is  ihe  fourth    \olnine   of  ( )chseniieimer's   iMiropi'an    liudcrtlies. 


In   his  [)revions   volumes,  as   in   his   '^chinetterlinge  Saehsens  (l.so,")),  th 


V 


le  genus  i  aiiilio  :   now  he  ( 


livid 


es 


author  luul  |ilaeed  all  the  .-pecies  under  th 

iIk'iu   without    further   classificalioii   into  sixteen  genera,    arranged   in   tin 


follow  in!"'  order 


Melit; 


\"'i 


vr.m 


s.  Knpl 


Linicnitis,  ( 'ha- 


raxcs,  .\|ialur!i,  Ilipparchia,  Lycaena,  I'apilio,  Zerynthia,  I) 


orili 


(intia. 


( 'olia>.  Ilecaerge,  1Ii'S|k 


Notwithstanding  his  criticism  of  Iliilmer  in 


the  [ireface,  it  will  he  .seen  that  the  se.pienee  here,  with  the  sole  exception 
of  the  position  of  Kuploi'a.  is  exiietly  the  same  as  Hiihner  outlined  a  fe>v 
years  lietiire,  and  was  tlu'ii  employing  in  his  ieonographic  works. 

Finally  the  third  work  of  liiis  year    was  a  more  elahorate  classificat 
puhlished  hy  Iliilmer  in  his  Systematisches  verzeich 


mss,  an   expansn 


ion, 
tn   of 


(i.AssiFicATioN  OK  Hrri'KKrur.s. 


69 


TiIiiiIm  >yiiii|itir:i  l.('|>ii|ii|iii'rciniiii  iliiiriKiniiii  Svi'i'iac  KniiiiliM' 


CllUlM' 


Kaniiliiil.  /'.^ 

lliliullis. 

Tiliiiic  iKi-liiiii' 

IIIIIIiciK'        :i|iiri' 
Mllll      >|lil|llM>      I. 

I'lilcanitd.    (I,:ii'- 
va  >iiliiliMli>). 


Sn-lii)  I.  Trl- 
r!ip(iili'>, 

l'i'(li>»L'ic>s(irii 
taiitiiiii  4,  iintici 
iliKi  Ml>lin'\  iiili 
drlijli'^. 


(  l)hi»iii  I.  Alai' 
I  |Mi«iiiiinr«   an- 
i.|,.,|..„v  I          I  "l:i:i|ic|-ta.  (Nrr- 
.          '           .  aiiliTinr    iiiTXd'. 


■2.  :i.  1:  iici>irri(>r 
'>.li.7.riiiilli'iis). 
I.ai'va    |ilii>   iiii- 


/iii-     iMi-icriini 

aliiliiiiii'ii  >iil>tii> 

caiiali  i\ri|iirii- 

tc>.    I'ffn/nt  -uli-  , 

v.. IS.,   ano    tan- :""'^''^l"""^'' 

tlllll       ^ll>|>rll>a. 

I.iirni  |ilii>  iiii- 

inisvc  >iiinM«a  I. 

<alli'in    ami    l>i- 

niurrcinalii. 


I  l'lialaiiL'r>  ■.i>l(iii. 

(iiltifil. 

1.  MiiKiiiltK. 

•J.  A-lai.. 

:!.  Ari.'yiiiii-. 

t.  Mi'litaca. 


I>i\i>ii>ll.  Alar 
lui^lrriurcM  arr- 
i>la  rlaii>a.  iht- 
VDs  railiatiiii  '  "i.  Kirhia. 
I'liiitlriilr.  Lar- 
va inula,  alio  lii-  I 
iiiiii'i'iiiialii.  \ 


ScciiciII.  lli'x- 
:l|M)il('s, 

I'cili's     olllIU's 
•Diiiplcli  i;r(»o- 


[  rii. 


I'lialaiix  II. 
I(r\a|icMlr».  Ah"-  liii-li'i  iiil'.-  [il'il 
aliilijiiiiiii'  lllii'i'd  iiiai'i;iiii'  iiilrrliiii' 
I'XrUac,  iHT\i>  laiiliiiii  ■»;  inltjiu 
ft  iiitavo  r  lia«l  alac,  nliinii«  <x 
arc'iila  ilail>a  iirli'iitlliii>.  /."//v 
tclltai'iilu  ('ullai'i'  lilliilo,  I'aiiiciMi, 
ivtriirlili. 

riialaiix  III. 
Hrxapdilo.     Aliif  |Mi«liTi<iri"i  al)- 


ti.  Aiiiaiy»«ii- 
7.    |)(iiili<. 


lIllllK'll 


iili 


•Xi'l|iH'lllr.- 


(iaiiiins. 


I'li/ijHi    aiilii-i'    »h/-iiiii-  I 


ri'oiiala.   Kilo  iraiisvciM)  alliirala 


Cdlli 


iirrii  iiMiliia. 


riialaiix  IV, 


Ih'xa 


1.1.- 


ra.-ill.      Al'i,- 


i'|iii«  »laliira  parva 


iiii'ii    I'a 


iiali 


|iii>l4'iiiin'>.    a 


ImI<i 


rxi-i|i|rllli' 


al'rolii 


ajii'iia:  Mi'i'v  i  ihiM'iii.    Oi'iili  iiiar- 
L'iiii'    |ial|M'lirali    iji^liiicrn.    iihi 


tirrit  itiu^i-iloniii'. 


Mil 


lica.    'iililii^    plana :  i-apilc 


Nvala.  iiMi- 


'ililM 


(tlixilctiiti'iliii.. 


Iirrvls  DJitiisa.  Illii  pi 
ll-'ala. 


iliiiin  al- 


ii,   /rpliyni-. 


Aiiniii' 


II Ir 


Kamlliall.     1I< 


Til 


iaf  p(i>lic'ar  prai'liT  a 


pii'U  .'al. 


tac ,  aiilii'r  lati'iT   inlcrnii   aplcciii    vci'Mi-  rxi'avali 


ana  «pMia  L'l'niiiia  el  mlcra  in^tnii' 


>:    lu. 


Mil; 


I    apprllili' 

I" 


I'i'iii  >piiill'iM'iiii'iii  I'M'ipicnlc.     (I't   III    KaiiilllK  »'<|iiriilil>ii>   Liphli  , 
Ic'i'iinini  (■|'i»pii.riilarli)i'iiiii  ct  NuiUirnnniin  (|iill>n^  liaiM>  Kainllia  \iaiii 
Ipiii-al. 


10.    Ili-piria 


liiij  preceding  attempt-s,  in  wliicli   the  Plisilanx    Piipiiiones    was   divided    a.-j 
f'olldw.x : — 


'I'l'llms  .\'!iiiiii/(iili's, 

silrps  1,  Xfrclclc.i  [Ili'licdiiiiiac]. 

i,    liiiiinaili's  [Kiiplui'inai'J. 

;!.     Naparac  [l.i'iiidiiiliiai']. 

4.     I.rnidiilaili's  [.Mi'lilaridiaiul  Ad'ai'lill]. 

."i.     Oryailc'^  [.Vr.L'yiiiilill]. 

II.     liaiiiadiyaili's  [\ali('>>iili]. 

7.     Najadf.-'f.NyniplialMI]. 

s.    I'olaiiilili's  [Apaturlili]. 

!i.    Orcaili's  [.Suiyrinac]. 


'rriliiis  (it  iitilrs. 

.Slirps  1.  AifiiMllat'tl  [I.yi'aciiiiiaf]. 

•-'.    Anlidiilcs  [I'apllloniiiai]. 

:i.     .Viiilrdpdda  [riiTiiiac]. 

4.    Ilypall  [l.iliyilicinai]. 

.").    Tili-liliH'"  [('a>Iiiiidaf]. 

II.     .\>lycl  [IIi-piTldac]. 


In  this  selienie  many  of  the  niiniCB  of  IJorkhausen,  fiehh)ni  notieed,  have 
liecn  niinapplied.     It  differs  from  tliat  of  the  author's  Kiiropean  IxitterHies 


60 


riiK  itrnr,i!i"i,ii:s  ok  \i;\v  kncland. 


in  till"  intniiliictiun  of  tlic  first  tlircc  stirps,  exotic  jfroiips  ((initfcd  in  tlii' 
latter;  the  licninniiniio  liiive  ii  .-ilriin^rc  place  iissiirncd  tlieni  ;  it  was  un- 
(loiihledly  the  character  of  the  larva,  with  which  ln'  was  ac(|iiainte(l,  which 
induced  him  to  place  tiie  LihythciiiMC  next  the  Pierinae.  In  these  sclu'nies 
Iliiliner  is  tlie  first  to  |>lace  the  Xynipiialidae  (in  ^enei'al)  in  op|)osition  to 
all  the  rest  ot'  the  huttcrHies. 

The  last  mentioned  work  of  IIul>ner  is  more  rcmarkaiile  tor  its  minute 
division  of  the  "fcncra  than  for  anvthin<r  else;  this  division  is  fonnded 
mainly  upon  appearances  and  jiatti'rns  ot' coloration, — a  sijrniticant  and  help- 
ful i)Ut  unsafe  jiuide,  hy  which  he  has  hci'u  h'd  into  a  jjieat  numher  of 
errors  ;  yet  it  is  safe  to  say  that  he  had  arrived  at  that  early  day  at  a  clearer 
idea  of  tiie  minuter  relationsiii[)  anionj^  huttei-tlieM  than  almost  any  one 
since  his  time  ;  and  as  oidy  altout  seventy  ifenera  of  huttcrHies  had  heen  es- 
taltlisheil  previously  to  the  puhlication  of  his  work,  while  he  refers  tliem  to 
more  than  four  times  as  many  generic  j^ronps  (under  the  desijfuation 
Verein  or  Coitus*),  it  is  plain  that  a  considerai)le  portion  of  the  names  now 


m 


use  nnist  perfori'o  he  referri'd  to  Iliihucr.      Vet  th 


IS  IS  not   al 


tor  each 


one  of  his  fifteen  stirps  was  divided  into  families,  sixty-two  in  numl)er  in  'dl, 
which  in  connection  with  his  stirps  formed  the  compoimd   fi'cncric  dcsicriiii- 


tion 


)f  h 


US  earlier  wm 


rks.  (1 


csiynations  to  which,  stranirc  to 


he  h 


rlt 


returned  six  years  later  in  his  list  of  Huropi'an  hntterflies. 

To  return  to  the  classification  of  liatreille  as  altered  in  his  various  works: 
in  the  first  edition  of  the  Hej^ne  animal  of  Cuvier  (1M17),  all  the  species 
were  classed  au'ain  under  one  ^^'nus,  Papilio,  which  wasdi\ided  into  several 


suhticncra  arrantrcd  in  nnicli 


th 


line  order  as  m 


his  (I 


iencra  Crustaccoruni 


et  Insecliinun,  hut  without  anv  larircr  isr 


In  the  Kncyclopedie  nu'thodi((ue  (  iNllI)  the  order  of  the  ( 'onsidcration^ 


ireneralc 


was  ex'U'tIv  followed  with  the  introductiini  of  a  ft 


w  new  ifcnera  ; 

and  a  moi'c   minute  sui)- 

licach. 


ti:e  families,  howe  -er,  were   dcsii,niated   "ti-ili 

divisitm  made;  ani<  nu'  ollici' ihiuirs,  douhtlcss  from  the  influence  ol 

the   Lycacnidae   were  separated  from   the  other   I'apilionides  as  a  distinct 

division,  hut  >vithout  name. 

In  his  Families  natiU'clK's  (l82o)  he  retains  neaily  the  sanu>  se(|uer.cc 
of  ^fcnei'u,  exceptinji'  in  placinjf  Lihythea  nearer  its  true  allies.  The  trihe 
of  I'apilionides  is.  howe\('r.  divided  into  two  fireat  gnaips,  Ilcxapoda  and 
Tetra[)(Mhi    (allhouj;h   the   latter  term    is    not  directly  i'mployed)  and   the 


latter  are  airain  divided  into  1 


1' 


did 


)iiaii(lae  ant 


I  I. 


vcaenii 


lac 


\\(i  lumametl  ji'roups  correspontlmjf   to  .\ym- 
within  the  t'ormer  of  these  last   two,   other  larire 


!rronj)s  are  reco<rnizetl,  as  will  he  seen  hy  the  followini;  fi;eneral  alistract  of 
his  scheme,  untler  the  Familv  Diiu'iia  : — 


•IliiliiKT  cniiiloviMl  the  li  Till  "^iriifi-a"  fur      lii'iii^  In  all  llif  uiliiTi'att'gorii's,or  iii'W  iiij|jli- 
tlic   <i"M'ii's,  aiHl  liiwi:  I'ithi'i'   new   cullcriivi'       falluns  to  uliI  Ii'1'm\s. 


(I.ASSIFIC.VIION   OK   lit  TTKHKMKS. 


61 


Ti-il"-  /' 


/iHll'iltl" 


Ili'\ii|i'i<hi 


A.   r:i|iiliii.  l';iil ill-.  Tli: 

II.  t  ciliii«.  riiii«. 


[Ti'lrii|i<Hlii]. 


I. 


A.     I>;iii.iiil;i.  Mr.i.  Ilclicni'i;!.  Arnna. 
It. 


•   I'l  rliilii  (I  illiii«i,i.  Ai-L'\iiiii-i. 

«  • 

t  Villir»«:i. 

H  l.il.yllhii.  Itil.li>.  Nviniiliiill-.  Moiplio. 
Ii.  I'avciiiia.  Ili';i-«iill-.  Kill')  lilii.  <:il>  ni- 
II.       Ai-.'ll-. 

I.  .M>  I'iiiii.  rnlvdiii III-.  Ki'vi'i'iiii. 

■J.   ll.iiliiiDriii".  /r|i|i\rii-. 
Tiilpi'  //..s/K /■((/.  .<  ( ll(»|Miiii.  rnipiiii). 

Fiiiiilly,  ill  tin-  ,-<t'C(in(l  ('ditiiiii  nt'  ( 'iivii'rV  Kt'ffiu'  iiniiii:il  (  IX^'.l).  lie  i>\t- 
scrvcil  the  .xaiiic  (trdcr  witlioiit  cniployiiijf  iiiiy  liiriri';j:niii|(s.  ciinsidcriii',' tlic 
iiiimrs  Conncrly  iiscd  as  siihircncrii  iiiidfr  (Uic  jfcmi~.  I'lijiilio. 

In  \X'2'.i,  Diiiiit'iil  (liviil('(l  tlie  ( Jloljiiliconu's  oi'  K'ii|ialiiciT<'.-*  as  lie  callcil 
tilt'  liiittcrHics  into  tliri'*' jfciicra,  I'apilio,  II('s|i('ri;i  and  llctcrniitcriis. 

In  \f^'2-^,  Ilorsficld.  tlioruufildy  inilincd  with  lie  sonK^vliat  t'ancit'nl  \  icws 
of  MacLcay  iiimhi  tlic  classiticatiitii  ot'aniinals  'nto  (piinMry  ur"ii|>s,  pmiMiscd 
to  divide  tlic  ImttcrHics,  or  the  "Triln'  l*a|iiliiiiit's"  into  fi\('  stirjis  called 
ri's|i('etively  : — 

Vrniiiliiriii  -lir|i-   [l.yi'iii'niiiiif]. 

<  liilii'^'iKilliiriinii  III'  .liiliriinii  >lii'|i-  [rM|iiliiiiii>l:ii']. 

(  iiiloiMHlifiinn  m-  Si'(il(i|n'iiilril'iiiiii  -lii-ps  [Ny  Mi|>li;illil.'ir.  r\i'c'iiliii'-'  iiiAt  ■.'ri)ii|i]. 

■rii\-:iiiillil'iiriii  «li|-ii>  [S.ilM'iiiiir,  A|Piiliiriili]. 

Aii<>|iliii'il'<>i'iii  -lii'iis  [lli'>|>i'i'{ihii'.  I.i'iniiiiiiii:ii'{. 


Tlic  eiinsti'uetiun  uf  a  special 


ipiivalcnl  to  eillici'  nt'  the   iitliers  for 


llinsc  liiiltci'llies  wlidse  larvae  lia\('  a  lurked  tail    is    tun    inireasuiialili 


ith 


ir  prcst-nt  kn(»\vle<l<re  (if  ImtterHies,  to   admit  ol'  a   sini;le   tliun^iit.      Mnt 


sdinc  excellent  remarks  will   he  liiiini!   in  the    \\(ii'l 
the  \\'ieiier  \'er/eichiiiss. 


"•pceially  ill    praise   ot' 


Th 


iiiarv  svstem  of  MacLeav  ah 


II  1.1-Mll 


led  a  MihiMe  adherent  in  .'^waiii- 


siim,  will)  in  the  pi-e\  imis  year  M'liil.  maii'.  )  had  a-^rilcd  that  "wlieie  we 
find  the  series  nfaiiy  |(articiil;ir  jfrmip  imhrnlieli  \i\  sudden  or  ahinpl  lian- 
sitiuns,  it  will  always  he  tliiind  to  cmitain  five  otiierjs  oC  an  inl'eridr  descrip- 
tion, two  of  which  will  e.xhiliit  a  perli'ction  siijierior  to  the  other  three." 
.Vceordiiiffly  he  |ii'oposed  the  followiii<r  main  division  nC  luitterflies  : 


'M "  piw 


Xyiiiplialiiliii'. 


|illj»llii||tr 


lll's|ll  Thllll', 


ilicriiiiil '.  I'olMiiii.iiiitMiir, 


lli'lii'iiiiiiliii'. 


.\s   tl 


lesc  were  not   supposed  to  iik 


idicat 


e  ii   serial 


lint 


onl\'  a   circular   a 


rangement,  the  IIeliconida(>  I leing  regarded  as  as  near  to  the  .Nymphalidac  um 
to  the  I*i)]yoiiiinatidae,  it  was  a  clover  nttcnipt  hy  one  holding  niatheniiilieal 
views  akin  to  srpiaring  the  circle.      In  his   siihserpient   essays,  however,  as 


62 


Till'.  mriKHi-i.iKs  OK  \i:\v  i:\(;i.ani>. 


ill  lii>  Ziiiilin,'ic;il  lllii>li:itii>n«,  lie  .ilici'  ilii-  iiMiiif-  nt'  lii.x  j,'ri)ii|>s  :iiiil  ciii- 
li|()\>  Ml  iii:iii\ new  t'siinily  iiiiiiu'^— as  >ii(yriilin  .'inil  Kryi'iniiiiir  -liiiit  it 
^viuilil  seem  :is  IT  liis  \it'\vs  wore  tint  tixi'ti  with  Mtw  iniitlit'in;iliciil  riL'i'lilv. 
St»'|ili('ii,-i.  iilsii,  .•u'i'c|iliiii:;  tlif  |iiinci|i:il  timl  "ii;iliir.il  nlijccls  cMiiniil  In' 
arriiiiui'il  mj^ti'imIiIv  tn  ilicir  iitlinitic.t,  ntluTwi.-i'  tliMii  liy  a  series  nt'  circli's 
•ri'tiii'iiiiiLr  .  ..  intii  tlii'iiiM'ixo."  "'!illliiiiii;li  "si'»|ii  u'lii  as  to  tlic  i|iiiiiary  ar- 
raiiircnicnl  Ih'Iiij;  mii\i'rsal."  |iri>|)itsi'tl  in  liis  ('aiaJoijiu'  «>!'  lNi".l  t'lHir  t'aiiii- 
lii's  of  liiitti'iflii's  urraiijii'ti  ilnis  : — 


1 1.]     l':i|iilioni.l:ii'. 
[I.]      Ili'.pri'ihl;!!'. 


['.'.]     Nyiii|ili:ilicliii', 
l:l.|      l.><':i.'iii.lMi'. 

[n  liis  serial  list  tlic  onicr  is  </\\{.'n  as  I  liavi-  iiiiiiiIi(MV(1  tlu-in. 

I'x'ixliiva!  is  tlu"  lu'xf  aiiili  to  uiioiii  wo  iniisi  turn  our  afiontion.  In 
liis  Indtx  iiu'liioiliciis  (iS-JiM  111-  ili\i(lt(l  tlu- ••Diunii"  into  tiirci'  trilu's, 
I'apiiionidi.  Nyniplialiili,  ami  lh's|u'riili.  No  t'lirtlicr  sululivisions  wrri' 
•itl'on'il  oxi'i'|itinj;  jjjiMioni.  Tlu'  Lycat'iiinat' won- all  iiiaccd  in  l'olyonniialii> 
at  till  fii',1  ot'  tho  first  trilu-.  In  tin-  arranixfiiii'iit  of  tlic  laruft'i-  i,'roui>s,  then, 
this  M-hcnu'  lias  notiiini.'  that  is  natm'al  cxcciilinjr  its  tcrniination  with  tlif 
••lli'siH'ridi."  as  all  anthois  ha\i'  doni- :  it  placi's  tlu'  \i'ry  iiiirlu'st  and  vi'i-y 
lowi'st  Inittcrriii's  in  inxtaposiiion.  and  is  t'onndcd,  ihoiiirh  not  fxpri'ssly, 
on  t'haractors  drawn  t'roin  the  pnpa  only. 

In  liis  SjH'fii's  iri'iu'ral,  this  sanii"  author  iri\A's  a  historical  act'onnt  o( 
ilassifioations|iro|)osi'd  up  to  his  tinii",  which  is  full  of  the  most  extraordinary 
errors,  and  which  ends  with  still  another  arranjxi'inent,  dirtorinu;  from  all 
precedint;'  in  tho  mnlti|ilication  ot'  i;rou|is  called  liy  iiiin  families,  which  arc 
classitl  as  ahove  into  throe  jj;ronps  founded  expressly  on  the  mode  oi'snspen- 
-ion  in  the  pnpa. 

Siiixiinii  1  r;i|iillniii<l>'«.  l'ii'ri<li'>.  Kiiini'iiiiU«,  l.ycfuiilo.  Krviiiiiili's.  riTidnmiiilr.-). 
Simi'i  iini  I  Danaiili's,  lli'li<uiiiili'«.  Nj  iii|ili;iliilr«,  Iii;i-*oli(lr>,  Miirpliiili'^.  S;il\  riili>,  ltililiili«. 

I.illytllilll■^). 
IitC'ibtti  (Ili-poriili'-l. 

This,  it  will  he  seen,  is  hiit  a  doveloi)ment  of  his  former  views,  expressed 
ill  the  Index  and  siihseiiiiently  in  his  work  on  American  Imttertiies  with 
LcC'onte  (182;i-;U),  as  well  as  in  his  leones  (18;{2-4;{)  in  which  the 
irroups  Sni'cincti  and  Siisponsi  or  Pendiilae  are  first  introilueed.  It  is  the 
onlor  adopted  liy  a  very  larjre  class  of  entomoloirists  at  the  jiresent  day, 
and  has  the  demerit  of  all  classifications  estahlislied  on  sinjjle  eharaeters ; 
fortunately,  within  a  few  years,  the  sounder  opinions  of  j)revioiis  writers  are 
iiejriiininir  to  gain  giipporters.  and  to  lie  estahlislied  upon  still  more  suhstan- 
tial  jrroiiiuls. 

From  1839-1859.  The  first  step  in  tliis  direction  was  taken  by  West- 
wood,  in  his  Modern  classification  of  insects  (liSii!'),  not  only  with  regaixl 
to  the  arranLreincnt  of  the  primary  groii|>s,  luit  in  opposition  to  the  introduc- 


(  LA^siiK  AiinN  (H    i;r  I  I  i;i;i  I.IIS. 


(;;; 


iJiiM  iirMinciiiv  iiilnor  ili>  i>iiiii.'<.  In  w  liicli  mi  ii|iii\;iliMil  imik  \\!i>  iiccniclcil. 
tliMl  III' rMiiillli'-.  Wi'stutiiiil  ili>  iilcil  llic  liiillci  llii's  iiitii  >i\  linnilics  ill  tin 
following,'  oril.r:  I'jipiliunidac.  I  li'lii'imi'liic.  \\  iii|ili:iliiliii'.  hirxcinidu.-. 
liVi'iit'iiiiliic,  iiuil  II)'s|M'i-iil:i(' ;  llic  l':i|iilii>iiiil:ir  were  rnrllici'  ilixidcil  iiii.i 
h\ii  Mr|')iii|».  i')\i'i'|iliiiu:  ill  llic  aluiiinicil  |iiisiliiin  of  llic  l'ii|iilii)iiiiltii'.  :i 
li'ij.ii'N  iViMii  iiiaiiv  |)i'('\  inns  sN  sl<'iii>.  llif  sn|iiciii'r  id' llir  LTri'iiji.-  lra\r-  litllc 
111  lie  (Icsii'cd. 

In  tlu'ir  lli>liiiit'  iialiiri'lli' (li'M  iii.-»'('lc.-i  (|,s|(i),  M(--.i>.  Iilani'lianl  ami 
nrnlli'  ailii|)tc(l  inosl  nl'  tlic  •;roii|is  liiiinilnl  l>y  lii>i'<iln\al,  Iml  ciiiisiili'iril 
llicin  as  siilit'ainilics  or  liilics;  llicy  nrraiiu:*')!  llit'in  al~'>  inlo  I'oiir  I'ainilirs 
wliitsc  s('i|ni'ii<'i'  (lilK'rs  a  liltic  I'loni  llial  |irii|iii-4('il  l>\    I  ..>isi|ii\al,  tlins; 

l''.iin.  /'i(/i///>i/(/. /(>;  lrilir>,  r.i|iilliiiiilr«.  I'ii  lih - 

l'".im.  .\;/(/i/i/("//' «<,•  lilliv,   rii-iilriiniili'«.   I>iiii:iiii-.  )!•   Hniiii   -,  AiL-Minili -.  liililiii ..  I,ili\- 

lliiilc.  \\iiiiili:illlr«.  Iti-:i-.»iillli>.  M  Mjiliili-,  SilMJli^. 
Kiim.  h'i'itriiiiiiis;  lrilM>,  l.vi'ariiilr-'.  KiMlnilr^. 
Kaiii.  Ilin/ii  lit  Hi;   IriUi' llivjiriilr^. 

|)n|iiini'li('l  in  his  ( 'atalnu'iic  inrllu)(li(|nc  (  l''~*  I  I  )  <li\  iilcd  llic  ••  I  >iiiina" 
inli)  lliiilcfii  Irilx's  willi  no  iiilfr\  iniii^'  yii  i|is.  Tlicy  :'i  |ilarc(|  in  llic 
f'dllowiiii:- ordi  T  :  llanaidac.  Ar^'x  nniilac.  \  (iicssidar.  liiliv  ilicidar.  Nyni- 
idiahdac.  Saiyridac,  l'a|iiliiinidac.  I'a'iiassidac.  I'inidac,  lilindoccridac, 
Ii\  lacnidMc,  I'lrycinidac,  I  Ics|H'ridiM'.  I  Icrf  airain  I'm'  llu'  (iisi  lime,  j'ui 
many  years,  llic  nymplialid  LiTiinps  arr  |p|ai'id  aliinc  the  uiIhts,  Iml  llir 
Lyi'ai'niilac  and  I'^ryrinidac  arr  slill  |)lai'«'d  in  \l  llir  li('s|ii'i'ida('.  It  ic- 
.scinlilr>  llir  arraiiLrciiii'iii  hy  liali'cilic  in  Suiniiiii's  MiiHiin. 

Ill   l^l'S  lu'ifan  llic  |inldicalii)n  ut'  llic  irrcat  work  nl'   Messrs.   I  >i)iil)lei[a\ 
and    llewilsnii    on    tlic(ieiicra    nl    liiittcrllies,   cniiliiiiied    l>y    Westwnnd   in 
flic  place  (if  l>niilileday  after  the  death  of  ilie   latter.      .Vs  W'csiwnud   fre- 
(pieiilly  expresses  his  dissent   from  th<'  classiliealion  of  the   larirer  iirmips 
adopted  ill  the  hitler  half  nf  tlu'  work,   and   states  that    he    has  endeavored 


simply  to  CI'  iipii  ic  llic  work  as  cniirely  as  possihic   in  aecnrdaMce  with   tin 
views  ot'  his   preilccessor,    we   nnist    sneak  of  the   'General    classification   a.- 


1' 


throinrlioiit   that   of  Doiildeday.      In  this  cla-sieal  work   Doiilileday  (Ii\  ided 

the  liniierflics   into  nnmeroiis  families  wilhoni   the   intervention  of  laiifer 

irroiip-  or  the  u><-  ot' sniifainilies  ;   his  t'amilies     re  as  follows  :    I'apilionidac, 

I'icridac,    Ajreronidac.    Daiiaidae,    Ileliconidac.    Acraeidae,    Nymphalidac. 

]\Ior|»hidai\  Hrassolidae,    Satyridae,    Liliytlieidae,  Hiirytclidae,  lOrycinidae, 

Lyeaenidae,  llcsperidae.      The   Nyniphalidae   are  thus   hrokcn  up  into  an 

iiniisiial  iininher  of  j:;rnn[is,  each  of  which  is  considered  of  taniily  \aliie  and 

eiinivalent  to  siieli  larjri'  assenihhiires  as  the  Lyeaenidae  or  llcsperidae. 

Stephens's  arranjieiiient   as  jfivcii  in  the   liritijih  .Miiseiiin  Catalo^nie  of 

Knirlif'h  insects!  (IN')!))  is  as  follows: — 

Fain.  I'lii'Uhiniiliir;  sulilainiilos,  rapiliuniill,  KiKMlDcciiili.  I'Icriili. 

Fain.  Xiihi/iliiiliiliic;  sulifaniilk's.  Salyriili.  Nyiiiiilialiili.  \':inc>-iMi,  .VrLr.Miiilill. 

Fain.  ICri/fiitiiliif. 

Fain,  Lj/cdiiiiiliie, 

Fani,  Ikuporiiliie. 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-S) 


1.0 


I.I 


\^m  m 

2.0 


Hi     U& 


1.8 


// 


W    / 


s.  %° 


%?., 


# 


f/. 


1.25 

^=  1 

1.4    1  ,.6 

^ ^ fj,  

► 

J 


% 


^^^ 


^^ 


w 


7 


>, 


'/ 


% 


Photographic 

Sciences 

Corporation 


23  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  NY.  14S80 

(716)  872-4503 


iV 


<^ 


w. 


is 


K^i 


64 


I'llK   lUrrKHKLIKS  OK   xi;\v   i;X(;i.AXI). 


}/,:i 


Tlu'  only  tliinir  to  l>i'  noticed  in  this  inTanLi'cincnt,  when  coniinircd  witli 
its  rt'CL'iit  [ircdc'ccssors,  is  tlic  lii^^li  rank  iiccordi'd  to  the  Satyridi ;  nu  sul)- 
t'aniilii's  wore  admitted  anions'  the  Nyniphalichie  in  liis  previous  eatah),uMie, 
nor  wore  tlie  Satyrinae  placed  at  the  head  of  tlie  N'yni|)iialidae. 

Ileydenreicli  in  b'^.")!  piihlished  a  catalotfue  of  Knropean  ]ie[)idoptera  in 
whicii  tlicr;'  vas  no  hiii'iier  di\ision  of  the  hntterHics  than  u'cnera  and  tiieso 
followed  the  ordiT  of  Ochsenheinicr. 

Lederer  in  his  attempt  at  a  si'i-ial  distiMhiition  of  Knro[)ean  l)ntterHies 
(Verhandl.  zool.-hot.  Xvr.  \\'ien,  l'S,')2)  employed  nine  families,  placing 
Iviuiies,  Pierides,  liyeaenoidae  and  Kiycinides  under  Suecincti ;  Lihy- 
tlieoidae,  Nymplialides,  Danaides  and  Satyroidae  tinder  I'endnlae ;  and 
closing  witli  the  Ilt'sperioidae.     The  inthience  of  Uoisdnval  is  marked. 

In  his  Scandina\ian  laittertlies  (IS,"),')).  \\'allengren  has  introduced  a 
new  arrangement,  in  which  Dalman's  [irini'ipal  divisions  are  recognized. 
'Hie  butterHies  are  first  di\  ided  into  two  tiimilies,  I'apiliones  and  IIes[)cri- 
oidae,  and  the  former  snhdividcl  thus  : — 


Sl'Cl.   I.     'J'fli'd/l'iiIrS, 

'I'i'ilic  I.   S:ilyr(ii:l:ir. 
II.   Nyin|iliiiliilc! 
Seel.  II.    U<:<-iiiiii,lcs. 

Trilir  111.    lli'liaiiiiili' 


Tiilic  I\'.   I'liriiiisii. 

V.  Iviiiitcs  [rai>ilii)iiiili]. 
A'l.   Lycaciioiilao. 
i^i'i't.  111.   IJiti'i-ii/iiiili-.i. 

Trilio  VII.  Krvciiiiilcs. 


[I'ii'i-iniic]. 

It  is  evident  that  lie  hiis  lieeii  carried  too  far  in  his  valuation  of  the 
struct'ire  of  tin'  fore  legs  when  he  unites  the  Lycaenoidae  with  the  other 
Ili'.xapoda  in  distinction  from  the  Krycinides.  Nor  is  any  reason  given 
why  the  lIetero[»odes  would  not  he  i'l  their  logical  position  lietween  the 
other  two  sections. 

Lucas  m  ("henii's  Kncyclojiedie  (ISo;))  puhlished  an  abstract  of  the 
genera  given  hy  Douhleday  and  '\\'estwood,  altering  somewhat  tlio  dispo- 
sition of  the  groiijis,  as  the  following  table  will  show  : — 

Div.  ItiMitai'. 


Fam.  J'djiiliiiiiii. 
'•     \jnii/'li'ilii. 
Trilii'  A^'t'i'uiiiilac. 
"      Danaiilai'. 
'■     llcliruniilai'. 
Ai'i'ciilar. 


Triln'  Xyiiiplialulai'. 
Uiv.  Arf-'viiilac. 
"    Xyiiiiilialilac, 
"    Jlorpliilat'. 
"     l!ra»olila('. 
'•     I.ilivllH'itac. 


•'     Saiynlai'. 
Kaiii.  Eriiriiiii. 

Sect.  Lycaciiilai'. 
"     Kiyiiuitai'. 
l''aiii.  HcKiirrii. 


In  l^'")4.  iiriiant,  like  ^\'allengren,  proposed  to  scjiarate  the  Nymphalidae 
irom  the  rest  of  the  butterHies  on  account  of  the  structure  of  the  fore  leirs  ; 
the  following  is  his  classification  : — 


Div,  I.    I''ijiir  amlmlatury  lci;>. 
'I'l'llni^  1.   Salyriilac. 

1.   Nx  iii|ilialiclai'. 
'•      ;!.    Ar,:;ynniili'>. 
l)i\.  II.   Six  ainliiilalury  leu-.-. 


Tiiliiis  4.  I'ulyomiiiatiilac. 

T).  riciiclac. 

"      (i.  ranias.-ldac. 

"      7.  I'apilidniilao. 

"      S.  lii'spcriilat'. 


Perhaps  the  most  peculiar  churacteristie  of  this  arnuigenient  is  tlic 
iine(iual  value  of  the  tribes,  but  in  the  sequence  it  is  a  clear  iniproveiuciit 
ii[)oii  \\'alleiigron's  sciieme. 


(■i.Assii'ic.vi'iox  OF  r.r'iTKiti-r.iKs. 


65 


Ilc'ineniiuur.s  iisctiil  niul  avcII  dij^i'stcd  witi'k  on  tlic  Ijt'])i(l((|)tc'rii  of  Oer- 
inany  and  Switzerland  (  1^>.')!I)  arranjii'd  the  liiitterHies  in  eijrl't  families  in 
tlie  fdUowinii' order  :  —  Satyridae.  Xvniplialidae,  Liliytlicidae,  Hryeinidae, 
Polyomniatidac,  K(|iiitidae,  I'ieridae  and  Ilesperidae  :  an  excellent  .sehenio 
which  showed  that  the  ii:Huence  of  tli'M-  earlier  students  had  not  forsaken 
(Jerniany.  ' 

From  1861  '  i  1886.  The  reaction  from  a  classification  dividinff  l)nt- 
terHics  into  a  frreat  nund)er  of  jfroujis  to  which  eipial  value  was  accorded, 
eeems  to  have  hcj^un  witli  Hates,  who,  in  LSIil  (tFourn.  ent.)  proposed  ihe 
foJlowinfT  arrangement,  in  whidi  it  will  also  Ite  noticed  that  the  I'apilionidae 
are  |)laeed  low  in  the  scale,  as  liy  l>ruant  and  Ileineniann. 


Kaiii.  \!l)i)pliiiliiliii>. 

Stilifaiii.  A<r!u'iiiiio. 
Itclii'uniiiiii'. 
Diinaiiiiio. 


Fain.  Erychiiild 


'atvniiai'. 


Siibfani.  I.iliyllu'iiiae. 
•'        Slalai'litinai', 
''       Kryriiiiiiac. 
Fain.  LiifiiPtiiihtc. 


Ilni 


ulinac, 


tUHll 


1,1,' 


Nyni|ilialinao. 


I',iril 

Siilifani.  I'iciiiiai' 


Papilioninap. 


Fani.  Ifesperiildc 


In   18(54  (Trans.  Linn.  Soc.)  tills  sehenie  was  so  modified  as  to  hring 
the  first  two  suhfamilies  of  the  Xymphalidac  hetween  tiie  Hrassolinac  and 


i.tk 


mac,  (louiitless  on  a 


>'ymphal 
In  the  followinii'  vear 


leeount  of  the  structure  of  the  caterpill 


I'rimen  is-iied  liis  Hhopalocera  Africae  mistral 


IS  in 


which  the  classification  of  Douhk'day  and  W'estwood  was  expressly  fol- 
lowed ;  while  the  Felders  ])iil)lishe<l  ('A'ien.  ent.  Monatssclir.)  a  list  of 
liutterHies  of  the  IJio  Nej;'ro  in  wiiicli  these  were  separated  into  a  dozen 
families  ill  the  followinu' order  :  Papilionidae,  l*ieridae,  liycaeuidiie,  Hrv' 
idae,    Libytlieidae,    Danaidae,    Acracidae.    Ilcliconidae.    Xymphalidac, 


cm 


liiiilidae,    Salvridae,    Ilesiieriid 


this  essav    is    iiientioned  hecaiisc  tl 


10 


an 


tliors  adopted  the  same  order  in  their  jiivat  work  oi  the  Novara  Lcjiidop- 
tera  in  18(!4-<!7,  exeeptiiiff  that  a  family  Xeriidae  [Stilachtinae  Iiates]  was 
added  after  Kryeinidae,  and  iMimesiidae  after  Satyridae. 

The  ideas  proiniilf)ated  liy  Hates  did  not  at  oiic<'  '  ke  root,  for  in  an 
advanced  text-hook  of  the  day  we  find  (ierstaecke'  uius,  llandii.  Zool., 
ii :  ISdiJ)  following  mainly  the  order  jiroposod  by  lioisduxal,  Init  plaeing 
the  ICrycinidiic  and  Lycaenidac  under  Hoisdiival's  Suspensi  I 

(inipijc  I.  Suiriiti-t,!  (Ki|niti's,  Pii'iMac). 

tirupiM'  II.  Siisii,iis,i  (Danaiilac,  Ilt'liioniilac,  Acraciilai',  XyiniJlialitlac,  Jlorpliiilac, 
Salyridac,  l.iliylliciclai'.  Kryeinidae,  l.yeaenidae). 


(irnppe  lit.  Ifcsji, 


'inlilr. 


So  also  in  the  foUowinff  vear  Ilerrich-Schaefter,  in  his  Prodromus,  jrives  a 


new  classification  of  hutterfiies  in  which  several  mor 


0   minor  groups  arc 


credited    with    a    family   rank    and    no    intermediate  d 
"families"  follow    eneh  other    in    the  t()llow 


isions  usee 
m<r  se<iucnec 


1;  tl 


IC 


'!• 


Ilel 


leonina, 


Danaina,    Hrassolina,  Hiina,  Iletaerina,  Satvrina,   Klvmniina,  Hatradina, 


G6 


iiiK  i!iri'i:i!n,ii;s  of  nkw  kn(;i,.\ni». 


Eiirytcliiiii.  Xyiii|)linliiiii,  Liliyllicina.  lOiyciiiiiiM.  Lyciuiiiiiii.  I'icridiiiM, 
Kiliiitiiia.  iiiiil  llcspi'i'idiiiM.  10xi'(|)tiiiu'  in  the  iiitcirliii'iui'  of  jMisitiuii  of 
tlio  I'icridiua  iiiid  K((iiitinii.  tlic  (irdcr  is  that  itt'  llfiiicmaim. 

Itaiidiiir.  in  a  too  littli'  known  worU  on  the  Lcpiduptfra  -it'  Aiid.iliisia 
(!>>(!(!).  (li'o|)|)inn'  till'  l)oisdn\alian  -y>t(.'ni  \w  liad  I'lnploycd  in  IMK  in 
lii>  ineoin|iii't(Ml  \\(>rl\  on  llic  same  t'auna.  di\i(K'il  tlic  hnttcillii's  into  two 
trilifs,  I'apilionii'ii^  and  IK'sinTirns.  as  lie  |)i'o\  imisly  liad  done  into  IMa- 
typtlTL's  and  Micro] iti'irs,  and  (lie  lornior  into  riji'lit  liunilics  arraniird  in  tlie 
followin;^' oi'dtr  :  Nymplialidcs,  A|iatiirid('s.  Satyridcs.  Jjihytlu'idos.  Kry- 
cinidcs.  Lyccnidos,  I'icridi's  and  I'apiiionidi's.  W'licilicr  lie  was  acriuaintcd 
or  not  w  itl;  tlu'  ivt'onn  l>ati's  liad  siiuu'c'-ti'd  docs  not  appear,  luit  if  not, 
the  similarity  and   iiidcpeiidciicc  ot'  his  scheme  show  the  hand  of  a  master. 

In  Isii'.l,  ill  Hntler's  Catalou'tie  of  the  Fahrician  huttertlies,  puliiished 
hy  the  IJritish  Miiseiim.  wx'  find  the  first  attempt  to  follow  throiiiihoct  (he 
whole  uronp  the  k'adinu'  of  l>ates.  it  lieiiii;'  adojitcil  with  Imt  trifiiiiL;'  varia- 
tion.-: and  ever  since  tin'  Kiii;lish  ha\e  liecii  foi'cmosl  in  ri'tnrninii'  to  what 
was  praciicaily  the  early  continental  metlio(l.  from  wiiicli  the  French  eiito- 
iiioioii'ists  had  so  hniy  led  the  world  astray. 

In  1S71,  appeared  the  well  known  ("atalon'iie  of  iMirafiean  hiitterfiies  liy 
Standin-icr.  —  a  work  which  has  lieeoine  a  necessity  to  c\('ry  student  of 
Fnropean  I^cpidoptcra,  Imt  has  also  lieeii  a  ji'ri'at  lilock  to  the  propi'f 
appreciation  of  tlu'  relative  affinities  of  the  lari^'er  groups  :  the  ohvioiis 
advaiilaii'es  of  folhiwinu'  an  oihcrwisj  I'xci'llent  cataloti'iie  prevents  the 
acceptaiu'c  of  views,  whi<'li,  if  held.  ri'(p'irv'  one  to  follow  in  his  ealiinets  and 
writ inys  a  dillerent  order  from  that  adopted  in  the  ('ataloji'iie.  In  this  wm'k, 
followed  in  the  main  hy  Mosehler  in  his  arraimeinent  of  Hiiro[icaii  Imtter- 
flies  (Alihandl.  natnrf.  (ies.  (iorlitz.  1^711)  and  liy  F'rey  in  his  Le[ii- 
doptera  of  Switzerland  (l^iMI).  the  ImtterHies  are  divided  into  families  with 
tiie  follow  inudrder  :  Fapilionichie,  I'icridae,  J.<ycaeni(iae.  Frycinidae,  Liliy- 
theidae.  Apatnridae,  Nymphalidae.  Danaidae,  lles|icridae.  Worse  euufu- 
sioii  of  proper  seipiences  eonld  scarcely  have  heeii  found,  if  it  wore  not 
that  there  are  nndonhted  tolerahly  iieai  aflinities  liotweeii  each  of  these 
"  families"  and  those  on  either  side  of  it,  exceptinfi'  lictwcen  the  Danaidae 
and  Hespcridae,  which  have  exeecilinu'ly  little  in  eoinmon  not  shared  hy  all 
Imt.erflies  ;  and  tiie  defender  of  any  near  relationship  would  hardly  venture 
to  make  liiinself  heard.  If.  with  tlu^  exception  of  the  llesperidac,  the 
(n'der  were  exactiv  ri'\ersed.  it  would  he  far  nearer  the  truth. 


As  an  offset  to  tlii 


aiK 


in  excellent  one,  there  aiiiieared   in  the  name 


year  a  eatalojine  (jf  the  liCpidoptera  of  the  whole  world,  the  vade  meeuiii 
of  lepid(t|>terists.      In  this  work  Kirhy  follows  in  the  main  Bates's  divisions 


Imt  with 


itl 


1  a  I'atlicr  iiKU'e  nu 


nenms  arrav  of  siihfainilies  :  — 


(I.ASSIl-ICAriON    OK    liri'TKin-'UKS. 


67 


\ijiii/i/iiili'liif  ;   siilil'aiii.,  I);iii!iiii:i(',  Salyi-iiiin'.  I'^lyuiiiiiiiuc.  .Miii|.|iiii;ii'.  l'>i';i>>uliiiMr,    Ai'nui- 

iiiii'.  Ilclii-oiiiiiac  \yiii|ili;iliiiiic. 
I.'idiiiiiiildr  ;  >iil>f:iiii.,  Liliyllii'iiiMi',  Ni'iniMiliiiiiMi'.  KuM'lii^iiiiiii'.  l.c'iiioiiiiii;i('. 
/.i/rilfiiidili', 

I'liliiliniiiiltif  ;  siilil'iiin..  I'ii'i'iiiiic,  l':i|iilii>niiiiii'. 

llfSlifflildl'. 

In  till'  siunc  year,  too,  iipjicarcil  in  I'-nirliintl  :i  work  on  Ilritisli  linttei'tlicH 
l)v  Xcwniiui,  rc'niiU'kiil)lo  nioir  tor  tlic  oriu'injition  ot' now  nanics  tliiin  iiiiy- 
x\\'\n\f  else,  hnt  !*till  indiciitinji  that  the  iiwiiUfuiiijf  ln'ouji'lit  iil)out  l)y  IJatcts 
was  beaviiifj;  fruit  in  indcpondont  thoiiji'ht.  Tlie  interest  attaclied  to  the 
ijrouiiinii;  in  tiiat,  like  tiie  \\'iener  N'erzciclniisjs,  it  is  founded  larjuely  u|)on 
characters  th'awn  from  the  early  staji'cs.  The  l)ntterflies  are  termed  "Lepi- 
doptera  pednncniata"  in  view  of  the  development  of  the  creniaster,  and  arc 
divided  first  into  Detefrentes  and  ("elantes  ;  the  latter  comprise  the  family 
Ilesperidae,  while  tiie  former  arc  snhdivided  as  follows  :  — 

i.     SiiyjiinKi. 

a.    Spiiiijjcri  (ArgyiiiiidiM',  Jlt'litaoidiio,  Viiiipcsidae.  >iiili(la('). 

1).     Minacifoniip.s  (Apatiiriilac,  Satyi-idar). 
ii.   Slirchirti. 

a.    Oiii:<ciformps  (Ei'vciiiidao,  rAcacnidac)- 

li.    Cyliiiilrarci,  sen  Vcrinifurim's  (ItliodDi'cridac,  Paiiiiionidai'.  I'iiiidac). 

A  curious  and  indefensihlo  thinj;  ahont  this  minor  <i:rou|miu'  (for  v.hieli 
no  reasons  are  given  or  can  he  inferred  from  the  context)  is  placinir  the 
swallow-tails  hetween  the  yellows  and  the  whites  ;  i)Ut  as  a  whole,  it  has 
some  marked  merits. 

A  somewhat  similar  attempt,  larixely  hased  on  lar\al  characters,  was 
made  liy  a  French  naturalist,  hetter  known  for  his  work  on  tlu  lower  t'ami- 
lies  of  Lepidoptera.  .Xfr.  (iuenee.  In  IS?.")  he  prepared  a  list  (jf  the  Lepi- 
do[>teriiofthede[)artmcnt  of  Kure-et-Loirin  which  ho  |)roposcd  the  following 
somewhat  com|)licated  classification,  in  which  the  atrophy  of  tlie  legs  was 
recognized,  hut  not  given  any  spcciid  \alue. 


Div.  'iiciili'Krdli. 
I.r^'.  K^l^il■()l•|m•^^. 
riial.  Ilc'xapi. 
'rrili.  'rciilai'iilatao. 

Fain.  I'apilioMidao. 
Trill,  (iiamiliisao. 
Kani.  Pii'iidac. 
Kaiii.  Uliiidiii'i'vidac. 


I'lial.  Tili-iipi. 
Trill.  SpiiKisat'. 

Faiii.  .Vi;rymiidiii'. 

Fain.  Viincs.sldac. 
Tril).  (aiunciilatao. 

Fain.  N'yniphalidac. 

Fain.  .Vpatiiridac. 
Trill.  Fiirculai'. 

Fi'.iii.  Satvridao. 


I.ou'.  ()iii«c'il'(irinrs. 
I'lial.  Mirropi. 
'I'rili.  Snii-ali. 
Fain.  Tlicrlidac. 
Fain.  I.yi'arnidac, 
Plial.  I[itcri)|ii. 

Fain.  N'l'inciiliidao. 
niv.  Ifuiiilrirdlniriiti. 

Fain.  Ilesperidae. 


In  1S72,  I  pulilishcd  the  first  expression  of  my  views  on  the  classifica- 
tion of  butterflies  in  a  Systematic  revision  of  our  New  England  species, 
with  a  few  others.  Tiicn  believing  that  the  law  of  priority  should  be  ex- 
tended to  all  the  higher  groups  as  well  as  to  genera  and  species,  and 
finding  a  great  neglect  of  the  names  employed  by  the  founders  of  the  sci- 
ence, I  endeavored  to  introduce  these  names  anew,  —  an  attempt  wiiieh 
pi'obably  somewhat  obscured  my   main   purpose  of   introducing    a    more 


G8 


iiciiinuLiKs  oi'  Ni:w  knci-and. 


ratiiniiil  clasisificiitiiiii  ol'  the  insects  tli('iiis('l\('s.      'I'lic  iirc.-i'iit   iuloptiim  of' 
tliL'  si'iisil)lc  riil('>  (if  iiKinciicliitnrc  iiroimiljiatcd  Intlu'  AiiicricMii  Oniitliol- 


iiion  no  lonjrcr  r('(|uiii's  ai 


luTcnci'  to  tliis  standard.      T 


ic  sciicniL' 


adopted,  wliieli  ot'eoiirse  did  nut  e()ni[ 


inse  siicli  n'l'oiip 


as  were  exelusivelv 


tro 


piei 


d,  was  as  follows  :  — 


F:iiii.  .\:/ii)jih'i/r.i  I, inn.   [Nyni|ili;iliiliu']. 
.Siililain.  (Irciiili'-  lioikli.  lSiil\  riiiiic]. 
"        'I'l-iliuni  Ilcrli*!.  [Kuploriniic]. 
"        Niijaili'>  l!i)rkli.   [N"yin|ili;ilin;ii'J. 
Trilic  .\i-cliiinlc>  llcrli.-t  [Nyni|iliiiliili] . 
I'liiilci':ili  Iliilm.  [A|>;ilni-iili]. 
I'nicfi'cli  IIitIisI  [N'iiMcssiili]. 
Diyaclcs  lioikli.  [.Vrirynniili]. 
••      ll.iniacli-yiidrv  I'.nikli.  [.Mdiliicidi] 
SiiMani.  llyiKiti  Itiilm.  [i.iliyllicinai'J. 
Kam.  li'iirn/'.-i  Kahr.  [Lycacniilac]. 
Siililiini.  \'i'>talr>  IkTli>l  [Li'niiiniinac] . 


<iili 


Kpliiiri  !IitIi>I  fl.ycacninac] . 


Trilu'  .\i'nia!i  Illilin.  ['riiccliili] 

'■       .\(|llll'M'<Mll('S  IlliliM.   [I,yi' 


I'niili]. 


'•      Villirantcs  Iliilm.  [(  liryM)|ilianiili] . 
h'ani.   I''iiii/i'i,(i''i's  Lull-,  f  l'a|iiliiini(lai'] . 
Sniifani.  Danai  I, inn.  [I'iri-inai-]. 
Trilic  Knuai'ia  Iliilm.  [liliocliici'i-iili]. 
•■      \'iiraiia  Iliilm.  [IMrridi]. 
"      Knii.'alia  Iliilm.  [.ViMlincJiariili] . 
^nlifaiii.  Iv|uiti's  l.inn.  [I'aiiilliminai] . 
l'"ani.  Ui-liii-'iiiir  Falir.    [Ilr>|irriilac]. 


A- 


itl 


seen, 


this    arrannenient    verv    closelv    follows    tl 


le   order   ot 


IJates's  elas.-iHeation,  hut  difl'ei 


somewhat   in   suhon 


liiiate 


point." 


>\'ith 


sli.ii'iit  alterations  the  same  elassitieatiin  was  followed  in  my  nnfiiiished  Syn- 
onymic list  of  American  hnttertlies  (lUiff.  IJull.  lN7.')-7l)). 

liiirmeister  in  his  Lepidoptera  oi  the  Argentine  Hepulilic  (1^7N)  fol- 
lows l)oiiI)leday,  as  \vill  he  seen  iiy  the  t'ollowinii'  order  of  his  families: 
Papilionidac,   I'ieridae,    Danaidae,  Ileliconiidae,    .N'ymphalidae,   Satyridae, 


I- 


ryciiiidae,  I. 
.\notlier  I' 


yeaciiidiie,  lIcs[ieridao  and  C'astniadae. 
urofiean  naturalist,  resident  like  Murmeister  in  .South  A 


merica. 


Constant   Har,  puMished   in   the  same  year  a  critical  essay  on  tiie  classi- 
Hcation  of  luitterHies,  in  which,  evidently  avaiIin^•  himself  only  of  such  his- 

es,  and  taking  into   [irimary 
iccount  the   sus[iension 


torical  information  as  came  from  French  sourci 


li'  the  chrvsaiis,   the  attitude  of  the 


win"'s  u 


f  th 


liutterHy  in  rejiose,  and  the  use  of  the  front  legs,  lie  di\ided  the  "inioiialo- 
ceres"  into  live  sections  and  si.\teen  trihes,  of  which  ten  were  given  to  the 
8us[)eudiie.- 


T 


le 


iilan  is  as  folio w,s  : — 


Si(f 


^iiilyricli's. 

Itni>s(iliil('s  on  I'uMiniilr- 

Jlorpliidi'-^. 

Ajiiilnridc's. 

Nyni|ilialid('s. 

Acrarido. 


Ilclii'iinidi's. 
haiialilus. 
.Moi'liaiillidc- 
Ui'litalldcs. 
•SiH'riiirti's, 
I'ii'i-idc-. 
('a|iiliiinidr» 


l.ycacnidc 

Kni'inidi- 
Kixri'iilrrit, 

lIos|iiirid(' 
L'niJ.nplintes. 
(.'a>tni(U's. 


Next  come  in  sequence  of  time  three  important    Hnglish  works,  which 
or  eoinpletely  the  classification  of  Hates  :   these  arc 


follow  suhstantially 

Moore's  Lepidoptera  of  Ceylon,  Marshall  and  de  Xieeville's   IJiitterHies   of 

India,  and  Distant's  su[)erl)  vidume  on  Hhopalocera  Malayana  ;  to  which  we 

may  add  the   second  edition  of  Trimcii'.s  South   African  IJutterHies,  now 

puiilishing. 

In  a  lirief  paper  in  the  Bulletin  of  the  IJrooklyn  Entomological  Society, 


(  I^AssiriCAI'loN   OK    I'.ri'TKltl'Mr.s. 


69 


(  Lss;}),  .(.  I>.  Smith  (li\  ides  llic  Imtli'i'tlics  inti)  five  tiiniilics  ( t'ollowiiio'  as 
he  says  W .  II.  lOdwiirds,  th(Hij;h  iMlwards  lias  iicmt  dcHiicd  a  sinulc 
family),  Pa|)ilinnida(',  Nymijhalidac.  Krycinidac.  Lycaciiiihie,  and  IIcsjic- 
ridac  :  liiit  a  coiiplc  ofyears  later  (loc.  fit.  liSN.")),  ho  chaiiircs  the  order  to 
Xymphaliilae,  Krycinidae,  Lyeai'iiidac,  Papilionidae.  and  Hesiiei'idae. 

Clans,  ill  hi^  text  hook  of  zooloiry  (  Knu'l.  ed.,  l.^S.')),  recofjnizcs  six 
families  which,  thoiiu'h  in  no  way  characterized,  are  ranu'cd  in  the  followinir 
order: — K(|iiitidae,  I'ieridae,  Xymiihalidae,  Satyridae.  Lycaenidae.  Iles- 
peridae. 

In  the  same  year  (iirard  jmhlished  the  Lepidopteru  of  hi-  Traito  d'ento- 
inolofi'ie,  in  wliieh.  while  he  recog'nized  l)iit  four  principal  yronps,  with  the 
same  sco[)e  and  setpience  and  (except  their  (iallie  form)  the  same  names 
as  will  l)j  fonnd  in  the  present  work,  the  N'ymphalicns  are  separated  into 
twelve  ditt'erent  and  equal  divisions  ;  even  in  these,  had  not  the  A<rer<inides 
and  Lihythcides  heen  placed  at  the  head,  the  se(pienee  would  have  heen 
snhstantially  that  employed  in  the  jjresent  work. 

In  this  year  also  the  lute  Dr.  E.  Sohatz  henjan  his  work  on  the  structure 
of  liutterHies  in  connection  with  Staudinijer's  Exotische  sehmctt(  rlini;'c.  In 
this  work,  while  reeoji'nizing  the  importance  of  IJates's  eontrii)ntion  to  the 
classification  of  hutterHies.  the  author  {'ails  to  adopt  its  most  characteristic 
features  (the  limited  numher  of  primary  i;rou[)s,  and  the  low  jiosition  of 
the  Pa|)ilionidae),  and  suhilivides  hutterilies  into  no  less  than  fourteen  fami- 
lies, in  the  followinir  order  :  I'apiliouideu,  I'ieriden,  Danaiden,  Neorropiden 
[Danaoid  lleliconidae  of  Hates],  lleliconideu.  Acraeiden,  Nymphalidcn 
(in  which  twelve  jjroups  are  recojj:nized)  .Mor[)liiden,  Hrassoliden,  Satyriden, 
Lihytheiden,  Erycinidcn,  Lycaeuiden  and  Ilesperiden.  In  this  woi'k  (un- 
fortunately not  completed  before  the  death  of  the  author),  an  attem])t  is 
made  to  define  all  the  groups  above  species  for  the  whole  world,  but  it  is 
by  no  Uicans  done  in  a  satisfactory  manner. 

The  last  general  attem[)t  that  has  been  made  to  give  in  a  brief  shajtc  the 
general  elassifieation  of  bntterHics  is  that  by  Pliitz  in  his  System  der  sehniet- 
terlinge  in  1<S«().  In  this  compact  little  essay  the  butterfiies  arc  first  divided 
into  l'a[)ilionidae  and  IIes])eri(lae,  the  latter  with  the  single  family  IIes|)e- 
riina,  the  former  with  a  still  further  intermediate  grouping  (presumably 
families)  into  \ym]ihalidae,  Lemoniidae  and  Suceinctae.  The  first  of 
these  contains  eight  divisions  :  Ileliconina,  Danaina,  Aoraeina,  Nym|)ha- 
lina,  Mori)hina,  Urassolina,  Satyrina  and  Klynniiina  :  the  second,  three  : 
Libytheina,  Eumesiina  and  Erycinina  ;  and  the  third,  three  others  :  Lycac- 
nina,  Pieridina  and  Eijuitina.  The  princij)al  objection  to  this  scheme  is  his 
|)lacing  the  Lyeaenina  in  the  same  tlivision  with  the  Pieridina  rather  than  with 
the  Eryeinina,  and  the  uuieh  greater  distinction  between  the  three  subfamilies 
of  Succinctae  than  between  most  of  the  other  subfamilies. 


m 


70 


THE  i!iTn;iu-i,ii:s  oi-  nkw  i;\(;i,ani). 


'riiis  review   shows    tliat  tlicre  lias  liecn   vi'i'v  iriTiit   tliversity    itf  \  icw 
aiiuing  naturalists,    first    rcirardiiifi  the  iiuiut)er    of  primary   jrroiips    into 
wliicli   Imttcrriii's  slionld  lie  divided,  and,  second,  witli  rcjfard  to  tlieir    se- 
<iuencc.      In  oidy  a  sinjile    instance   lias  there  hecn   entire  imaniniity,  and 
that  is  in  the  se|)arat'on  of  the  lles|)eridae.  as  a  distinct  ^n'oiip  of  fireater  or 
less  value,  and  its  low  position  next  the  moths  ;  and.  with  the  exception  of 
one  or  two  instances  where  the  authors  have  i)een  led  away  hy  the  strikinj^ 
peculiarities  of  the  caterpillar,  no  one  has   ventured   to  place  the  I^ycaeni- 
dae  at  the  head.      If,   as  in   this  work,   we  consider  the  l)utterthes  to  he 
jiriniarily  divisible  into   four  {jrcat   families,  the  contention    has   jrenerally 
lain  between  the  superiority  of  the  Xymphalidae  and  of  the  Papilionidae. 
\otwithstaiulin<r  that  the  first  keen  investiijator  of  the  structure  of  butter- 
flies, Keaumur,  more  than  a  century  and  a  half  ayo,  showed  how  widely 
the  structm-e  of  the  front  lej^s  of  the  Nymjihalidac  differs  from  that  of  those 
of  other  butterfiies,  Linne,  the  first  great  systematist,  paid  not  the  slightest 
attention  to  the  value  of  distinctions,  of  whose  character  he  must  have  been 
aware  and  which  at  first  he  used,  but  based  his  initiatory  groujtings  of  but- 
terflies largely  on  mere  suiicrficial  resemblances  drawn  from  the  form  and 
ordinary  attitude  of  the  wings  ;  and  although  in  Wi.i  earliest  works  he  placed 
the  Xymiihalidae  at  the  head,  when  his  Systema  naturae  reached  its  cliu'ax, 
he  began  his  system  of  butterflies  with  the  I'aiiilionidae.      In   this   he   was 
followed  iniplicitly,  as   might  be   expected,  by  his  disciple   Fabricius,  and 
the  infiuenee  of  these  two  old  systematists  up(in  even  the  present  genera- 
tion of    naturalists  is   something  sia'|)rising.       For,  as   we    have   shown, 
(ieoffroy,  more  than  a  century  ago.  made  use  of  the  characters  pointed  out 
by  Ueauinur,  in  w  hich  the  Nym])halidae  differ  widely  from  the  I'apilionidac 
and  Ilesperidac.  and  placed  the  Xymphalidae  in  their  proper  jiosition  at  the 
widest  remove  from  the  IIes[ieridae.      Xot  only  this,  but  he  was  followed 
by  all  the  naturalists  of  that  day, — l$orkhaiiscn,  Ilerbst,  Cuvier  and,  in  his 
earlier  works,  Liitreille — in  this  elevation  of  the  Xymphalidae  to  the  high- 
est rank  ;   with    the  sole  exception,  it  should  lie  said,  of  Denis  and  Schitf'er- 
niidler  and  their  follower  Schrank,  who.  relying  exclusively  on   characters 
drawn  from  the  caterpillars,  and  noting  the  distinctive  c'uiracters  of  those 
of  the  Ijyeaenidae,  |ilaced  this  latter  group  the  highest.     Hut  even  these 
authors,  who,  as  we  have  said,  placed   their  whole  reliance  on   the  early 
stages,  brought  the  I'apilionidae  in  immediate  juxtajiosition  to  the  Ilesperi- 
dac.    In  Knglaiul,  where  the  Linnean   traditions  held   sway  longest,  the 
Papilionidae  were  given  the  highest  rank  even  as  late  as   IHla,  in  licach's 
first  work,  and  these  views  were  reinforced  by  the  intlucnce  of  the  French 
naturalists  even  down  to  VVestwood  and  Doiibleday.     Oiu*  review  shows 
that  within  the  last  sixty  years  the  principal  sujiporters  of  high  rank  for  the 
Papilionidae   were,    besides   those  already   stated,   Lederer,   (icrstaecker, 
Staudingcr,  Clans  and  Schutz,  not  to  mention  Lucas,  Trimcn  (in  Ids  earlier 


cLAssii'K  .vriox  OK  r.rri  r.i!ii,iiN. 


71 


wurk),  Mi>>i'lilcr,  Fi-cy.  iiiid  iSiiriiici^ti'r,  wlin  >iiii|)ly  tnllducd  in  tlic  lines 
(>♦'  fionii'  |ii'('(li'('cssors,  nur  W'iilliicc  who  lins  not  discn^si'il  tlic  li'cncriil  cliis- 
■iiiication  of  IjuttcrHics  and  so  is  not  mentioned  aliove  :  wliile  anioni;-  tlioso 
ivlio  have  phiced  the  Nyni|ilialidae  hiyliest  lia\c  lieen  Iliilincr.  |)alnian, 
( )('iiseTiheinu'i',  II(>ineniann,  llerrieh-Sehiiirei'  and  I'hit/  ainonu'  tlie  (ier- 
nians.  I  )ii|)onchel.  Mniaiit.  I»aniliiir.  (iirard,  and  liar  anionL;' the  French, 
and  anmnif  the  lMi;;'lish  Hates.  Ilntler.  Kirby,  Newman.  1  )istant.  'I'rinien 
(in  iiis  hiter  work).  Moofe  and  indee(l  all  the  recent  writei's. 

.Vinoiig  the  authors  who  have  |)laei'd  the  Xyniphalidae  at  the  head,  l)y 
no  means  all  have  aeknowledired  the  close  relationship  ot'  the  l'a|iilionidac 
to  the  llesperidae,  l>nt  on  t!ie  other  hand,  this  has  heen  reeou'ni/e<l  hy 
many  who  did  not  irive  the  .\ynij)halidae  the  highest  position.  Tluis  it 
has  heen  clearly  pointed  out  oi'  indicated  liy  (ieotf'roy.  hy  Denis  and 
Sehitrermuller,  Schrank,  Lati'eille  and  Cuvier.  hy  Swainson  and  Stephens 
amonii'  the  idealists  or  evelists.  hy  ISruant,  Ileinemaii,  IJates,  Ilerrieli- 
Sehiirter,  l{and)iu\  (iirard,  Ihitler,  Kirhy,  Distant,  'I'rimen.  Moore.  New- 
man. Smith  and  I'lotz. 

The  weiiiiit  ol'authority.  however,  is  a  matter  of  least  importance.  'I'he 
(jiiestion  is  ratliei'  o'le  of  fact,  and  while  we  have  no  riirht  to  expect  that 
any  ureat  ditterenee  in  relative  rank  will  he  found  hetweeii  ifroujis  of  so 
low  a  ii'rade  as  families  within  a  siuLrle  ordei',  vve  nevertheless  do  find  two 
very  strikinji'  facts,  whicii  can  leave  very  little  donht  in  the  mind  ol'  any 
unprejudiced  student  as  to  the  general  se(pu'nee  in  which  these  irroujis 
shouhl  follow  each  other.  This  is  the  more  clearly  the  case  inasnuich 
as  there  is  no  donht  in  the  mind  of  any  one  that  one  of  these  families, 
the  llesperidae,  holds  the  lowest  rank  and  is  the  most  closely  related 
to  the  moths.  It  woulil  seem,  tlierefore.  as  if  in  the  structural  departure  of 
the  families,  as  such,  from  the  llesperidae,  we  miu'ht  find  a  clue  to  their 
relative  piSsitions  ;  and  this  is  unipiestionahly  the  case.  The  classiKcatiou 
which  is  presented  in  this  work  ditiers  only  in  minor  points  from  that  for- 
merly proposed  hy  me,  which  in  its  turn  followed  closely  in  the  line  of  the 
reformation  hy  Hates.  Any  variation  in  the  arraiifjement  of  the  suhordiiiate 
ii'roups  from  that  system  will  he  explained  in  its  proper  place.  It  is  only 
desirahlc  here  to  discuss  very  hrieHy  the  relative  position  of  those  families 
which  hy  all  writers  are  repu'ded  as  higher  than  the  llesperidae.  To  do  this 
it  will  he  hardly  necessary  to  go  further  than  to  point  out  two  series  in  the 
structure  and  hahits  of  InitterHies.  to  show  how  marked  and  distinct  is  the 
tiansition  from  one  group  to  another, — series  which  have  not  only  i)een 
recognized  hy  ditt'erent  writers,  hut  have  heen  considered  important  enough 
to  he  jdaeed  at  the  foundation  of  their  schemes  of  elassitieation. 

In  the  first  place,  let  us  take  those  featiues  which  were  first  brought 
foreihly  to  view  by  Dalman  and  afterwards  by  Hoisduviil,  the  latter  of 
whom  nevertheless  niisajjplied  them   in  the  strangest  manner  and  for  no 


72 


TllK   lUri'KKl'I.IKS  ol     Ni;\V    KNiiKAND. 


r 


ulivioMs  roa.xon  wliatovcr.  Tt  is<  well  known  that  as  a  ifciu'ral  rule  niotlif 
iin(U'rjj;i)  vlicir  transt'onnatitinfi  to  rlirvsalis  witliin  a  rocoon,  spun  liy  tlic 
caterpillar,  or  in  a  t'cU  nionldwl  hencatli  tiio  surface  of  the  {jroinul.  'liic 
same  is  true  of  tlie  lowest  faniily.  Ilcsperidao,  which  usually  make  such  a 
cocoDU  within  a  roUed-up  leaf  or  cluster  of  leaves,  and  hence  had  jiivcn 
them  hy  HoisduNal  the  term  Involuti.  It  was  not  noted  l)y  him,  nor  has 
it  been,  as  far  as  we  arc  aware,  hy  any  author,  thouffh  fi^iu-ed  i)y  mai\y, 
tliat  within  this  cocoon  they  <;enerally,  jtorhaps  always,  sjiin  a  pair  oi' 
shrouds,  into  the  middle  of  one  of  which  they  pluuiro  their  creuiaster, 
while  hy  the  other  they  support  the  middle  of  the  iuxly  (SSi-iO;  87:12). 

Now,  remove  this  outer  cocoon  iuul  leave  the  shrouds,  and  one  has, 
with  only  such  changes  as  are  ahsolutcly  re(|uircd  hy  the  lack  of  the  en- 
circling cocoon,  the  character  of  the  support  of  the  chrysalis  of  the  Papili- 
oniihie,  viz.,  a  button  of  silk  attached  to  the  object  from  which  the 
chrysalis  hangs,  and  u  loose  girt  around  the  middle  of  the  body.  In  the 
Lycaenidac,  we  pass  simply  to  a  still  closer  attachment  of  these  fastenings, 
so  that  the  rounded  chrysalis  appears  almost  glued  to  the  surface  to  which 
it  is  attached  ;  and  these  two  families,  the  Lycaenidae  and  the  Papilionidae 
were  classed  by  Hoisduval  imdcr  his  Succincti.  In  the  Xymphalidae,  by 
the  loss  of  the  median  girt  the  chrysalis  hangs  suspended  by  its  hinder  end, 
and  forms  the  group  termed  by  Boisduval  Suspeiisi  or  Penduli,  which  he 
and  his  followers  interpose  between  the  Involuti  and  the  Succincti.  Yet  we 
have  here  a  regular  progression  from  the  cocoon  of  the  moths  to  the  almost 
total  absence  of  the  use  of  any  silk  for  the  (juicscent  [jcriod  of  life.  Even 
the  few  exceptions  to  this  rule  seem  to  be  entirely  explanable  as  instances 
of  reversion.  Thus  the  only  case  among  the  higher  butterHies  where  a 
cocoon  ])ro[)erly  speaking  is  made,  is  in  the  subfamilies  most  closely  allied 
to  the  Ilesi)eridae,  among  the  grou[)  of  Parnassidi  and  Anthocharidi  ;* 
and  again  in  exceedingly  feeble  instances  where  the  necessities  lippcar  to 
be  overwhelmingly  great,  among  some  of  the  higher  \vm|)iialidac,  which 
have  lost  even  the  last  renmant  of  the  cocoon  of  moths  ;  ciz.,  in  some  of  the 
Satyridae,  which  lack  cremastral  hooks  and  undergo  their  transformations 
ordinarily  in  the  rudest  form  of  a  cell  which  they  can  construct  above  or  at 
the  surface  of  the  ground,  by  the  mere  movements  of  the  body  and  the  spin- 
ning of  one  or  two  threads  of  silk.  So,  too,  there  are  known  to  l)e  one  or 
two  instances  where  one  (tf  the  Xyinj)halidae  is  suspended  so  firmly  by  its 
cremastral  hooks  as  to  hold  the  chrysalis  in  a  rigid  obli(|ue  |)osition  very 
akin  to  that  of  the  Lycaenidae,  but  without  the  aid  of  the  median  girt ; 
and  as  a  forerunner  of  the  "susi)ended"  condition,  one  or  two  of  the 
Lemoniinac,  species  of  Stalachtis  and  Kmcsis,  are  stated  by  Bates  to  have 
an  entirely  similar  mode  of  pupation.  Again,  another  of  the  Xymphalidae, 
Ageronia,  is  said  by  Lacordairc  to  be  8U|)ported  in  part  by  a  median  girt 


•Bar  assorts  that  the  same  is  true  in  sonic  South  Anicrican  Leinoniinao. 


f'l.AssiFICATION  Ol"   lilTTKUFLIKS. 


78 


wliii'li.  it'  true,  niiijlit  hi'  looked  upon  as  nil  atiivistic  rilic  of  its  anci'stnil 
condition  ;  l)ut  Har,  IJiinneistiT  and  Miiller  nay  it  hangs  liko  otlicr  Xvm- 
liiialidao.  Moreover,  an  additional  feature  appears  in  tlie  structure  of  the 
I  lu'Vsalis  of  a  large  miniher  of  the  Xynipliaiidae,  whicii  would  seem  to  indi- 
ciitc  tliat  tiiey  inherit  the  mark  of  the  •'succinct"  condition  of  their  ances- 
tors, in  the  straight  ventral  surface  of  the  eiitiri!  <'hi ysalis.  a  feature  ai)solutely 
without  value  in  its  present  suspended  I'ondllioii,  hut  full  of  meaning, 
since  it  is  one  necessarily  common  to  all  the  close  l»ound  mcinhcrs  of  the 
higher  Succincti,  the  Lycaonidae. 

The  second  sciies  which  one  may  follow  is  that  which  has  lieen  seized 
upon  l)y  writers  from  the  earliest  times,  —  the  structure  of  the  front  legs. 
In  the  Ilcsperidae,  the  fore  legs,  like  those  of  the  hctcrocerous  families  of 
Lepidoptera,  differ  in  no  respect  from  the  others,  excepting  that  the  hind 
tiiiiae  are  usually  furnished  with  a  pair  of  spurs  at  the  middle  as  well  as  at 
the  tip,  and  the  fore  til>iae  hear  a  peculiar  epiphysis,  the  use  of  which  is  un- 
known, but  which,  morpiiologically,  is  uiKiuestiouahly  a  spur.  In  the  suh- 
family  Paitilioninae,  the  middle  pair  of  s[)urs  of  the  hind  legs  is  altogether 
lost,  hut  the  forc-til)ial  epij)hyses  remain  and  the  fore  leg  is  otherwise 
entirely  similar  in  character  to  the  other  legs.  Next,  in  the  closely  allied 
suhfamily,  Pierinac,  the  tibial  epiphyses  disappear,  but  the  fore  legs  still 
remain  identically  like  the  other  pairs. 

As  soon,  however,  iis  we  lia\e  reached  the  Lycaenidae,  we  notice  signs 
of  an  approaching  abortion  of  the  fore-legs,  but  only  in  one  sex,  the  male. 
In  the  Lycacninac,  while  the  fore  leg  of  the  female  does  not  dirter  from  the 
other  legs,  that  of  the  male  begins  to  lose  a  part  of  its  armature  and  to 
become  abbreviated :  the  tarsal  spurs  are  denuded  of  scales  and  borh  the 
tibial  and  tarsal  spines  are  diminished  in  number  ;  the  paronychia  and  jji-ds 
are  invariably  absent ;  and  the  claws  are  represented  by  an  ajiieal  spine  or 
spines  ditlering  from  the  other  8i»incs  at  most  in  size.  In  the  Lemoniiiiae 
tile  change  has  already  become  nuich  greater ;  for,  with  scarcely  an  excep- 
tion, the  fore  leg  of  the  male  has  become  very  nuich  smaller  than  in  the 
female,  and  while  each  part  is  reduced  in  size,  the  tarsus  is  represented  by 
a  diminished  number  of  jiiints,  totally  devoid,  as  is  also  the  tibia,  of  any 
armature  whatever,  but  clothed  abundantly  with  long  -cales  and  hairs. 
There  is  here  alst)  sometimes  a  faint  indication  of  change  in  the  female, 
the  spines  of  the  tarsus  i)eing  less  al)undaiit  than  on  the  other  li-ii's. 

In  the  Xymphalidac,  the  change  attects  both  sexes;  not,  however,  in  the 
lowest  subfamily,  the  Lii)ythciiiac,  which,  on  this  account,  many  authors 
who  have  given  special  attention  to  the  structure  of  the  legs  lane  classed 
with  the  Lemoniinae.  I?ut  in  all  other  Nynii)halidae  we  have  for  tlie  first 
time  both  sexes  represented  in  the  atro[)liy  of  the  fore  legs,  and  the  abor- 
tion is  also  carried  to  a  far  greater  extent.  They  are  also  frcciucntly  fur- 
nished, especially  in  the  male  sex.  with  a  spreading  brush   of  long  hairs. 


^■*i« 


74  TIIK   lU'TTF.UFMKS  OF  XKW    i:X<;i.AN'I). 

wliicli  i^ivos  tlicni  ii  pciMiliiir  lii|iint-likc  iipiiciinnicc.     Tlicy  two  ([iiitc  iiso- 
U'ss.  and  i  i  the  Sat\  riiiiic  iin-  rciliiccd  to  tlic  cxtriMiifst  di'^nT'O. 

When  we  ronicinlicr  lliat  the  sni.'ill  size  ot'  tlio  ]irutlii)nix  is  one  of  tlie 
iiioKt  ntrikiiif^  and  niasMivo  foatiHTs  hy  wliicli  tlic  I^'pidoptt'ra  arc  di.«tin- 
{jTiiislicd  t'nini  tlic  lower  lu'tcromctalxilic  orders,  —  tlie  Nein'(>])t"'ra,  Orlliop- 
tera.  Ileniiptera  and  ( 'ole(i|itera, — any  atrophy  of  I'fs  parts  in  *lie  hi^dii'r 
nuMnhers  of  tlie  order  is  es|)eeially  sijrnificant.  It  is  an  excess,  so  to 
s]ieak,  of  tliis  aristocratic  distinction,  and  sncli  rank  as  could  lie  ex|)ecte<l 
lietween  the  nieniliers  of  a  single  order  niigdit  surely  l)e  indicated  liy  it. 
Xevcrthclcssi,  however  inipoi-tant  or  unimportant  this  may  appear,  there  is 
the  st'i'ii'.x,  which  can  in  no  way  he  disputed,  leadin<j  from  the  Ilesperidac 
in  ii  direct  and  unbroken  course  through  the  Papilioninae,  Pierinae,  Ly- 
caeninae,  Lemoniinae  to  the  Nymphalidae,  and  culminating  in  the  Satyr- 
inac,  a  series  which  takes  an  iffi>,ifirft/  rmirsr  with  tliat  of  the  phenomena  of 
pupation,  through  llesperidae,  Papilionidae,  Tiycaenidae  and  N'ymphalidac. 

N'ow  what  have  the  supporters  of  the  high  rank  of  the  Papilionidae  to 
offer  as  against  such  series?  Xo  series  whatever;  no  gradation  of  charac- 
ters whatever.  Xo  one  of  them  claims  it.  The  only  characters  for  which 
they  maintain  the  supremacy  of  the  Papilionidae  are  drawn  exclusively 
from  one-half  the  family,  the  l'a[)ilioninae.*  These  are  1st,  the  "appar- 
ently four-hranched  median  nervnle"  of  the  fore  wing,  2d,  the  spur  on 
the  anterior  tihiae.  and  .'5d,  the  osniateria  of  the  larva.  As  to  the  1st,  it 
is  a  character  of  definition  at  the  most,  of  a  character  easily  paralleled 
among  other  groups  of  Iiuttertlies,  having  no  claim  to  superiority  on  any 
coneeivahle  ground,  and  a  mark  indeed,  of  inferiority,  since  it  is  shared  hy 
the  IIes|)eridae  and  hy  them  (july,  as  is  also  the  two-hranched  subcostal  ner- 
vure  of  the  hind  wing,  as  Spangherg  points  out.  As  to  the  2d,  it  is  again  a 
mark  of  low  rank,  as  it  too  is  shared  hy  many  of  the  llesperidae,  and  among 
huttei-flies  only  hy  them,  hut  is  well  developed  hi  many  moths  and  especially 
in  the  Bomhycidae  and  Phalaenidae.  And  as  to  the  i\(\,  so  seductively  put 
forward  hy  Wallace,  it  has  more  than  its  match  in  the  abdominal  caruncles 
(jf  the  Lycaenidae  (not  to  mention  those  of  many  moths)  which  are  double 
lore  Droininent  ones  more  complicated  in  .structure  aiid 


pn 


iiteria  are  even  said  bv  Hoisduval  to  be  exaetlv 


■pe 


ated 


paired.     The  omu 

in  the  larva  of  Urania.  The  leatures,  therefore,  by  which  the  naturalist 
would  claim  high  rank  for  the  Papilionidae  are  utterly  insufficient.  They 
may  indicate  their  low  rank,  or  at  the  most  form  special  distinctive  features 
with  no  token  of  high  character  about  them.  \\'hen  any  characters  can  be 
shown  in  the  Papilionidae  with  any  mark  of  sn})eriority  about  them,  or, 
characters  common  to  all  iiuttei-tlies  which  lead  from  the  llesperidae  in  a 
regular  progression  through  the  other  groups  to  find  their  culmination  in 

It  is  uf  no  coiispciiK'nci' tliat  iiiaiiy  liold      always  lias  to  lie  jissociatpil  with  the  Papillon- 


till'  IMiTinaii  as  a  yroiip  of  family  rank;  it 


lat'  as  its  very  nt'xt  neighbor. 


I'liYsiCAT,  f;i;o(;nAriiv  of  tii"',  itr.nioN'. 


75 


tlic  I'aiiilionidiK',  then  it  will  Ix.'  in  pliKc  to  discuss  furllicr  tlic  |>rni>t'i- 
si'rial  or  titlicr  urnmgciiiciit  dI'  luittcrtlii's.  I'litil  llicv  can,  llic  iiiiincnui!* 
cliaractci's  liv  wliicli  the  I'apiliiinidac,  and  tlic  l'a|iiliiiiiidac  alone,  ai'o 
related  to  tlie  Ilespi'riilae  must   tie  re;,fai-de(l,  witli  the  series  fliowii  aliove. 


to  set 


tie  tl 


le  matter    lieviuu 


1  reasonalile  disiiut 


Tiie  i'aets,  as  known  at 


present,  admit  ol'  liut  one  interiiretatioii. 


III. 


TIIK   PIIY.SICAL    rEATrUKS   AM)    FAUXISTIC    DIVISIONS 
OF   M:\V   KNGLAXl). 

THE  PHYSICAL    GEOOliAPllY  OF  NEW  ENGLAND. 
BY  W.  M.  DAVL'-i. 


'8 


:vii 


u 


"Yours  for  iiistiiiici',  voii  know  pliy^ic-,  >oiiiolliiii'.'  of  iri'iilduy, 
Miitlu'iiiatii's  arc  voiir  pasliiiif;  >oiil>  >liall  rise  in  tlicir  ili'urci'; 
Biittcrtlii's  niiiy  ilrcad  iNtiiiclioii,— you'll  iiul  ilic.  il  (iiniiot  lie  ! 

ItROW.VIXd.— .1  Tncrntil  III'  liiilililili'n. 

Xew  England  is  u  rugged  country  of  mountainous  structure,  worn  (lo\\n 
to  a  niodenite  relief  in  its  old  age,  dejiressed  so  as  to  submerge  part  ot 
its  margin  lieneath  the  sea,  and  uneveidy  veneered  over  with  a  liroken 
sheet  of  drift,  which  covers  many  of  its  smaller  hills  and  buries  nearly  all 
the  valley-bottoms  out  of  sight.  It  is  built  in  greatest  part  of  crystalline 
or  of  old  and  much  disturbed  bedded  roeks,  that  have  undoubtedly  at  some 
former  time  given  it  a  much  stronger  relief  than  it  [losscsses  at  jiresent ; 
but  it  is  now  so  long  since  its  rocks  were  crowded  into  upl'.eaval  and  ex- 
trusion that  little  more  than  the  roots  of  its  old  mountains  remain.  Indeed, 
its  rocks  arc  so  old,  and  even  the  last  period  of  its  overturning  so  remote, 
th.at  it  has  probably  been  at  some  time  in  the  jiast  denuded  to  a  suit'aet'  of 
gentle  undulation  ;  and  it  is  in  this  surface  that  the  present  valleys  ha\c 
been  cut  after  a  later  time  of  general  elevation.  Hut  even  this  change  is 
ancient,  for  little  of  the  old  surface  can  now  be  seen.  It  may  lie  re- 
constructed from  such  remnants  as  the  jilateau-like  ujilands  of  central  or 
western  Massachusetts,  where  the  relatively  deep  and  narrow  valleys  of 
DeerKeld  and  Miller's  rivers,  that  enter  the  C'onnectient  from  the  west 
and  east  near  (Jreenfield,  show  that  a  good  volunu'  of  high-level  country 
still  remains  there  to  lie  consumed  :  it  mav  lie  faintlv  iiereeived  at  a  irreater 
altitude  in  the  White  Mountains,  where  the  bmad  surfaces  between  the 
dark  glens,  that  arc  now  eating  their  way  back  into  the  mountain  masses, 
manifest  little  topographic  symjiiithy  with  the  complicated  structure  of  the 
upturned  roeks:  but  in  the  greater  [lart  of  Xew  England,  the  larger  streams 


5  r 


76  THE  BUTTERFLIES  OF  NEW  ENGLAND. 

hail  alioiuly  in  [jroglaciiil  times  sunk  their  channels  well  down  towarils  the 
hase-levcl,  the  side  streams  liad  l)e('omc  very  mnnerous  and  the  vaIlpy-sloi)Ps 
had  widened  out  as  tlie  interveninj;  liilis  wasted  away :  and  a  rolliiiji:, 
liilly  surface,  risinj;:  in  places  to  mountains  of  moderate  heights,  has  thus 
been  produced.  It  is  not  desired  to  atfirm  in  this  description  that  the  earlier 
erosion  had  produced  a  perfect  jilain  ;  considcraM"  in('(iualitics  doubtless 
remained  iit  the  time  of  jrencral  elevation  ;  nor  that  all  our  rivers  are  new- 
horn  ;  the  larger  ones  may  still  follow  the  eoursc  of  their  ancient  predeces- 
sors:  nor  that  the  elevation  was  sudden,  single  or  uniform  ;  it  was  more 
probably  [)rogressive  and  unc\en  :  but  it  can  hardly  be  questioned  that  the 
preparation  of  our  topography  re(piired  some  such  process  as  is  here  sketched, 
Pennsylvania  has  had  a  similar  histiny  ;  but  thei'c  the  relatively  simple  and 
orderly  structure  of  the  rocks  compels  a  correspondingly  simple  and  orderly 
arrangement  in  the  present  tofjography.  In  Xew  England,  the  harder  and 
higl'.er  parts  of  the  old  surface  presumably  still  remain  in  the  mountains 
and  hills  of  to-day,  but  the  rock  structure  which  determined  the  arrange- 
ment of  these  parts  is  so  complicated  that  a  simple  and  systematic  classifi- 
cation of  the  present  topogra[)hv  is  imi»ossiblc.  Moreover,  New  Kngland 
has  been  heavily  glaciated  in  comparatively  recent  times,  and  although  ice 
cannot  be  held  responsible  for  the  production  of  the  greater  topogra|)hic 
forubs,  it  has  been  directly  and  indirectly  most  potent  in  fashioi'ing  the 
details  of  form  which  aiv  familiar  to  us  on  every  side.  Before  considering 
these,  the  larger  physical  divisions  of  Xew  England  may  be  liricHy  de- 
scribed. 

There  are  five  divisions  easily  recognized.  The  Iludson-C'ham|)lain  \ al- 
leys, which  mark  the  natural  or  physical  l)oundary  of  Xew  England  on  the 
\vest ;  the  Gieen  Mountains  and  the  associ^ited  ranges  on  their  western 
slo[)e  :  the  great  valley  of  the  Connecticut  Kivcr ;  the  White  Mountains, 
descending  to  a  jilateau  with  occasional  mountains  in  southern  Xew  Hamp- 
shire, and  continued  as  a  dissected  i)lateau  in  Massachusetts  and  Connecti- 
cut, '.vli'ic  to  the  northeast  the  disconnected  mountains  of  northern  Maine 
may  l>e  placed  in  the  same  group  ;  and  finally  the  lower  coastal  slope  from 
Khodc  Island  north-eastward. 

The  Green  Mountains  may  be  ctmveniently  taken  first.  Their  main 
range  consists  of  gneissoid  rocks,  trending  a  little  cast  of  north  through  the 
western  parts  of  Connecticut,  Massachusetts  and  \'ermont.  South  of  the 
latter  state,  they  form  a  dissected  plateau,  under  2.")(  10  feet  in  height :  fiu-ther 
north,  the  elevation  increases,  and  the  range  is  dominated  by  wel!  marked 
sununits,  four  of  which  rise  over  4000  feet:  Jay  Peak,  401S  ;  Mansfield 
Mountain,  4;5«!» ;  Camers  Hump,  4077  ;  and  Killingtcm  Peak,  4221.  It  is, 
curiously  enough,  only  in  the  northern,  higher  portion  of  the  range  that  it 
is  traversed  by  rivers  ;  the  Winooski  aid  the  Lamoille,  flowing  from  east 
to  west,  open  low  passes  (about  400  and  .")00  feet)  for  transverse  roads, 


M 


I'llYSKAL  CEOJilUrilY  OF    VUK   llECilON. 


77 


while  t'iirtlier  soiitli  it  is  gi'iii'vally  respoctcd  l)y  tliu  strciiins  a.s  a  divide, 
Niirtli  of  our  hoiiiidary,  tlie  ranj^o  pik'Io.som  tlic  iiitpcr  liasin  of  tlio  St. 
Francis  river,  l)iit  decreases  in  heiii'lit  and  disapjiears  in  the  hiwhinds  of  tlie 
St.  Lawrence  al)out  the  Chaudiere  ri\('r. 

On  tlie  west  of  the  (Jreen  Afouiitains  lies  the  'Paconie  ranue,  whose  dis- 
connected sunnjiits  consist  of  folded  schists  risinjj  from  limestone  valleys. 
The  range  is  hcst  developed  in  western  Massachusetts  and  southwestern 
Vermont,  where  the  chief  elevations  are,  he^'inninu'  on  the  south,  Mt, 
Kverett,  2t)L'4;  (Jreylock.  :!,")(»:):  Mt.  Kohis,  iUlS;  Mt.  Kipiinox,  ;5s72. 
The  associated  valleys  l^ne  their  hiii'hest  level  at  al)()ut  a  thousand  feet  in 
Merkshire,  Massachusetts.  A  second  suhordinate  ranu'c  lies  alonu'  the 
eastern  shore  of  Lake  Champlain  ;  it  is  huilt  of  red  sand-rock,  dippinji'  to 
the  ei'.st  and  presentinif  hold  hlutls  to  the  west;  the  liiii'hest  [)eaksare  IJuck 
and  Snake  mountains,  the  latter  risintj  to  l.'Wdfeet.  These  two  ranji'es  arc 
traversed  liy  many  streams. 

The  Hudson  and  Champlain  valleys  trend  north  with  the  strike  of  their 
bedded  rocks,  and  arc  doulitless  n-uided  also  hy  the  jjreat  dislocations  that 
pass  l)etvvecn  the  Green  ^fountains  on  the  cast  and  the  Adir(mdacks  and 
Catskills  on  the  west.  The  Hudson  still  maintains  an  open  passaj^e  to  the 
sea.  holdinji'  its  way  even  throuii'h  the  HiLrhlands,  where  the  (ireen  ^[01111- 
taiiis  turn  south-westward  to  Xcw  Jersey  ;  liiit  the  C'hainplain  valley  has 
licen  ciMuerted  into  a  lake,  as  will  he  further  notccl  helow.  and  its  side  val- 
leys are  Hooded  into  hays  while  its  rid^'cs  stand  up  in  promontories  and 
islands.  Its  waters  now  stand  at  an  elevation  of  one  hundred  feet  and  the 
divide  south  of  \Vhitchall  between  the  waters  Howinix  north  and  south  is 
under  two  hundred  feet  above  the  sea.  To  the  north,  the  Cliam|)lain  val- 
ley expands  into  the  li'ivat  jjlain  of  the  St.  Lawrence. 

The  Connecticut  valley  is  a  strong  depression  between  the  mountains. 
At  the  junction  of  the  Passiimpsic  with  the  main  stream  the  elevation  is  a 
little  less  than  fidO  feet.  'I'hence  southward,  the  river  course  is  remarkably 
straight,  followiii<>'  close  to  a  line  of  ancient  slates,  between  New  Hamp- 
shire and  Vermont,  and  tlu'u  alonuthc  middle  of  the  Triassic  sandstones  to 
central  Connecticut  at  Middlctown.  where  the  river  turns  southeast  throuah 
the  crystalline  hiirhlands.  while  the  valley  jjoes  mi  to  Loufr  Island  Sound  at 
Xcw  Haven.  This  oblicpic  outlet  is  shown  to  be  old  by  its  ueutly  slo[>in!T 
sides:  it  serves  better  than  any  other  sinirle  feature  to  demonstrate  that  the 
larii'cr  lines  of  our  present  drainajie  were  determined  before  the  land  stood 
at  its  present  attitiid(>  and  altitude. 

The  valley  is  diversified  by  mountains  of  three  kinds,  In  \'ermont  there 
arc  several  isolated  masses  of  intrusive  ifranitc  that  rise  from  the  lower 
jjroiind,  of  which  the  conical  Ascutney  (iiltl."?  feet)  may  Ik^  taken  as  the 
finest  example.  In  Massachusetts  and  Connecticut,  there  are  ridu'cs  of  trap 
and  sandstone.     The  latter  seldom  attain  prominence  south   of  Mt,  Toby 


r 


78 


TiiK  uutt;:iii'Lii:8  of  ni:\v  i;N(iLAXi). 


ii 


(1275  t'ect)  ami  Sugar  Loaf  (70'J)  in  Massachusetts  al)()ve  Aiiilicrst ;  the 
t'orniL'i"  constitute  a  cliaraeteristie  feature  of  the  valley  farther  south.  The 
trai)  occurs  chiefly  in  intcrl tedded  sheets,  dipi)ing'  to  tlie  east,  with  i)ohl 
convex  outline  to  tlie  west,  l)roken  by  ohli({ue  fasdt-valleys :  tiic  hi<5hest 
points  on  tlie  ridges  are  Mt.  Ilolyoke  (t)54)  and  Mt.  Tom  (lloOjnear 
Nortlianipton,  Mass.,  and  West  Peak  (!>!•())  and  Ilighy  Mountain  near 
Meriden,  Conn.  Thi?  district  of  tiie  Hanging  Hills,  between  Meriden 
and  Farniington,  is  among  the  most  picturesque  in  southern  New  Kngi.md. 
^It.  (,'armel,  a  little  farther  south,  is  a  dik'  standing  up  in  a  i)old  ridge. 

The  Wiiite  ^lountains  of  New  Hampshire  include  several  sul)ordinate 
grou[)s  scjtaratcd  by  deep  valleys.  The  chief  of  tlicse  is  the  Presidential 
range,  culminating  in  Mt.  Washington  at  an  altitude  of  ()2!i;^  feet,  with 
Mounts  Monroe,  Clay,  Jefferson,  .\danis  and  Madison,  all  over  five  thou- 
sand feet :  this  group  stands  [ire-eminent  among  its  neighbors,  as  the 
White  Mountains  exceed  the  other  mountains  of  Xew  England.  To  the 
east,  th"  C-arter  range  rises  to  48.51)  feet,  beyond  which  the  mountains  are 
scattered  and  of  less  elevation,  soon  falling  off  to  the  lowlands  of  Maine. 
To  the  north,  there  is  the  Starr  King  group  (;5925)  and  beyond  this  the 
Pilot  range.  To  the  west  is  the  Franc(mia  range,  containing  Twin 
Mountain  (4il22),  Mt.  Lafayette  (.52(;!l),  Mt.  Lincoln  (.50SIH)  and  Hay- 
stack ((iarfield,  4520)  ;  and  isolated  beyond  these  is  Moosilauke  (481(1) 
on  tlie  eastern  border  of  the  Connecticut  valley.  »Southward  from  the 
Franconia  range  lie  several  groups,  including  Mt.  Carrigain  (4701),  Tri- 
pyramid  (41<S1I)  and  Passaconaway  (4111!^. 

There  is  little  continuity  or  uniformity  of  arrangement  in  this  complicated 
mountain  region.  The  rocks  are  crystalline  or  highly  metamorphosed, 
and  arc  greatly  disturbed  and  eroded :  their  massive  structure  and  the 
heavy  glaciation  that  most  of  them  have  sutl'ered  [u-event  the  development 
of  much  topograjihic  detail,  and  most  of  the  sununits  are  blunt  shoulders 
with  rounded  s[»ui's  :  liut  at  times  the  gneissoid  and  schistose  rocks  give 
expression  to  ridges  and  clitls,  as  aiiout  Mt.  AVashington,  where  the  slo[)es 
of  loose  weatliered  boulders  desct'ud  with  the  dip  of  the  beds,  while  the 
outcrop  face  is  marked  by  precipitous  walls  of  solid  rock.  Choc(n'ua 
(l)5()N)  on  the  southern  bordci'  of  the  range  is  one  of  the  sharjiest  peaks. 

The  tinil)er  line  lies,  on  INIount  Washington,  between  4000  and  45()(( 
feet  aliove  the  sea  ;  at  greater  heights  there  is  a  well  marked  alfiine  flora. 
Tile  open  lower  valleys  are  generally  cleared,  l)ut  the  intermediate  slo[tes 
are  heavily  forested,  except  where  too  rocky  and  precipitous  for  tree 
growth,  or  where  bared  by  recent  fires,  or  by  slides,  such  as  those  of 
Tripyramid  in  iNliii  and  ls,s5  ;  clearings  have  not  yet  desolated  the  moun- 
tains, and  fioni  many  sununits,  such  as  Mt.  Carrigain,  little  more  than  a 
rugged  tree-c(Pver(Ml  wilderness  is  to  be  seen. 

rnlike  the  (ireen  Moiuitains,  the  present  range  is  nowhere   traversed 


PHYSICAL  (iEO(;RArilY  OF  TIIK    ItKdlOX. 


79 


from  side  to  siidc  hy  streams.  Tliere  is  eontimioiis  divide  from  ^It.  Carr, 
south  of  Moosilauke,  over  tiie  Franeoiiia  ami  Presidential  raiiijes  to  the 
Cai'tcr  i^roiip,  and  aj^aiii  soiitliward  from  tiie  Francouii;  raiijje  to  the 
Tripyraiiiid  jjroiips.  and  northward  from  Mt.  Washington  to  Starr  Kintj 
and  Ijeyond.  lint  on  tlie  otlier  hand,  tlie  ranire  is  thronjfliont  its  ienirtli 
eliaraeterized  hy  deep  transverse  notches,  dividing  it  into  the  groni)s  al)ove 
named ;  and  i\s  the  deepest  noteiies  have  a  north  and  south  trend,  with  Hat 
sununit  passes  and  rather  smootli  slopes,  a  eonsiderahle  hut  nndetermine<l 
share  of  their  depth  may  he  attrilmfed  to  glacial  action,  of  which  more 
!)elow.  The  finest  of  these  notches  are  :  Dixville  notch,  east  of  Colehrook, 
with  a  summit  height  of  lis;5l  feet,  separating  the  waters  of  the  ( 'onnecticut 
and  Androscoggin;  the  Pinkham  notch,  on  the  eastern  side  of  the  Presi- 
dential range,  with  a  divide  at  a  height  of  2()l.S  feet  between  streams  lead- 
ing to  the  Androscoggin  and  the  Saco  :  the  White  Mountain  or  ( 'rawford 
notch,  west  of  the  same  range,  reaching  1!>14  feet  at  the  divide  Ijctween 
the  headwaters  of  the  Saeo  and  the  .\nnn;inoosuc ;  the  Franconia  notch, 
where  the  Peuiigiwasset  flows  southward  and  forms  the  Merrimack,  from  a 
divide  at  a  height  of  2014  feet,  which  descends  northward  to  the  Anunon- 
oosuc  :  and  Kinsman's  or  Woodstock  notch  hetween  the  Franconia  Moun- 
tains and  Moosilauke,  dividing  hranches  of  the  same  streams  at  a  height 
of  about  lOoO  feet. 

The  mountains  are  further  dissected  l)y  deep,  steep-walled  ravines  and 
gulfs,  where  the  most  active  consumption  of  the  mass  is  now  going  on  : 
Tuckernian's  and  King's  ravines  and  the  (Jreat  (iulf,  all  in  the  Presidential 
range,  are  among  the  most  pictnres(iue  of  these. 

Southward  fnnn  the  ^N'hite  Moi'.ntains,  a  plateau-like  highland  extends, 
with  an  elevation  of  about  a  thousan<l  feet,  between  the  Connecticut  and 
Merrimack  rivers,  into  Massachusetts,  and  then  rapidly  declines  in  north- 
ern Connecticut.  Several  isolated  moimtains  rise  upon  it,  the  finest  being 
Kearsarge  (2!»4-2),  ^Fonacbiock  (lUliit)  and  Wachusett  (2t)lH).  The 
highland  is  generally  well  drained;  no  lakes  of  large  size  occur  upon  it, 
although  small  lakes  or  ponds  and  flat  meadows  are  connnon.  Xorth- 
eastwaid  from  the  ^\'hite  Moimtains,  an  unsettled  forest  country  of 
scattered  mountains  and  large  lakes  extends  through  northern  Maine.  Its 
elevation  is  about  fifteen  hundred  feet  around  the  head  waters  of  the  \n- 
droscoggin,  falling  oH' to  1(12;!  feet  at  Moosehead  lake,  and  about  500  at 
Madawaska.  The  height  of  the  mountains  in  the  region  are  as  yet  poorly 
determined,  as  nearly  all  explorers  here  follow  the  water-ways  alone, 
avoiding  the  surrounding  forests  and  swamps.  Ktaadn,  the  highest  sum- 
mit, reaches  about  r)2l")  feet. 

The  lower  lands  that  fringe  the  coast  are  generally  less  than  five  luui- 
dred  and  often  under  two  hundred  feet  above  sea-level.  They  include  the 
southern  third   of  Connecticut,  all  of  Hliode  Island,  southeastern  Massa- 


80 


Tin:   nUlTEKl'LlKs  i)V  NKW   KXtiLANI). 


li 


chiLxutt!!  anil  the  eastern  third  of  tlie  rest  of  the  State,  New  Ilanip^-liiro 
fr(»ni  Lake  Winnipiseog-ee  to  the  roast,  and  fully  a  third  of  Maine.  This 
rej^ion  is  by  no  means  as  level  as  the  eoastal  ])lain  of  New  .Jersey  and 
the  Atlautie  horder  farther  south,  l)ut  is  irref>ularly  broken  hy  roeky  hills 
anionji'  Hat,  drift  lowlands.  Sonic  of  the  elevations  niiji;ht  rank  with  small 
mountains,  us  the  iJhie  Hills  ((i.'}")),  a  little  south  of  Boston,  and  in  Maine, 
Agamentieus  ('>7;))  haek  of  York,  and  Green  Mountain  (l.")27)  on  Mt. 
Desert.  On  the  other  hand,  large  areas  are  wanting  in  roeky  hills,  as  in 
southeastern  Xew  Hampshire,  and  all  of  ^lassaelmsetts  below  Plymouth. 
Cape  Cod  and  the  islands  to  the  south  and  west  are  essentially  the  produet 
of  glacial  action,  which  is  next  to  be  considered. 

It  was  over  a  country  whose  larger  divisions  have  now  been  described 
that  the  (piaternary  ice-sheets  crept  down  from  the  north.  The  ice 
scoured  out  the  valleys,  smoothing  off  the  spurs  and  ridges  on  their  sides. 
Crawford's  Notch  in  the  White  Mountains,  through  which  a  heavy  stream 
of  ice  nuist  have  tloweil,  is  probably  as  good  an  example  as  we  possess  of 
a  valley  form  thus  simplified.  The  glacial  sheet  rose  and  covered  all  the 
hills  and  wore  down  their  jieaks  and  pinnacles  :  Mt.  Monadnock,  whose 
structure  is  well  adapted  to  develoi)  a  ragged  crest-line,  has  lost  many  of 
the  sharp  edges  that  it  nnist  once  have  had,  and  over  its  rounded  sununits, 
the  marks  of  ice-dragged  stones  are  plainly  visil)le.  The  total  effect  of  the 
glacial  invasion  was  most  likely  towards  diminishing  the  topographic  relief 
of  Xew  England,  not  only  by  rubbing  down  the  hills  and  ridges,  but  even 
more  by  leaving  tlu;  drift-rul)bish  chieHy  on  the  lower  groun<l,  greatly  to 
(he  embarrassment  of  the  streams  that  took  possession  of  the  country  again 
as  the  ice  melted  away. 

The  ground  iiioraine,  the  innnediate  [)rotluct  of  the  moving  ice-sheet  ou 
the  ground  beneath  it,  known  by  the  Scotch  name,  till,  is  generally  absent 
from  the  higher,  steeper  hills,  i)ut  is  .-[iread  with  smoothly  rolling  surface, 
somewhat  fluted  in  the  direction  of  ice-motion,  o\er  the  lowlands  and  flat 
uplands.  The  contrast  i)etween  tliC  u[)[ier  zone  of  glacial  erosion  and  the 
lower  zone  of  ilrift  accinnulation  is  admirably  shown  in  the  smaller  side 
valleys  among  the  Berkshire  hills  of  ^^'estern  Massachusetts.  In  central 
and  southern  New  'Migland,  the  till  often  takes  the  form  of  oval,  rounded 
hills  of  evenly  arched  |>rofilc,  now  known  by  the  Irish  name,  drumlins  ;  the 
largest  of  these  are  over  half  a  mile  in  Icnu'th  and  rise  more  than  two  lum- 
dred  fei't  al)ove  their  base  :  they  are  seen  ai)out  Boston,  where  they  make 
the  harbor  islands,  and  again  on  the  ui)lands  about  Brookfield,  Mass., 
and  west  of  I'utnam,  Conn.,  where  they  control  the  shape  of  the  country. 
Heaps  of  drift,  foi-ming  hills  and  enclosing  hollows  of  marked  to[)ographic 
value,  k.iown  by  the  Swiss  name,  moraines,  mark  the  position  held  by  the 
edge  of  tlu'  ice-sheet  during  a  time  of  balanced  supply  and  waste  :  great 
terminal  moraines  may  be  traced  over  Cape  Cod  and  the  islands  to  the  south 


riivsrcAL  cKOCiUAi'iiv  OK  Tin:  in-.caox. 


81 


iiutl  west  a.s  t'iir  us  tlie  iiiUTows  of  Xt'\v  York  I>iiy,  whit'h  flicy  dcfiiio  :  slop- 
ing pliiins  of  siind  stirtch  soiitlnvard  from  tlic  luorainic  liills  to  tlic  sea  ; 
alley  moraines,  formed  by   loeal  glaciers,    liave    l)een   discerned 


smalle 


Ik 


in  tiie  Wiiite  Monntain  region  towards   Littleton  and  elsewliei 


M 


onnds 


(1  ridii'es  of  <fravel  and  sand,  now  eonnnonlv  called  I)v  the  Scotch  name, 


kaines,  lie  in  the  valkys  and  lowlands,  remaining  as  consp 


h'UOns    mnlHl- 


nient  of  the  combined  action  of  ice  and  water 


m 


le  closni'jf  staircs  of 


th 


glacial  period  :  these  are  wonderfully  developed  in  Maine,  where,  under  the 
name  of  "horsebacks, "  their  height  may  exceed  a  hundred  feet,  and  their 
length  is  to  be  measured  in  miles,  with  hardly  an  interrui)tion. 

'I'iie  kames  are  often  associated  with  sand-plains,  ])robal)ly  deposited  in 
lakes  temporarily  held  within  the  irregidar  front  of  the  ice  during  its  stag- 
nant melting  away,  and  now  sometimes  standing  up  like  little  plateaus, 
higher  than  the  valley  ground  al)out  them  ;  such  as  the  sand-plain  in  which 
AN'aiden  Pond  is  contained  near  Concord,  Mass.  Sand-plains  an<l  di'ltas 
also  mark  the  shores  of  extinct  lakes,  marginal  to  the  melting  ice,  wlici-e 
the  land  inclined  towards  its  retreating  front :  such  occur  in  large  size  in 
the  lateral  valleys  on  the  eastern  slope  of  the  Connecticut  valley  in  north- 
ern Massachusetts  and  southwestern  Xew  Ilinupshire.  The  outlet  of  lakes 
of  this  character  was  eouunonly  over  some  low  pass  among  the  hills,  and 
the  line  of  discharge  is  marked  i)y  abundant  sands  and  gravels,  as  along 
the  now  tlat-l)ottomed  Greenwich  valley,  which  led  Miller's  Ivivcr  from 
Orange  towardsi  Palmer,  when  its  How  direct  to  tiie  Connecticut  was 
obstructed.  The  Florence  plain,  near  Xorthampton,  is  a  sandy  delta,  built 
in  a  lake  from  which  the  elay  beds  of  the  middle  Connecticut  valley  wore 
di'positcd  after  the  ice  had  melted  away.  In  Maine,  the  plains  about 
l)el)lois,  west  of  Machias,  cover  an  area  of  several  s(inare  miles.  Sand- 
dunes  are  occasionally  formed  on  these  jdains,  as  well  as  on  the  more  sandy 
ri\er  terraces,  and  on  the  sea-coast. 

More  or  less  directly  connected  with  the  retreating  ice  are  tiie  great  d(>- 
posits  of  clay,  sand  and  gravel  with  which  many  valleys  were  cloga'cd  when 
their  streams  w(>re  o\  crloaded  with  tlctritus  washed  froni  beneath  the  glacial 
sheet  and  from  the  coimtry  just  unco\ercd  by  its  melting,  and  when  the 
general  southward  gradient  of  the  streams  was  diminished   by  th(>   northern 

depression  of  the  land  tlint   ii nipanied    the  closing  stag(>s   of  the   glacial 

[leriod.  It  is  in  good  pari  liy  detritus  of  tliis  kind  that  the  valK'y-liottonis 
are  so  genei'ally  Imricd. 

The  depression  of  \cw  Kngland  here  referred  to,  and  tlie  snb«e(|ui'nt 
oscillations  of  lc\cl  \\n\v  been  iuijioi'lant  in  determining  the  ehiMVK  ter  of  its 
sIior(>  line.  The  begimiing  and  the  amount  of  the  depri'ssion  cannot  be  accu- 
rately stated  :  but  it  occurreil  after  the  perio<l  of  general  \alley-niaking,  it 
was  associated  with  the  glacial  period,  it  was  greater  in  th(>  north  than  in 
the  south,  and  it  has  left  a    considerable   area    that    .-tructiu'allv  belongs  to 


S2 


iiiH  i'.ri"ri:i!ri,ii:s  of  ni;w  i:n(;i,ani). 


Nc\>'  Knuland  licni'Mtli   the    wiitcrs   tit'  the  dccuii. 


Ill    i;'i'i»l( 


oiric'iiUv    rcci'iit 


times  tlii'i'c  li: 


'11  ;i  sliolit  rccoMTv  t'rom  tlic   (k'lircs.-iuu,  ciKniirli    tn  lilt 


rtaiii   iinstiiiiU'ial,    iiuiriiit'   il('|iosits 


tllMt 


niodtli    (>\i'r  iiiid   siiii|ilitv   till 


littdi'iil  topography,  twi 


iiiiidi't'd  or  inori'  t'l'i't  alio\L'  tlic  sea  in  M; 


line,  am 


less  aloiij;  the  !<oiitlierii   eoast  ;   but    nut    iiearlv   enoiiirli   to   reveal    all    tli 


previoii 


siv  .siibinerii'ed  area.      A  slii;lit  siilinieri^enee   of  e\eii 


late 


ilso  iiit'erri'd.     Tlie  ]ireseiit  shore-line  is  thei'i't'ore  ol' eoniplex  oriu'i 


r   (late    is 
The 


rri'at   lia\> 


iiid   Kords  of  Maine,  ^Iai<saehu.setts  and  Kliode    Island  and  tlr 


Hord-like  ehaiinel  of  the  lower  Tliidson  I\i\ 


er  niav  ije  eoiisu 


lered 


siUt- 


ineru'ed  vallev 


nd  lowlands,  eroded  ehietlv  l)V  the  ordiiii 


ir\-  siii)aerial  toires 


I  f( 


duriiiu'  the  former  "-reater  elevation  of  the  land,  and  Knislied  off  hv  "laeial 

mount  :  the  simpler  shore-line  of  New  Hampshire 


nililiiiiii  to  an  iinknowi 


and  soiitliern 


th 


Ml 


line, 


itlu'rn    Massaehiisetts   and  Coniieetieiit,  results 


from  a  plentiful  supply  ot' drift,  with  wliieli  the  de|)r(.'ssed  and  buried   h 


id 


Ih 


leeii  smoothed  ovei 


)f  th 


-mailer 


indenlation.«i  on  these  parts  of  the  eoast  have  been  enclosed  by  bars  of  sand, 
brought  bv  the  waves  ehieflv  from  drift-bluffs  near  bv  ;   the  shallow  waters 


liehiiid  the  bars  have  eommonlv  been    lilh'd    up  to  hiirh-tide  level 


ilt- 


niarshe.' 


Theeliffsand  bars  that  mark   tl 


le  pre 


sent    si  I 


lore-ime   are  iniieli 


more  distinet  than  anv  tliat  remain  at  a  hiulier  level. 


( )ii  a   surface   thus   slowlv 


prei 


larei 


iiaiiv  processes,  standmi;'   in  an 


attitude  thus  lately  a'aiued  after  many  oscillations 
streams  have,  as  it   \w\v,  just    beuiiii    their  new. 


the  present   ri\ers   and 
postn'Iacial  tasks.       I'lie 


ittk 


icadwatcr   streams 


.f  tl 


le  moiiiitaiiious  (hstricts  still    for   the   most 


jiart  follow  their  steep,  prej,dacial  ra\incs.  'I'lie  larger  rivers,  like  the 
Coiuiectieiit,  and  those  smaller  ones  that  are  hedged  in  by  steep-sided  val- 
leys, like  the  upper  .Vndroseoggin  or  the  ^\'esttield,  follow  closely  along 
their  old  courses,  although  somewhat  disturbed  by  the  ih'ift-tilling  in  which 
ik   their   channels  :   and   what   with  northern  elevation 


tliev   lane   now 


whereby  the   river-slopes   are   steepened   and   the   base-le\el   lowered,  and 


what   w 


ith   th 


present   slower   wasliin"'   awav  of  the   plant-covi'red  drift- 


surf 


lec,  win 


hereliv  the  ratio  of  load  to  wati'i-voli 


(lecreasci 


1,  th 


leeii  cmpuwered    t(j   carry  awav 


I'tritus   that    thev  had  sliorth 


icforc  de|)osited  ;  and  thus  are  formed  the  terraces  that  make  so  character- 
stic  an  element  of  our  valleys.      The  terracing  process  probably  advanced 


rapidly   as 
e\eii  in  the  ii 


loiiii; 


th. 


found 


Iv  cla\'  iiud  sand  to  cut  awav,  for 


iriet'  postglacial  period  since  the  work  b 
dl 


that 


if  it 


is  Ncry  generally   accomplislu'd.      Further   te 


rracin 


u:  will  be   accomplished 


much  more  slowly,  for  the  deepening  of  the  channels    is   now   retarded 


rocky  ridges  aiK 
ttpening  their  burict 
dtl 


purs  wiiu 


h   nearlv   all   the  streams    have   d 


iscovcrcd 


Icvs  ;   It  won 


hi 


lave   re(piired    more   tore 


f. 


-ht  t( 


ivoid  these  ohstriictions  and 


1  settle  down  precisely  on  the  lowest  line  of  the 
lid  valley  than  can  be  expected  uf  rivers,     ^\'hen  a  rocky  ledge  is  thus 


I'livsK  Ai,  (;i:()(ii!Ai'iiv  OK  Tin:  i;i:(;i(»N. 


S3 


ciic'Minti'i'ci 


1.  it  I'lH'ctivclv  clicck.-i  till'  (Ic 


0('|i('nmjx  o' 


tlic  clianiicl  ill  till 


1( 


(U'tritiis  fiirtlicr  up  strcjini.  Iiiit  hcluw  it.  the  soft  viillcy-lilliiiji'  is  (|nickly 
out  away  ati  lnw  as  tlu'  lU'xt  ilown-stirain  Irdj^-t'  will  allow  ;  at  the  cud  of 
every  level  stretch  thus  t'oruied,  there  is  a  sudden  descent  tncr  a  liarrici- 
to  amither  level  stretch  helow,  and  thus  are  |)roduced  the  altci'uate  Hood- 
jilain  meadows  and  low  rocky  rapids  that  characterize  our  rivers.  Some- 
times a   river,   wanderiu""  too  tar  from   its   old    line,  unwittinirlv  sinks  it> 


channel  on 


spur 


hijrh 


the   I 


ui>  on  the    ouried  \alley-sio| 


tl 


len  a  casca( 


le  of 


stronff  fall  is  formed,  of  vast  imjiortanee  to  New  Kn;^'land  in  furnish.in;;' 
uvailahlc  water-power,  as  at  Manchester  on  the  Meiriniack.  and  many 
other  similar  points.  If  the  \  alley  he  cloj;ij;ed  with  till,  the  stream  will  cut 
a  ii'radual  descent  throuj^h  it,  rushing  down  ini[)etuously  amoiiii'  the  howl- 
ders  tliat  remain  in  itd  bed  :  thus  the  C'ontoocook  Hows  helow  Hiilshoro" 
Hridji'c,  X.  II.,  and  evi'U  the  Connecticut  has  stretches  of  rocky  and  stony 
chaimel  through  the  Fifteen-mile  Falls  aliove  Xewi)ury.  When  rock  in 
place  is  disclosed  heneath  or  near  the  till,  pot-holes  are  often  worn  in  it  l>v 


rid 


)owi(lers,  an 


at  the  up|)er  falls  of  the    Ai 


It  Shelhnrne  Falls  on  the  neertield. 


Streams  ot'  internuM 


liate 


umonoosuc,  ahovc 


Fal 


)van  s. 


size,  on  the  more  open,  lower  countrv  southeast 


Its 


of  the  mountains,  have  their  courses  so  greatly  influenced  by  glacial  depos 
that  they  cannot  he   regarded  as   the  successors  of  any  corres[iondiug   [ire- 

•egidarlv  ainonjj'  tlu;   roekv  hills,  drumlins, 
re  disclosed    for  their  settlement   as   the    ice 


rlacial    streams :    tlicv   How 


k 


d 


aiK 


1-pl 


am.- 


that 


wasted  away,  here  meandering  ahout  a  Hat  meadow  that  conceals  some  old 
channel,  there  crossing  over  an  old  rocky  spur  or  divide,  or  cutting  ilown 
a  stoiiv  dam  of  howldcr-clay,  hut  nowhere  presenting  that  evident  relation 
hetweeu  stream-volume  and  valley-size  that  |)revails  so  manifestly  in  regions 
of  ii  simpler  history,  like  A\'cst  \'irginia.  Except  the  terracing  in  the 
meadows  and  the  slight  gorge-cutting  on  the  old  divides  and  spurs,  the 
surface  drained  l)y  these  new  streams  has  not  been  de\-elo[)ed  under  tlii'ir 
guidance:  it  was  presented  to  tliem  ready  made,  and  they  are  just  making 
their  Hrsl  mark  upon  it.  Oliverian  Hrook  is  a  small  example  of  a  stream 
thus  thrown  o\er  an  old  divide  :  it  descends  southward  from  Moosilauke. 
as  if  to  join  a  branch  of  the  IVmigewasset,  but  abruptly  turns  northwest- 
ward across  an  ancient  pass,  cutting  a  little  gorge  in  tlie  rock,  where  e\-crv 
tra\cller  in  tiic  Montreal  railway  m;iy  see  it,  and  then  Hov.ing  through 
lows   to  the  ( 'onnecticiit   by  Haverhill.      The  gorges  of  this    class  Jire 


meai 


shallower  than   tluar  ri'latnt 


th 


New  York   because    th 


•ks    here    are 


are    not    noru'es   of  this 


harder.       The    '•Humes"  of  tlic    )\'liitc    Monntai 

origin,  but  are  cut  out  on  \ crtical  dikes  that  are  weaker  than  tlic  euclosiiur 


countrv  rock. 


The  Si 


UM)  iiiav  serve 


,1  lai'ii'cr  tvpe  of  a    lu'w  river,  except  in    il> 


coiirse  wliere  i 


t  folh 


iippei 


1  (leen  old  \allev  o 


lilt  of  the  mountains  to  Comvav 


8-i 


Till-;  inrTKUKLiKs  or  nkw  i:y(ii.AXi). 


bt'low  tlii^  point,  it  waiulers  iibout  over  the  Ossiiteorc};! m  ami  the  adjiicint 
parts  of  Maine,  upon  hroad  sand-plain.s  l)y  wliicli  the  ohl  suvt'aee  of  tlic 
country  iti  eonijilotely  concealed  ;  it  .sehloni  touche^;  rock  until  it  cros.scs  a 
broad  ledge  over  wiiich  it  falls  in  picturcHqiie  cascades  near  llirani,  .Me., 
aliout  twenty  niih.'s  above  its  inoutii.  As  it  ha]tpens  that  the  river  settled 
ujion  tiiis  ridji'c  at  a  high  level,  the  terracing  of  all  tlie  sand-plains  further 
U[)  stream  is  delayed  by  tlie  slow  cutting  of  the  rock  barrier;  hence  the 
l)eautlful  intervale  at  North  Conway,  lying  smooth  between  the  steep,  rocky 
slopes  that  enclose  it.  The  Aimnonoosuc,  on  the  other  side  of  the  moun- 
tains, nuist  also  once  iia\e  flowed  over  an  open  plain,  like  tiiat  still  followed 
by  the  Saeo  in  its  middle  course ;  but  the  m)rthcrii  river  did  noi  happen  to 
encounter  a  rocky  reef  until  it  had  cut  deep  into  the  plain  and  carved  it 
into  wide  open  terraces,  as  at  Littleton.  Tliese  contracted  exani[)les  may 
l)e  taken  as  the  extremes  of  a  series,  whose  many  intermediate  meml)ers 
are  represented  l)y  other  rivers  in  New  Kngland. 

Tiie  general  conditions  (.f  terrace-making,  as  stated  al)ove,  included  an 
increase  of  river  slo[)e,  as  a  I'esult  of  tlie  greater  value  of  postglacial  ele- 
vation in  the  north  than  in  the  south.  This  a[)|)lies  to  most  of  the  Xew 
England  rivei's,  but  manifestly  not  to  northward  Howing  streams,  like  the 
Concord  and  Nashua  rivers  :  here  the  efl'ect  of  nnctpial  elevation  must  have 
been  to  decrease  the  rate  of  descent,  and  it  has  l)ecn  suggested  that  tlic 
Hat,  marshy,  unterraced  character  of  their  valleys  is  in  good  part  owing 
to  their  weakenetl  flow,  thus  determined. 

One  of  the  most  constant  results  of  recent  glaciation  is  tlie  occurrence 
of  lakes,  and  New  Kngland  atlords  good  illustration  ot  this  rule  ;  for  there 
is  small  proljability  that  any  of  the  lakes,  now  so  plentifully  distributed 
over  its  surface,  existed  before  the  last  glacial  period.  Some  of  the  lacus- 
trine basins  may  be  due  wholly  or  in  part  to  glacial  erositni,  but  by  far  the 
greater  number  result  from  obstruction  to  drainage  by  the  irregular  depo- 
sition of  drift,  and  thus  further  characterize  the  inunaturity  of  drainage 
already  indicated  by  tiie  rocky  rapids  and  diluvial  terraces  of  the  rivers. 
Some  little  advance  from  this  inunaturity  has  already  been  made :  the 
lakes  held  l)y  drift  barriers  in  the  steeper  valleys  iuivc  generally  l)een 
drained  by  cutting  down  at  the  outlet,  and  thus  the  rarity  of  lakes  in  the 
^Vhite  and  (Jreeu  ^Mountains  and  in  the  j)lateau  valleys  is  in'st  explained; 
lakes  have  lately  existed  there,  as  many  tif  the  flat  meadows  attest,  but 
their  life  was  short  by  reason  of  the  strong  slope  of  their  outlets  over  their 
weak  barriers.  The  largest  and  most  niuuerous  lakes  occur  in  the  lower 
country  from  eastern  Massachusetts  to  northeastern  Maine,  where  the  plen- 
tiful drift  is  most  effective  in  barring  off  the  old  valleys,  and  where  the 
gentle  slope  of  the  streams  allows  the  longest  life  to  the  lakes  ;  l)ut  here 
also  the  Wiiter  surface  has  in  manv  cases  been  somewhat  lowered,  revealing 
the  former  shores  as  sandy  terraces  and  benches  above  the  present  margin. 


I'liYsicAi-  (;i:()(ii!Aniv  <ti'  iiir.  uikuon. 


8') 


At  iiroscnt,  this  process  is  in  the  siiiiic  stsiuc  ol'  slow  iidNiiiicc  tluit  luis 
hccii  (loscril)Ctl  tor  river  tcrrMccs,  I'di'  tlic  outlets  Imve  now  cut  down  tlieir 
L'liiuiiiels  to  11  rocky  liarrier  or  close  to  the  hical  li;ise-h'\ei,  and  in  eitlicr 
Ciiso  tiirther  <lec|»eninfi'  of  tlie  cliainiel  is  vciy  delilni'iite.  In  tiieir  jires- 
eiit  stiiffc.  tlie  hu'jrei'  hii<cs  still  fetain  the  rauii'cil  shore-line  characteristic 
ot' an  (tverHow  upon  an  uneven  coinitrv  :  all  tlie  lar^-e  lakes.  Croni  W'inni- 
piseof^ec  past  l\[oosetocin;i unntic  to  I'oniu'oeipionioc,  and  to  Mcniphraina- 
iiojr  on  the  other  side  of  the  nionntaiiis,  are  as  irref;nlar  in  ontline  as  in 
naine.  The  lateral  outlet  of  Wiiuiepiseoipee  and  the  j^'reat  vohnne  ot  drift 
over  the  country  to  the  southeast,  ^ive  .-tronj;-  sntr.U'cstion  that  its  hasin  is 
caused  hv  tin-  oi)sti'nction  ot' old  \  alleys.  Chaniplain  donlitless  lielonu's  to 
the  Sill  le  class  of  lakes;  for  tlioni.di  some  of  its  depth  is  likely  due  to  ijla- 
eiai  exc'avati(ni,  its  present  outline  is  essentially  deterniiiicd  hy  the  height 
to  which  the  prejrhieiai  valley  is  flooded  hack  in  conseipienec  of  drift- 
iiarricrs  in  the  fornuT  lines  of  drainaire  ;  its  present  outlet  is  a  new  stream. 


Tl 


le  snia 


Her  lakes  are  ifcnerally  oval  or  eloiiiratcd  in  the  direction  of  the 

as   (^iiiiisijjaniond.  east  of 


.>V  whoso  ol)8truetion  has  (letormined  tin 


W 


oreester,  and  many  others  in 


M» 


Tho  t 


eriiim 


il 


nioramc.' 


on  (' 


'1" 


Cod  and  on  the  southern  islands  contain  many  small  ponds  in  their  de- 
pressions, ami  the  southern  sides  of  Cape  Cod,  ^fartha's  Vineyard  and  Xan- 
tueket  possess  curious  elongated  or  hranching  lakes,  apparently  occupying 


sni 


inieriTt 


(1    vallevs,    enclosed     1)V    sand-hars    fri 


lie  sea. 


iiimerons 


swan 


ips,  with  characteristic  flora,  mark  the  sites  of  small  or  shallow  lakes 


•ently  extinct  in  all  [tarts  of   New  Kngland. 


In  a  gco 
province,   ( 


graj 
learK 


)hical 


New  iMiii'land   is  on  the  whole  a  well  defined 


ited   f 


rom   its   neiiihiior 


It   1 


las  some  continiiitv 


into  the  liritish  provinces  on  the  northeast  hy  a  jirolongation  of  the  high- 
lands and  lowlands  of  Maine  heyond  oiu-  horder,  and  some  extension  to  the 
.southwest  hy  a  [tersistcnce  of  the  (ireen  Mountain  system  into  the  high- 
lands of  simthern  New  York  and  northern  New  Jersey  ;  this  heing  simply 
an  expi'ession  of  the  pre\  ailing  trend  of  strnctnral  and  topographic  features 
in  the  Ajtpalachian  system.     'I'o  the  north,  there  are  the  widi',  low  pli 


an( 


1  the   estnarv  of  the   "^t.    Lawrence,  cutting  ns  off  from  the  Canad 


iin 
lan 


hi<:;hlands,  a    roekv  and  forest-covered   wilderness,    with  disordered 


rivers 


and 


many 


lak 


es,  miieli 


like 


ntherii    Maine.      To   the    west,  there 


th 


deep  Iliidson-Champlain  valley,  a  line  ot'  long  maintained  gcologl.al 
depression  and  disturbance,  lieyond  which  lie  the  rugged  Adirondaeks.  the 
I iroad  Mohawk  valley,  and  the  Catskill  plateau:  the  Adirondaeks,  unlike 
our  New   England    mountains   in  the  presence  of  numerous  lakes  even  to 


th 


I'enter  ;  the  .Mohawk  vallcv,  eroded  at  riylit  aniiles  to  all   the  larger 


New  England  river  courses  :  the  Catskill  plateau,  with  its  henched  front 
and  deep,  cut  cloves,  the  heginning  of  the  great  j)lateau  that  carries  the 
coal  beds  of  Pennsylvania,  Virginia  and  Kentucky.     On  the  south  there 


sr. 


I'liK  mrn:i!i'MKs  of  m;\v  i:\(;i,aM) 


arc   llic   (Irift-vcnccrcd    island*,  witliuiit   a   jiarallcl   mi   tlic   Atlantic  coast  : 

anil  cin  tlic  cast,  tlic  licu'inniiiif  of  a  system  of  i ky  (lords,  unknown  soiitli 

of  New  Vork,  lint  rccufi'inu'  in  j;'i'catcr  strcnLrtli  far  north  in  Lalii^adoi'. 

Tlius  isolated  and  distin,t;'iiislicd  from  its  iiclrrjiljors.  Ni'w  Kniilaiid  otl'crs 
an  intcrestinij  and  a  ditticnlt  Held  of  study  to  tiu-  uconraplui'.  While  the 
felations  of  its  sevefal  parts  ha\('  lieen  liricHy  outlined  in  tiiis  cliapti'r,  the 
oliservcr  on  the  ji'found  will  tiuil  that  nnieh  more  remains  to  he  done  than 
has  vet  heen  aecomiilislied  in  the  wav  of  minute  and  systematic  roeoirnition 
of  .scenic  features.  The  elements  of  the  presiMit  hcterou-eni'ons  tojio- 
fXrapliy,  dependent  on  ohscnre  coniplication.s  of  rock  structure  and  discor- 
dant se<|uence  of  ireolojfieal  ]irofess,  will  long  remain  tiulijeets  for  further 
imestiiTiition. 


THE   CLIMATE   (>E   SEW  EXGLAXD.     BY   W.    M.    DAVIS. 


lOliiilic'/.  nii»i  !('>  iii<)iiii'iil>  lie  riiiinOc: 
I,':iiiii0i'  a  Mill  Miinii'i'.  ;iiii>i  i|ii('  hi  jiiiiniOc. 
All :  in;illi('iiri'U\  i|ni  pi'i'il  iin  spcci^clc  >i  Im'mu  ! 
I.cji'iiiii'  |iii|>ill<>n.  i'i'li;i|>|»''  ilii  liiiiilii'iia. 


(^iii  >iir  Ic  s  friiil>  M;ii> 


i|Mi  >ar  lr«  l]r»\<  MDavcl 


I'lnolc  fnii-.  Iii'illaiit.  0|iaiii>iii  iMininir  cllo. 
.loiiit  nidiiis,  nil  sorlir  dr  *»  t\\Mv  iprison. 
(^iir  Ic  sairr.  an  ri'toiir  di'  lajfiiiic  saisun. 
I.orsiiiir  siir    Ics   colcailx,  siii-  lo  iiic)iit>,  dans  '"s  plain 
Tinil  f>t  L'aZDii.  zi'iiliyr.  on  iiiisscaii\  mi  fonlaim   . 

!>KI.1I.1.|-.— /,'//'</ii)/lc  </r.v  (•//.'/;( 


le  climate  of  \ew    Knyland   is  as  rnijii'ed  as  its  surface 


Its 


on  tiie  eastern,  leewa 


position 


ird  side  of  North  America  yives  it   the  ureat  variaf 


itions 


characteristic  of  a  continental  climate  rather  than  the  e([ual)le  conditions  of 
a  maritime  pro\ince.  It  lies  midway  in  a  region  haviiifj:  an  exceptionally 
rapid  northward  decrease  of  temperature,  from  the  warm  Southern  States 
to  the  cold  plains  hcyonil  tiie  (ireat  Lakes,  and  from  the  mild  waters  oT 
the  (Julf  Stream  to  the  ice-Kcarinir  current  of  Lahrador  ;  and  evi'ry  chanjie 
of  wind  therefore  hriuiis  it  a  chann'c  of  Aveathcr.  [t  lies  close  to  a  [loint 
of  converji'ence  of  numerous  storm-tracks,  along  which.  es[iecially  in  winter, 
cvclonic  storms  pass  eastward  more  fi'e(|uently  and  more  rapidly  than  anv- 
wliere  else  in  the  world  :  am!  chauiics  of  weather  are  therefore  connnon, 
sudden  and  violent. 

The  seasons  are  stronulv  contrasted.      'I'he  winti'r  is   Ion"'  and  severe, 
from  its  violent  changes  as  well  as  from  its  low  mean  and  extreme  temper- 


fall 


ip: 


iij  m 


oveniiier  am 


iiture  :   in   the  northern   interior,  snow   commonly 

remains  till  April  and  its  midwinter  depth  may  exceed  two  or  three  feet. 


iirmi;'  IS 


«hort.  with  a  rapid  rise   of  tei 


le  summer  is  warm  am 


I  its 


itl 


niieratiire   m    A] 


\pril    and   ^^a\^ 


weather  is 


nnich  miu'e  ecjiia 


l)lo  tl 


lan  in  w  niter 


warm  days 
characterize 


are   recorde 


led 


Octol) 


into   Scpteniher  and  spells  of  mild  weather 


>    -ii 


If 
4 


(MMAIi:  OF   Ni:\V   KNdl.ANli. 


87 


In  <iiiiiiiii'r  lime,  the  prcviiiliiiii  ■^oiitliwt'sl  wind.-  I.iiiiu'  witnii  ;iir  t'rum 
ilic  -^cmllii'i'ii  StMlfs.  imil  wlicii  rc-ciit'circcd  cm  cvcloiiic  lirudicnts  (iliut  i*. 
Iiv  (lirt'cri'iici's  of  |iri'.-sin('  diicctccl  l<i  llic  ('ciitic  ul'  ;i  l(i\v-|iri  .«'Ui<'  iircii)  ;i«' 
is  not  iiit'r<'(|iiciilly  the  ciisc.  they  cuiisc  :in  ci|p|ir('>>i\o  lifiil  :  :il  siicli  times. 
IIS  well  lis  on  cloiiiUi'ss,  iinticyclonii' — or  lii.iL;li-|ircssiir( — diiys  in  .lunc.  July 
lUid  Anuiist,  niiixininni  tciniPcrnluiTs  o^'iKP  or  Jl.')"  V.  inc  rcadud  in  the 
inland  vallcvs.  cxcciit  well  to  tlir  norMi  :  lint  at  tlic  same  tinu'.  llic  diin'nal 
ranu'c  of  t('ni|H'rutin'i'  is  slronif,  i>|i('cially  nndcr  anticyclones.  a\ci-an'inir 
twenty  or  thirty  dcurei's.  ;nid  often   exceedini:'  forty  decrees,  in  the  \alley.s 

of  till' hilly  or  inonntainons  distri'-ts:    and  the  nights  are  tiiirly  i 1.      Ini- 

mi'diati'lv  on  the  coast,  the  sea-hreeze  of  day-time  nioderati's  the  heat  and 
decreases  tlie  diiiriial  ranjii''.  Cool,  fair  weatlier  with  northwesterly  winds, 
or  elondv,  rainy  weathi'r  with  southeasterly  winds  interrupt  the  warmth 
of  sninnier  :  thunder-storms  with  occasional  dcsti'ncti\i' scjuails  and  hail- 
falls  occur  ehietly  while  cyclonic  storm-<'cnters  are  passiiii:-  down  the  \alley 
ot'  the  St.  Lawrence.  Sevi'ral  tornadoes  ha\e  heen  re'corded  in  the  Con- 
necticut Valley  iiiul  i;lst'where,  but  they  are  rare. 

In  wii>ter,  the  prevailin;^'  winds  are  west  or  northwt'sf,  t'roni  th''  eoKl 
interior  of  the  country,  hut  these  arc  t'rei|nently  rever>i'd  hy  cyclonic  storms 
that  draw  in  tlu'  damp  air  from  the  Atlantic;  for  few  of  these  storms  ci-oss 
the  I'nited  Stales  witiiont  uiviini'  New  l^,n!',li'nd  some  maik  of  their  |ias- 
s'lire.  As  they  move  across  Lower  Ciiiiadii,  their  cloudy  southerly  wind 
liriiiii's  rain  and  snow  ;  soniutime.s  it  is  unseasoiialdy  warm,  risinj;'  to  a 
lem|peratm'e  of  .")0°  or  (JO"  even  at  midii'i^ht  in  midwinter:  under  sneh 
conditions,  almormally  hiuh.  tiiehn-like  temperafres  have  recently  Keen 
noted  in  the  \\'hite  Mountain  valleys,  \\'hcn  the  storm-center  passes 
south  of  New  Knji'land.  a  chillinii'  snow-hearinij  wind  Mows  in  from  the 
northeast.  Closely  followiii}^  tln'  Atlantic  winds,  come  the  cold,  dry  west 
or  northwest  winds  on  the  rear  of  the  storm.  When  the  pressure  is  liijili 
in  the  far  northwest,  these  are  intensified  into  the  \  ioleiit  c(tld  wave,  under 
which  the  temperaturi'  may  tall  thirty  or  forty  deyri'es  in  twenty-four 
hours,  in  excess  of  the  diiu'nal  ranu'c  :  indeed,  in  winter  when  the  rei^ular 
diurnal  raiiiie  is  small,  it  is  almost  supplaincd  hy  the  irrey'iilar  cy<'lonic 
chan;^e  of  temperature,  then  at  its  liii^hest  \aluc.  |)urinu'  a  cold  wa\f  the 
tem|ieratnre  falls  to  IP  or — 2U',  without  distinct  hical  \ariations;  Imt  on 
the  elcm-  anticvclonic  nights  tiiat  follow,  the  minima  in  the  \alievs  tidl  to 


til 


om  \allevs  lo  lul 


excessi\  (' 


— 2(1°  or  (  ven — !0°,  and   local  \ariati( 

On  Mt.  \\'ashin:;ton.  the  cold  wave  I'arries  the  temperature  down  to Kl" 


• — .'•()%  with  the 


•1. 


d   lilowiiiii-  sixty  or  more  miles  an  hour 

tv  (K 


Init  d 


linn}'' 


intK'yclones,  tlie  monntaui  top  may  he  ten  or  twenty  de^fees  warmer  than 


th 


tl 


le  net; 


dih 


xirniir  valh'v  hottoms. 


The   mean  annual  and  the  mean    winter  tem|)eratures  are  sh 
thermal  lines  on  the  accompanyini:'  map.      These  lines  are  ilrav 


own    l)V   iso- 


lese  lines  ari'  ilrawn  acccn'din 


88 


I'lir,  iirrrKiti'Mivs  ok  ni:\v  i;\(;i,am) 


111  tlir  iliitii  ^'i\cn  ill  Si'lmttV  Sniitlisoiiiiiii  'riililcs.  mid  in  tiic  l;it(-t  .\iiiiii:il 
l{c[Mirt  of  the  Chii't' SiiriiMl  ( Jrtlccr.  MipplcinciitcW  in  a  ti-w  ('a.tL'.>i  liy  ulixr- 
vatii)ns  r('|»irt('(l  to  tlu' New  I"<iiii'l.'iii(l  Mctcrcnlni^rii'jil  Sucicty  ;  liiit  tlicy  can 
Itc  rojianlctl  only  as  a|)|iruxinialiiiiis.  csiiccially  in  the  nortli.  t'nr  tlicy 
tU'|ic'inl  in  most  casos  on  sorii's  ot'iilisci'vatinn.*'  of  insiirticifiit   duration  and 


)t"  diU'crcnt   Iciiiitlis   and  dat( 


Tl 


ic    tcnnicratni'i 


iiidicati'd   arc   actual 


UR'an-',    no   r 


(Mlnction   to    ,«ca-lc\cl    liavinj,'    liccn    a|)|ilicd.       There  are   iii 


reeon 


Is    t 


or   northern 


Mil 


lie    nu'an   annual   tor    tl 


le    re 


4    of    \ 


e\v 


KnifJand  inav  lie  concisolv  dcxcriht'd  as  ranjjin^   from  40'  in   the  north  ti 


')()'  on  the  southern  coast  :   the  winter  mean  varies   I'rmn  1.')'   in   tl 


le   north 


til 


to  .SO' 


in  the  soiitii  :   the  >iimnicr  inea 


n  \arii's  from  do' to  70\     ( )n   .Mount 


\y 


ishm<jfton,  the  aminal,  \\  inter  am 


I   sllll 


imcr   means  arc 


2(5 


(    aiK 


I  It; 


The  annual  i>rcci|)itatioii  at  low-level    stations,  as  jfi\en   in    the   Mourees 
ahove   named,   varies    from    tliirtv-five    in<'hes    in  the  nortliwcst,   to   Hftv 


inches  111 


th 


outli  an< 


I   a! 


oiiii 


th. 


le   coast,  except   in   southwestern 


M; 


unc, 


where  it  i«  somewhat  less  ;    lint  these  mimlicrs  li'ive  an  inadeipiate  measure 


for  all    New    iMiuland,  as  Mount  W'ashinytoii  has 


an  animal  [irecipitatmn 


of  ciixhty-fivc  inches  tor  thirteen  years  record  ;  from  which  it  may  he  inferred 
that  much  of  the  White  and  (irccij  Mountain  areas  have  totals  at  least 
ahove  sixty  inches.      The  distrihiition  of  thi'  precipitation  throuffh  the  year 


I- 


fairh 

rl 


y  ('(piaMc,  with  a 


sliuht 


inaximum  m 


lati 


slimmer  and  a    minimiun 


111  earlv  wiiitci 


hese  variation 


'iiiii'  rather  more  marked  in  the  west  thii 


ar  the  coast  :  the  irrcu'ular  \'ariations  from  vcarto  vcar  are  rather  stron:;'. 


r 


le    winter   snow    is   hca\  v  in   the   northern   intcrii 


rth 


where  s 


h'iuh 


hardly  iiiti'rruptcd  for  three  months;  in  the  south  and  near  the  coast,  occa- 
sional milil  rains  in  midwinter  niav  melt  the  snow  to  the    "'round.      Frost 


is  occasioiiallv  repot' 


rt.'d 


e\('ii  during'  the  sunmier  season  in  the  north.     Hail 


is  not  common  or  >e\ere  eiKniiih  to  he  eoiisideri'd  as 


climatic  factor. 


l!ir.l.I(i(il!.\l'IIV. 


'I'lir  Miali'iuil  lor  llic'  riiri-L'ciiii,M'li:i|ilcr«  i- il.'i'ivcil  in  |i;irl  I'niin  llu' lullDuiiiL;  |iiitirn'iiliiin~ 


'I'llc  •-'i'(il(r^ir:il   -lirM'N-   111    III!'    >i'MT;iI    NcU     iuiulilllil    Sl;ili'«.    i->|M'.i;illy   iil'    New    II;llll|i>liiri 

mill  Vi'i'iiioiii. 
.\|i|i;iliii'liiii.     .Miiiiy  ai'lirlis  un  llir  iiioiiiilaiiis  ul'  Nrw   Kiv.'liiiiil  lU"'  lo  ln' liMliiil  Iiiti'. 


L.  A-a-si/.     <irolii 


:il  SKi'lrlii's.    I!i»|iiii,  isiiii. 


.1.  1).  Da 


( In  Miiillii'ni  Ni'W  KiiL'liiMil  iliii'iim  tin'  nii'liiii.i;  ul'  llif  '-'rral  ularirr.  .Viiiri'.  .Imirii. 


s.  IsT.'i.  HiS:  ami  ullirr  pai"  i> 


if  llaniii-liii'i'  (  iiiMily,  .Ma 


in  III!'  llaiM|i>liir 


l>.   K.    tanri^on.     .\  rliaptrr  on   llir  L'riil 

(  iiiiifly  (iazrilri'i',  IssT. 
n.dannrtl.     Dic'timiary  iif  iillilmli's  ill  tin- rniliMJ  Slalrs.  liull.  Ni 
L'.  K.  Ilanilin.    <  ili>rr\aliiiii-   iiimn  llii' pliy^iral  ;;rii;.'i'ii|iliy  ami  ;,'i'iili)u;y  nf  Mt.  Klaailiii  ami 

till'  ailjannl  ili>lrii'l.     liiill.  .\[iimmiiu  Cipmiii.  Ziiiil.  vii.  Issl,  ls!)-2i'!. 


f.   S.  (ilMll. 


I..   I..  lliiMiai'i 


'I'lir  uui).l>  anil  laKr-^  iif  .Mainr.     Itnslun.  Isst. 


I''.  .1.  II.    .MiiT  il.     On  llii' 


ilu-v  111'  {.'111'.;-  |<laiiil.     .Viin.  \.  V.  .Vi-ail.  Si'.  Iii,  |ss.-i,;i|i-:!(ll, 


!■;.  (  .  I'ii'Ui'riir.:. 


.Vii-nralr   iiumnlain   lii'i;;lil>:  ami    llii-lil«  of  tin' Wlillr  Mmiiilain*.    .\ 


lai'liia.  \\ .  issii.  -J I. V.' 111.  aiiilliii.')-:!-.'-.' 


|i|ia- 


FAUNAL   DISTKIC  IS  OF  NEW   KNOLAXD. 


»9 


N.  S.  ShttltT.    Kliiviutili'  iwiiiiips  of  Ki'vv    KiiKliiml.      Aniir.  Juiirii.  Sc,  xxxiii,   ISST,  ilD- 
'iil.     Si'ii-i'ousl   Hwainps  of  llio  fiistcrii    t'liiti'd  Stiiti'>.     Sixth   Aim.  Urp.   U.    S.  Oool. 

Survey,  ;wi»-;i!is. 
(J.  II.  Sloiif.    Till'  kiiiiii-  of  Miiiiii'.     I'nii'.  Uo^lo.i  Sor.  Nat.  IIL-I.,  xx,  INSI,  WO-ttB). 
W.  I'pliiim-    Till'   fi)riiiiitii)ii  of  Ciipo  Cod.     Aiiut.  Nat.,  \iil,  1mT!I,    t.sit.H-,ifJ,  .•).V2-,Vtt.  Oliwliil 

drift  III  Morton  mid  \U  vicinity.    I'roc.  Ho^toii  Sor.  Nat.  Hist.,  xx,  iMT'.).  22()-'.>:U. 
O.  K.  \Vrl;,'lit.    Tlu'  Ixiiiiu'-  mid  luondiu's  of  Nrw  Kii«liiMd.    I'roc.  Jtostoii  Sue.  Nut.   Ilint., 

XX.  |M7!l,  ailVJ'JO. 

THE  ZOOLOGICAL  DIVISIONS  OF  NEW  EN(ILANI). 

TlicrcN  liolhiii^'  nitiliitc  iiiidiT  licnvcirsovc 
Hut  liulli  lii.4  Ixiiiiiil,  ill  rmtli,  in  »i'a,  in  *\i\  : 
'riic  licasts,  tlic  ti^dii's  and  tlii'  h  Infill  fmvls 
Arctlu'ir  malls'  ^ulijriin  and  at  tlirir  controls. 

SiiAKK.si'KAUK.— (.'(jmci/y  of  Errors 

I'robiihly  no  state  in  tlic  Union  presents  so  striiiing  a  variety  in  its 
animal  life  as  New  Ilanipshirc.  Its  northern  and  soiitiiern  portions  be- 
long to  distinct  continental  faunas  ;  al)ove  the  forest  growtli  of  its  colder 
region  rise  sonic  of  tlie  highest  elevations  east  of  the  Rocky  Mountains, 
and  these  hleak  tdtitudes  8Uj)port  a  vegetation  and  anasseiniilagc  of  animals 
intimately  resembling  those  of  Labrador  and  (Jrccnland,  while  less  than 
two  hundred  miles  disttint  floin'isii  animtils  ciiiU'uctcristic  of  subtropical 
climes. 

What  is  true  of  New  Hampshire  is  true  to  tin  even  gretiter  extent  of 
New  England  ;  for  in  tiic  northern  iiemispliere,  rivers  Mowing  south  always 
exert  an  influence  upon  the  cliaracter  of  tlie  iniiabitants  upon  its  banks, 
and  the  Coiiuecticut  and  Hudson,  idtiiougii  navigable  but  sliort  distances, 
form  no  exception  to  the  rule.  At  their  southern  extremities  they  reach  a 
warm  coast  and  a  latitude  where  numerous  insects  occur,  whose  true  me- 
tropolis is  found  in  the  Carolinas  and  Florida.  Many  of  these,  following 
the  course  of  the  rivers,  with  their  warm,  moist  banks,  penetrate  into  the 
Iieart  of  the  country ;  some  are  found  in  central  Massachusetts,  a  few  in 
southern  Vermont  and  New  Hampshire,  and  one  or  two  are  found  even  in 
the  latitude  of  the  White  Mountains.  So,  too,  in  addition  to  the  meagre 
fauna  found  on  the  high  mountain  tops  of  New  Hampshire — limited  as 
far  as  the  butterflies  are  concerned  to  two  species, — the  northeastward 
extension  of  Maine  toward  the  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence  doubtless  brings 
within  the  limits  of  New  England  not  a  few  forme  characteristic  of  sub- 
arctic climes. 

Tiie  attempt  to  divide  any  part  of  North  America  into  distinct  zoologi- 
cal areas  was  first  made  by  Professor  Louis  Agassiz  in  1854,  who  sketched, 
in  Nott  andGliddon's  Types  of  Mankind,  a  rude  map  and  briefly  character- 
ized the  peculiarities  of  the  principal  zoological  divisions  of  the  whole 
world.  He  introduced  the  terms  Canadian,  Alleghanian  and  Louisianian 
faunas,  for  the  three  distinct  congeries  of  animals  found  in  the  northern, 
middle  and  southern  portions  of  our  Atlantic  coast.     Five  years  later  Dr. 


4 
,'-'''. 


90 


THE  BUTTJ:RFLIKS  of  new  ENGLAND. 


1:! 


.*  ■■ ,: 


J.  L.  LeConte  published  in  the  Smithsonian  Contributions  a  colored  map 
of  the  entomological  provinces  of  Xorth  America,  in  which  the  eastern 
district  so-called  was  divided  into  "1,  a  northern  province,  including 
Maine,  eastern  Canada,  Nova  Scotia,  Newfoundland,  etc.,  and  extending 
westwardly  from  Lake  Superior  to  Lake  Winnipeg  and  western  Canada, 
which  fades  insensibly  intotlie  great  Arctic  district ;  2,  a  middle  province, 
limited  westwai'dly  by  the  Appalachian  chain,  and  extending  to  southern 
Virginia;  .3,  a  western  province,  including  Minnesota  and  the  states  of 
the  valley  of  the  Mississippi,  as  far  as  the  state  of  that  name  ;  4,  a  southern 
province,  including  the  states  south  of  Virginia  and  Kentucky  ;  5,  a  sub- 
tropical province,  including  the  point  of  the  peninsula  of  Florida;  (5,  a 
subtropical  province,  including  the  iiea  coast  of  Texas." 

But  the  principal  work  that  has  l»een  done  upon  tlie  distinction  of  faunas 
in  the  eastern  United  States  has  been  by  the  labors  of  the  ornithologists. 
In  ISOH,  Professor  A.  E.  Verrill  pointed  out  that  the  dividing  line  of  the 
Canadian  and  Alleghanian  faunas  cut  New  England  in  two,  and  three 
years  later  he  defined  tlic  limits  more  exactly  as  "coincident  with  a  line 
which  shall  indicate  a  mean  temperature  of  50°  F.,  during  the  months  of 
April,  May  and  June"' ;  a  coincidence  which  leads  him  to  believe  that  the 
distribution  of  birds  is  "ciiicHy  influenced,  so  far  as  latitude  is  concerned, 
by  the  temperature  of  the  breeding  season."  Whether,  he  adds,  "a  simi- 
lar law  controls  the  distribution  of  manunalia.  reptiles,  insects,  etc.,  can 
only  be  determined  by  further  investigation."  In  describing  the  course  of 
tiiis  isothermal  line  whicli  marked  the  northern  boundary  of  the  Allegha- 
nian fauna  ho  says  :  "It  passes  south  o  ^loosehead  and  I'mbagog  Lakes, 
but  rises  somewhat  northward  alonji  tlie  Androscogijin  vallev,  thence  it 
passes  southward  of  the  White  Mountains  tlu'ough  the  vicinity  of  Conway, 
N.  11.  It  bends  northward  again  up  the  Connecticut  valley  as  far  as 
Siiaftsl)urv,  N't.,  where  the  mean  temperature  is  50°  !•!'." 

This  was  followed  up  by  the  more  formal  attempt  of  Mr.  J.  A.  Allen, 
wiio  followed  exactly  in  the  line  of  Professor  Verrill's  suggestion  that  the 
distril)uti()n  of  the  l)irds  in  tiieir  brecdinfj  season  should  guide  the  zoologi- 
cal  geograjihcr  in  iiis  conclusions,  and  adopted  also  the  indications  of  the 
isothermal  lines  as  the  basis  of  his  divisions.  The  line  of  the  division  be- 
tween the  Alleghanian  and  Canadian  faunas  was  described  in  the  following 
terms  ;  "It ...  is  an  extremely  irregular  line,  with  abrupt  and  deep  sinu- 
osities. Beginning  on  the  coast  to  the  eastward  of  the  Penobscot  Bay,  it 
ewee|)s  first  somewhat  to  the  northeast,  nearly  or  quite  reaching  Bangor ; 
thence  passing  westward  and  southward,  it  follows  the  northern  l)oundary 
of  the  lowlands  through  southern  Maine  and  southern  New  Hampshire. 
In  the  Connecticut  valley  it  rises  farther  to  the  northward,  and  in  its 
southern  descent  skirts  the  eastern  base  of  the  Green  ^fountains,  passing 
to   the  southward  and   westward  of  these  highlands  in  Connecticut,  and 


^4 


FAUNAI-   DISTRICTS   OF   NKW    KNOI.ANl). 


91 


thoncc  abruptly  to  tlic  nortliwaril.  Skirting  the  eastern  border  of  the 
Chanii)lain  valley,  it  eontiniies  still  northward  to  the  valley  of  the  St. 
Lawrence  as  far  as  Quebec  ;  thence  turning  again  southwcstward,  it  passes 
alonsr  the  northern  border  of  the  lowlnnds  east  of  the  Laurentian  hills  (in- 
eluding  the  valley  of  the  Ottawa),  and  crosses  the  southern  peninsula  of 
Michigan  nca\'  the  forty-fifth  parallel."  (Hull.  Mus.  conip.  zool.,  ii: 
395.) 

In  Ib^iJ  Dr.  A.  S.  Packard  publisiied  two  editions  of  a  zoo-geographi- 
cal map  of  Xorth  America,  in  which  the  great  Ixxly  of  eastern  North 
America  was  separated  into  two  divisions,  u  boreal  or  Canadian  prov- 
ince, and  an  Atlantic  or  eastern  province.  The  dividing  line  between 
these  two,  with  the  exception  of  a  I)elt  of  the  Atlantic  province  skirting 
both  sides  of  the  Bay  of  Fundy,  ran  from  the  vicinity  of  the  mouth  of  the 
Penobscot  north-eastward  into  the  edge  of  New  IJrunswick,  quickly 
turned  upon  itself  to  follow  a  reversed  course  until  it  skirted  the  southern 
borders  of  the  White  Mountains,  when  it  again  turned  north-eastward 
toward  tlie  (lulf  of  St.  Lawrence,  striking  it  near  the  latitude  of  70°  AV.  ; 
then  it  turned  abruptly  westward  toward  Lake  Superior,  following  in  all 
tills  course,  as  stated  by  the  author,  the  isotherm  of  4(V'  F.  Outlying 
islands  of  the  Canadian  province  were  indicated  as  found  within  the  At- 
lantic province  in  the  Adirondacks  region  and  on  the  summits  of  the  Alle- 
ghanies. 

Insects,  it  siiould  lie  observed,  are  not  regularlv  migratorv  animals  ; 
and  since  several  generations  frequently  succeed  each  other  during  a  single 
season  and  winter  is  passed  in  very  various  conditions  of  existence,  we  can 
hardly  expect  their  distribution  to  follow  exactly  that  of  birds.  Vari- 
ous causes  may  modify  unequally  the  distribution  of  i. sects  belonging  to 
a  certain  group  ;  too  intense  cold  in  our  arctic  winters  ;  the  lack  of  snow 
during  a  less  severe  season ;  too  excessive  heat  or  too  long  a  drouth  in 
midsummer :  or,  too  sudden  changes  of  temperature  at  critical  periods. 
To  come  to  our  butterflies,  they  may  be  foun<l  at  all  seasons  of  the  year, 
even  in  mid-winter,  of  one  species  or  another,  in  every  stage  of  existence, 
from  the  egg,  through  all  the  larval  stages  and  the  chrysalis,  to  the  imago. 
The  distribution  of  butterflies  is  therefore  much  more  complicated  than 
that  of  birds,  whose  early  stages  are  always  passed  in  comparatively  warm 
weather,  under  the  guardianship  of  the  mother ;  and,  if  more  than  one 
brood  appears  during  a  season,  tiie  second  is  only  the  produce  of  the  same 
pair  that  raised  the  first. 

It  is  nevertheless  true  that  the  distrii)ution  of  insects  over  continental 
areas  coincides  in  a  remarkable  wav  with  that  of  i)irds  ;  and  the  genernl 
consensus  of  opinion,  drawn  not  only  from  the  study  of  birds  l)ut  from 
that  of  other  animals  as  well,  as  shown  l)y  the  views  of  the  naturalists 
already  alluded  to,  and  their  agreement  witli  the  results  of  our  own  study 


92 


THE  BUTTERFLIES  OF  NEW  ENGLAND. 


m 


\m 


li^iC' 


I 


of  butterflies,  should  be  carefully  noted.  In  general  the  line  of  separation 
of  the  Canadian  and  Alleghanian  faunas  is  placed  further  south  by  Allen 
than  by  Verrill  and  Packard.  The  accompanying  map  of  faunal  areas 
will  show  that  according  to  my  view  it  should  be  carried  even  still  a  little 
further  south,  and  if  the  line  in  passing  through  our  district  presents 
greater  irregularities  than  in  the  case  of  the  others,  it  is  due  solely  to  the 
influence  of  the  Connecticut  and  Hudson  Rivers  in  carrying  northward 
along  their  bottom  lands  many  butterflies  of  the  Alleghanian  fauna.  The 
line,  as  I  would  trace  it,  starts  from  th  •  gulf  of  Maine  near  the  mouth  of 
the  Kennebec  and  runs  at  first  parallel  to  the  coast  so  as  to  include  Sebago 
pond,  but  recedes  slightly  from  the  shore  near  the  forty-third  parallel, 
until  it  strikes  the  northern  border  of  Massachusetts  south  of  Monadnock, 
curving  around  which  it  turns  sharply  to  the  north,  crossing  the  Connecti- 
cut River  near  Ascutney  ^lountain,  turning  again  southward  and  following 
the  course  of  this  stream  until  near  the  middle  of  ^lassachusetts,  when  it 
begins  to  curve  westward  until  it  has  swung  arourid  the  higher  elevations 
of  the  Berkshire  Hills  in  southern  Massachusetts,  again  passes  to  the 
northward  along  the  valley  of  the  Hudson,  and  turns  once  more  to  the 
westward  just  before  reaching  Lake  George. 

Hut  the  line  as  we  have  here  traced  it,  should  by  no  means  be  regarded 
as  a  fixed  one.  It  is  rather  the  centre  of  o  bro.ad  belt  whose  south- 
ern margin  limits  many  of  tiie  Alleghanian  species,  while  other  species 
find  their  northernmost  extension  •  t  various  points  within  the  broad  belt ; 
its  northern  borders  mark  the  ordinary  southern  limits  of  the  species 
of  tlio  Canadian  fauna,  whicli  may,  however,  extend  to  this  middle  line  or 
even  beyond.  The  northern  limit  of  the  belt  would  correspond  very 
closely  with  the  dividing  line  of  the  Canadian  and  Alleghanian  faunas  as 
marked  l)y  Verrill.  As  will  be  seen,  it  starts  from  the  bay  of  Maine  in  the 
immediati'  vicinity  of  Mt.  Desert,  passes  to  the  northward  with  an  easterly 
Inclination  up  the  valley  of  the  Penobscot  nearly  to  the  New  Brunswick 
l)order,  then  turns  to  run  south-westward  parallel  to  the  coast  along  the 
margin  of  the  more  broken  hilly  parts  of  the  state,  in  a  line  approximately 
south-west  from  Mattawamkeag,  Me.,  to  North  Conway,  N.  H.,  inter- 
rupted, however,  as  it  crosses  the  Androscoggin,  by  a  deep  bay  reaching 
the  New  Hampshire  border  ;  skirting  the  White  Mountains  at  their  southern 
limits,  it  passes  barely  north  of  the  lake  region  of  New  Hampshire,  then 
turns  northward  again  on  approaching  the  valley  of  the  Connecticut  so  as 
to  strike  the  vicinity  of  St.  Johnsbury ;  here  it  crosses  the  river,  turns 
southward  and  follows  the  course  of  the  Green  Mountains  as  far  as  their 
highest  elevations  in  north-western  Massachusetts,  turning  around  which 
the  line  returns  due  nortli,  past  the  whole  length  of  Lake  Champlain, 
and  then  with  a  slight  easterly  bend  crosses  the  St.  Lawrence  not  far 
above  Quebec  ;  here  it  turns  quickly  to  the  west  again,  following  the  near 


FAUXAL   DISTRICTS  OF   NKW  KNOLAND. 


93 


vicinity  of  the  river.  But  to  the  west  of  the  region  thns  enclosed  the  Ca- 
nadian fauna  includes  the  Adirondacks  region,  west  of  Lake  Chaniplain. 
The  southern  margin  of  this  broad  intcrfaunal  or  bifaunal  belt  starts 
from  some  point  in  Massachusetts  Hay  not  far  southeast  of  Boston,  and 
passes  westerly  in  such  a  way  as  to  include  in  the  true  Alleghanian  fauna 
the  entire  belt,  of  low  lands  along  the  southern  coast  of  New  England ; 
but  more  than  that  it  includes  two  considcraijlc  prominences  thrust  up  the 
Connecticut  and  Hudson  Rivers,  as  far  north  as  Winsor  and  Poughkeep- 
3ie  respectively.  While  just  to  the  northwest  of  the  latter  the  extended 
Canadian  fauna  embraces  the  Catskill  region. 

It  will  thus  be  seen  that  this  great  intcrfaunal  o'  bifaunal  belt  sweeps 
across  tlie  whole  of  New  England  from  west  to  east,  and  indeed  embraces 
within  its  limits  the  greater  part  of  its  territory.  As  it  passes  from  the 
west  toward  the  sea  an  upper  member  follows  north-eastward  the  valley 
of  the  St.  Lawrence,  but  fails  to  reach  tlic  ocean  ;  while  the  main  belt, 
separated  from  the  former  by  the  great  Adirondacks  region,  though 
narrowly  connected  witli  it  along  tiie  valley  of  Lake  Cham j)lain,  sweeps 
over  the  mass  of  New  England  ;  so  that  the  study  of  the  New  Eng- 
land fauna  becomes  one  of  especial  interest.  If  wc  study  the  relations 
of  tliis  intcrfaunal  l)elt  to  the  physical  features  of  New  England  and  the 
neigliboring  regions,  we  shall  see  that  it  is  limited  upon  the  north  by  a 
line  wliich  would  run  not  far  from  a  contour  curve  indicating  a  height  of 
country  of  about  eight  hundred  to  one  thousand  feet ;  hut  that  it  is 
deflected  to  tlie  soutliward  by  the  great  mountain  elevations  of  the  White 
Mountain  area  and  the  Green  Mountain  chain.  In  ]\Iaine  it  plainly 
skirts  the  line  whicii  in  general  sci)arates  tiic  lower  lui'lulating  country 
from  the  more  broken,  hilly  regions  of  the  north  and  it  bears  a  similar 
relation  to  the  southern  edge  of  tiie  Adirondack  district ;  wliile  its  south- 
ern margin,  as  far  as  New  England  is  concerned,  is  marked  by  the  belt 
of  lowlands  which  border  the  southern  siiore  of  the  district,  and  is 
deflected  northward  only  along  the  sea  margin  at  its  eastern  extremity 
and  up  the  valleys  of  southward  flowing  rivers. 

In  illustration  of  the  different  divisions  referred  to  in  the  foreffoins,  we 
may  point  out  that  the  upper  nun-gin  of  this  belt  marks  in  a  general  way 
the  southern  limits  of  sueii  species  of  the  Canadian  fauna  as  Oeneis  jutta, 
Polygonia  gracilis  and  satyrus,  Eurymus  interior,  Pamphila  mandan  and 
Erynnis  manitoba ;  while  Polygonia  faunus.  Aglais  miiberti,  and  Cincli- 
dia  harrisii  extend  further  south  so  as  to  reach  the  true  separating  line  of 
the  Canadian  and  Alleghanian  faunas  :  Cercyonis  nephele,  Iksilarchia 
arthemis,  Eugonia  j-album,  Cyaniris  pseudargiolus  lucia,  Picris  oleracea 
and  Amblyscirtes  samoset  extend  even  further  than  this,  often  to  the  re- 
stricted limits  of  the  Alleghanian  fauna.  Basilarchia  proscrpina  (asty- 
anax-ursula)  and  the  hybrid  transitional  forms  between  Cercyonis  nephele 
and  C.  alope  are  principally  confined  to  this  belt. 


94 


THK    ItUi'TKUl'LIKS  OV  NKW  KXGLAXD. 


Turning  to  the  more  al)un(lant  Allogliiiniiin  fauna,  we  may  note  that  no 
ineonsiderable  number  of  species  pass  nortlnvard  even  to  the  I'cstricted 
limits  of  tlic  Canadian  fauna,  sucli  as  Cissia  eurytus,  I'olygonia  interroga- 
tionis,  Anosia  ploxippus  (in  its  yearly  excursions)  among  Nvmphalidae, 
while  C'jrcyonis  alope  l)arcly  fails  of  reaching  it ;  among  the  Lycaenidae, 
Incisalia  niphon,  Uranotes  melinus,  Thccla  liparops  and  Everes  comyntas  ; 
and  among  the  Hesperidae,  Thoryl)e8  py lades,  Thanaos  persius,  icclus  and 
brizo,  Pholisora  catullus,  Aml)lyscirtcs  vialis.  and  Limochorcs  taumns. 
On  the  other  hand  the  natural  limits  of  tiic  bulk  of  the  Alleghanian 
species  will  be  found  to  fall  rather  at  the  true  middle  line  which  we  have 
pointed  out.  S".ch  species  are  Basilarchia  astyanax.  Spcyeria  idalia  and 
perhaps  Ilypatus  bachmanii  of  the  Xymphalidae :  Incisalia  irus,  Mitura 
(lamon,  Thecla  Ontario,  odwardsii  and  acadica  among  Lycaenidae ;  Eu- 
phocades  troilus  among  the  I'apilionidac  :  and  among  the  Hesperidac. 
Epargyreus  tityrus,  Thanaos  lucilius.  martialis,  juvenalis  and  hora- 
tius,  Ancyloxipha  numitor,  Poancs  niassasoit.  Atrytone  logan,  Erynnis 
sassacus,  metea  and  attains,  Anthomastcr  leonardus.  Thymdicus  aetna, 
Limochorcs  bimacula  and  mauataafiua.  Eu[)hyes  motacomct  and  vcrna,  and 
Lerema  hianna.  Here,  too,  will  i)robably  l)e  found  the  dividing  line  ( in  those 
polygoneutic  species  wliich  range  far  on  each  side  of  the  line,  as  in  Ileodcs 
hypoplilaeas)  at  wiiichtiic  number  of  liroods  in  the  season  change,  one  more 
l)roo(l  occurring  soutli  of  the  line  than  north  of  it.  The  Alleghanian 
species  wliich  seem  to  find  their  northern  limits  at  the  soutliern  borders  of 
the  broad  bc^lt  are  Junonia  coenia  and  Euptoieta  elaudia  among  the  Nvm- 
phalidae ;  Xanthidia  nici[)i)c.  Eurema  lisa,  Anthocliaris  genutia.  Pieris 
protodice  and  Laerttas  piiilcnor  among  the  Papilionidae  :  and  among  the 
Hesperidac,  Achalarus  lycidas,  Thorybes  i)athyllus.  Thanaos  terentius, 
Hylephila  phylaeus,  Atalo])cdes  huron.  Thymelicus  lirettus,  and  licrema 
accius.  Hut  in  addition  to  this  list  there  are  other  l)utterf1ies  more  [)rop- 
erly  to  be  considered  members  of  the  Louisianian  fauna,  which  in  tiicir 
northernmost  extension,  creeping  along  the  Atlantic  coast,  reach  eitherquite 
to  this  line  of  demarcation  or  stop  barely  short  of  it.  These  are,  among 
the  Nymphalidae,  Neonympiia  ])hocion  and  C'hlorippe  elyton  :  among  the 
Papilionidae,  CalHdryas  eubiile,  Iphielides  ajax,  Jasoniadcs  glaucus  glau- 
cus  and  Heraclides  cresphontcs  in  its  recent  extension  ;  while  among  tiie 
Hc8i)cridae  may  be  mentioned  EudamusprotcusandHesperia  montivagus. 

Some  rema'  .»8  upon  the  other  insects  which  find  their  delimitations  in 
these  siimc  districts  will  be  found  in  my  paper  on  the  distril)ution  of  the 
insects  of  New  Hampshire  in  the  "Geology  of  New  Hampshire,'"  Vol.  I, 
where  these  lines  of  separation  are  marked  in  a  somewhat  different  way 
from  less  perfect  knowledge.  It  can  hardly  fail  of  notice  that  the 
faunal  divisions  as  here  laid  down,  plotted  upon  tl»c  same  map  witii  tlie 
isotherms  projected  by  Professor  Davis,  agree  in  a  somewhat  striking  way 


THE  EMHUYOLOdY  OF  KUVAXESSA  ANTIOPA. 


95 


with  the  course  of  these  same  isotherme.  Yet  each  set  of  lines,  those  of 
the  faunal  areas  and  of  the  isotliernis,  was  worked  out  independently  of 
the  other,  and  their  somewhat  remarkable  agreement  a.id  yet  failure  to 
correspond  in  many  points  is  a  very  striking  faet.  !Many  more  observa- 
tions upon  the  distribution  of  insects  within  tliis  belt  and  in  its  vicinity  are 
necessury  befAre  we  can  arrive  at  any  satisl'actory  results,  and  construct  a 
map  with  a  proper  degree  of  accuracy  ;  but  the  present  attempt  shows 
very  clearly  that  it  is  within  the  limits  of  New  England  itself  that  the 
greatest  progress  in  our  knowledge  is  to  be  looked  for,  and  that  upon  New 
England  naturalists  devolves  the  duty  of  solving  these  zoo-geograpiiical 
problems. 

IV. 

STUDIES    ON     THE     EM15KYOLOGICAL      DEVELOPMENT 
OF     EUVANESSA     ANTIOPA.  ' 

BY  CHARLES    W.    WOODWORTII,   M.   S. 


Thci-p  is  a  woiulrons  worksliop  here, 
E'en  in  tills  iluinty  little  pod, 
Here  tliiit  niyslcrious  workman,  I.ifo, 
Builds  niateliloss  temples  to  his  God. 

Embryology  deals  with  all  the  i)henomena  of  growtli  from  tlie  first 
beginnings  of  life  until  its  "lose;  therefore  on  accoiuit  of  the  extent  of  the 
subject  the  present  |)aper  is  necessarily  somewhat  fiagmentarv  in  its  char- 
acter. In  order  to  make  it  as  compact  as  possil)le  we  will  confine  our- 
selves to  some  of  the  earlier  stages  of  development  where  some  of  the  most 
interesting  problems  in  the  whole  domain  of  science  present  themselves  for 
solution.  Embryology  may  be  called  the  science  of  development.  It 
treats  of  life  in  motion  and  in  this  respect  differs  from  Histology  which  is 
essentially  a  "study  in  still  life."'  It  differs  from  Physiology  by  confining 
itself  to  a  single  function  of  living  matter,  growth. 


'i- 


•The  material  used  in  the  preparation  of 
this  article  consists  of  a  small  lot  of  e^'f;s  col- 
lected liy  Mr.  .Scmlder  ami  partly  prepareil  liy 
Mr.  Houjjhton.  another  and  larjier  lot  taken 
by  Dr.  Diminock  and  a  third  colh'eted  liy  my- 
self near  Fahyan's,  White  Mountains;  also 
some  speciinciisof  the  iina}.'o,  part  obtained  liy 
myself  and  part  sent  me  by  Mr.  Scudder. 

The  method  of  preparation  which  seems  to 
have  niven  the  best  results  is  to  kill  by  heatin;; 
in  water  at  80'  C.  which  fixes  the  tissues  very 
well.  K^^B  uuist  now  be  punctured  witli 
a  sharp  needle;  this  is  essential  in  order  that 
the  reagents  used  may  penetrate.  The  most 
satisfactory  stains  were   Grenachcr's  borax 


carmine  and  I'zucher's  cochineal.  The  latter  is 
especially  jrood;  it  is  prepared  as  follows; 
Place  lj.r.  each  of  cochineal  and  burnt  alum 
in  a  mortar  and  reduce  to  a  powder;  add 
IiK)oc.  of  distilled  water  and  boil  until  there 
is  butftOcc.,  cool  and  lllter;  a  few  drops  of  car- 
bolic acid  should  be  ailded  as  a  preservative. 
The  hardni'ss  of  the  cgj;  shell  makes  tlie 
e^rjr  very  dilHcult  to  section,  but  if  removed 
it  is  so  dclii'atc  as  to  be  almost  certain  to  go 
to  pieces  during  the  further  manipulations. 
The  paralin  method  of  imbedding  was  em- 
ployed, and  the  sections  cut  on  the  rocking 
microtome  made  by  the  Cambridge  Instru- 
ment t'o. 


m 


m 


Mr 


96 


TllK  BUTTERFLIES  OF   NEW   ENGLAND. 


hi- 


Ill 


■i-'- 

*  :'■ 

It  is  ii  liiw  in  tliis  world  tliiit  all  things  have  a  lowly  origin.  The  evo- 
lution of  all  living  beings  troni  simple  unicellular  germs  is  an  established 
fact  of  science.  The  egg  is  generally  looked  upon  as  the  simplest  condition 
of  the  animal.  At  least  in  insects,  however,  there  seems  to  be  an  earlier 
and  simpler  condition  than  is  found  in  the  egg.  Here  we  should  make 
the  primitive  egg  cell  in  the  terminal  cliambcr  of  the  ovariole,  or  in  the 
primitive  ovary  before  tiie  ovariole  is  developal,  the  starting  point  in  the 
study  of  embryology.  This  idea  may  be  objected  to  on  the  ground  that 
the  egg  cell  is  not  complete  until  after  tho  reception  of  tlie  male  element, 
and  that  only  after  that  is  accomplished  do  we  have  a  cell  capable  of 
reproducing  the  species.  The  force  of  such  an  objection  is  more  apparent 
than  real  when  one  recollects  that  in  some  nisects.  notably  in  the  saw-flies 
and  the  honey-bee,  eggs  deve'op  without  iiie  help  of  tiic  male  element. 
The  eggs  of  some  insects  (viviparous  plant-lice)  are  incapable  of  leading 
an  independent  existence  and  continue  to  receive  food  and  grow. 

The  ovary  of  an  ''nsect  is  at  first  a  simple  mass  of  similar  cells,  originat- 
ing as  described  l)elow  and  remaining  for  a  more  or  less  extended  period 
of  time  apparently  without  change,  except  that  it  becomes  surrounded  by 
an  investment  of  connective  tissue.  The  cells  are  now  said  to  fuse  so  as 
to  form  a  syncytium,  but  this  I  am  inclined  to  doul)t :  indeed  some  studies 
oil  which  I  am  engaged  on  other  insects  givt'  me  every  reason  to 
doubt  it.  though  a  few  of  the  critical  stages  are  still  unknown  to  me.  The 
evidence  is  tiiis :  tiie  oldest  ovary  in  which  the  ovarioles  ai'c  not  yet 
developed  still  consists  of  distinct  cells,  and  the  youngest  ovariole  known 
to  me  has  in  the  lower  end  of  the  end-chamber  far  more  distinct  ejjg  cells 
than  enough  to  account  for  all  the  eggs  that  can  lie  suljsequently  devel- 
oped by  that  ovariole.  The  upper  end  of  the  end-chambor  may  be  a 
syncytium  and  in  some  of  the  older  ovarioles  of  some  inseci:?  the  whole 
end-chamber  seems  to  be  converted  into  one.  but  this  appears  to  be  a 
secondary  condition.  It  is  a  })oint  worthy  of  attention  in  studying  the 
ovarioles  of  insects,  that  before  the  largest  egg  has  attained  any  consider- 
able size  all  the  cells  that  produce  eggs  have  been  differentiated  enough  to 
be  certainly  recognized  as  egg  cells.  The  study  of  the  earliest  stages  of 
the  egg  must  be  carried  on  in  the  larval  and  pupal  stages  and  not  in  the 
adult  insect. 

Besides  the  cells  that  go  to  make  up  the  syncytium  there  are  three  kinds 
of  cells  in  the  ovariole  of  the  group  of  insects  to  which  Euvanessa  belongs, 
the  egg  cell  proper,  the  epithelium  cells  and  the  nutritive  cells.  They  are 
all  derived  from  the  indifferent  cells  of  the  primitive  ovary  and  are  homolo- 
gous structures.  When  the  butterfly  emerges  from  the  pupa  the  ova- 
rioles are  already  quite  well  developed.  They  consist  of  long  slender 
filaments  made  up  by  the  repetition  of  an  oval  unit,  the  egg  chamber ; 
these  egg  chambers  constiintlv  <liminisli  in  size  towards  the  end-eiiamber 


•:^ 


TIIK  K.MHIU'OLOGY  OF  EUVANKSSA   ANTIOl'A. 


97 


till  filially  tliey  loose  their  eliiinieteristic  shape  iincl  ii|)peariiiioc  and  look 
like  an  iinarrangcd  mass  of  cells.  In  structure  there  is  also  a  regular 
variation  At  the  lower  end  of  the  end-ehainher  upon  careful  examination 
one  will  notice  that  there  are  three  kinds  of  cells  present  in  the  mass 
wiicrc  at  first  sigiit  they  a[»peared  to  ijo  all  alike.  In  some  the  nucleus  is 
clearer  and  the 'nucleolus  more  distinct ;  these  arc  the  egg  cells.  Two  or 
three  times  as  abundant  and  often  slightly  larger  arc  tiic  nutritive  (ells. 
The  epitiicliuin  cells  are  quite  inconspicuous  and  often  liardly  so  numerous 
as  the  others ;  they  are  somewhat  smaller  in  size  and  the  niicjoli  are 
hardly  visible. 

The  egg  clianbers  are  formed  tiirougii  the  rai)id  multiplication  of  the 
epitiielial  cells,  forming  a  columar  epithelium  on  the  sides  of  the  egg  c«;ll 
(63:l,cp)  and  enveloping  witli  a  thinner  layer  the  adjacent  nutritive 
cells.  In  insects  having  a  large  number  of  nutritive  cells  quite  a  number 
of  epithelial  cells  remain  in  the  spaces  between  the  nutritive  cells  and  retain 
tiieir  primitive  appearance  and  size.  As  the  nutritive  cells  grow  they  do 
not  increase  in  numbers,  at  least  in  this  insect,  but  attain  a  very  largo 
size.  The  nucleus  increases  in  size  as  rapidly  as  the  cell  does  and  becomes 
irrcgidar  in  outline  and  the  contents  coarsely  granular.  After  the  egg 
chamlfcr  has  attained  nearly  the  size  of  the  fully  formed  egg  the  nutritive 
cells  begin  to  decrease  in  size,  due  to  liie  parasitic  action  of  the  egg  cell, 
and  finally  arc  reduced  to  a  very  small  mass  of  debris.  The  egg  cell 
increases  from  the  first  as  rapidly  as  the  nutritive  cells  but  tiic  history  of 
the  nucleus  is  <iuite  different.  This  body  increases  greatly  in  size  but  the 
relative  pro[)or  ' _n  between  it  and  the  cell  is  constantly  decreasing ;  it 
occupies  a  position  on  one  side  and  near  tiie  upper  end  of  the  cell ;  it  is  a 
clear,  transparent  vesicle  with  a  very  distinct  nucleolus.  When  the  egg 
approaches  maturity  and  has  absori)cd  the  nutritive  cells  a  change  ensues 
in  the  nucleus  that  is  very  important :  first,  the  nucleolus  becomes  paler 
and  disappears  ;  then  tlie  outline  of  the  nucleus  become  indistinct,  and 
finally  no  trace  of  nucleus  is  observable  in  the  egg  ;  the  nuclear  matter  has 
diffused  itself  in  tiie  egg  and  it  is  a  question  whether  part  is  not  still 
nucleus,  though  not  recognizable  as  such.  This  iiypothesis  is  the  most 
reasonal)lc,  though  the  spontaneous  production  of  a  nucleus  under  proper 
conditions  is  by  no  means  impossible,  for  such  a  process  must  have  oc- 
curred back  in  the  dawn  of  creation  when  organic  matter  first  developed 
tliis  structure. 

The  epithelial  cells  vary  a  great  deal  in  appearance  and  shape  according 
to  their  position.  Between  the  ciiambcrs  (63:  1,  2)  they  are  disk-shaped, 
showing  a  spindle  shaped  section  ;  on  the  sides  of  the  egg  cell  they  form 
a  regular  columnar  epithelium  ;  around  the  nutritive  cells  they  make  a  sort 
of  epithelium  but  not  regular  as  around  the  egg  cell ;  at  tiie  plane  where 
the  egg  and  nutritive  cells   touch,  the  epithelium  i)egins  to  infold,  forming 


I- 


98 


THE   BUTTKKFLIKS  OF  NKW   EN'(JLAXl). 


h" 


if 


IP?;;- 


a  very  thin  and  delicate  septum  comiwsed  of  two  layers  ;  this  niemhrane  never 
entirely  separates  the  egg  cell  from  the  nutritive  cells,  but  leaves  a  small 
hole  through  which  projects  a  process  of  the  egg  cell  fc  ^he  purpose  of 
obtaining  food  from  the  :'utritive  cells ;  it  is  known  as  trie  nutritive  pro- 
cess (63: 2  np). 

Over  tlie  whole  outside  of  tiie  o  'ariole  there  is  a  very  distinct  firm 
membrane,  the  tunica  propria  (63:1,  2  tp),  which  is  produced  by  the 
epitlielium  as  a  sort  of  cuticle.  Outside  of  this  the  |)eritoncal  membrane 
may  be  seen  (63  :  1  p)  ;  it  is  of  mesodermic  origin.  In  the  stage  repre- 
sented in  fig.  2  the  cpitlielial  cells  have  become  flattened  laterally  and 
arranged  thenit^clvcs  in  rows  corresponding  to  the  future  ribs  of  the  egg 
siu'll  wiiich  is  produced  by  them. 

Though  the  butterfly  emerges  in  the  autumn,  the  eggs  are  not  deposited 
until  quiie  late  in  the  following  spring,  so  it  will  be  seen  that  the  develop- 
ment is  comparatively  slow.  The  large  number  and  tlie  simultaneous 
development  may  account  for  it.  I  had  the  good  fortune  to  observe  the 
insect  in  the  act  '^f  oviposition.  It  was  about  noon  of  a  sultry  day,  which 
had  become  quite  cloudy  and  was  threatening  rain.  Along  the  side  of 
the  road  some  willows  had  grown  up  like  shrubs,  perhaps  six  feet  high  ; 
on  one  of  the  upper  stems  I  noticed  the  butterfly  standing  on  the  stem 
with  her  wings  closed  l)ack  to  back  :  she  allowed  me  to  approach  till  my 
head  was  witliin  two  feet  of  her.  She  moved  her  abdomen  from  side  to 
side  de|)ositing  the  eggs  in  a  row  at  the  rate  of  about  five  or  six  a  minute  ; 
now  and  then  she  would  move  forward  in  order  to  accommodate  the  length 
of  her  abdoni'^n  to  the  point  where  slie  was  depositing.  I  watched  her 
while  she  was  laying  perhaps  one-third  of  the  mass  ;  at  first  she  seemed 
to  pay  no  attention  to  me  although  I  was  so  close,  but  finally,  probably  on 
account  of  my  moving,  she  seemed  to  Ijccome  restless,  laid  quite  a  num- 
ber of  eggs  on  top  of  the  others,  and  then  without  warning  was  oft".  I 
cut  the  stem  at  once  and  noticed  on  tlie  mass  of  eggs  a  little  Ilymenop- 
terous  parasite*  which  seemed  to  be  depositing  eggs  also.  It  would  run 
across  the  egg  mass,  then  j)ause  a  moment  or  two  over  two  or  three  eggs 
in  succession,  and  then  be  ofl'  to  anotiicr  part  of  the  egg  mass  and  repeat 
the  performance.  The  specimen  was  preserved  and  some  of  the  eggs 
allowed  to  hatcii  but  no  trace  of  parasitism  appeared  in  them.  The  stem 
on  whicii  tiiis  egg  mass  was  laid  is  almost  a  quarter  of  an  inch  in  diameter 
and  the  mass  covers  at  least  half  inch  in  length,  and  is  the  largest  mass 
laid  by  this  species  of  which  I  have  ever  heard. 

The  egg,  as  already  remarked,  is  apparently  without  a  nucleus  and  it 
suggests  the  question :  What  is  the  function  of  the  nucleus  ?  Is  it 
the  motor  power  that  impels  the  cell  to  the  exercise  of  its  functions  ?  If 
such,  it  would  seem  that  the  nucleus  had  indued  the  protoplasm  with  such 

•  This  has  boon  detcrmhici.1  by  Mr.  Howard  as  Telcnomus  graptae  (80 : 9). 


THK    EMBRYOLOGY  OF  PIIVANKSSA  ANTIOPA. 


99 


a  food-gathering  inaniii  tli.it  it  had  nt  last  itself  fallen  victim  to  its  own 
devices.  Is  the  nucleus  merely  passive  in  this  respect?  Then  it  grew 
with  the  cell's  prosperity  till  it  had  reached  a  point  where  its  organization 
was  not  enough  to  hold  it  together. 

The  egg,  after  the  disappearance  of  the  nucleus,  is  no  longer  a  cell  in 
the  sense  it  wfis  before ;  it  has  not  the  organization  of  a  cell ;  it  is  the  re- 
mains of  what  was  a  cell.  It  is  a  mass  of  yolk  surrounded  and  imbedded  in 
live  protoplasm.  IJut  this  protoplasm  exiiibitf*  no  harmonious  action  for 
the  accomplishment  of  one  end  ;  it  lacks  the  interrelations  necessary  to  a 
unit  like  a  cell.  Its  history  shows  more  fully  the  truth  of  this  conclusion. 
The  earliest  stages  of  its  future  development  are  unknown,  but  as  in  other 
insects  a  certain  nuclear  substarce  makes  its  ai)pearance  and  forms  a  very 
small  nucleus,  which,  as  recently  shown  by  Blochman,  gives  off  the  polar 
globules,  as  occurs  with  other  animals,  and  forms  the  female  pronucleus. 
About  the  time  of  fertilization  this  sinks  into  the  yolk  ;  a  small  amoinit  of 
protoplasm  gathers  ai'ound  it,  partly  the  original  protoplasm  and  probably 
partly  that  which  has  been  produced  from  the  degeneration  of  the  yolk 
spherules  by  the  ordinary  process  of  cell  growth.  This  nucleus  and  the  pro- 
toi)la8m  around  it  constitute  a  distinct  and  complete  cell.  Division  sets  in 
and  a  number  of  cells  are  produced.  Each  cf  these  is  a  complete  cell, 
with  plasma  and  nucleus,  and  the  only  relation  that  the  yolk  stu-rounding 
it  has  to  it  is  that  of  food.  The  subsequent  history  is  only  the  increase 
and  det'elopment  of  these  cells,  and  the  consequent  degeneration  and  ab- 
sorption of  the  yolk.  In  the  freshly  laid  egg  there  is  inside  tiie  yolk  mem- 
brane a  layer  of  stainable  protoplasm,  in  which  are  inbedded  considerable 
numbers  of  small,  spheroidal  bodies,  quite  highly  rcfractile.  partly  fatty 
and  partly  albuminous,  but  the  main  mass  of  tlie  egg  is  made  up  of 
another  structure,  known  as  yolk  spiierule-i. 

Tlicse  are  about  .001  mm.  in  diameter,  though  varying  between  .00(»S 
mm.  and  .0012  mm  ;  their  index  of  refraction  is  not  very  far  from  that  of 
balsam  ;  in  color  they  are  somewhat  yellowish,  and  they  do  not  take  stains 
readily.  By  mutual  pressure  something  of  their  spherical  shape  is  lost, 
but  they  do  not  have  Hat  sides  :  for  those  first  formed  are  round,  and  the 
later  ones  conform  to  them  and  so  have  concave  sides.  As  to  the  method 
of  formation,  we  first  see  a  very  small  granule,  whicli  grows  gradually 
until  the  full-siT''jJ  yoke  spherule  is  formed.  Whether  this  growth  is 
merely  accretion  is  not  certainly  known.  l)ut  there  is  no  indication  of 
lamination  ;  on  the  other  hand  there  is  no  visible  spherule  membrane,  as 
one  V  ould  expect  if  the  growth  were  duo  to  intusseption.  The  method  of 
degeneration  is  very  interesting  and  reminds  one  of  the  fatty  degeneration 
of  the  tissues  of  the  pupa,  or  hystolysis.  At  the  beginning  of  cell  activity 
in  the  egg,  certain  of  the  spherules  in  the  immediate  neighborhood  of  the 
active  cells  begin  to  appear  slightly  grr.nular :  the  granules  are  coarse  but 


100 


THE  nUTTERFLIES  OF   NEW   ENCiLANl). 


1^  ■■■ 


very  indiHtinct  iit  first ;  this  npiJiaranee  does  not  bepin  at  one  point  and 
spread  over  the  splierulc,  hut  a|)pears  sinuiltnneoiisly  over  the  whole 
spherule.  These  jjranules,  wliich  are  from  the  first  coarse,  become  more 
and  more  distinct  and  highly  refraetile,  and  finally  the  outline  of  the 
spherule  is  no  longer  discernible.  The  bodies  produced  are  not  fat, 
although  they  resemble  it  very  much  in  oj)tical  (jiialities.  They  may  be 
looked  upon  as  a  form  of  albumen  most  readily  converted  into  cell  food, 
while  the  yolk-like  fat  is  a  condition  of  the  food  material  suited  for  stor- 
age. Yolk  degeneration  goes  on  witli  great  rapidity,  until  about  one- 
third  of  the  mass  of  the  egg  has  assumed  this  granidar  condition  ;  this  is 
at  the  time  the  newly  formed  blastoderm  cells  begin  their  migration 
towards  the  circumference,  when  a  pause  ensues.  The  degenerated  yolk 
occupies  the  centre  of  the  egg,  and  the  blastoderm  cells  readily  push  their 
way  through  this  material  and  pass  into  the  part  containing  tiie  undiflferen- 
tiatcd  spherules  beyond.  After  the  blastoderm  cells  have  passed  this  line 
the  yolk  cells  follow  and  carry  with  them  some  t)f  the  degenerated  yolk, 
and  finally  produce  the  yolk  masses  as  described  below.  Tiie  process  of 
degeneration  now  takes  a  new  start  from  the  nuclei  of  the  yolk  cells  and 
spreads  gradually  outward  from  each,  imtil  the  whole  mass  has  undergone 
this  change.  One  of  the  most  striking  stages  (63:  .5)  is  when  the  whole 
mass  has  degenerated,  except  a  single  row  of  spherules  around  each  cell. 
The  degeneration  of  the  yolk  is  not  complete  till  quite  late  in  the  develop- 
ment of  the  insect.  Some  recent  autliors  have  described  bodies  in  the 
yolk  spherules  of  insects,  which  they  call  bactcrioids,  attributing  to  them 
certain  bacteria-like  action.  Their  method  of  appearance,  however,  seems 
to  exclude  the  possibility  of  their  being  anything  like  organisms  growing 
in  the  yolk. 

The  earliest  stage  known  in  the  development  of  the  egg  is  when  there 
are  about  twenty  cells  present.  These  are  about  uniform  in  size  and  all 
at  quite  a  distance  from  each  other,  for  at  this  stage  as  soon  as  a  cell 
divides  the  resultant  cells  separate.  This  is  facilitated  by  the  degenerated 
condition  of  the  yolk  spherules  in  this  region  ;  the  colls  are  ameboid  in 
shape  and  the  nucleus  very  indistinct,  but  of  considerable  size ;  after  di- 
viding several  times  the  cells  arrange  themselves  in  line  and  commence  a 
migration  towards  the  circumference.  In  going  through  the  degenerated 
yolk  they  sometimes  leave  trailing  out  behind  them  a  long  process  (63 :  3) 
of  protoplasm  ;  on  reaching  the  edge  of  this  region  they  pause,  gather 
themselves  together,  and  plimge  into  the  mass  of  undifferentiated  yolk. 
While  in  transit,  the  cells  divide  so  as  to  keep  about  the  same  distance 
apart ;  they  do  not  all  reach  the  edge  at  the  same  time,  but  those  on  one 
side  take  their  station  long  before  the  others  (63:4).  On  reaching 
the  protoplasmic  layer  the  cells  at  once  appropriate  that  immediately  be- 
fore them  and  so  increase  rapidly  in  size.     Owing  to  the  granular  mate- 


THE  KMHRYOLOfiY  OV   KUVANKSSA   ANTIOl'A. 


lOl 


rial  ill  the  nhsorbed  protopliism  the  cell  plasma  becomes  darker  and  the 
still  imdlteied  niioleiis  becomes  very  distinct.  On  the  outside  of  the  pro- 
toplasmic layer  there  was  a  layer  of  grayish  material ;  this  now  forms  a 
cap  over  each  cell  and  extends  down  each  side  for  a  considerable  distance. 
When  all  these  cells  have  reached  the  circumference  of  the  egg  the  blasto- 
derm may  be  supposed  to  l)e  fully  formed,  though  at  no  time  do  all  the 
cells  that  form  it  resemble  each  other ;  some  commence  their  further  de- 
velopment before  the  others  reach  their  proper  position  ;  the  blastoderm  is 
complete  about  twenty-four  Iiouih  after  de])osition.  Hesidcsthe  blastoderm 
cells  there  are  in  the  centre  of  the  egg  a  large  number  of  other  cells, 
mostly  yolk  cells ;  they  have  no  definite  arrangement  but  are  pretty 
evenly  distributed  over  the  whole  egg. 

The  l)lastoderm  cells  on  one  side  of  the  egg  continue  to  divide  so  tiiat 
when  the  blastoderm  is  complete  the  cells  on  one  side  are  much  smaller  in 
diameter  than  on  the  other ;  they  have,  however,  increased  in  thickness 
and  so  make  a  thicker  and  more  compact  layer  ;  this  is  the  beginning  of 
the  ventral  plate.  The  cells  which  make  up  this  structure  arc  at  the  bot- 
tom of  the  egg  and  extend  halfway  up  one  side  (63: 10).  The  transition 
between  this  area  is  quite  abrupt.  In  the  further  development  the  ventral 
plate  sinks  deeper  into  the  yolk.  This  is  accomplished  within  three  days 
after  deposition.  The  first  indication  of  the  process  is  a  slight  infolding 
of  the  upper  end  (63:10);  the  blastoderm  cells  begin  to  grow  over  the 
ventral  plate  from  this  point  and  extend  down  the  sides ;  the  edge  of  the 
ventral  plate  sinks  down  at  the  same  time.  During  this  process  of  in- 
folding the  whole  ventral  plate  begins  an  upward  movement  and  increases 
somewhat  in  size  ;  when  the  infolding  is  complete,  that  is,  when  the  out- 
folded  edges  of  the  blastoderm  cells  have  met  and  closed  over  the  whole 
ventral  plate,  the  latter  is  about  as  long  as  the  egg  but  so  curved  as  to 
reach  only  about  three-fourths  way  to  the  top  (63  :  1 1 ) .  It  will  be  seen  that 
the  embryo  has  now  two  layers  of  cells  outside  of  it,  one  extending  all 
around  and  the  other  only  across  the  outside  face  of  the  ventral  plate ; 
between  these  two  layers  the  yolk  penetrates  freely.  Great  confusion 
exists  as  to  the  nomenclature  of  these  membranes  but  I  prefer  to  follow 
Balfour  in  this  matter  and  designate  the  inner  as  the  amnion  and  the  outer 
as  the  serous  membrane,  though  the  reverse  is  perhaps  the  more  com- 
mon practice.  From  this  history  of  their  formation  it  is  evident  that 
both  layers  and  the  ventral  plate  are  modified  blastoderm  cells,  and 
that  the  membranes  can  in  no  sense  be  called  moultings  of  the  ventral 
plate. 

We  will  leave  the  embryo  at  this  point  and  conclude  by  giving  an  ac- 
count of  a  few  structures  that  have  already  made  their  appearance,  but 
which  have  not  as  yet  been  noticed  by  us.  One  of  these  is  a  peculiar  con- 
dition of  certain  of  the  blastoderm  cells  at  the  upper  pole  of  the  egg ;  it 


I(t2 


IIIK    HiriKHKMKS   OK   XKW   KNCI.AXl). 


m 

m,'. 


[8  ([uito  coinmiin  if  n(tt  universal  in  the  cgga  of  iiisorts,  as  one  can  per- 
ceive l»y  exaiiiininj:f  the  fij^iiref  of  young  insect  eml)rvos  i)y  varionst 
nntliorn.  No  one,  as  far  as  I  can  make  ont,  has  exprcHsed  any  opinion  as 
to  tlicir  Hi<jnificance  or  function,  nor  can  I.  Very  early  in  tiie  formation 
of  tlie  blastoderm,  certain  of  the  cells  in  the  upper  end  fnse  together  and 
form  a  syncytium  ;  their  nuclei  are  large,  and  the  wiiole  mass  is  larger 
than  an  equal  number  of  l)lastoderm  cells,  even  of  those  in  the  ventral 
plate  in  the  time  of  their  nuixinnnn  size :  heneath  them  the  yolk  assimiea 
a  peculiar  condition  possessing  huhhlc-like  cavities. 

Tiie  yolk  cells  constitute  another  of  tliose  structures  which  we  may  call 
temporary  :  they  perform  tiu'  very  necessary  function  of  preparing  the 
food  material  out  ot  the  yolk.  It  has  not  been  proven  that  any  of  them 
take  any  part  in  the  formation  of  the  tissues  of  the  insect,  and  nuuiy  of 
them  certainly  do  not ;  at  first  they  resemble  very  nuich  the  cells  that  g(» 
to  make  up  the  blastoderm,  but  may  be  distinguished  by  their  affinity  to 
tiie  yolk,  or  ratiier  liy  the  fact  that  they  al)sorli  tiie  yolk  spherules  and 
granules  bodilv  :  shortlv  after  blastoderm  formation  thev  comidete  tiieir 
absorption  (.1'  the  yolk  antl  are  called  yolk  masses,  but  nmy  with  strict 
propriety  i)e  still  called  yolk  cells.  The  method  of  yolk  degeneration 
that  these  cells  set  <ip  has  been  already  described.  There  are  other  cells 
in  the  mass  of  tlu'  egg  wliicii  do  not  take  part  in  the  degeneration  of  the 
yolk :  they  apjjcar  as  indifferent  cells  of  tiie  earlier  stages,  and  probably 
give  rise  to  the  cndoderni.  Others  find  their  way  to  the  ventral  plate 
and  lie  close  against  it ;  tiiese  appear  to  give  rise  to  the  mesoderm,  though 
tins  is  not  the  view  generally  received  as  to  tiie  origin  of  this  germ  layer. 

Aliout  the  time  of  the  completion  of  the  blastoderm  the  already  differ- 
entiated ventral  plate  infolds  at  a  point  on  the  median  line  aliout  two-thirds 
from  tiic  upper  end  and  forms  a  very  narrow  pocket.  The  cells  composing 
it  look  like  the  rest  of  the  cells  of  tiie  ventral  plate  at  this  time;  they  arc 
almost  round  and  have  a  lining  on  one  side  made  of  the  gray  matter  which 
originally  bordered  the  wliolc  egg  but  which  became  a  part  of  the  i)lasto- 
derin  cells.  Tlie  pocket  remains  open  liut  a  short  time,  but  there  is  a  long 
depression  at  the  ufjper  end  of  the  bunch  of  cells ;  tiie  mass  of  cells  are 
soon  cut  off  from  the  ventral  plate  and  arc  free  in  the  body  cavity,  but 
remain  in  contact  with  tlic  ventral  plate  at  the  point  where  they  were  pro- 
duced. Later  stages  show  that  these  cells  produce  the  generative  organs  ; 
the  generative  organs  thus  appear  to  be  produced  by  an  infolding  of  the 
ectoderm,  or  possibly  of  the  blastoderm  before  the  ectoderm  is  produced, 
but  from  a  portion  which  is  later  to  become  ectoderm.  The  general  idea 
has  been  that  the  generative  organs  in  insects  are  produced  from  the 
mesoderm,  although  Metschnikow  as  early  as  18fi(>  showed  for  certain 
insects  a  different  origin. 

This  iirings  us  face  to   face  with  an  iinsettlcd  question  of  fundamental 


^3 


f: 

pi. 

1^' 


TlIK   KMIUtYOl.OdV   Oi"   KUVANKSSA    ANIIOPA. 


103 


iin|i(>i'tniic(>  in  finlirvoloi^y.  "If  tlioro  aro  any  stnictniTs,"  «iuh  Italt'dur, 
"wliosi'  idi'iitity  tliioiiylioiit  tlu;  Mctazoa  is  not  opi-n  to  tlonht,  tlicsi;  8tru(> 
turi's  are  tlu'  ovum  ami  spermatozoon"  :  and  thouj^h  emi)ryologi8tM  rej,'ar»l 
the  <rtrniinai  laycrn  as  preHi-ntin^'  lionioiojfics  almost  itinally  certain,  it  is 
nevertiu'less  tlie  t'act  that  observation  indicates  that  tlie  ovaries  in  the  difier- 
ent  {groups  arise  from  ditterent  germinal  hiyers.  Tiiis  fact  even  h'd  liaifour 
to  douht  the  fundamental  importance  of  the  ffcrininal  layers.  It  is  worth 
while  to  review  what  is  known  of  the  origin  of  tlie  primative  ova  in  the  va- 
rious groups  of  animals.  In  the  Spongiaria  certain  of  the  cells  of  the 
genera!  parenciiyma  arc  said  to  develop  into  eggs  and  so  they  woidd  he 
considered  mesoiilastic  ;  the  Cnidaria  exhihit  consideralde  I'ppaifit  varia- 
tion, liut,  as  the  [irimitivc  ova  cannot  lie  distinguishc<l  from  liic  ''iher  cells 
and  a-"  they  are  known  to  migrate  from  one  layer  to  another,  it  is  extremely 
doulitful  if  anything  can  be  made  out  with  certainty  aliont  them;  in  the 
Annelida  the  ova  arise  from  cells  situated  in  the  lining  of  the  liody  cavity  ; 
in  the  Xemathelminthes  the  jfenerativc  cells  have  heen  ohserved  in  the 
gastriila,  where  they  lie  in  the  hypohlastic  lining  of  the  ai'chentron,  hut 
later  they  ai'e  free  in  the  hody  cavity  ;  in  the  Poly/oa  they  ai'e  ai)parently 
mosohlastic  and  situated  in  the  space  hetweeii  the  stomach  and  the  floor 
ot' the  vestiliule  ;  a  single  cell  in  the  mesoderm  gives  rise  to  the  generative 
organs  in  the  Nematodes  ;  with  Insects  the  jtrimitive  ovaries  are  a  mass  of 
cells  situated  at  the  end  of  the  proctodeum  and  said  by  some  to  arise  from 
it,  hy  others  to  be  derived  from  the  mesoderm,  while  still  others  trace  them 
back  to  certain  so-called  pole  cells  which  originate  before  the  blastoderm 
is  formed ;  in  the  Crustacea  the  cells  giving  rise  to  the  generative 
organs  arise  during  segmentation  and  are  flrst  enclosed  in  the  epiblast  and 
still  later  migrate  inwards  :  in  \'ertelirates  the  germinal  cells  are  first 
seen  in  the  so-called  germinal  epithelium  from  which  they  seem  to  have 
arisen. 

It  is  thus  seen  that  a  great  difference  appeal's  in  the  various  groups. 
The  only  view  that  appears  to  reconcile  all  these  statements  is  this  :  The 
germinal  cells  do  not  belong  to  any  layer  but  are  the  jiroduct  of  some  of 
the  first  divisions  of  the  egg  cell ;  they  take  part  generally  in  the  formation 
of  the  blastoderm  and  them  migrate  into  the  mesoderm.  Probably  in 
most  animals,  as  in  Euvanessa,  they  are  indistinguishable  from  the  other 
blastoderm  cells.  In  only  a  few  animals  have  tlie  germinal  cells  been 
traced  back  cell  by  cell  to  the  egg  cell  and  these  cases  entirely  support  the 
view  here  advanced.  In  all  eases  where  they  arc  siip|)osed  to  come 
from  the  mesoderm  the  later  stages,  comparatively,  arc  the  only  ones 
known. 

As  the  life  history  of  any  animal  constitutes  a  cycle,  so  docs  the  embry- 
ology :  while  all  the  other  tissues  of  the  adult  animal  are  more  or  less 
differentiated  for  their  several   functions,  certain  cells  of  the  ovary  retain 


I 


104 


THE  BUTTERFLIES  OF  NEW  ENGLAND. 


,^; 


the  primitive  condition  and  have  the  potency  within  themselves  under  the 
proper  conditions  of  forming  another  animal  of  the  same  species.  As 
embryology  is  purely  a  science  of  cells,  the  student  should  not  be  satisfied 
until  he  can  trace  cell  by  cell  the  cycle  of  development  from  ovarv 
cell  through  the  egg  cell  and  back  to  ovary  cell  again— the  embryo- 
logical  cycle.  A  three-fold  division  might  quite  properly  be  made  of 
Embryology.  Oogenesis,  treating  of  the  development  of  the  egg  from  the 
o\  ary  cells  ;  Ovarigenesis,  completing  the  cycle  and  treating  of  the  forma- 
tion of  the  essential  elements  of  the  ovary  ;  and  third,  the  great  sulyect  of 
Organogeny,  wliich  deals  with  the  main  portion  of  the  science. 


i 


>  ''s 


.1 
I 


THE    FAMILIES    OF    J3l  TTEUFLIES. 

•,    •    •    Tliox' wiivcil  thcii- linilii'i- f:ins 
•t.r  uiii->.  iiiiil  >iii:illr>l  liii(':iiii('iil>  i'\acl 
111  :i  I  till'  livri-ic.-.  (Ici'liM  „r  Miiiiiiici-->  pnMr 
W  itli  s|,ul>  (if  ,^'uM  and  |jiii-|,I|.,  a/iii-c  mihI  mvcii. 

Mii.yns.—  I'iiriiilisi  I.iint. 

Ih  TTKitiT.ii-s  iiro  tliose  sciih-winireil  iiK<ects  with  a  spin.Uv  cuikd  toiii-ue 
i\mim\  of  clmnncllcd  and  united  maxilla.,  wliid.  usually  i\y  uniy  liy  day, 
havo  .sexually  uniforni  antennae  tenninating  i,i  ,i  more  or  le.s,.  di..tine'r  elul),' 
witli  .scarcely  an  exception  lack  ocelli  and  the  ciu-vcd  I)ri8tle  .servin-  in 
niotli-s  to  connect  the  front  and  hind  wings  near  the  Irnse,  and  usiudly 
undergo  tlieir  tran.fonnation.  in  the  open  air,  without  .pinning  an  encir- 
ding  cocoon. 

'i'iiey  form  the  ln-ghe..t  nicnilicrs  of  the  order  Lei)idoptera  and  arc  sepa- 
nililc  into  four  families  which  may  he  (U.^tinguisii-d  at  any  .sta-e  of  life  hv 
thc  hillowinii'  table. 


I.  /-,«-»/'.  ol  vn,-ial,l,.  >iA  .  uMially  rathiT  slnul,,-.  wi,l,  anipl.-  win,.,   Ilrad  in  a  vcrlica)  planv, 

tlMM„n,:.u..|,..in,.ins,.rt..,lo|,,,.,>it,.  ,1.,.  low..,-  half  of  ,1,.  ..y,..    Aiitrnna..  aiiiirox a.  at  tl,. 

lia-,.,  lUv  s|,a.T  l,Hvv....n  tlicm  nut  ...,ualllnf.  half  tho  vvitirai  .liaiiirfr  „f  il,.  .vr.  ihc  li|,  „r  ll„. 
'■ail.  i-aivly  ...M-v,.,!  an,l  ,i..v,.r  ,ii-o,U,ro.l  to  a  ,li^tin..t  |iaint.    Ky..  ui.l,  n.un.rliandn.-  prnHI  of 

'"■''"■   '"•  "'""-''  '"  '■"••'  '■"--  <^"''"'  I-.vra..nlna,.)  a  small  tuft  of  l,ai,->  o,r,n-.  at  11,,.  Sa...  of 

llH'  aiil,.n„a,.;ron,.:,  of  c-y,.   not  ...M,.n,lin.'  ov,.,'  th.  post.rlo,-   fonnl,  of  ,l„.  o,rl!a,-  ■•lol,,. 

'  '■'""  "'""■  '■"•'■'•^^  (l'"Pilio..ina,.)  witl y  ..piphy.i,.  an,l  l,in,l  ,i|,ia,  will,  onlv  iwininal  s,,,,,-.. 

"""■'■  '■''^'' '"'  "'■"'  "  '"-^  '■"■'■l>-  d'apllloninm.)  i„.,l.  1„„  ,  x,..„,||n.M,r„..atl,  a,„l  paftiallv  nn- 

';:'"':"'-," '"'"""■"■  '•"■"  '"'"'!'"'   "•"'^>i"  '•-i.om.  ,v>tinj.i„  H,,.  n.|,|a,„..    JM  Hll,..- 

.liMi,i,.tlyl„,d,..,-thanl„-oa.l  an,l  th,.,,  viMiVally  nl,l,..,l:  o,-  M,l,-.lul,„la,-  an,l  ,l,..„  .Smooth  or 
'•'■•""l""';"i-l"-"i"l"Ml,aiil,i,han,lII„.nns„ally,.,.hii,oM,„-|iaial,.    (■nlrri„7/„r,,! I.irl/, -\Wu\ 

''^"""-   '"•'""''■'• '  '"^'"•'- '"'"'  •"-  '-ly^  '"■'  l^'""i-  -itho,-  with  ,-a„„.,|  a,,|,..n,la.,.s  (of  vaiiol,. 

>lia|„..)  ...,„.,-ally  Ion,.,.,-,  of,,.,,  „„„.h  lon,v,-.  than  th..  ....„„.„t>:  ,„•  with  n,..l,v  t„l„.,.,.|,.«.  ,..,„.... 

iMlly  .,„  tl„.  t;,o,-a,.i,.  s,.,„„.n,„     Khst  tMon„.i,.  M.^,„..nt  with  no  ,|lMi„,.t  .o,-,,;.,,,,.  ,|,„>:,|  .|,i,.„l 

""'""'■   "    '■"•'■ '""■   ''^'''^    i"  -'""•    •'"•".>.    an,i  ...p,.,-lally   in  ,|„.    I,v..a,.„i,lM,..       )l..n,rr 

r.^.r,un,n'  va,.ial,l,.  in  ,„,•„,.  I„„  ,.,„,,.ally  ,.yli,„l,.i,.al.  of,..,,  .pi,,,,,,..  ,„.;,.,  will,  a   .„.„„..lv 

"','""'"""■''  ''''-''"'■'  "•■•■'<•  •'".luith.-n,  .llstiin.t  ,ho,-a,.i,.  >l,i..|.|.    (i..n..,-allv  ,...„.„•„,., ^o 

'''"■"  •"  '■' ""'""""■     '''*'•"«'"'''  f^-'-'i-'lly  {oM'l.  J.y,.a..ni.|a..l  „,o,...  or  U.»  an.ulal,.  ,„•  u  i,h 

in-.',....,,,,-  >lionl,l,.,...  v..,-y  ,.ar,.|y  (in  oiii'  .p....;,.,  ncv..,-)  ..n..|oM.,|  in  a  .'o, ,, 

A.  /,„.wo._K,.oni  ;,o|  only  o..,.iipji„..  ,h,.  fa,.,.,  |„„  ,.x,..,„li„u  al.o  on..,'  half  lli..  ..i-own 

"»  tl...  l...a,l.  a„,l  ...parat..,l  from  th,.  o....ip„,  l,y  a  ,liM I   ,in   Ano.la   >ll;:hl)   U^an^..,-.,. 

""''■""'  '"■'"■"'■" """■'"'!»'•     lia...  of  ,l„.  aim-nna,.  wholly  m  pa.'at..  IVon,  ,h,.  i ,.  ,.,1..,.. 

" ''•"■•    '''•""»"■"•!••  l"l"-l"l™Mylar...an,lal,ov,.  „i,ni,|.     Win...  „i,h  , „,., 

in.'ii-.iii-  n.nally  ......nulat...  ,U.„,a,...  .|n„a„..  ,„.  a,„.„la„. ;  f,.,„„  pa',-  will,  ,  wo  i„f,.,.io,.  .„!,. 


106 


riiK  i!i  rrr.iiFi.iKs  m-  ni;\v  knci.ani). 


fostal   lU'i-viili's,  orisriiuiliii'^-  ;il   lln'  cxtrcMiiiv   of  (In 


iiiiii'i'  iiiai'u;in  ul'  liimi  will" 


'    HI 


;ihv:iv-i  ('iiilir;ii'iM'_'  tlir  mImIo 


■ri'ir:i|"iil.  ilir  imc   li"^»  liriii^-  iiiiii*ci|  aii'l   atvopliinl, 


mill  llii'ii  iii'Vi'i'  iii'>i'i' 


'■•|iccM;llly   ill  till'  linili'.  lull   ill  I  mill  «c>ii'«  lllrli'i'lllillill  ll|i|lrllil:l;;i'»i)l  I  lie  In  >l   liir»;ll  joint  ;lli- 

>iiit  (i'Xrc|itiiii;  ill  l.iliytlii'iiiiir.  wlicrr  tinThiu-  iirc  |ifi'-riii  iinlir  fciiiali').  iiihI  liotli  >|iliii's 
and  «|illi->iif  tibial'  oIi-dIcIi'.  AVvi'IIIh'I' l-i'lii'ill:ilc'iillil  liii'li  >l|l)-:;lolMiliir,  ni'i-lx'  Vi'i'lii'ally 
rililiril  allil  u'l'iii'i'ally  tlrlli^iil  uvrr  at  Ira-I  tllr  upiirr  ll.lll'iil'  llic 
than  oiU'-lialf  ii>  liiuli  a!;!iiii  a>  Imiail  (uilli  llii'  pii-.^ililc  ('Xirptiiiii  iit'  tlir  Mliytliriiiac). 
('iitri'iiiUdr  III  hirlh. — Ilcadu'riirrally  Iiii'^'it,  iicvcr  smaller,  than  tin'  llinrai-ii-  M'uini'iits  ami 
;.'riii'rally  M-aliroii-:  ulnii  dI'  tin'  miiiu'  >izi',  the  I'oiiU'oiis  crown  of  thr  hraij  i~  iicmt 
ciicroai'hcil   iipoii   liy  llir  inlciiiiiH'iit   of  tlif   tii'sl   Ihorai'ii'  ■'i"_'iiit'nl,  ami  tin'   Imily    is 


■il  I'itlii 


■111  -' 


if  \i"-v  Inn--  Ini"^  (ill  w  lii-li 


iiiii-l  iif  tl 


ii'iii  arc  ai'ii'iilai' 


ami  ii'it  cliililii'  I  at  the  lip)  n.'  with  cMi'i'iiily  -li  irl  ami  ili^laiil  aciciilar  liair>.  Multti-i: 
'-•"t/'riiilOir  ii'ciicrally  cylimlrical,  the  licail  iHiially  hcM  in  a  vcrlical  pu^itioii.  lar-cr 
than  tlic  m'l;iiiciiI«  liiliiml  it,  free  ami  pnsleriurly  euntraclcil.  lioily  fiiriii>lii'i|  uilli 
coiiiimums  riiw>  of  >piiies  nr  -iiuhiiIi  leiitieles,  or  with  illscoiilinnoiis  rows  of  Meshy 
tiilierclcs,  or  with  >liiirt  |iilc;  in  the  last  ca^c  either  tlio  lieai"  is  tnlicrculatc  or  llie 
last  alMluniiiial  «ei;iiicnt  is  furcate,  or  liolli,  or  the  scuiiieiils  k  ve  Inil  four  transverse 
and  nearly  eipial  di\i-ioii-.  ( 'liriisntis  '^■eiierally  aii;.'nlale.  ifieii  ^Iroiiuly  annulate, 
or  if  I'cnimleil.  with  >liiiiilderei|  priiiniiieiiccs.  II  always  liaiiu^  in  a  reversed  povjiinii 
liy  its  tail  alone,  except  in  the  rare  ca-e  of  a  few  Satyrinae.  which  are  rininded.  without 
-pecial  priiinineiiccs.  have  no  creiiia^tral  hodlis,  and  iinder.'o  their  diaii'^cs  in  a   crevice 

iipiiii  iir  a  cell  in  tlie  '^riiiinil.  ihe  head  a>  hi::h  a-  'ii-  '  ''^licr  than  the  hinder  end 

Kaiii.  I .—Nymphalidae. 
H.  //;('(;/(<.— Kriilil  occupy  ill;:  Iviit  liltle  inure  lliaii  the  face  and  ~i'|iarati'd  frmii  llie 
oci'ipnl  liy  a -liulit  siiinre  liclweeii  the  antennae,  liasc- of  anlcnnae  iiisi'rled  in  ili~tiiiel 
«ui'kels,  which  either  clearly  infriirj-e  mi  the  inner  ■  d'ic  of  the  eye,  or  are  open  liexl  that 
ed^c.  Priithiiracic  liilie<  Miniile,  generally  appre~«ed  to  a  iiiere  lamina.  Win;:-  with  the 
outer  inaruin  ■-'encriilly  entire,  opeeially  in  the  fore  wiiiu.  lint  the  hind  win,:;' often  tailed; 
fore  wiiiu*  with  only  I  me  inferior  sill  icii>taliicrvnle,arisiiii;' at  thcexircinilyof  Ihecell;  inner 
inar;;in  of  liiiid  wliiu's  lienerally  lint  not  always  eliiliraciii;:' the  alidonieii.  Ilexapod.  the 
front  IcL'-  lieiiiu'  employed  in  walking',  and  nut  almpliied  cxccptiii:;-  in  «imie  males 
( l.ycaenidae.  e«p.  l.ciminiinaeK  where  I  hey  are  partially  atrophied,  and  soiiietiinev  have 
the  tarsi  reduced  to  a  «in'.;li'  unarmed  joint.  IC;l;l  cither  smooth,  or  cKc  reticiilale  (and 
then  liarate  or  hemispherical),  ur  else  vertically  rililicd  and  lrelli>cil  (and  then  greatly 
eliin^ated,  nearly  or  ipiite  twice  a^  IiIliIi  as  liroad).  I  'iili  riu'lhir  ul  hii-lli.-\h-.v\  always 
smaller  or  no  larger  than  the  thoracic  M'mncnts  and  nsnally  sinoolh ;  when  of  the  same 
size,  either  the  corneous  portion  of  the  crown  Is  partially  replaced  liy  the  intc^nmeiil  of 
the  lir-l  thoracic  scuineiit  (that  is.  the  cranium  has  no  post' i  ior  surface),  or  the  liody 
is  fiirni«lieil  with  very  knni'  or  very  short  hair-i.  aline-  all  of  i  hicli  are  clnlilied 
at  the  lip.  M'liiifr  ciiliriiill'ii'  cylindrical,  or  anteriorly  cn  n-ji  !,  ..r  uiii»eiforiii.  Head 
Usually  held  in  an  oliliiine  pu^ition.  generally  »mall,  .'ontracille  ;.'i,.i  ,ii! '.  rlorly  incomplete. 
Body  never  fiirni-hed  with  spines,  Iml  eilhi'r  naked,  or  In"'  hetl  with  ran:;ed 
tllameiiN  iir  iliscoiitiiiniiiis  roW'- of  tiilieri'le«  (in  wliiili  ca-e  the  head  is  always  smaller 
than  the  "I'eeei'diii^-  >e^inciit-'),  or  with  »liorl  pile  (wlnii  the  lii'ad  i«  iiniform,  the 
la«l  aliiliimiiial  se;:iiii'iit  cnti:'e  and  the  «c:inieiits  ilisidcd  traiisvi'i'scly  into  >ix  or 
more  sections),  or  with  fascicles  uf  lon,i;er  hairs.  < 'lu-iisnll.i  aic.'ulale  or  roiiuiled,  often 
with  no  proniiiieiices  whatever.  II  Iiaii,i.'s  in  various  iiositioii'.,  Iml  i' always  altachcil 
mil  only  liy  lis  lull,  Inil  aUo  liy  a  silken  :;irtli  aronml  the  iniddle.  and  in  rare  cases  is  aNo 
enclosed  III  a  feehle  silken  cocoon.  Some  few  tropical  l.cinoniiiiac  ari'  said  to  lack  the 
transverse  ^'irtli,  hut  In  retain  Ihe  normal  position  liy  the  linmoliility  of  Ihe  ahdominal 

seL'Incllts. 


KFA'   TO    THK    FAMILIKS. 


107 


a.  Iiiiiii)!,  of  suiiill 'izc  :iml  lU'liculc  >trurliirc.  Fruut  of  liciiil  lictwcuu  tlie  oyo* 
uuK'li  iiiirrowiT  than  lii^li.  Eyp.<  not  projei'tiiiK  bovoiul  the  ;;<'iu'riil  contour  of  the 
hriiil.  notched  on  the  inner  inaririn,  to  jrivc  room  for  the  imtenual  sockets.  Anten- 
nae inchiilin^  the  eluli  stralu'ht.  Metalhorax  only  sli^rhtly  scparateil  from  the  ine>u- 
thorax.  Jlcilian  cell  of  fore  win);!*  eloscil  liya  wealx  vein:  median  nervnre  of  liiinl 
winirs  with  tliree  hranelies:  tlie  inner  niarfrin  never  plaited.  Kore  lejfs  witli  no 
til>ial  epipliysis,  sexnally  lieteromorphous,  the  tarsi  of  the  male  lieinsr  more  or  le» 
atropliied.  Dorsal  mar;.'in  of  the  el>:hth  ahdoMdnal  se^'ment  of  male  entire.  I'pper 
organ  of  nnilc  j.'(  liilalia  with  lonj;.  slemlcr,  strinigly  cnrved,  lateral  appendap's. 
AV/.'/ 'iiirate  or  hemispherical,  and  more  or  less  deeply  reticulati'.  ('(itiT/iilliir  nt 
liirtli.fu  faras  known,  furnished  with  nunieruus  lonj,',  taperini.'  Iiairs  and  willi  naked 
cliilinous  aniiuli.  lnpth  arranircil  in  lonuitndinal  serii's.  Mutiin-  I'dlirpiVur.  so  faras 
known,  eitlu'r  onisciform,  snlionisciform.  or  cylindrical;  tlie  liody  furnished  with 
scat'  rcil  c(iar»e  and  scant  pile,  amonu'  which  are  some  serially  disposed  liristles  or 


fiisciati'd  hail- 


nine  exotic  forms  with  stont  Heshy  p 


loniritudinallv 


disp( 


•d,     ('lirijsiilis  usua 


sliorl  anil  stout,  ahvavs  Mnntlv  niUMiled  in  frimt,  tlic 


liody  rarely  furnished  with  projcciious.  and  these  invarialily  rouMded.    .Medium  i;irtli 


alwavs  close  to  the  Im 


at  all  points,  the  ventral  sni-face  of  the  liody  lyiui;- in  a 


nearly  uniform  plane.    C'rcmasicr  not  m  all  or  hut  slightly  prolulicranl.  the  honk> 
infi'rior  or  apical.     (A  sinu'lc  exi'cpl  ion  occurs  in  l''enisci'a,  lint  here  the  I'remasicr 

is  liroatlcr  than  lun^  and  the  hooks  wholly  inferior.) Kam.  11. — Lyoaciiiilue. 

I>.  /;i(".'/'i  of  nicdinm  or  lariTc  size.  l'"roin  of  head  lielween  the  eye- a>  In'oad  a» 
hlL'li.  Kycs  pnimineni,  not  infi'ini:cil  upon  l>y  the  antennal  suckds.  Antennae 
straiiihl.  or.  especially  the  I'liili.  •imiiile.  .Metalhorax  nnirkedly  separate  fioni 
the  nic»(illiora\.     Median  cell  of  fore  wings  closeil  liv  ii  strong  vein;  median  ncr- 


if  hinil  wim: 


ith  till 


l-'ore  legs 


■  liolll  • 


or  I'onr  liranclics:  I  he  iiuM'rinar;iin  sonn'tiiics  plaited, 
inpletu  as  the  other  pairs,  sometimes  with  anepiphy>K 
'.     Ilorsal  nnu'gin  of  thi'  eighth  alidoininal  segment  of 
male  noti'hcdor  iirodnce.l  to  a  hook,     rpperofiian  of  male  genitalia  nitli  no  lateral 


on  IIh'  inner  sidi'  of  the  tiliia 


proic 


IC'i'j  -nliLilolinlar  and  smuotli.or  verv  mncli  elevale.l  and  vcrticallv 


rililicd  and  li'clli~cd;  imic  kimwii  exception  ciccnr~  in  l'arna-'in~.  in  whieji  ii  i, 
tiaratc.  Init  wlii't'e.  in  contrailistinctlon  to  the  l.ycacnidae.  it  appears  to  he  oviM-laid 
with  raised  pol\gonal  philc^l.  (''ilrriilllur  nl  hiiili.^o  far  as  known,  furnished 
with  longitudinal  series  of  clulilied  or  forked  hairs  or  with  prii'kly  Inlicrcic-. 
Midiirc  riiliriiilliir  I'ylindrical  or  enlarged  aniei-iorly.  cuvcred  with  very  «liort  pile 


(in 


lime  exotic  liinn~ 


ith   lonu  liair>).  mo»tlv   arranged   in   ti'an»\ei'se  row-. 


v\illi  rather  infropienl  and  iri'egiilarl\  dl-liiliilli'd  mien 
\\  ith  si'ries  (i|  lle-h\  t'llM  Teles  or  lihiiiieiil«.  or  glalirous 


iipic  hairs,  ami  often  aK 
■arcelv  elevated  leiiticlc 


(7(/'//.vi///s elongate,  nniiiiuci'iiiiate  or  liiiiuicroiiale  in  trout.  :;eiieralh  with  iiiiiiienins 


angular  | 


roleel  lolls 


Meilian   girth    often   fr 


trniii    the    hoilv    for   a 


de 


aide  part  ot  its  ei.iMsi' li\  the   veiitriil  exleii-ion  of  llie   wing  sheaths,  the   \enlial 


surface  of  llic  Imdv   lieing 


enerallv  lii'iil  mon 


slr<niglv  ni'ar  the  middle. 


Creniaslcr  strongly  piotnlierant  and  free,  the  hooks  apli'al. 


I'ani  III.  -Paplliuiildiie. 


II.  liiiii'i')  (if  small  or  medium  size.  Usually  iiilnisl.  wilh  rather  small  wings.  Head  'w.\  liori- 
Zoiital  plane,  the  tuiiune  liein--  iiiseiled  opposiie  the  midille  of  llie  eye  or  I'VeU  h'glier.  .Vnteii- 
nac  widely  scparaleil  at  thi'  hasc.  Ihi'  sp; 
di: 


cler  of  tin'  eye,  the  tip  of  ilii.  chili 


'  hi'tween  them  more  than  ei|nalling  Inilf  the  vertical 
more  III-  less  dislini'tly  poiiUed  and  rccurvcil.  Kus 
Usually  ovi'rluuig  at  the  outer  lia«e  of  the  anleiinae  liy  a  cnr\  iiu  |ieiicil  of  liri«il\  hairs:  the 
cornea  extend iiii;' over  almost  tlieeiilire  ocelhir  ulohe.  Almosi  imarialdy  the  front  liliiae  li:i\e  a 
foliate  epiphysis  on  the  iiun'r  side,  and  the  hind  tiliiae  a  middle  pair  of  spurs  in  :iddition  lo  the 


:,;? 


108 


rilK   lUTTKUl-LIES  OF   NKW    KX(;I-AX1). 


toriiiiiiiil  ]iiiii\  Tmicr  oilirc  >(  liiml  wind's  plaili'il,  tin'  tore  iiml  liiinl  wiii^s  in  n'poic  often 
resting  ill  ililVci'onI  ijlinu's.  j.',.,  neM'rnoticcalply  liiu'liortliiiii  liroii<l,;iiiil  citliorlioniisiiliiTii'iil  iind 
smooth,  or  doniod.  vcitii'iilly  rililiediuid  trt'llisi'd.  Cdtiiri^illar  "l  hirUi.—WoM  alwiiys  In'oadiM- 
mill  Iiiirlit'i-  tliiiii  tlio  liody,  tlio  liiltor  witli  I'liiiiri'd  fiiiiL'it'onii  apiioiidii^cs.  iiovcr,  cxri'ptiiii;  on  tlic 
sevcMtli  and  cii^lit  ulidoniinal  ^c^'inonls,  so  Ion;;  as  tlic  sou'incnts.  First  tlionii'ic  souiincnt  .vitli 
a  distinct  conioons  dorsal  sliicM.  Mutiiro  fud'rpilh'.-  cyliiidru'al,  Iml  sliirlilly  llattt'iicd  lienoaiii 
ami  stoutest  in  the  middle,  never  spinous,  f^enorally  minutely  and  coarsely  pilose,  with  a  \wj.i- 
head,  slender  nock,  and  ii  trnnsvprsc  corneous  shield  oil  the  upper  surfaec  of  the  tirst  thorarie 
seirnient.  AVith  rare  exi'eptions  (atnoni:  tropical  forms)  living  in  eoncoalineiit.  i.'linj.in/i.s 
smooth  and  uiiit'orm.  rarely  with  a  inucronale  head,  always  enclosed  in  <ome  >ort  of  a 
ooeoon Fain.  IV.— Hesperldiie. 


I. 


FAMl  LY    NYMPH  ALl  DAE. 


BRUSH-FOOTED   BUTTERFLIES. 


NyiiiiiliMliclar    Swains.;     Nyinpliiilo     l.iiiii.;  IlclrnjiKnlcs  llotriii. 

Nyinpliiic     Horkli.;     N'yiniilialiili     HoiMl.;  <'liilci|i(i(|il'cinii     oi-     Si'oldiiciiili-il'ipriii     -lii-ps 

NyMii>liiili:i+ Fi'siivii  (iniv.;  NyiiipliMlifiis  llur>l'. 

lilaiU'li.-lfrullL';  Nymplialii  l.iiras.  Sii>pi'ii>i  liui^.l.;  Sus|i,.||,a  (p;"'-)  <iii'-l. 

I'apilioiiiila  (pars)  Lca<'l);  I'aijiliniiiilcs  (pais)  I'diiliilai'  Unisil. 

Uilli.;    X'apiliuiiidai'     (pai's)     Sam. ;  I'apili-  Itcli'.'i'iilfs  (par-)  Ncwiii. 

ouitf!>  (pars)  Xcuiii.  Kusifuniits  (pars)  (Juoii. 
Tctrapodi's  Ualiii. :  Titrajji  (iiitii. 

'I'lii'  iiiscc-i  lc.rioii.-,  praiiUM  with  irainlicsl  hues, 
I'larl.  ;;i>lil.  ami  purple,  -w  ariilM  into  rxistciici'. 
.Miiiiilc  aiLil  mar\illuiis  crralioiL  lii  -c 

.     .     .    «ciiiic  iiriMiilly  sIkjiii' 
l.ilic  iiviii'^  jc'wcis:  siimc  ^'rotcsiiiic,  iimuMtli. 
Aim!  liiiliMHis  .     .     . 

i'llii~r  livril  ilcliciousjy  (III  llolll'V-ilrW -, 
All'!  ilwi'll  ill  palace-  iif  lilii— dii'ieil  liell>. 
.MiHi'iiis  III!  iiiilliiiiis,  u  iiiL^'M  ami  pliimeil  in  I'l'unt. .  .  . 
h'lllM  llie  illni  alimi-plieri'  with  liiiin  and  hurry. 

MciNKiOMKltV.— /V/('(l«   /sldUil. 


Imago.  Onliimrily  of  tiiciliiini  nr  lariii' >ize.  Ilcinl  pretly  lai'ui'.  apart  rroiii  lliccyi's 
iDiiipai.'t,  full,  of  iieai'Iy  t'limil  •liiiK'i'^i')"'*'.  fniiit  well  ilcvdopeil,  Cull,  not  fur  from 
siiunrc  but  usually  broader  than  lilirh,  oiMMipyiiiif  nearly  tlu'  whole  anterior  faee  of  tlio 
lii'ad  and  nearly  or  (piite  half  of  the  snirtnlt.  Its  lower  outer  an;;les  slitthlly  li'inieate.  the 
upper  posterior  border  descenditii;  to  meet  tin'  oeeipiit,  with  which  it  foriiis  a  Iraiisverso 
(diannel  between  the  antennae, — reduced  in  the  Kiiploeiiiae  to  a  mere"  furrow;  occiput 
lint  ;;reatly  developed,  althoiiuli  soiiietinies  ipiite  protiiberaiil ,  (d"  varying-  shape  but 
almost  always  broader  than  loii'j:  and  oi'ciipyiim-  one-haH'  the  siiminil,  Toimiie  inserted 
opposite,  or  a  little  below,  the  middle  of  tlic  lower  half  of  the  eye;  papillae  of  tonirno 
lon^:  and  slender,  nsnally  appri'ssiMl.  oft.'n  swollen  in  the  middle  or  toward  the  tip, 
with  a  blunt  rounded  apex,  bearina' a  smaller  short  central  process,  often  snrronudod 
by  live  exccedinirly  delicate  thorns,  nearly  or  unite  as  lonir  as  Itself, — the  extension  of 
the  then  loiiiiitiidinally  ribbed  sliles  of  the  main  papilla;  they  are  attached  to  the  under 
surface  of  the  tony;ne  near  but  not  upon  the  outer  edire,  and  are  coiitliied  to  the  lerminal 
lifth  or  less;  they  are  usually  closely  crowded  In  a  sinirlc  row,  but  sdnietiines  are 
sliirlitly  separateil  and  in  tlic  liiirhcr  fmMiis  are  placi'd  In  crowdcil  ihnible  rows;  at  the 
extreme  lip  of  the  loiiyiie  they  form  a  little  cluster  botli  above  and  below  and  lii're  an; 
ii-miliy  smaller  and  less  slender  lliaii  elsewhere.  Kyes  prominent.  Anteimai!  inserted 
near  totri'ther,  not  iufrin;rin!j:  on  the  eyes  and  placed  entirely  within  tlie  sides  of  tlie 
front,  furnislied  with  a  straiy;hl  or  droopini;  club. 

I'rothoraeie  lolies  pretty  li  rtre  and  tumid.  Thorax  pretty  stout,  the  upper  sur- 
I'aci'  considerably  arched,  tlie  anterior  sides  of   the  niesoscntelliim  projectin;;  some- 


110 


TIIK    1!ITTKI!1-I-Ii:s   OK    NKW    KN'dl.ANl). 


wlint  sliiii'plv  ln'twcrn  tlic  Iiiilvcs  of  tlic  tiu'><»(iitmii  ill  iilmiit  a  rinlit  nii;;li',  tlu'  ^utuiv 
betwi'cii  the  two  loniiiiiv:  ii  I'l'iiiKiuiR't'd  Milcation.  the  i«)>l<'i'i()r  curw,  foi-iiicd  In-  tin- 
two  toKi'tluT,  fUiptic.  Mftiitlionix  M'pariitcd  nitlior  |>i-oiiiiiU'iitl.v  fi'oiii  the  iiu'sothoriix. 
Willis  of  i'wry  vark'tv  of  sliapi'  found  rtinoiiit>l  liiittiTlllrs.  Koiv  wiiii;s :  costul 
ncrvnrc  'i-niniiatiiiir  in'ar  tlif  middle  of  tlir  costal  border:  subcostal  nei'viire  with  four 
superior  and  two  inferior  simple  iiraneiies,  at  least  one  of  whieh  is  endtted  before  tlu' 
end  of  the  cell, — itself  terminatinn'  ipiite  near  tlie  apex  of  liie  win;;:  tlie  diseoi- 
dnl  cell  may  lie  eitiier  dosed  or  partially  open  and  is  of  moderate  wiiitli;  median 
ui'rvure  with  three  Iiraneiies.  itself  not  reaidiina;  tlie  border;  internal  nerviire.  w  lien 
present,  very  short  and  running;  into  tiie  submedian  nerviire.  Hind  ■wiiiiis  :  costal  ner- 
vure  terminatiiifi  between  tiie  middli'  and  the  tip  of  the  costal  border,  etnittin^r  from 
near  the  base  an  upward  directed  brancii.  curvin;r  inward  or  outward  or  Y-shaped  at 
the  tip;  subcostal  nerviire  with  three  branclies,  itself  not  reaeliiny;  the  border;  the  liis- 
e<iidal  cell  either  open  or  closed:  iiieilian  nerviire  witii  three  branches,  itself  not 
reacliiny;  tile  border;  submedian  iiervili\'  usually  teriniiiatiii;;  at  the  anal  an^le.  soiiie- 
tiiiies  on  tlie  outer  border :  internal  nerviire  usually  lerminatinii'  on  the  inner  border, 
soiiieliines  iit  tlie  anal  aiiirle.  Inner  iiiarj;in  expanded,  enibracinji  the  abdomen  beneath. 
Kore  leu;s  atrophied,  especially  in  tlie  male :  but  in  botii  sexes,  the  claws  anil  other 
terminal  appeiiihuies  of  the  last  tarsal  joints  (exceptinii  in  the  liiliytheinae.  where  the 
claws,  etc..  are  present  in  the  female  tarsus)  and  lioth  spines  and  spurs  of  the  tibiae  are 
olisoleti';  the  spiiH's  and  sometimes  tlie  spurs  of  tlie  tarsi  are  also  absent;  in  some 
niiiies.  the  tjirsi  are  not  even  divided  into  joints  and  they  are  ;ilways  uiianiied. 

I.ilst  dors;il  seirineiit  of  tile  nnile  abdomen  I  excepting'  ill  the  I.ibytlieinae)  entire  ;ibove, 
tile  Upper  oruaii  ueiier;illy  stout,  Avilh  or  witlioiit  hiteral  amis,  iiiid  provided  w  it li  an  eloii- 
irate.  tiipei'iii:;.  pointed  mediiin  liool<  (in  l.ibytliea  aciciilar ).  or  if  bifurcate  only  mi- 
niiti'ly  excised  at  tip  ;  clasps  formiiii;'  lateral,  lamellate,  more  or  le~s  convex  plate~  xcry 
\ariiilile  in  slmpe.  proportion  and  armature. 

Egg.  (;iobiil;ir  or  dome-shnpi'd.  the  surface  marked  eiliiei'  with  poiy;ronal  cells 
(whose  waIN  maybe  either  sli^iht  or  proiniiienl),  or  else  furnished  with  a  niimber  of 
raised  loiiiritudiiial  ribs,  usii;illy  exteiuiin^  over  tile  wiiole  eu:,i:.  but  sometimes  eoiiliiied 
to  the  upper  liair  and  \\  itii  miicli  more  delicate  cross-rid;;es. 

Caterpillar  at  birth.  Mead  uciieriiliy  larirer.  never  sinaller.  tliiiii  the  thoracic  scy. 
meiits  and  iwiiiilly  roiialieiied.  anil  always  with  a  ureater  or  smaller  number  id'  hair- 
I'liilttinu  p;ipiU;ie:  never  encroached  upon  by  tlie  intcmiment  of  tile  llrst  tlioracic 
scv;iiient.  liody  eyriiidrieai.  often  tiipcriny:  from  in  front  liai'kward.  but  rarely  if  ever 
from  tlie  iiiiddle  forward,  furnislied  witli  loniiitudimdly  raiiii-ed  cuticiiiar  appeiidau;es 
of  various  sliapes.  lieiieraliy  lony;er  tlian  the  seiiinents  and  often  more  or  Kss  clnlibed, 
some  of  the  sei'ies  sliifted  ill  position  ill  passing:  from  the  thoracic  to  tiie  aliilominal 
seirnieiits:   tirst  tlioracic  segment  witii  no  distinct  corneous  dorsal  shield. 

Mature  caterpillar.  Head  free,  furnislied  to  a  greater  or  less  extent  witli  liaiis 
;ind  sometime-  with  spiiioiis  ]irocesscs.  Hody  nearly  or  ipiite  cylindical.  loiiir  and 
sliMiiler,  ei|iial  or  laperimr  toward  eitiier  or  bolli  ends:  or,  sinu;le  sey:inents  maybe 
s>vollen  wholly  or  in  part.' and  then  tlie  caterpillar  liecoiiies  distinctly  moiiiliforiii : 
simply  furnislied  with  short  hairs  or  bristles  arisinu'  fnmi  minute  papiiliii'.  or  el>e  sup- 
lilied  witli  uilei|iially  or  reinilarly  distributed  spines  or  lleshy  tubercles:  spiracle  of  tlie 
eiu'htii  abdoininal  scLrment  on  a  line  witli  the  otiiers. 

Chrysalis.  Kitlicr  suspeiidid  by  the  posterior  extremity  only,  head  downward,  or, 
ill  r;ire  liistiiiiee-.  w  itii  no  fastenina:s  w  liatever.  traiisforiiiiiiii  in  an  imperfect  cell  upon 
or  lieiiealli  tlie  iri'oiind.  Willi  little  or  no  silken  liniim  Tlie  chrysalis  is  coinparati\ely 
loll u  and  slender,  eiiiariii'd  in  tlie  iniddie  and  tiiperiim.  general ly  to  a  coiisideralile  extent, 
at  I'itlier  end:  liead  advanced  in  front  of  the  protliorax ;  ocellar  prominences  double, 
nearly  always  pj-esenl  at  tlie  sideof  the  head  :  abdomen,  witli  rale  exceptions,  destitute 
of  a  lateral  ridae:  cremaster  s( out,  protuberant,  the  hooklets  at  tip  moderately  Ions 
and  rather  sh'iider  ( in  rare  c;i>e^  :iborted),  .lieir  apical  portion  tlilckened  e(|ualiy,  or 
sometimes  compressed,  bent  iner  like  a  cro(d<.  tile  apex  conical. 


IIIK   FAMILY    NYAll'lIAMIiAK. 


Ill 


General  characteristics  of  the  family.     'Hi 


lllo>t      CXtCllslVl' 


IS   liiiilic.^t   timiily  lit'  liiillcitlics  i>   -|/n;iil    ii\i  r   i\('i'y  |p((i'tioii   n 
:  !iltli(iiiL>'li  its  iiiiixiiiiiiiii  (if  (lc\(lii|iiiiciit  is  rciiiii(Ml   in  tlic  tnipic: 


if  ill 


Its 


rt'liitixc  nimicnc;!!  >iiiicniiniy  is  must  inkIciiI  in  tciiipci'iitc  rcuKins.  mid  I's- 


Ifl'lM 


llv  tl 


I'tli  t 


(■iiiiii'iatc  Zdiicnt' llic  (lid  \\(Pi'l( 


(I  \vl 


i(  re  Its  iiiiiiilicrs  lu'iii'iv 


i(iiiiil  iill  (itlicr  iiiittcrtlics  ciiniliiiicd.      AIiIkhi 


It     llMS    Idlln'    liccn      plllCCd    111 


(liiiiito 


iKisitidii.  it  is  iKiw  ii'cnci'iillv  ('(iii^idci'i'il  li\'  must  pliildsdiiliical 


ciitdiiKiIdiiists   to   lidld    till'    liiiilicst    liiiik  :im 


l,('piildpt( 


I    pdsiridii 


w 


hid 


I  \v;i> 


IdlU 


;iU'<' 


i\('n  it  li\-  sdiiii'  df  till'   I'jirlv  students    df  lniftcrtli 


liiit  (inc  wliicli  cdiild  iidt  iii;ik('  liciid-wiiy  iiii;iiiist  tlic  LiiiiU'iiii  tr;iditi(iii.s. 
Till'  ati'dpliy  df  till'  tVdiit  li'j^s  df  liutli  sexes,  fiimd  diily  in  this  t'iimily  iind 
possessed  liy  every  inemlier  of  it  I'xecptiiiii'  the  iiisin'iiifieant  and  aiierrant 
urdiij)  at  its  foot,  and  ilie  sns|)i'iisioii  of  the  chrysalis  liy  tlie  tail  only,  first 
til  i  wliifii  siiu-u'ested  to  IJdisdiival  the  nanii,'  Siis- 
A 


trnized  hv  Dalinan 


leiisi 


lolly' 


ire  snUii'ient   hv  tliemscKcs   to  prd\e  that  to    this  Liroiip 


inu>t  he  assiirned  the  hiii'liest  rank.      For  in  the  passaifc   of'  the    iiidi\idiial 
t'l'diii  the  larval  .stage  ti,  the  perfect    fdrni    the   si'iiineiit    heariiiu'  the   t'ront 


ill  L 


epidoptera   lieconie   con 


■tanth 


diiced 


d    th 


atrophy  of  the  lej;s  horne  hy  this  seirmeiit,  found  in  some  groups   and    not 

that  a  ditlerence  characteristic  ot' 


in  dtlu 


.th 


niiist  he  ('(insM 


lercd 


111  e\i(lcnc( 


cliaiiii'c  fi'diii  a  Idwcr  to  a  hiu'iicr  iiradc  ol'  lite  is  al- 


a  charactcrisiic  o 


f  tl 


issaue  frimi  a  lower  to  a 


hia-l 


icr  urade  of  structure, 


M. 


I 


lia\i' 


ilreadv  pointed  out  m  discussin 


li'  the  u'l'iicral  classitieatioii  of  ImttiM'tlies,  the 
tails  onl\'  show,  in  the  sti'ai(i'Iit  ventral   siir- 


chrysalids  which  lianL':  |iy  their 

face  of  till'  ahdonii'ii  of  the  vast  majority  of  thi'iii.  that  t!ii'\' 

froiii   hiittertlies   wliiili    in    tlieir   chrysalis  stau'e    were   also   ; 

middle. 

Althiniu'h  other  families  contain  hiittertlies  which 


re  descendi'il 
I't  ahoiit   the 


\  le  witli   till' 


N 


vmplia- 


lidae  in  Instroiis  heautv,  this  Jaru'est  fainilv  contains  upon  the  whole  hv  t'ar 


the  li'i'eatest   mimlier  and  varietv  of  strikint;'  f( 


the  liutterriv,  th 


the  f( 


illicit 


le  eiiii',  the  caterpillar  or  the  chrvsalis 
il 


iheti 


ler  we  con 


side 


oreover 


tlr 


I  are  most  commonlv  seen  and  noticed    liv  tliojii-   who   have 


hilt  a  [lopiilar  interest  in  natm'al    histoi'v,  for   they  are   the  hiittertlies   j 


)i/r 


■Ih' 


f  the  teni])ei'ate  zone,  of  th 


I'ioii  where  civilization  has  most 


riimrished  and  the  praises  of  nature  have  heen  most  .sounded  hy  the  poet.s. 
It  is  from  the  transfdrmatidii  of  this  (>'rdii|)  of  Imtterflies  that  ancient  iiiy- 
thdioiry  has  drawn  its  inspiration.  The  very  name  chrysalis,  the  "liolden 
thill"'"  df  the  (ireeks,  was  drawn    frnm   oli.servatidii   of  this   t'ainilv,  where 


ill 


tl 


done  tlie  jaiii 


a  often  assiiii 


a   irililei 


1  1 


me 


And  it  is  not   stranu'e  that 


tliey  should  have  so  ohserved  them,  for  of  all  butterflies  these  are  the 
most  spritely  and  vivacious,  the  most  audacious,  most  fond  of  propintpiity 
to  man  and  his  cultivations,  am 


1     Clllll 


owed  witli  most    varied   psycliolojrica 


traits:    thouiiii   at    the   same  time  the  f'amilv  contains  somi' t'ornis  w 


th    th 


I'm 


^■'%r 


^;i-: 


Ill* 


112 


Till-:  I'.i  riKiii-i.iKs  or  m;\v  i:n(;i-.\ni). 


WL'iikt'st  Hiirlit  known  In  ImttorHi 


'I'o  tliis  liiinilv  all 


II  till'  :).'<  Iiunian 


()rL;iin>  ("in  ]y 


n'l'ceiM'  llu'iii.  arc  ('c(nfin('<l  tlic  tow  sounil"   \vliicli    arc   cinittcd 

inii',    and  c\i(lcntl\ 


1 
1)V  laittcrtlicfi,  (■onKi.-stinn-  nio.-tlv   of  rnstlinu'  and  crackl 


It  roc 


Uiccd 


in  ^onie  manner  liy  the  wini^s  ;    in  otliiT  jiroii|).-<,  to   lie  r^iiri',  ccr- 
.f  tl  " 


tain  movements  of  the  wiiijrs   siijjjiest  tsountl,  l)iit  noh?  apparently  is  |ir<i- 


d  I  iced. 


none 


ccrtainlv   that   can   lie  heard  liv   ii 


Tl 


lerc  IS 


dso  I 


lere  a 


"rreater  varietyof  structure  than  is  found    in   any  of  the  other   tiiniilics   ot 
huttertiies.      We  need  only  point  out  the  fact   that   a  considcralile   numlicr 


of  it.- 
ists. 


<ulidi 


h 


I   t< 


ivisions  lia\i'  iieen  raised   to  pninarx  rank  ii\-  no 


•f  tl 


I" 


ik  li 


It  a  f 


le  colorinii'  ot  the  n\  uilts  is  also  more  varici 


(1  tl 


cw  natura 


1- 


lan  m  other  taimlu 


and  more 


th 


ill)  I 


II  aiiv  other  will  one  discover  a  striking  ditlerence  lietwecn 


the  colorinjr  of  the  ii]iiier  and  under  surface  of  the  winjis.  At*  one  departs 
farther  ami  farther  from  the  lower  Lepidoptera  in  asccndiiifi'  the  families  of 
butterflies,  one  disco\ers  a  larijcr  [iroportion  of  those  which,  wlu'ii  at  rest, 
raise  the  winifs  aliove  the  liack  and  expose  only  the  under  surface,  instead 
of  expaiidiiiir  the  wiiiii's  luirizontally  and  so  showinjx  the  upjier  surface,  as 
ill  moths.  It  is  tlicri'fore  upon  the  under  surtiice  of  the  wings  of  Imttertlics 
that  one  should  look  for  a  greater  \ariety  of  coloring  than  upon  the   uppi'r 

face,  at  least  in  the  highest    fori.,s  :  and  this    is  exactly  what   we  find. 

Here.  too.  occur  the  greatest  nuinhcr  of  cases  of  protc(ii\e  resciiililanci^ 

1  of  mimicry. 

Xor  is  the  interest  oepecially  attaching  to  this  family  confined  to  striietiiiH! 

1  coloring  alone,   in  liahits  and  in   life-histories  the  diversity  of  the  type 


sur 


aiK 


aiK 


is  everywhere  displayed.  For  there  is  scarcely  any  \iiriation  in  the  ri'gii- 
lar  cycle  of  changes  which  e\erv  lepidopteroiis  insect  iindergocs  wlii(  li  is 
not  found  w  itliin  tlu'  limits  of  this  family,  and  niaiiv  are  confined  cntirch 


to  It. 


1'' 


ss  tl 


le   Winter   m  evt'i-y  possili 


lie  St; 


known,  in  that  of  the  ciriT,  'ait  including  in  one 


ige   exec 
itl 


ptii 


o  tiir  as 


r  other  groii[)  every  stage 


of  larval  life.      The  calcr[iillars  are  more  o 


ften 


iltl 


social  than  in  other  groiij 


th 


There  frecpiently  enters  also  an  element  of  lethargy  even  in  inid-summer. 
The  liclia\i(ir  of  calerjiillars  for  their  protection  against  their  enemies  is 
exci'cdinalv  varieil  and  interesting,  and  the  forms  of  shelter  constructed  for 


tl 


leir    eoneealment    are   eipially    \ariei 


(1.     T 


le    mode    o 


liupation    is 


already  stated,  different  from  that  of  any  other  group,  in  that  they  liiiiig 
hy  their  tail  alone,  and  in  general  (piite  freely,  though  there  are  a  few  in- 
stances, as  Cirriichroa  and  to  a  certain  extent  ("hlorippe,  in  which  the  pad 
of  silk  is  so  tightly  \voveii    to  the   surface  upon  which  it  is  spun,  and  the 


crema; 


itral  hooks  of  the  clirvsalis  are  spread  over  so  1 


pri 


loili. 


a  surfiice  that  the 


chrvsaiis,  ins 


tead  of  hanging  froelv.  lies  with   its  \eiitral  surface 


in  close 


proximity  to  the  surface  of  rest.      Tl 


IC    IIH 


tliod 


in  which  they  accomplisl 


their  transformations,  from  the  I'aterpillar  clasping  the  pad  of  silk  with  its 
anal  [irulegs  to  the  chrysalis  whose  hinder  end,  armed  with  little  and  or- 
like  hooks,    is  witliilrawn  from  the  shrivelled  skin  of  the  caterpillar  and 


Till-;   l-AMII.Y    NYMI'IIAMDAK. 


un 


\)\mvsi'<\  into  tlu-  same  ])!iil,  from  wliicli  it  sliiikcs  otl'tlic  now  useless  Iiir\!il 
cuticle,  is  exceedinii'iv  interesting'. 

The  division  of  the  family-  A  word  or  twn  slioiil<l  l»e  added  in  rela- 
tion to  the  serial  order  of  tlii' j^'roniis  here  eni|iloyed,  as  it  differs  in  a  slight 
dcirree  from  that  iciven  in  the  excellent  sketch  which  iJati's  [iretixed  to  his 
stndv  of  the  helieoniih'  liCpidoptera  of  the  Amazons  X'alley.  Tlie  princi- 
pal  difH'rence  consists  in  removing'  the  !'",u|)loeinae  *  from  their  exalted 
position  at  the  summit  of  the  entire  rhopalocerons  series  to  a  comparatively 
low  one  near  tiie  i)a.se  of  the  Xyniphalidae.  and  in  closer  i-elation  to  the 
Heliconinae,  etc.  Onr  reason  tor  this  chanu'e  lies  principally  in  the 
character  of  the  clothinn-  of  the  caterpillar  hy  which  it  is  allied  to  Lihy- 
theinae.  On  the  other  hand  tlu'  principal  ohjection  is  the  jrreat  dejjree  of 
atrophy  found  in  the  front  le^fs  of  the  iniaifo.  Iiut  as  a  whole,  this  atrophy 
is  inferior  to  that  of  the  Satyi'inae,  and  is  not  nnich  in  excess  of  that  foinid 
in  the  other  nienihers  of  the  family  alio\e  the  Arii'vnnidi.  The  ahsi'nec 
of  a  hrush  of  sproadinjf  hairs  still  further  to  conceal  their  existence  shonlil  he 
nitted.  In  a  tahlc  which  should  repi'esent  the  complete  aftinities  ot'tlie  dif- 
ferent inemher.s  of  the  Nvniphalidae,  the  Kuploeimie  slioidd  not,  howe\er. 
occupv  a  low  position  hut  should  l)<'  ri'presented  rather  as  in  the  aeeom- 
piMivinir  scheme  which,  as  will  he  seen,  is  hut  a  comparatively  slight  modi- 
ticalioii  of  that  proposed  liy  Mates  which  we  place  heside   it. 


SMtvi'iniii' 


DiiiuiMiil  Ilrliciiniilai' 
l>:iiiaiiuii' 

I  S;ilyi-in;ii' 

I  I    "  Ac'I'llrillili' 

I  JIflirullillill' 

I  I 

N'yinplmliiiae 

Liliylliiicinni' 

llatifn'  iirfiiKi/fiiHiil. 


Apaliiriili 


Muriiliiiinc 
i 
l!ni»-ipliii!ic' 


Vaiii--iili 
Arirviiiiiili 


Ac-i'iii'iiiuo 


llilii'iiniiiiit'' 


Mi'lilai'icli 


K\iplociiiai't 


i.iliylliai'inac 

.  [I'l'tlHfJI'llll'ilt      jlt'ltjHtSCfl. 


In  a  serial  arranjfement.  moreover,  such  as  nmst  he  employed  in  a  svs- 
teniatic  work,  it  heeomes  desii'ahle  to  place  the  Kuploeinae  in  close  vicin- 
ity to  the  Lihytheinae  on  account  of  the  essential  similarity  of  the  larvae, 
as  shown  hy  their  lack  of  prominent  pa})illae  hearinj^  more  or  less  coarse 
bristles  or  spines.  By  the  scheme  as  we  arrange  it,  the  naked  caterpillars 
are  })laced  in  immediate  proximity  to  the  Lihytheinae,  which  are  at  most 
pilose;  the  groups  in  which  the  segments  form  one  luidivided  or  nearlv 
undivided  section,  the  Argynnidi,  Melitaeidi,  Heliconinae,  etc.,  are  brought 
together ;   the  eonspieuously   spiny  caterpillars  are  all  .grouped    in    near 

•  "Triliu  <|Ui  a  iHt?    Toliji'i't  ilc    lieaiii-oup  llclicoiiiclai'"  as  a  dlsliiict  family  to  wliirli  lie 

il'laSitations."  (liar.)  lias  frivciillit'iiaiiifXrutropidi'ii.     \Vi'  slioulil 

t  =  Diumiiiau   +  Danaoid    lli'licoiiiilac  of  latlicr  rc^'urd  llicm  as  a  ti'ilii',  Itlioinyidi,  of 

Hates.    Scliutz  has  wparalcd   llic   "Oanaoiil  tin-  siilifarnily  Kiipluciiiac. 


114 


TIIK   ISL'TTKItl'LIKS  OF   Ni;\V   KNdLANK. 


.'^ 


m 


vicinity  ;  while  tlioMC  wliose  teriniiml  scginent  is  distiiictly  liiHd.  tiie  Saty- 
riiiiio,  Ai)iitiiri(H  iiiul  Morpliiime,  lire  iil.'o  hroiifflit  into  ininii'diatc  jiixta- 
[)t>.siti(in.  It  also  l)rin};!<  toj;i'lher  those  j^ronps  in  which  the  scj^nients  are 
siihtlivided  into  a  hirj^c  nunil>er  of  scctio-.is,  wiicrc  tiie  scuiptnrc  of  tiie 
Iieiul  is  fre((uently  reinforced  l)y  I'xtensivc  |»rocesses  to  match  the  hitid 
caudal  extremity,  and  where  the  hody  clothin};  consists  never  of  s|iines  hut 
always  of  coarse  and  exceedinjily  ahltreviated  l)ristlcs,  seated  on  papillae  so 
numerous  and  lar<;e  as  to  give  the  hody  a  granulosc  appearance,  or  else,  as 
in  Califio,  hy  more  or  less  Heshy  processes.  e(ini|)aral)le  to  those  found  in 
the  N'ymphalidi.  On  the  other  hand,  hy  |dacing  the  Kuploeinae  either 
at  the  head  of  the  series  or  innuediately  al)ove  the  Xyniphalitli,  we  disturlt 
to  a.  considerahle  degree  the  symmetry  of  the  serial  arrangement  hased 
upon  the  larval  clothing  and  the  ilivision  of  the  segments,  as  well  as  on  the 
hrush-like  character  of  the  fore  legs,  while  neither  position  woidd  accurately 
re[)resent  the  rclatixe  range  of  these  groui)s,  if  hased  wholly  upon  the 
mere  atrophy  of  the  fore  legs.  In  a  serial  sirrangement,  therefore,  it  is  hest 
to  place  the  Kuploeinae  and  the  Ilelieoninae  (the  only  essentially  tropical 
groups  among  those  mentioned  aliovc.  wiiicli  are  considered  in  this  work 
innuediately  ahove  the  Liliytheinae.  with  the  understanding  that  in  th.e  entire 
range  of  their  characters  they  rank  nearly  as  high  as  any  N'ymphalidac. 

The  reasons  for  |ilacing  the  Libytheinae  at  the  end  of  this  family  rather 
than  at  the  head  of  the  next  will  i)e  discussed  under  that  suhfumilv. 


Tillili;  'if  snii/ttinilics  of  Xi/iiliilinliii'H'.  hnKHil  fin  t/tr  i-ijij. 

E;.'^  liiilf  !i>  lii^li  ii^iiiii  as  liroail.  vi'i'liciilly  rililicil. 

Kirii  sciirci'ly  iiaiTuwiDL'  iil  liasc,  the  rilis  liiil  lilllc  proiiiinriit Kuploeiuuo. 

KfTir  iiarrowinj:  disiiiicHy  .il  liasc.  the  rilis  promiiifiit. 

V.'f'i  narrow  ins;  very  imicli  nmri'  aliuvc  tliaii  lulinv sonic  ArRyiiiiidi, 

K^'j;  sulpfnsifoiiii.  narrowini;  ahont  ciiually  alpovr  and  IhIow Libytheinae. 

E^!.'  niin'li  li'ss  than  half  as  hijrii  ajjain  as  broad,  usually  Init  sll^'litly  hiiflu'r  than  broad,  ribbed, 
or  reticulate. 
When  ribbed,  the  ribs  at  least  twli'c  as  elevated  above  as  below,  sometimes  wantinu'  below; 

when  reticulate,  heavily  reticulate,  the  angles  of  reticulations  tilanientoiis , 

Nyinplialiiiac  (excl.  ('hlori|>|ic|. 

When  ribbed,  the  ribs  of  about  eipial  height  above  aiul  below;  when  reticulate,  delicately 

reticulate  or  almost  smooth,  iiovor  lilainentous Satyriiiae,  C'iilorippe. 

Ttdilc  i\f  snljJ\imUii:!i.  liKscd  mi  the  cuterjiiUnr  at  birth. 

C'uticular  ajipcndages  of  body  few  and  mostly  ranged, 

Itangeil  appendages  club-shaped  or  larger  at  some  point  before  the  tip  than  at  a  previous 

point.     Head  much  larger  than  the  thoracic  segments Satyriiiae, 

Kanged  ap\)en<lages  simple,  tapering  hairs,  sometimes  scarcely  clubbed  at  tiii.    Head  not 
much  larger  than  thoracic  segnients. 
Hanged  appemlages  not  larger  than  the  segments  (in  New  England  species). 

Some  papillae  or  other  proTiiincnccs  of  the  body  nnich  larger  than  others, 

ICighth  abdominal  segmoni  with  a  pair  of  special  large  papillae 

Eiiploeliiae, 

All  iiapillae  of  eighth  abdominal  segment  of  nsind  size Nyinphalidi. 

All  papillae  of  eipnil  or  siibeciinil  size Apatiiridi. 

Hanged  appeiulages  nnu'li  larger  than  the  segments most  NyiiipliaHnai-, 

C'uticular  ni>pcndnge.s  of  body  luiincrous,  not  ranged,  fonniiig  a  short  pile Libytlieiiiao. 


rUK   snJI'.VMII.Y    SATYUIXAK 


115 


Tiililf  ii/Hiilii'iiiiiiHrn,  liiixi'il  1)11  llii'  hiiitmv  i'i(tirpniiir. 

I.ll-I  -(".'llll'lll  IliflMrMlc  (ill  all  N'i'W  KlIL'lllllll  N|>l'r|i'N), 

llrjhl  citiwni'il  liy  "iiniilr  iiii|iiihliii.'r-<  or  li)  iKiiic Maty  rl  lino. 

Iliad  I'l'iiwiii'il  liy  a  lii'aiiiliiii.:  apiii'inlau'i' ('hluripiii*. 

I.:i«l  "r;.'!!!!')!!  nmnilcil.  iiilli'i' 

Hdily  coviMcil  Willi  >|iliii« Nyiiipliitliiiiie  d'xrl.  ClilDriii)!!) . 

Itmly  willliMll  s.iillrs. 

Kiiily  riiriil>lii'il  Willi  a  frw  Imul;  llr^liy  lllaiiiriili Kiiploeiiinp. 


Itinlv 


M'li'il  Willi  pill'  Hilly I>ll>ytli< 


'I'lthti'  'if  .■oilit'iiiiiilirs.  Iiiisf'l  III!  Ihi-  rliriisiitla 


.Nymphallniic. 


Willi  (u'i'iiorally  iiiiiihtdiis)  riiii«pli'iiiiii-i  pi'oiiilii(iin> 

Wlmlly  iiii|)iovi(li(l  willi  roiispiiiioiis  pniiiiiiiciiii-. 

KMiriliii^'ly  plump  anil  fiii'nl.''lii'il  wnli  a  -xrii'^  'if  iiiiniiti'  iijIii'itIi's  on  a  tninHVcrsi'  al>ilii- 
iiiliial  i'IiIl'! Kiiploeliiiie. 

of  (inlinary  >li'iiili'niiss  ami  \ulli  no  lraii>vri«i'  riilirrs  (in  \iw  Kii'.'laml  spccio). 


A  nii'ilioiloi'sal  aliilonilnal  railna. 

Ki'onI  of  lirad  di'iply  rxciM'd  IicIwitii  iMTJIai'  Inlirn-lr 


Knnil  of  lu'ad  »canTlv  rvr'M'd  lii-lwicn  ofillar  IiiImtcIc 


. ..('hlo:    ppe. 
.  Libytheiiiao. 


No  inrdiodoi'Mil  aliilonilnal  I'ai'ina Satyriiine. 

'/'iililf  III'  niilifniiuliis.  himril  mi  t/ir  imniiti. 

Soiiic  of  till'  niTViin;*  of  foi\' wind's  fwolli'ii  at  llio  liasr.     Talpl  sliinlrr,  stroiisrly  I'oiniilcs-i'il, 

lii'avily  f riiiLri'il  w illi  lon^  sralr-haii's 8atyriiiae. 

None  of  llii'  ni'i-vuiTs  >wollcn.     I'alpi  rallirr  sioiil.  iiui  >.'i-cMlly  ronipri>«rd.  Ilif  frinirc  >iliL'lil. 
^Iioii  and  driii'ali'. 

Anlcniiai'  naki'd Kiiplopinae. 

Aniriinar  rlolliid  aliiliidantly  with  -ralr^. 

I'alpi  Mill  Ml  loim-  as  till'  llionix  :  fon-li'L's  of  holli  «i'xi'>  alropliii'd  and  inipfrlVrt 

N'yiiiphaliiiao. 

I'alpi  nnii'li   liin^i-r  lliaii  llir  lliorax:  forc-lr'.'s  of   '  alnipliii'd,  of  V  normal,  I'Xripl  in 

liiiii^  >liorii'i'iliaii  till'  olln  r> LIbytheiiiae 

S V  BFA^r I LY  S AT Y IMN A  K. 

SATYRS  OR  MBADOTV  BROWNS. 


Sutyi'iiiai'    Ball's;     Saiyii     Kaln'.:     Sulyiidar  Ui-radr*  liorkli. 

Swains.;       Salyridi's       lioisd.:       Salyritrs  l'rarloirs+ l»irtaturi'>  Hci-I^l. 

ISIiinrli.-ltiiilli':     Satyiiiidai'    Wall.;    Saiy-  'riiysaiiiirifonii  sliips  (par-)  Ilorsf. 

I'ilar  l.iiras;  Salyi'ina  IliTi'.-Srliai'lV. ;  Saly-  Ilippiirrlilidi's  Kirli. 

ridi  Siaiiit.  I.iiiiai-iforiiii's  (pars)  Xi'win. 

I'ajiilioni's    nymplialr- •_'i>iiiinati  WIrii.  Virz.  Kiirciilai' (iiini. 

Klnllriiiii;  likr  somo  vain,  paintrd  lMilti>rlly 
Kroni  jiladi'  lo  '_'lai|i'  aloiiL'  llir  foii'sl  palli. 

.\lixiil.l).— 7V(('  l.ii/lil  iir  .Uia, 

Imago.  UnttiTllirs  of  inoilimn  -i/.o.  llcail  of  iinnUi'iili' >i/.i':  front  tmnid.  pnitii- 
berant  bolow;  antfimac  insrrtcd  in  a  connnoii.  transvcrso  Inillow.  si'paralins  tin-  front 
from  tlio  vertex,  vory  sU'iulor.  scaU'd.  straisjlit.  as  loii<i  as  or  loii;fi'r  than  the  alxloiiicn. 
consislinjr  (if  aliout  :i.")-l.')  joints,  tlu'  limits  of  tlir  clul)  lll-ik'lliu'd.  octnpyin};  from 
onc-fiiiirth  to  oiiL'-lialf  of  tlio  aprx  in  a  urailiially  i'nlar;;iiii;  aroa;  pal|)i  slondcr,  tin- 


w 


;*l, 


110 


iiiK  111  riKi!ii,ii;s  oi'  m;\v  knuland. 


rliilliiii'^  iii'iirlv  nil  ill  a  vu'lUnl  |ilaiU'.  i;i\  iiiit  it  llir  n|i|naraiiii- uf  (■ini-.iilci'iiMr  (■(nn- 

|i|'c-»i(ill. 

'I'limax  iiiDilcralily  slimlir,  <i)iii|ii'('^»cil.  ii|>|(cr  >iirraic  ■inatly  vaiillcil.  rsprcially  in 
tin.'  uiidillr:  aiitiTJor  «lil<>  of  iiii'>ii»iiiii'lliiiii  sllalillv  liollowcil,  I'unniii'i  tciircllirr 
iiliiiiit  II  rlulu  aiiixic:  |iiisti 


riiii' 


riirvc  till'  ■■Dim'tliiu's  «ii;:iilalr(l  nrr  uf  a  clrcli'  a  lltlli' 


lu'votiil  llic  ci'iitrc  of  wlilcli  1>  liic  apfx  of  llu'  pici 


Mi'tax'iitclliiiii  liav  liiu  lu-arlv 


lis  iri'cat  »  >ii|)('ri(ir  as  a  poftcrlor  fan',  ami  lnniiiim  a  iraiisvcisc  inccc,  alioiit  twice  a« 
lii'ciail  a»  loiiif  anil  a«  In'oail  a>  the  (li^taiici' "f  tln' iMisierliir  aiiiilc- ipI'  tlir  iiicta>iiii!i 
apart.     Mi'tiiHciita  iinnlrrali'.  pi'iitiilicraiit  in  tlir  inlilillc  lielnw. 

Knre  winy;-  procliicccl  -(inn'wliat  at  tlie  apex  I"  a  well  roninlecl  aii^lc  y;riii'i'ally 
>liu;litly  lull  at  Ilic  cinti'f  lionlci',  wlilili  W  -clilnin  aiiiiiihitcil  or  cm'ii  «a\y  ;  m-tal 
iH'rviirc  iiivally  Hwollfii  at  the  liasc  (in  all  AiniTlcaii  ucinia).  ti'i'iniiiatlny;  a  littU- 
iH'yiinil  the  niWIillc  nl'  tlic  ciislal  bnnli'i':  tli'>t  anti  ut'iicrally  aUii  tlic -('cniiil -iipcrinr 
liranilics  of  ilic  Miliiustal  lu'i'viiiv  urlsiiiM;  just  iK'foiv  till'  apex  ut'  ilic  cfll.  the  oihi-r 
two  at  MXiic  ilistani'i'  IicmhuI;  the  inrri'loi'  lirani'hc-  arc  nincli  as  in  the  Nyniphallnaei 
ilisctiiclal  cell  ii-nally  at  least  halt'  the  h'liijtii  uf  the  winir.  closed  by  distinct  mOii*: 
iiiidiaii  iicrvnrc  ofti'ii  -wdllen  at  tlie  liase.  the  liiaiK'hcs  ei|niilistaiit.  the  llr«t  arNiiii;  at 
till  'iiiildlc  uf  tile  cell,  the  last  at  it-  tip.  « liicli  curves  towanl  the  siibco-tal  hit*  iilc-; 
siiliiiux'iuii  iiei'v  ni'e  scinietiiiies  swollen  at  llieliase;  inti'i'iiiil  ncrviii'c  wantiii';.  Ilind 
win:rs  not  u.'cally  -mailer  than  the  fore  win:;-,  broadly  riMindcd.  irenerally  withoiil 
tails,  anirlcs.  or  more  than  slin;|ii  eiciiiilation- ;  inner  border  fin'miin;  a  irnlter  for  the 
reception  or  the  abdomen  ;  eo-tal  iieiviire  terminatinir  at  abinit  the  middle  of  the  outer 
half  of  the  costal  border;  subcostal  iierv  iirc>  takinif  its  rise  apparently  as  a  dependent 
of  the  co-tal  lU'rviire  (not  so  coiispiciioiisly  so  in  Oeiieis).  its  lower  branch  ciirv  iiiir 
stronirly  at  base  toward  tin'  median:  ci'U  closed  by  a  slender  vein,  connectiii':  the 
lower  snlico-tid  nervnle  jn-t  beyond  it-  initial  curve  to  the  last  iM'anch  of  the  median 
at  it-  enrvc.  liirectcd  ontwiinl  from  thi>  -nbco-tal  toward  the  nu'trmn  ncrviilc;  the 
branches  of  the  median  nervnre  arise  further  from  tin'  ba-e  of  the  wiiii;  than  the 
corre-pinidiiiii  <nie- of  tin'  .|ibco-tal  iierMire.  'he  terminal  one  cnrviiiL'  to  receive  tlie 
vein  closiii;;  the  cell;  -nbinedlan  iiervuri' tc  iitinir  at  the  anal  aiivrlc ;  internal  ner- 
vnre terinlnatiiii;  at  about  tlie  iniddlc'  of  the  'iord"r.* 

Forelci:- very  small,  variable  in  divi-imi  ..nalnre;    the  male  tar-i  coii-i-t  of 

a  -iiiiile  joint,  sinnctime-  divided  l)y  -nlnres  into  from  tliree  to  tlvi'  nn.'irmeil  articula- 
tions; ill  the  fi'iiialc  thi'V  are  divided  into  four  or  live  joint-. -innctime- nnarnncl. 
soinetimes  w  ith  apical  -piir- and  sometimes  with  scattcM'cd  spines  only.  Male  abdonii- 
nil  appendage-  :  upper  oriian  pro\  ided  w  itii  a  hook  a-  loim  as  nr  l(niu:er  than  the  centrum 
and  Lteiierally  as  hum  as  or  longer  tliaii  the  clasps:  also,  with  a  pair  id"  slender.  t:iper- 
inir.  backward  directi'il  appendage-  on  tlie  sides  :  clasps  pretty  loiii;  iuid  slendi'i .  at  b'a-t 
four  limes  a- loll';  a-  broad,  taperiiiu:  cm  the  apical  half  and  ireiierally  becoininir  very 
slender. 

Egg.  Snlispherical.  tlatteiicd  at  the  liase.  and  roiimlcd.  tlioiiirh  Usually  slii;htly  tlat - 
tilled  at  the  summit :  the  sides  fnll  and  broadest  below  the  niiddlc.  usually  in  tlie 
middle  of  the  lower  half :  co\ered  either  Avith  very  liiconspiciions  cidls  or  with  very 
uumcrous.  delicate.  lon;;ituiliiial  ribs:  surface  ininntely  ;;raiiillose.  Micropyle  coin- 
po-eil  of  minute  anjiular  cells,  iiicrcasiiii:  a  little  in  si/.e  outwardly  and  separated  by 
delicate  raised  lines. 

Caterpillar  at  birth.  .Midoiiien  tapcrinu:  very  sliirhtly  and  rey;iilarly  from  in  front 
backward,  tlie  last  sciriueiit  often  slio winy;  little  or  no  sij;ii  of  its  subseiiueiit  bifurcation. 
ISody  furnished  above,  on  either  side,  eitlier  with  two  rows,  or  with  a  double  row.  of 
clubbed  appendaires.  ouo  placed  anteriorly  and  one  posteriorly  on  each  seirineiit  :  the 
side-  witli  another  row.  formed  of  a  siiiirle  appeiidaure.  placed  centrally  above  the 
spiracles  of  each  seiiiiieiil.  and,  beiieatli,  another  double  row,  it-  meinbers  not  ([uite  in 
a  lini — all  seated  on  papillae. 


.''■> 


4 
i  ^ 

It 
t  \ 


*  A  very  aiioinalonsdistribntiDiiiif  the  vein- 
of  the  fnre-winu'.  both  at  the  cii-ial  and  inner 


maririiis.  is  -hnwii  by  Wipoil-.MaMHi  to   occur 
in   the  liiilian  L'eiiiis.  rarantirrhueii. 


IIIK    sriflA.MILY   SATYKINAi;. 


117 


Mature  oaterplUar,  llcuil  will  ruiiiKli'tl.  miiiiIIit  timii  ilu'  liti'u;i'^t.  |>itrt  of  tin'  aliMn- 
liicii.  iiltlioii;;!!  nut  alwiiv-  of  it  less  xl/.c  tliaii  tlii'  llrst  tlioriii-li'  ■*i'i{ini'iit,  with  no  prii- 
tiil(('raiic("<,  cxc'i'iitlii;;  at  the  ^iliiiiiiU.  whii'li  "toiiH'tlincw  hrar-*  mi  oltluT  ^Iclc  a  loiii;, 
Htralulit.  conical  Imni.  Itmly  nearly  or  i|iiiti'  cvUmlrli'iil.  laru;i'Nt  at  or  In  ailvancc 
(if  the  iiililillc.  taiMi'liii;  incirc  or  less  towanl  dtliiT  end  ;  tlic  tcniiliial  siirincnt  luii;:!- 
tiidiniillv  IDi'kril.  carli  I'di'k  cxIciiiIIiil;  iiaikwiinl  as  a  cmilial  priijiMllnn.  ol'Icii  nf 
ciHisiilcnililc  Iciittili.  I.ri;s  ami  pmlcus  short  imt  not  very  stout.  Siirl'acc  of  tlu' lioily 
liioiiiscly  siiiililiil  with  pa  (ill  lac,  I'acli  liivlni;  rise  to  a  viTy  short  hair;  ornaiinntcil  with 
loiiiiltiiillnal  colored  bands,  scnnc  id'  Avhicli  arc  I'reiiuciilly  coniposeil  ol'  ohllipie  ihlslics. 
one  to  a  segment,  'riic  segments  arc  cut  liy  transverse  incisions,  iisnally  Into  sl.v 
ftcctions,  the  frimt  one  the  lai'frcst.  the  la>t  Incision  rrci|iicntly  oliscnrc. 

CbryaalU.  Head  scarcely  at  all  or  lint  little  produced  in  front;  the  anterior  curve 
of  the  thorax  very  hli;h  ;  ocellar  proniinences  often  not  at  all  proiioiineed.  .Vhdonien 
Inoadly  riininled,  not  deeply  separated  from  the  tliorax.  the  lower  snrface  of  the  hody 
nearly  straislil.  sli'jiitly  mill  liroadly  curved  ;  the  whole  body  well  rounded,  with  few 
or  no  tubercles  cMeptinu;  the  sliijht  project  lolls  at  base  of  winufs;  ediics  of  the  wiliifs 
very  sliiihtly  raised  above  the  level  of  the  body  and  not  at  all  thickened  at  the  border, 
bill  u:ciierallv  cariiiale  from  the  wiiiLi  tubercle  backward. 


Characteristics  of  the  group.      Ilx'  l)iitti>rriie.<«  of  tlii.i  .stil>t'!iinily  pre- 


^I'lit  iuuoiij^   .\ymi>luili(liii'  it   xcry  (listmctivc   a|)|K'Ufiiiic( 


listi 


lltIC: 


almo.-'t  alwiivs,  and  in  castiTti   Nnrtli    An 


u'ni'ii   itiMina 


l.lv 


u'lr  siiiiilii-( 


ii'i'iiniDo; 


to  (lark  liriiwii  :   tlic 


rkiiiLjs 


y  cniititii'ii  tn  ruitml  occllatcii  spot 


iipitii   till'   iiiiili'i'  anil    til   .siinu'    cxti'iit    n|iiin   tlii'  upper  .■surface,  near  and 
parallel  to  tilt' iiiiti'f  liDfdtT  (ufU'iii'.xt  ui'etirino;  in   the   lower  siilicii.stal  and 


lower   nieilian 


iteispaeeis)  ;    toj^ether   wi 


til   the  delicate    te.\tiire    ot"    the 


nienihfiine  of  the  wino;,-i,  the  tiiiiiplene.«is  of  the  norviifeti,  which  are  n.iiiiilly 
intliited   at    the    hit.-*!'   ( !i   character,  however,    not    foitnd    in    some   exotic 


.■nera  iind  .shaied  It 


some  jfcnera  in   ni'io'hhorinjf   .•*nl)titmilies) 

il 


am 


I  th 


comhme  to  separate 


exces.sive   atrophy  of  the  tore  ley,-;  in  the  male.-; — all 
the.ie  inscctis  tVom  tho.-ie  of  any  other  liiro;e  <froiip. 

There  is  no  doiiht  that  in  many  ctiscs  the  .somhie  markings  in  this  oionp 
iire  instiinccs  of  ])rotective    rosemhhince,    the  tinder   surface   of  the  hind 


witiirs 


lieino-  marhled  or  mottled  with  darki'r  and  lio-hter  colors,  in  sit 


wav  as  to  rem 


lerth^ 


sect  verv  diHiciilt  to  see  when  alijjrhted,  for  it 


n 


poll  a  o;ray  rock.     That  this  is  its  piir[)ose  is  indicated,  not    only    'i;    the 


iiiviirialtle  hahit  of  insects  of  Hiis  stihtamilv  to   aliylit   with    clo.sed 


win  ITS 


showiiiff  only  their  under  surface,  hut  their  very  common  trick  of  imme- 
diately droppiijif  the  t'ront  wino's  into  concealment  hetween  the  hinder 
pair,  and  also  of  tippino;  over  to  one  side  and  ivstinof  in  a  half  reclininif 
posture,  the  orny  wiiio-  aojainst  the  gray  rock. 

The  eatei pillars  may  he  readily  recognized  hy  the  peculiar  hifiircatiim 
of  the  terminal  segment  of  the  hody,  shiired  with  ns  only  hy  the  geiiiis 
("hlorippi' :  they  tire  almost  inviU'iahly — with  ns.  always,  so  far  as  is 
known — clothed  only  with  a  short  hut  coarse  piihescence  iirising  from 
)i!i|>illiie  so  mmieroiis  as  to  give  it  shiigreened  apiieariince  to  the  skin,*  and 


•  l!iiisdll\al  lie 


the  hiiirs  iiii  the  IhjiIv  of  diic  speiie> 


i  bili.l 


m 


I 


118 


rilH   lU'lTKItKr.IKS  OF   XKW    KXGLAXI). 


Pl^'h 


U 


lonjxitiKliiially  striped  with  ('oiitiiiiioiis  or  lirokou  liands  of  cdlor.  I)istant 
riji'iitly  coiLsidiTs  this  a  form  of  protoctivr  «'oh)riiij;,  and  I'vt'ii  hxiks  upon  the 
fi>rkt'(l  tail  as  in  sonic  nicasuio  protective,  and  on  tliis  type  of  hirva  as  a 
"very  primitive  form."     lie  remarks  (Khop.  ^[al.,  ;{7)  : 

Dr.  Wi'isiiinnii  liiis  niadf  the  most  proromul  mid  pliilDsopliical  study  of  larval  cliar- 
actcrs.  principally  as  fdiiiid  in  tlic  Spliin^ldac.  a  family  which  stroni^ly  cxhiliits  ni(irc 


ir  less  specialized  larval  marliiniis 


Il< 


insiders   the  oldest  Sphinx  larvae  as  heiii;j 


without  markiiiifs  and  prohalily  protected  oidy  liy  adaptive  coloration  and  a  lariri- 
candid  horn.  etc.  It  is  at  least  prohalile  tinit  tlu'  billtl  tails  ol"  tlie  Satyiimie  fnllll  an 
niialojrons  protective  function  witli  tlds  caudal  liorn  intlie  Splnniti<lai'.  .  .  VVitli  tlienext 
stajre  of  Spldnjrid  evolntion.  wliere  the  larvae  liave  l)econie  loiiiritndinaly  striped,  we 


may  almost  apply   Or.   Weismanirs  very  words  to  the   Satyrinai'. 


'I'lie  caterpillars 


tlms  marked  nnist  have  Iieen  best  hidden  on  those  plants  in  which  an  ar:.ini;enient  o 
parallel  linear  parts  prc(lom':nate<l ;  and  we  nniy  venlnre  to  suppose  that  at  tlds  perio 
most  of  the  larvae  of  the  Hphimfidae  lived  on  or  amoni;  such  plants  (urasses)." 


):(•' 


riic   cjitcrpiilars    eat    siowlv 


itv 


iind  as  thi 


ani 


ire   very  hmff  in    Jittiuninjj  matiir- 


eifo-  a  IK 


1  chrvsalis  stiites  arc  tisiiallv  hm^cr  than  comm 


on. 


tiic  species  of  this  ji'roiip  arc  idmost  without  "xci'ption  sinu'le  hrooth'd, 
and,  in  tlie  n'cmis  Ocneis.  some  species  arc  siippo.sed  to  take  two  years  to 
I'ompletc  tlic  cych' of  j,frowtli.  .'^o  far  as  known,  the  hirvac  feed  oidy  on 
{frasscfi    iind    sed^^cs.*      It    is    pi'ohiil)h>    that    the  hirvac  of  nearly  till  tlic 

presumed   to   he  the  case  in  till  onr 


species 


hil 


)erna 


te  :   til 


cnown  or 


\-n  species.     M.  Marloy  who  seems  to  have  hcen  more  s.ieccsst'nl  in  Hndii 


■m 


the  eatcrpilliirs  ot  the  hiiropcaii  s|)ccics   thiin  any  one  else,  ohtameil  the 
all  ill  the  inoiitlis  of  Miirch.  .\pril  and  .May.f 

In  this  snhfamily  are  found  some  curious  and   instriietive   exceptions  to 
the  jieneral    rnic  of  pupation  amoiijr  tiic  Nymphalidiie,  ii   family,   which, 
is[)end  thcniselvcs  hy  the  hinder  extremity   diirinj.:  the 


•11  k 


iiiiwn,  si 


chrvsalis   state.       In    certain    Hiiropcan    species.    wlios(>    transformations 


\\  ere 


first  studied  hy  M.  Marloy,  the  caterp 


illar 


ocs    l)cncath  the  o-rodud 


to  ])iipate  iind  tornimo-  a   laro'c  oval  cocoon  or  cell,  compose 


d   of 


•aiiis  of 


earth  connected  hv  a  little  silk,  undergoes  its  transformations  tlierei 


nth 


out  siispcndinji  or  attachinu'  itself    in  tiny  way  whatever.      In    one  of  ( 


iiir 


species    o 
I'.xtrcme   casi', 


f   OciU'is 


its    wil 


1) 


seen 


flirt  I 


ler  on,  we    liiivc  an  even    more 


In    another    Kiir 


rouean 


"V 


Mcli 


inaro'ia 


-j;alatl 


lea, 


ils 


Mr.  II.  W.  I)ates   informs  me.  Missis.  Mcllins  and  Hiickler  lia\e    found 


tl 


le  clirvsa 


lis  U 


tl 


viii":  on  the  ■jroiini 


1   het 


ween  s 


tems   of  jjrass,  the  shrivelled 


iftl 


in  ot  the  larva  reinamin<r 


attached  to  the  hinder  extremity  of  the  chrys- 
alis. Moth  Iloisdiival  and  Diipoiichel  jxive  a  similar  account  of  it.  lint 
Iliihiicr  reprcsiMits  it  as  suspended.      Mr.  Hdwards  has  recently  hred  the 


•  'I'hiMinly  exeeplicni  known  Ik  ine  is  lln'  witz  also  slati'H  (Sli'lt.  ent.  '.eil.,  xxii)  that 
Kiliiipeaii  (oenDiivinplia  tiphdii,  the  eater-  all  Karopean  species,  exi'i'pt  ,\v»,  prolinhly  or 
pillar  ipf  which  Is  f.M  l>y  Mcrrin  to  feed  on       certainly  winter  in  the  larval  «t,>tfp,  and  these 


Ithyiii'hospora,  one  of  the  lypeiuccae. 


I'xceptloiial  insects,  cinioiisl)   eiioil|fh,  are  al- 


t  .\im.  Soe,  ent.  Kr.  vii,  -'ikl-T  I  |s;ts).     I'ritt-       most  Ihi'  onlv  ones  whicli  are  ilonhle-hroodod. 


TlIK    srHKAMlLY  SATYUIXAK. 


119 


species  in  tliis  eoiiiitrv  from  .-ipeeinions  nont  over  ami  liad  an  experience 
(similar  to  tiiat  <>t' Messrs,  lleliius  and  IJnckler,  of  wliich  lie  will  doiihtless 
soon  publish  the  details.  Hut  besides  this  insect,  \vi'  now  know  of  at 
least  eight  Knroj)ean  s[»ecies,  mostly  lefencd  to  Satyins  but  some  to 
Kpinephele  and  I'ararge  as  well,  the  chrvsalids  of  which  are  not  suspended  ; 
and  so  far  as  yet  appears  tlu'se  all  bi'long  to  the  section  of  Satyrinae 
which  have  vertically  ribi)e<l  e^gs.  Most  of  the  species,  however,  whose 
transformations  are  known,  suspend  themselves  after  the  manner  at'  other 
Nyniphali<lae. 

The  l)UttcrHies  may  l)e  furlher  distingiiislied  i)y  their  peculiar  Hight. 
wiiicii  is  of  a  feeble,  wavering,  dancing  character  and  not  long  sustained; 
ni'ither  do  the  insects  rise  far  above  the  ground.*  \\'allaci',  in  writing  of 
the  species  fcund  on  the  Amazons,  says  he  does  not  '*rcmcmi)er  to  have 
ever  seen  any  s[)ecies  rise  four  feet  from  the  earth,  while  the  greater 
nund)er  of  them  do  not  e.Keeed  as  many  inches"  (Trans.  Knt.  soc.  Loud., 
(2)  ii:2()l)."  They  are  shade-loving  insects.  "They  ehietly  atleet  the 
glades  and  lanes  of  the  woods,  l)eing  not  often  seen  in  the  clearing:  some- 
times however  they  come  into  our  gardens  of  a  morning,  but  then  they  Hy 
along  close  to  the  ground,  l)eneath  the  shnd)s  and  in  *he  shelter  of  the 
fence,  as  if  shade  were  more  congenial  than  sunshine.  Perhaps  as  there 
is  a  corres[iondence  and  a  harmony  in  all  the  divine  works,  there  nui_\  be 
a  reference  to  these  retiring  habits  in  the  dull  tints  common  to  the  tribe 
and  the  want  el'  those  glowing  colors  so  general  among  buttcrtlies 
((iosse,  Alal).,  ,").")-")()).  Some  genera  of  the  allied  Morphinae,  found  in 
S.  America,  are  said  by  ^^'allaee  (loc.  eit.)  to  be  "truly  crepuscular, 
never  Hying  by  day  except  when  tlisturbed,  but  appearing  to  be  volunta- 
rily active  only  for  about  half  an  hour  before  snmise  and  after  sunset  : 
they  reniiiin  hid  during  the  day  in  the  gloomiest  shadi's  of  the  forest." 
Tliwaites  also,  sjieaking  of  the  subtropical  Satyriinie,  says  (.Moore,  Lep. 
Ceylon,  K5)  that  "their  movements  are  more  lively  in  'he  early  morning 
and  evening  (hiring  their  amatory  gambols":  and  Niceville  remarks  ( IJutt. 
India,  i:l'l4)  that  the  hundred  or  more  species  of  .Mycalesis  "seldom  i 
take  ilighi  unless  disturbed,  except  toward  evening." 

in  certain  features  the  Satyrinae  show  some  curious  reseml)lanccs  to  the  ■ 
Ilesperidae,  a  grou|i  the  farthest  possible  renio\e<l  from  it  among  butter-  ' 
Hies.  The  eggs  of  the  ribbed  species  closely  resemble  those  of  the  Iles- 
peridi  in  gineral  appearance  :  the  caterpillar  at  birth  has  a  similarly  large 
and  striking  head,  and  (xcasionally  the  terminal  segments  of  the  bodv 
are  nrmcd  with  nnich  longer  cuticular  appendages  than  elsewhere,  a 
connnim  feature  among  the  I'amphilidi ;  the  nnitiire  caterpillar  is  sluggish 


\ 


\  ^ 


\\^'^ 
V 


•  Mr.  Triiin'ii  >a\ »  hr  lias  "imlirnl  lliat  m'»s  irrcatrr  iidwcrs  dl'  lliulit  ami  a  iiicin' 
those  spcrlo  whicli  .in  mil  possos  tlitfliasal  voliiislsliiicliin\i.'iii('ially."  liliop.  Afr.  Auslr. 
iiillatiou  of  till'  iK'fviii'siif  llu'  fuirwliigs  pas-       is."i, 


120 


Tin-;   lUTTKHl'I.IKS  OF   XKW    KXJILA!^!). 


'  I, 


\ 


in  motion,  witii  ii  soniowliat  Hattoncd  belly  and  .iliort  prolcifs,  "jjivinir  a 
limacitonn  body,  whicii  is  ciotlu'd  with  |)ile  only  ;  tlio  i-lny.saiis  i.s  nnnsually 
i<tiin(K'(l  and  occasionally  is  not  snspcndcd,  and  the  iinajfo  often  has  an 
ol>li(|ne  patch  of  raised  hairs  or  scales  on  the  npper  surface  of  the  fore- 
winjjs  eonceaiinit  tJu-  ivndroeonia,  whicii  remind  one  stronifly  of  the  similar 
stijiina  one  often  finds  in  the  I'ampliiliili.  That  these  peculiarities  have 
some  pliyietie  meaninji'  it  is  impossible  to  doulit.  l)Ut  they  should  not  be 
allowed  to  overshadow  or  in  any  way  to  co",cea!  the  yreat  body  of  charac- 
ter;sti<'s  i)y  which  this  yroup  forms  a  j)art  of  the  u'reat  and  \arie(l  family 
Xym|)liali(hu'. 

Allusion  has  just  bt'cn  made  to  the  androconia  or  male  .scales  occnrrinu' 
sometimes  in  this  sui>family  :  with  the  exce])tii)n  of  the  Knploeinae  and  th(> 
Arfjymiidi  this  is  the  only  u-roup  of  Nymphalidac  in  which  they  are  fre- 
(juently  present :  and  so  far  as  known  they  ])ossess  here  the  uniform  char- 
acter of  exceedinjily  atteimated  scales  with  a  tasselled  tip.  'I'hey  by  no 
means  occur  in  all  irenera.  and  sometimes  show  no  external  sign  of  their 
presencH' ;  they  are  generally  foimd  u|)on  the  njiper  surface  of  the  front 
wings,  and  often  in  the  form  of  an  obliipie  stigma.  In  some  Asiatic 
Species,  according  to  'i'hwaites  (Moore,  Lep.  Ceylon,  i:  l.'i)  they  tw' 
present  as  "a  pair  of  eurions  pencils  of  hair  which  each  lie  within  .a  fold  of 
the  upper  wing,  and  which  ai'e  ea[)able  of  being  spread  out  radiatcly  dur- 
ing the  insect's  flight."  I  am  not  aware  that  any  odor  has  been  detectcil 
in  any  of  them  ;  I  have  been  able  to  detect  none  in  oin'  two  species  of 
Oeneis.     Alxiut  half  of  our  species  possess  no  androconia. 

Some  instructive  memoranda  are  furnished  by  Mr.  Kdwards  upon  the 
characteristics  of  the  early  stages  of  our  Satyrids  in  the  ("ana<lian  entom- 
ologist, XV  :  ()>S,  based  on  his  extensive  knowledge  through  breeding,  'i'lie 
facts  there  brought  forward  show  that  the  arrnngeinent  of  the  genera  com- 
monly adopted  in  Kurope  is  altogether  unnatural,  as  one  would  expect  to 
find  it,  founded  solely  u|)on  a  few  characters  drawn  from  the  nenration  of 
the  wings  :  an  excellent  oitportnnity  for  inaugurating  a  new  and  more 
substantial  classification  is  now  oj)en  to  the  general  student. 

Little  is  known  of  the  enemies  of  the  Satyrinae.  The  sluggish  habits  of 
the  cater[)illar  nnist  subject  them  to  hymenopterous  attacks,  against  which 
they  have  only  their  nocturnal  life  to  giuu'd  them,  for  nearly  without  excep- 
tion, they  feed  exclusively  by  night.  The  caterpillars  of  the  genus  Oi'iieis 
with  their  peculiar  habitats  are  known  to  be  specially  subject  to  such  insect 
foes.  'I'he  butterflies  with  their  gentle  flight,  almost  always  in  or  near 
shrubbery,  are  also  specially  subject,  one  would  think,  to  attack  by  birds. 
Ami  (Jentry  tells  us  that  he  has  often  found  them  in  the  stomachs  of  such 
birds  as  the  night  hawk  (Chordeiles  virginianus),  the  Acadian  flycatcher 
(Kmpidonax  acadieus),  the  wood  pcwcc  (Contopus  virens),  and  the  scarlet 
tanager  ( I'irangni  rubra). 


n 


THK  (il'.N'KUA  OK  SATYUIN'AK. 


121 


ov 


!• 


Geographical  distribution 

or  tlio  jflolti'  than  anv  otlier  .^ii 
e.>*ent  wherever   l)iitterHie 


TI. 


il.f 


ii.-i   suhtiiniilv   IS  more   wu 


leh 


lilar  lironi)  of  liiitt(  rHie.s,  I 


'V 


leiny:  universallv 


cu 


r.  'I'li(>iij^li.  witli  tlie  allii'(l  Mor|tliiiiae 
(wliieh  perhaps  should  not  he  separated  from  them  even  with  a  siil)faniil\' 
vahiation),  it  is  represented  in  tlie  tropies  of  Ameriea  l)y  some  of  the 
hirfi'est   and   most   lirilliant  of  its  elass,  its  memhers  extend  to  polar  colds 


an( 


lal, 


)me   sunnnits 


d  emi> 


)raee  several  u'enera  in'cuhar  to  sneli  reirion 


Yet  wherever  they  oeenr  the  Satyrinae  can  he  reeoj^nized  iiy  their  pecnl 


lar 


t'acie: 


and  have  nowhei'c  lost  their  characteristic  Hiiiht  and  haliits 


Not  only  in  New  Knjxland.  hut  in  the  whole  of  eastern   Xoi'th  America 
they  are  very  poorly  re|tresented  ;   indeed  only  aliout  half  a  dozen  si)eeies 

and 


ai"e  found  in  the  lari^er  rejfion  which  do  not  occur  in  New 


Kufflii 


thev  f 


orm,  ni  ei 


ther  ease,  hut  a  mere  frairment  of  the  hutlerHv  fauna 


m 


western  North  America  thev  are  a  little  more  ahundant,  hut  even  there  hear 


no  su( 


h  i-elation  to  the  ■reneral  fauna  as  thev  do  in  K 


uropc, 


where  they  vo\n- 

pose  nearly  one-third  of  the  whole  fauna  and  are  relatively  more  than  four 
times  as  luunerous  as  in  New  Enji'land.  It  should  he  further  noted  that 
the  hulk  of  the  Kuropean  fauiia  helonji's  to  the  first  section  of  the  family  as 
divided  in  this  work  :   while   in  eastern  Xorth  America  the  lartrer  uumher 


hel 


tn)i': 


to  tl 


le  second  section 


M 


oreover  two  ( 


iftl 


le  eastern  yfenera 


hel 


onirmif 


to  the  first  section,  the  oidy  two  represented  in  New  Knyland  hy  more  than 


I  sinjflo  s|ieeie! 


re  either  eonnuon  to  New  Eng'land  and  Kurope  on  tl 


le 


one  side  and  the  Pacific  slope  of  America  on  the  other,  or  are  represented 
l)v  verv  closelv  allied  m'uera  :  so  far  as  known,  the  other  "jeiu'ra  (of  the 
second  section)  do  not  occur  in  the  western  part  of  America,  hut  are  more 
nearly  allied  to  suhtropieal  forms  ; — with  one  exce[)tion,  Satyrodes,  which 


seems  soniew 


hat 


uiu(iue, 


Two  out  of  the  sixteen  recoji'uizahle  fossil  remains  of  iputterllies  helon^u'  to 
this  siihfamily,  and  hoth  of  these  come  from  the  same  lieils  iu  the  south  of 
France:   hoth,  too,  thouirh  helony:in<>:  to  different  u'cnera,  are  nuich  more 


closelv  allied  to  cxistini;'  Indian  foi'ms  than  t 


o  anv  now  livmii'  m 


Imu'ouc — 


a  fact  which  excites  more  interest  from  the  j^reat  ahimdance  and  variety  of 
these  insects  in  the  Kiu'o[ie  of  to-day.     One  of  these  fossils  indci'd.  Lcthitcs 


revnesii,  is  more  nearlv  allied  t 


o  one  o 


four  New  Hnti'laiul  species,  I'^nod 


portlandia,  than  to  any  of  the  li\iiiu'  iMiropcan  Satyrinae, 


'I'lllfli     nl'  III  Hum    iif  Snliirillilr.hilHUil  I 


I  III 


Siirfni'r  (llstlliiih  liiniMiril  uitli  vcrliciil  riii^ 


liil»  >|illll.  Illii'kl'lli'il  .ll   illll'I'VMl-.  IIKI 


«r  le 


'  irrruiiliir. 


.Ociiris. 


I'Vonis 


It  ills  di'Mi'iiti',  iii'iirl.\  II II  ill  inn  Mini  iruiil.'ii' 

•Iiic'c  iKil  \i'iii<'iill\  rililiid. 
licliriihilliiii  liiiMii^iiiciMMis:  I'L'!,'  lilslim'liy  liniiulcr  than  lil^li. 

Siii'l:i<'i'  niinpli'tclv  Miioiilli Kiiuiliil. 


Siirfii 


I'liinlly  iiiiil  verv  (lilicalily  I'cticiilali' ISiityriidcs. 


Ui'lii'iihiiiiin  nut  ii 


icciii-.|ni'i|iiii> 


:ilinii«t  v'liiliiihir. 


('i'll>  (if  iTtiriilmliiM  ii«  liii'iri'  cm  tin'  jnwcr  iw  mi  llic  iipiicr  Imlf  (if  cv'^J 
Cells  uf  rcliciihiti'iii  liir^ci'  mi  ii|i|iri-  liiiin  (in  inwcr  half  nf  ciij 


.Neuiiyiiiiilia. 

<'^Slil 


122 


TIIK  m'TTKKFr.IKS  OF  NEAV  ENOLANI). 


Table  nf  ijenera,  husM  hh  tin;  cuWriiiUnr  tit  hirth. 

Stiininit  (if  Im'iiiI  rpiruliirly  rmiiidnl,  without  tiibci-clow:  apppiuln^tcs  of  lioily  stron^^ly  bout. 

Aiipc'iHliitrcs  of  tlif  liudy  vi-ry  i-lioit,  not  mic-liiilf  the  lt'ii;;tli  of  the  s('!;iin'iitn Uenels. 

A|i|ii'||iIm:.'i's  of  lidily  lout;,  iinicli  loiipT  tliaii  tlic  .^c^iiu'iit.-* Cerc^jnis. 

Eai'll  siili'  of  head  siinnoiiiitcd  l>y  a  rouiidcil  tiilii'ivli';  aii|ii'iida!;rs  of  lioily  strai},'lit. 

Appciuluifi's  of  anterior  lialf  of  liody  sjiort,  not  oiie-tliinl  tin'  li'ii^tli  of  tlie  scirinciits. 

AiJiicndiigi's  of  a  frw  tcnniiial  segiiiciits  no  loiiircr  than  tlir  M'^'iM('Mts....Satyrode8. 

Appondafics  of  a  few  terminal  si';;nionts  twice  ns  Ion;;  as  tlie  se^'ni('nt.«...NeonyiiipIia. 
Appenda^'os  of  anterior  lialf  of  tlie  hody  ionj,',  nearly  or  unite  as  loiij^  as  the  se^ineiits. 

Head  witli  sli^'ht  conieal  eoronal  tnliereles Eiiodia. 

Head  with  jironiineiit  ^'lol Hilar  eoronal  tnliereles C'tssta. 


Y'^v. 


m. 


Table  n/i/rnrnt.  basi.-il  nn  the  mature  caterpillar. 

Body  stout,  not  ^'reatly  eoiistrieted  lieliind  tlie  entire  iK'ad. 

fiody  longitudinally  and eonspieuoiisly  striped  with  broken  bands;  width  of  hcnd  about  half 

the  ^Toatest  width  of  the  biiilv Oenets. 

Dody  lon<;ituiUnally  and  iiieoiis]iienoiisly  striped  with   eontiiuioiis  baiuls;  head  nearly  as 

broad  as  greatest  width  of  body Cercyonis. 

Body  slender,  tapering  forward  to  form  a  distiiietiy  i^onstrieted  neek;  liead  erowiicd  witli  siini- 
niit  tiiberi'ies. 
?<uinmit  tnliereles  of  head  large,  eonieal,  tapering,  nearly  as  high  as  rest  of  head. 

Head  stout  aiu',  ineliiding  tnliereles,  half  as  high  again  as  broail Knodla. 

Head  slender  and,  ineliiding  tnliereles,  twice  as  high  as  liroa<l Satyrodes. 

Snminit  tubercles  of  liead  slight  and  inconspicuous  (in  New  England  species). 

Larger  papillae  of  liead  distant  and  scattereil Neonympha. 

Larger  papillai'  of  head  closely  crowih'd  together Cissla. 


Taldt;  nfijencra,  liasal  oh  the  clnijsnds. 

Thorax  regularly  rounded ;  lieiul  not  prominent,  Its  anteriorand  Inferior  surfaces  not  formlngjess 
than  a  right  angle. 

< 'remaster  abre\  iatcd,  witliout  hooklcts Oeneis. 

C'reinaster  normal Cercyonis. 

Thorax  regularly  rounded ;  hcail  thrust  forward,  its  anterior  and  Inferior  surfaces  forming  less 
than  a  right  angle. 
Abdomen  destitute  of  longitudinal  carinae. 

Front  of  head  entiri'  between  the  ocellar  tuben-les. 

Abdomen  tapering  rapidly,  beyond  tliewing  cascsmucli  shorter  than  thoy.Enodia. 
Abdomen  tapering  gradually,  beyond  the  wing  eases  as  long  as  they  . .  .Satyrodes. 

Front  of  head  distinctly  emarginate  between  the  ocellar  tubercles Neonympha. 

Abdomen  with  a  (lair  of  distinct  longiludlnal  carinae C'ssla. 

Table  '</  yenenu  haseil  an  the  unaijn. 

Antonnae  gradually  Incrassatedon  the  apical  third  or  fourtli. 

Eyes  naked Cercyonis. 

Eyes  pilose. 

!<pines  of  middle  tibiae  infreciiient ;  aiiteimae  composed  of  more  tlian  forty  joints 

Enodia. 

Spines  of  middle  tililae  very  numerous;  antennne  composed  of  less  than    thirty-six 

J"''"" Satyrodes. 

Antennae  gradually  incrassated  from  ImX  beyond  the  middle. 

Costal  nervure  of  fore  wings  scureely  tumid  at  the  bn»u;  hind  wings  eonBlderably  elon- 

o»'''' Oeneis. 

Costal  ncrviiri'  of  fore  wings  very  tiiniid  at  the  base;  hind  wings  well  roumh'd. 

Antennae  composed  of  less  than  forty  joints;  outer  border  of   hind  wings  more 

rounded  t ban  in  fore  wings Neonympha, 

.Vnteniiae  composed   of  more  than  forty  joints;  outer  border  of  fore  and  hind 
vvlngH  similarly  rounded , Clssia. 


SATYRINAK:    TlIK   (JKNl'S   OKXKIS. 


123 


SECTION    I. 

Ef/d  vfrticftUj-  ritibed  an<l  cross-liiu-d.  C'lfiriiillm  at  hirlli  with  Ipciit  ciiticnlarappcii- 
. '.aires  and  a  head  unifonidy  rounded  above.  Mutnvi-  nifir/iilhir  eniuparatively  stout, 
with  a  liead  not  luueh  or  not  at  all  larifer  than  the  seunients  liehind  it,  and  with  no 
sunnnit  tubereles.  Clin/snli.s  witli  a  reiiularly  rounded  nie^ouotuni  and  tlu'  liead  not 
lironiinent.  /i/i'/;/(/ willi  lower  extremity  of  eell  of  fore  wiuu:  ^Irouirly  extended  out- 
ward; base  of  ndddlo  median  lU'rvnle  of  liind  winir  scarec^ly  if  nt  all  nearer  the  outer 
tliau  the  inner  nervule. 

(ii;M;UA  ;  Oeueis.  Cercyoiiis. 


OKNKIS   IIUIJNKH. 

t)enei>  Iliilin..  .S\»t.  verz.  liek.   sclnnett.,  .')s       thiniiolias  I!oi>d.,  linn.  lii>t.  l/p.  Kur..  Is2 
(isli;).  "  (In:W). 


We  are  tdiiudicr.liruther, 
Tliiin  you  can  put  nsto't. 

SinKr.si'K.vui:.—  Il7((^'c'.s-  7'"/< . 

In  lojirly  \Vii>les, 
When  next  tlie  >uii>hine  nialie«  tlieni  Ijeautiful, 
fiay  troops  of  hiitterllies  shall  li^'lit  to  ilriul< 
At  llie  replenished  liollows  of  the  rock. 

MUY.\.Nr,— ,1  h'liiii  Dniiin. 


Imago  (52:  tl).  Head  small,  tufted  witli  loiiirer  and  shorter,  pretty  e(|ually  distri- 
liuled  hairs;  front  full,  curving; on  every  side,  pr<)tul)erant  in  the  middle  lielow.  luir- 
rower  than  the  eye,  perhaps  broadi'r  than  hi;;li,  tcrmiiiatiii!;  ratlier  s(|uari'ly  aliove  at 
the  anterior  l)ase  of  tlie  antennae:  lower  edixe  ratlier  abrupt,  pretty  well  rounded; 
vert<'X  very  short,  transverse,  siunewhat  prolid)erant.  the  posterior  ed-re  sliitlitly  eon- 
vex,  the  anterior  coneave  at  the  sides,  eonvex  in  tile  middle:  lh\nl\s  moderately  full ; 
upper  liorder  of  the  eye  seari  ely  an<iulaled  opposite  tlu'  anteriiu'  eilire  of  the  vertex. 
Kyes  of  i>!;.iierate  sl/.e.  pretty  full,  miked,  .\ntennae  inserted  -liiilitly  in  advance  of 
the  middle  of  the  head,  in  a  deep,  broail  pit  diseomieetina  tlu'  front  and  vertex,  the 
interior  bases  of  the  anteniuie  meeting;  eaeh  other:  composed  of  from  thirty-seven  to 
tliirty-nine  joints ;  considerably  lonu:ei  than  the  al)domen.  very  irradually  and  constantly 
increasiui;  in  size  from  about  the  miildle.  so  as  to  make  it  dillicult  to  mark  any  portion 
as  tlu'clul);  the  last  four  joints  diuunish  sliirlitly  in  size,  terminaliUL' in  an  aiirupt  cone; 
the  apical  lialf  is  cylindrical,  scarcely  depressed  and  minutely  carinate  aloiii;  tlu'  under 
surface.  I'alpi  slender,  about  twi<'e  as  Ions  as  llie  eye.  the  iipieal  joint  one-fourtli  as 
lonu;  as  the  midille  joint  :  profusely  clollied  l)eneatli  witli  hmL.'.  aliove  witli  ■.jioi't  liaiis. 
all  placed  in  a  vertical  plaiU',  exceptiii:r  a  few  near  tlie  liase,  wliicli  tend  in  :i  lateral 
direction. 

I'rothoracic  lobes  very  small,  wedire-shaped.  narrowiiii;  downward^,  twice  as  liroad 
as  hiiili.  and  upon  the  siininiit  less  than  half  as  loiiu;  as  hi<;li.  of  the  same  heiicht  and  of 
tile  same  leiiLilh  tlirouitliout.  exceptinu:  that  the  lateral  ends  are  well  rounded  oil". 
I'atairia  mil  very  lar^'e.  but  little  convex,  tlie  posterior  scarcely  lousier  tliaii  llie  de- 
sceiiilinv;  lobe:  both  broad  and  pretty  broadly  rounded. 

Kore  wimrs  (38 ;  .■>)  sonic  what  produced  at  the  apex  and  iibbreviated  at  tlie  lower  outer 
amrle;  costal  border  a  little  convex  at  base  and  tip.  but  lieivveeii  ilieiii  nearly  straiL'lit  : 
outer  border  but  sliirhtly  convex  above  the  middle  median  uervule;  below  tliat  reeedinu; 
stromjlv:  Inner  border  striiiiiht.     Costal  nerviire  not   very  much  swollen,  diminishini; 


^^:4t^    ■ 


124 


rilK  llU'i'TKUFLIKS  OF   NKW   KXCLAXO. 


very  i'i';rnlnrly  and  ^riidimlly  in  fulni'ss.  tfnnhiatinn  a  little  hcyimd  I  lie  apox  nf  the 
till;  Mibcosfal  ncrvurc  with  its  second  superior  liranch  orii;inatiii;r  between  tlie  l)ase 
of  tile  llrsi  hraneli  and  tiie  apex  of  tlie  eell ;  tlie  diseoidal  eell  tliree-llftlis  llie  leiiL'tli  of 
tile  wlnir  and  ratlier  niin'e  tlnin  tliree  times  as  loin;  asliroad;  median  and  snlimedian 
nerv  nres  not  enlarired  at  llu'  l)ase.  Hind  winyrs  nnnsnally  lonir.  in  panic  idar  produced 
in  tlie  snhcostal  region:  costal  l)oriier  very  irently  convex  next  llie  liase,  straiirlit 
Iteyoiid  until  near  tlie  tip:  outer  liordi  r  strony:ly  lint  not  regularly  convex:  inner  liorder 
a  little  and  pretty  re;rnlarly  convex.  Subcostal  ncrviire  foUowiiiir  for  a  short  distance 
the  lower  maririn  of  tlie  costal  nervnre;  tlie  vcinlet  closinir  tlie  cell  stril<iiiif  tlie  median 
ncrvnre  bevoiid  its  last  divarication  and  tlie  sniicostal  nervnre  iis  fiir  licvoml  it^  last 


divarication  as  tlie  irreatcst  width  of  the  cell:  the  liranchc 


the  median  iiervnn 


oriuiiiate  scarcely  fnrtlier  from  tli<'  Imse  than  the  corrcspondiiiij:  liraiii'hes  of  the  miIi- 
costal  nervnre.     TIk'  whole  under  surface  »(  lioth  wiiiirs  is  fiirni~lieil  with  liair^  as 


Well  as 


scalc- 


Androconia  very  slender  and  eloiiirated.  l)r<iadest  at  tlie  extreme,  roinnled  lia-e. 
taiicrin;;  to  beyond  tlic  middle  and  terminating  in  a  thread  cMiiittin^  lateral  threaillets. 
apically  cxpaiKled  and  as  lon;r  as  tlu;  extreme  width  of  tlie  lamina.  The  amlroioiiia 
occur  only  on  the  upper  surface  of  tlie  front  wiiijis. 

All  the  leifs  very  hairy.  Fore  Icjrs  ininnte.  cylindrical,  the  tibiae  aliont  one-foiirth  the 
leiiirth  of  the  hind  tibiae:  tarsi  scarci'Iy  lonirer  tliaii  tlie  tiliiae.  coiisistiin.'  in  the  fi'iiiale 
of  live  joints,  of  which  the  llrst  occupies  the  basiil  half,  the  si'cond.  third  and  foiutli 
are  ei|ual  and  the  llftli  a  mere  ininnte  conical  projectimi:  in  the  male  the  si^cond  ,o 
fourth  joints  coalesce:  leir  wliolly  unarmed  in  the  male  except  in:;  by  the  Ion:;  conceal  iuy- 
hairs,  which  do  not  expand  laterally  :  lint  in  tlie  female  liotli  tibia  jiiui  tarsi  are  supplied 
with  a  few  very  niinnti'  and  very  slender  spines  scattered  irn  iiularly  over  the  upper 
surface,  but  mostly  on  the  sides  and  never  at  the  tip  of  the  join's.  Middle  tibiae  four- 
lifths  the  lelifjtli  of  the  hind  tibiae;  tiliiae  fnrnislied  on  citln'r  si  Ic  of  tlie  under  surfaci' 
with  u  row  of  forward  and  sliu'htly  ontwiird  directed  short  spines,  terminaliiiu'  at  tlie 
apex  in  a  loni;er  spur:  upper  surface  willi  :i  few  very  short  scattered  spines:  llrst  joint 
of  tarsi  fully  ecpial  to  the  three  sncccediin;  toiretlier.  which  arc  about  ei|nai  lint  decrease 
ill  leiiy:tli  successively,  the  tifth  as  loin;  as  the  second:  all  furnished  with  a  row  of 
sliort.  forward  directed  spines  (ni  either  side  of  the  under  surface;  lietweeu  the  rows 
many  olliers.  varyimr  in  leiiy;lli  and  irrei;iilarly  placed:  claws  well  curved  throiiirhoiit. 
pretty  slender,  rather  bluully  pointed;  pnlvillus  sinall.  loni;cr  tliiin  broiid.  of  ne;irly 
dinal  brcadtli:  paronychia  f<irniiim:  on  each  side  of  tlie  foot  a  siei  der.  delicately  t;ipir- 
iuLT  anil  pointed  rililiou.  slnirter  than  the  claw. 

I'pper  oi'iran  of  the  aluloiniiial  appendaues  stout,  lint  sliirhlly  curvi'd.  rapiilly  nar- 
rowiim;  at  the  liasc  of  the  hook:  the  latter  stroin;ly  and  eipmlly  t'ompre»ed.  a  little 
curved,  as  loiiK  as  the  ccntrnui.  bluntly  pointed  at  the  lip:  sides  of  IheciMitrnm  liearin:;. 
near  the  base  of  the  hook,  a  slim;le  slender,  taperiui;.  compressed.  sli:;litly  arcuate, 
backward  directed  appendaf;e.  fully  lialf  as  loin;  as  the  hook:  clasps  rather  stout. 
bnllate.  of  about  the  lenu;th  of  the  upper  ori;an  on  the  basal  half,  about  one-tliird  as 
liroad  as  the  entire  loiijith,  beyond  the  middle  rapidly  narrowin;;.  so  that  the  apical 
tliird  is  only  about  half  as  broad  as  tlie  base,  upper  edice  nearly  straij;ht,  tip  tii..adly 
rounded  or  truncate:  whole  blade  rcj;ularly  and  considerably  arcuate,  whether  \  ii^wcd 
from  aliove  or  from  behind ;  terminal  tliird  of  the  upper  eds;e  denticulate. 

Egg.  Spherico-ovate.  ratlier  hiulu'r  tlian  broad,  broadly  rounded  beneath,  aliove 
somewhat  llatteiied  but  also  well  rounded,  larircsl  sit  aliont  the  middle  of  the  lowest 
tlii'ee-llfths.  narrower  above  than  below;  sides,  from  very  near  tlie  base  to  the  niiero- 
pyle,  furnished  with  a  larae  uiiniber  of  low  and  broad,  rounded,  sometimes  apically 
pinched,  irregular  ribs,  often  /.iirzajf  in  course,  not  alwajs  exlendlnj;  the  whole  length, 
often  combining;  in  diH'erent  parts  of  the  vtiit,  and  often  presentiiifr  a  more  or  less 
beaded  appearance  from  the  transverse  wrinkles  or  sli;;ht  lines  which  traverse  the  L'iia 
transversely;  next  the  liase  the  rilis  sometimes  fade  away  Into  pretty  lar;;e  j;rauular 
elevations,  and  .ipon  the  snmnilt  they  become  nincli  smaller  and  more  irrej;nlar.  often 
liavin^  a  somewhat  spiral  direction  as  they  approach  the  mlcropyle.     Tlie  latter  is 


SATYIIIXAK:    Till',   CENTS   OKXKIS. 


125 


coiiiposi'd  cfiitrnily  of  ,-ix  or  i'i;;lit,  riKliiitiiiir  cflls.  to^ctliiT  ronniiiLr  a  circlr,  mid  Mir- 
roiiiiilfd  hy  i)r;-tty  liiriTc  cells.  IIiom-  next  the  cirrlc  pretty  fcijiiliir,  tlic  outer  mie-i 
lilfiiiT.  tlleir  <li(irler  axe'-  tlinied  lowiil'd  the  <'elltl'c. 

Caterpillar  at  birth.  Mead  (•oii-lileriil)ly  liroiidei'  than  the  liody.*  appressed  >pei'o|- 
dnl  mid  iiiiironiily  rui'ved.  funiislied  \vllli  two  ti'aiisverse  eiiiviiiir  I'ow.s  of  distant 
paplUue  across  the  tipper  half  id'  the  lace  and  a  lew  IkIow  .  each  heai'iii^  a  short  clnli- 
shiipcil  liair.  IJody  taperinj;  very  reiriilarly  from  In  front  liackward.  the  la>t  seirincnt 
liein;;-  aliont  half  as  hroad  as  the  llrst  and  distinctly  forked,  lint  in  a  dilferent  manner 
witli  each  species,  fnrnislieil  thron^hoiit  uitli  mlnnte.  cnrved  einli-shaped  liair~  seated 
on  distant  raiiireil  papilllae,  vi/..  :  nu  Ihi'  thoracic  -c^'ini'iits  in  laterochn'sal.  lateral  ami 
siiprastiyimatal  series,  one  to  a  seufinent  centrally  placed;  and  a  pair  of  infrasti^matal 
papillae:  on  tlie  alidomiiial  scirnients.  a  snlidorsal  series,  anlcrioi'ly  plai'ed;  a  snpra- 
latcral  ■•liirhtly  posterior:  a  snprcistiifniatiil  sliu'litly  anterior,  all  one  to  a  scifinent  :  and 
a  p.Mir  of  iiifrasti:;mal:il  panillae.  Tin'  hody  licars  ^tr;ii;iht  lon^itiidin;d  sti'ijies  u{ 
vcirvinu'  ^vidtlls. 


Mature  caterpillar.     Head  >m;dl. 


i';;nl;irly  ronndeil  on  all   part^.  the  npper 


half  ^liuhtly  appressed  or  not  ipiite  .-.o  lldek  iis  the  lower  poi-li 


slii.ditly  t^i'  liroailest 


next  till'  upper  edire  cd'  the  occlhir  Held,  sliirlitly  hroaih'r  than  hiu:h.  the  liaU 


•areely 


separateil  hy  a  perecptilile  iiotidi  alu 


rather  fnll  in  tlie  lower  onter  rcirion :  triaiiLtle 


rcachini;  rather  moi'c  limn  iialf  Avay  tip  the  head,  the  liase  a  little  <'onc;i\i'.  twice  as 
hiirh  as  hroad.  the  side>  a  little  >iinions.  rapidly  taperin:;  at  the  summit,  depressed  in  n 
iii'oove  lint  little  distant  from  mid  siiUparallcl  to  the  sntnre  at  the  sides;  whole  head 
profusely  covered  with  iniiiute  nninded  jiapillae,  each  iri\  iiiir  rise  toji  very  .short,  not 


very  delicati'.  hair,  and  alternatiny:  with  pretty  deep  rounded  iinnctiilatioiis 


llrst  joint 


)f  antennae  iiiammiform.   second  exceedinnlv   short,   thiiil  twice 


loiiLT  as  hroad. 


indrlcal.  -(|iiarely  docked; 


I  111.  live  in  iniinlier.  four  forinin::'  an  open  curve,  it- 


convexity  forward,  one  liciiii;-  placi  I  niiilway  lietweeii  the  npperiiio^l  and  lowermost 
am!  the  reiiiaininu:  one  erowdeil  lietwceii  tlie  llrst  and  third.  conntinLr  from  ahovi':  the 
liftli  Is  placed  directly  lieliiiid  the  fourth,  whic-h  is  a^  far  from  it  a^  from  the  second; 
the  third  lariri'r  than  tli(>  others,  which  are  eipial :  lahrnni  s<'arcely  twice  as  In'oail 
as  hniu:.  Its  aiiLrles  rnnndeil.  cxci-ed  in  tin'  middle  of  llie  front  :  niandildes  very  small 
liut  stout,  ednc-  smooth;  nnixillary  palpi  witii  ciich  sncce>~ive  joint  smaller  tlnin  the 
previous. 

Hody  plump,  cylindrical,  tinekest  ;it  llie  lir^t  two  ;ihdoniin!il  seiriiieiits.  narrowinir 
irriidmiily  hehind.  a  littli' nnn-e  rapidly,  althoniih  still  very  ircntly.  in  front:  teriniiiiil 
sry;ineiit  of  ecpial  hreadtli  and  leiiLdh,  conicid.  hnt  trniic;iti'.  the  apex  strongly  exci-ed 
lit  .lie  extremity  of  a  deep  medio-dorsal  furrow  aliove.  the  apices  of  the  two  iialves 
Imvinir  the  appearance  of  pretty  hir're  rounded  tiilicrelcs;  hoily  profusely  anil  nni- 
forinly  covered  with  irreirnlin'ly  dlstriliiiled.  niinnte.  low.  conical  papillae,  each  iriviiisr 
rise  to  a  very  short,  ei|iial.  not  very  deliciite  liair;  spiracles  oliovate,  fully  twice  as 
liiirli  as  liroud:  '.'iss  rather  stunt,  short,  conical,  especially  the  last  joint;  cliiw  rather 
small  iind  slender,  scarcely  compressed,  somewhat  ciir\eii:  proleirs  short,  ijuitc  stout. 

anteriorly  very 
unit  of  tile  thorax,  the  anterior  curve 


Chrysalis,     Short,  stout  jind  hiitli.  with  -careely  any  prominene 


liiiili  !ind  ahrnpl.  scarcely  depressed  on  tin 
forming  nearly  a  rinlit  aiiirle  witli  the  lower  anterior  sr.ri'acc:  very  sliijhtly  hollowed 
lietweeii  the  thorax  and  ahdomcn  and  well  rounded  at  the  tip.  wliich  is  nearly  as 
low  as  the  under  surface:  viewed  from  above  tli"  anterior  curve  Is  broadly  ronnded. 
rather  abruptly  shouldered  at  the  basal  wiiitt  tulierclo;  beyond  that  parallel  and  nearly 
straight  to  the  middle  of  the  abdinneii,  when  the  body  uapers  with  a  broad  curve,  the 
creinaster  projectini;  but  sliithtiy  beyond  it ;  the  aiiirle  between  the  front  and  summit 
of  the  head  r.niiided  oil',  the  oeellar  proniiiieiices  very  little  pronoiinced  ;  basal  Xvli;:; 
tubercle  rather  larire.  very  low,  irrcirnlar  and  blunt,  transversely  pinched  a  little; 
thorax  with  a  dorsal  line,  sliirhtly  elevateii  on  the  pronotiiin.  sli;;lilly  iinpressed  on  llio 


•^ianilberg  iloserlhos  the  head  of  the  yuiiiin 
Ooiiels  bore  as  small  in  proportion  to    the 


hoily,  which  I  think  caininl  he  the  ease  with 
aliv  Oeiieis  ;it  liirth. 


*if. 


'i\:i- 


126 


TlIK   lUTTKlll'LIKS  OF   NEW  KXtJLANI). 


inrxiiKitiiiii,  anil  niiM'il  iikiu'  distiiii'tlv  on  llic  iiictaiKiliiiii ;  cninH^tci'  sri'v  .sliorl  iiiid 


iiK' 


1I1-^|1IC1IIHIS 


witlioul    liriokli'ts.       Uodv  miller  ilrliciitclv  ciirniiiaU'd  Willi  lrc(iiu  Mt, 


triiimloiis.  sli;flitl.v  iin|iressi'd.  tnmsvi'iX'  lines. 

This  is  one  of  tlie  most  intorestinjf  {loiiora  in  tliu  wiiole  Imttorfly  world,  ap- 
pearing; only  in  al|iine  and  arctic  or  sniiarctic  rej^ionf  :  inhospitable  regions, 
wlicrc  snow  lies  upon  the  jjroiind  l>y  tar  (he  ij;reatcr  portion  ot"  tin;  year; 


or.  as  IJoisdnvai  remarks 


Tl 


ley  are  horn  where  nature  expn'e; 


Yet  the 


■renus  is  rieidv  endowed  witli  species  :   until  recently  tliev  wvw.  hest  known 
in  tiie  iiijihest  latitndi's,  from  the  northernmost  parts  of  Kiirope  and  all  l>nt 


he  son 


tliernmust  |iarts  of  Lalirador:   one  species  has  lieeii  long  k 


nown  as 


peculiar  to  the  Alps  of  central  Kurope,  and  another  to  our  own  White 
Mountains  :  ours  is,  however,  hut  distantly  related  to  the  alpine  species,  nnich 
more  closely  to  another  (().  oeno)  common  to  the  arctic  rej^ions  of  the 
old  and  new  worlds.  Of  late  years  the  nninher  of  recorded  sjiccies  has 
t'onsiderahly  increased,  especially  from  amoni^the  Kocky  Mountains  of  our 


own  country  :   one  specie; 


also  occurs  in  the  Ilimalavas  and  two  others  are 


descriiied  from  the  Audi's  of  Chili,  hut  it  is  asserted,  and    not   im|irol>alily 


with  justice, 


that    the    latter   htlony;    to   a   distinct  i^enus 


rejfion  emhraeed  in  this  work,  i-vo  species  occur  ;  one 


Within  the 
onfined  to  the 


White  Mountains  of  New  Ham,  shire  and  the  Uocky  Mountains  of  Colorado  ; 
the  other  itelonu:s  to  siihan  tic  regions  of  hoth  worlds  hut  occurs  in  one 
locality  in  New  England. 

The  Oeneides  are  somhrc  hiu'd  insects,  rather  more  sparsely  sealed  but 
more  hairy  than  their  allies,  of  nearly  uniform  hrownish  and  ochraceous 
tints  ahoN'c,  sometimes  marked  with  darker  ocellate  spots  in  the  outer  half 
of  the  winji's,  especially  uiion  the  under  surface  ;  lieneath  they  are  more  or 
less  marhled  with  ashy  tints,  particularly  on   the   hind  wings,  which  ha\e 


a   not   very   conspicuoi 


hut  verv  hroiid,  darker,  irrcirul.u  !iand  across  the 


middle 


The  cell  of  the  wii 


as   wel 


tl 


le   will";? 


tl 


lemselvc 


are  o 


unusual  length  ;  other  structural  peculiarities  are  the  very  gradual  devel- 
opment of  the  cluh  of  the  antennae,  which  increases  almost  insensihly  in 
size  from  ahout  the  middle  of  the  antenna,  and  the  hairiness  of  the  legs  (to 
which  \\'i;.-t\vood  calls  attention)  and  of  the  under  surface  of  the  wings,  as 
if  for  much  needed  warmth. 

As  far  as  known  thr  species  are  at  most  simple  brooded,  and  in  several 
cases  it  is  presumed  that  two  years  are  necessary  tor  the  coin[>lete  cycle. 
The  earliest  stages — egg  and  caterpillar  at  birth — are  known  of  half  a  dozen 
s[iecies,  but  the  later  stages  of  the  caterpillar  and  of  the  pujui  of  only  one  or 


two. 
bore 


Our  own  White  Mountain  s)k'( 


has  b 


leeii   (lescrii)t't 


I   b 


IS  the  be 


<t  k 


liiiown. 


That  of  (). 


)\-   Sandbi'rg,  who  savs  that   the   larva   is  verv 


indoh'Ut.  and  when  handled  sliriidvs  and  remains  long  motionless,  which   is 
('(pially  true  of  O.  scmidca.      O.  i)ore  hibernates  twice  as  caterpillar  and 


clianu'o    to   clirvsahs  m 


.M 


IV  in   tlie  w 


th 


nter  ([iiarters  of  the  larva,   free. 


nil 


lu  ri'i;i!i'  ,iKs  AT  riiK  wihtk  MoixrAiNs. 


127 


siiiid,  Iti'twoon  Vdots  of  <;rii.ii.s  under  the  surt'aoe  «»t'tlie  {rroiiinl,  a|)|»enrin^'  nn 
the  wiiijf  in  June.  Tin.'  Iiistiny  (if  ().  seniifleii  in  prdlialily  similar:  Itiit 
().  Jiitta  refpiires  only  one  year  for  its  ehanj^es,  hibernatinji;  as  a  full  jxrown 
caterpillar.  The  ejfji  of  ( )eni'is  is  provided  with  numerous  coarse  and 
wavv  lontritudiual  rilis,  iuid  this  stajjje  lasts  from  ten  to  twenty  davs.  '!"he 
caterpillar  at  l)irth  has  a  Jarii'c  head  au(',  a  rej^ularly  and  eonsiderahly  tapei- 
iujf  Itody  with  rather  l)ri<rhtly  colorei'  ' mifitudinal  stri[ies  ;  sometimes  at 
least  it  hibernates  in  this  condition.  'I  he  mature  larva  feeds  on  sedjrc-s  and 
•rrasses,  and  perhaps  on  .luneus.  has  a  smootli.  romided  aiul  handed  head, 
the  last  sefjnient  of  the  hody  moderately  and  Muntly  forked,  and  the  sides 
and  hack  regularly  ornamented  with  loniritudinal  series  of  sluu-t  ohlirpie 
stripes  ;  its  transformations  take  place  imder  ground,  and  no  silk  or  seiireely 
more  than  a  thread  or  two  is  usetl  in  pupation.  The  chrysalis  is  stout, 
smooth,  without  prominences,  and  the  eremaster  destitute  of  booklets ; 
in  the  case  of  ().  hore  it  lasts  from  three  to  six  weeks,  in  ().  semidea 
jirobably  about  the  same. 


EXCURSUS  I— THE    WHITE    MOUXTAIXS   OF    NEW  HAMP. 
SHIIiB,  AS  A  HOME  FOR  BUTTERFLIES. 

On  llic  |):illi.slriiif;lit  out  (if  the  rock  siilc. 

Wlicicvcr  cdiilil  thrust 
Sdinc  Imrnl  spi'i.L'  of  hold  liaidy  rock-llowoi" 

Its  yellow  face  up. 
Kill"  the 'prize  were  frreat  liiiltcrtlles  liiilitliifr. 

Some  live  for  one  cup, 

HiidWXiMi.— 77(e  Kiiiilinhimin  in  Itubj, 


TiiEitK  is  no  spot  in  New  Kngland  where  an  aurelian  can  obtain  such 
successful  results  in  ti  brief  time  as  in  the  high  valleys  of  the  White 
Mountain  region.  Not  only  are  many  butterflies  which  elsewhere  tu'C 
rare,  or  abiuulant  only  in  very  restricted  localities,  to  be  obtained  here, 
but  they  occur  in  the  greatest  profusion,  more  than  making  tunends  for  the 
less  favoi'able  weather  which  is  apt  to  interfere  with  collecting  in  moun- 
tainous localities.  From  the  latter  part  of  May  until  late  in  September 
one  is  tdways  rewanled  for  a  few  days'  collecting. 

Perhii[)s  it  is  because  my  visits  have  niiiinly  been  to  that  spot  tlnit  I 
have  found  the  "(ilen"  the  most  favortdile  region.  Here,  in  a  valley 
running  n-  "th  and  s(nitli,  at  an  elevation  of  about  2,000  feet,  following 
in  one  direction  the  vidley  of  the  Peabody,  and  in  the  other  that  of  the  KIlis, 
in  a  densely  wooded  region  with  high  mountains  on  either  side  sloping 
down  to  the  narrow  valley,  with  considendile  clciUMngs  in  the  river  bottom, 
where  cultivated  patches,  pastures,  swampy  tnu'ts,  hillsides  overgrown 
with  shrubl)ery,  and  damp  and  shiuled  forest  rotuls  are  to  be  met  with, 
nearly  all  the  conditions  for  almndiint  insect-life  tue  to  bo  found  at  their 


128 


TiiK  III  TTi:itn<iKs  (»r  m;\v  i:.N(ii,AM). 


bo.>t.  More  tliim  tlii:*,  u  \viij.niu  rDiid,  I'ijrht  iiiili'.-'  in  li'ii;.'tli.  « imliiij:'  lialt' 
vviiv  tlinnijfli  tla'  itrinicviil  torcut,  where  it  toniifi  m  lirdiul  lane  wliicli  the 
biittertlies  covet,  lialt-way  over  tlie  ron^Hi  K-difi'?^  an<l  (*e(lj;y  platean;*  of  the 


tree  I 


er*s  upper  region 


)('  our  hitrliot  nioinitain,  \Nhere  Hower- 


l>l 


ooniniLT 


all  lln-oinrh  the  season  to  eapti\  ate  the  tired  traveller. — this  road  atlnrds 
a  ready  nieaiit*  of  jearninji'  at  what  altitude  fhi'  valley  species  ascend, 
and  what  kinds   inhahir  the  inhospitahle  hiiiher  levels  of  the  mountains. 

Let  us  speak  first  of  those  which  Ipcliui;;  in  the  valleys,  where   the  ve:;-e- 
tation  is  so  jirol'use  and  di\i'rsitie(l :   and  restrict  our  remarks  principalis   to 

icre,  anil  met   \vith   uiori'  rarely   cl>ewhere. — 
v    Knu'iaud  is  conceriu'd,  iheir  ma\iinuni 


o.se  which  are  conunoTu 


th( 

those   which    have. 


St    h 


far   as 


de\i'l( 


opment  in  this  di.-lrict. 
It  is  the   ri'fxion   jtur  <  .mlliiici-   of  that  strikinjf  huttertly.    IJasilarchia 
arthemis.      When  the  stiijre,  with   its  city   fri'ij^ht,   wiiidinjf  its   way  over 
the  hillv  roads  with  the  first  rush  of  travel,  leavi's  most  of  the  tiirms  hehind 


t  and  enters  the  heart  of  the  foi-est. 


ifter  llock  of  these  «howv  hutter- 


)ts  in  the  road  wlr 


sometimes  l>v  lumdreds 


tlies  arise  from  the  damp  sp 
they  are  assemhlcd  to  suck  the  moisture  from  the  earth,  and  then  flutter 
ahout  the  .stage  in  fascinating  hewilderment,  scttliuii'  again  to  the  feast  in 
a  hesitating  way  a.s  soon  as  the  disturhance  is  past.      Indeed  they  some- 


tune; 


hecume 


verv    nuisance,  dozens    o 


jf  th 


lem   when   seekuii. 


enternig  the  ope 


ih 


■n  dr 


I 


wmdows  II 


shelti 
f  the  farm-liousi's.  and   Huttcrin 


alionl  the  windows  in  a  vain  and  distraetiiu'  attemut  to  escape  when  there 


IV  movement  witliin. 


ipi 


In  the  early  season,  when  the  liuds  are  just  heginning  to  hurst,  the 
young  caterpillar  may  he  foiuid  emerging  from  its  hihernaculum  deftly 
fastened  ni'ar  the  tips  of  hlack-liirch  spriys  evervwhere  urowin't  hv  liie 
roadside;  in  ,luly,  the  hristling  glohidar  egg  attached  to  the  extreme  tip 
of  the  pointed  leaf  of  the  same,  and  later  the  leaves  eaten  in  |iecnliar 
t'ashiou,  reveal  where  to  look  for  the  grotesque  party-eoloreil  caterpillar, 
scarcely  to  he  distinguished  from  tiiat  of  its  congener,  H.  archip] 


•u> 


Th 


latte 

land] 


r  IS  al 


so  connuon    (llioni;h   less  conunon    than   in  southern   New   H 


tl 


i(!  Willow  am 


th 


l'"l 


liar,  and  mav  lie  foiinil  fecdinu'  I'vcn 


ip  to  the  extreme  limit  of  foi'cst  vcgetati'  n  on  the  mountain  side. 
This.  loo.  is  the  Xcw  lOngland  meliopolis   lor  that  high-s[ii'Mted   luilter- 


Hv,  lVilvi.Mnia  f 


uiniis 


Tnlike  arthemis,  it   is  ne\i'r  found  in   flocks.  Imt 


ilv  bv  threes  and  fours  at  most,  k^ 


eeping  up  a  constant   warfari'  with  m 


another:   hut  it  is  still  so  eoiuinon  alon^'  th 


ds 


anil 


1   particularly  in  tiie 


more  open  (<}iiits,  or  when'  the  mads  enter  bits  of  fori'st  or  cross  a  moun- 
tain brook,  that,  notwitiistanding  its  wary  activity,  one  may  even  captiii'e 
in  favorable  times  a  hundred  in  a  dav  ;  once  I  must  have  seen  five  hnndied 


111  a  sinyk'  raihvav  rule  ol  six  mik 


ill 


the  forest  on  the  western  siile  of  .Mt, 


W 


iishingtoii  between    Faiiyan'.-  am 


d    the    b: 


if  the  niiiiintain.      Its  cater- 


ni'TTKKF'MI'.S   AT  TIIF,   WIIITK   MorNTAIXS. 


129 


pillar — also  imrty-colorifl.  Imt  Itiistliii^'  with  .-piius — may  Ik-  t'limul  Imtli 
on  tlio  lilack  Itirclu's  and  tin'  willow.-*.      \\'lirri'  l)olli  tlic^i'  iilaiil.-*  an-  loimd 


ill  ,>iii<'l)   alxiiidancc,  search    would  sccni  to  Im'  \aiii.  lint  if  it 


inlincil   t( 


biicli  sprays  ot'tlic  smaller  plant.'*  as  project  t'orward  toward  the  roail — .«ueh 
spots  indeed  a.-*  the  Imttertlie*  •select  to  aliu'lil  upon — the  patient  search  will 
he  rewartlcd.  Another  I'oly^onia,  far  rarer,  P.  gracilis.  I  hud  imtil  iMi^T 
taken  only  here  and  on  the  o|ipo:*ite  side  of  .Mt.  \\'a-hin;iton,  perhaps  a 
c'ou|ile  of  do/en  in  all  in  as  many  years  ;  and  it  is  almost  it.s  only  known 
locality  in  New  Knii'land,  tlionLfh  it  donhtle.-s  occiir.^  in  manv  other  ele\ated 


W' 


ins  fa\(iralile   for  1'.   fai 


nui 


In  l^'S"  it    was  tohralilv  common 


am 


was  found  to  occupy  a  distinctly  lower  zone,  lielciw  2.jt»n  feet.      1'.  proj^no 


!:• 


also  fonunon,  lielonjj:s  properly   to   the  same  zone,  and    I    ha\e  taken 


Its 


larva  luic  on  the  wild  {^ooselierry.  Kii;ronia  j. -allium  is  another  hutterHy 
eommoii  in  certain  seasons  at  least,  and  I  should  c(.iisider  this  its  favorite 
111,  were  i;  not  that  one  nij:ht  it  tlew  liy  hundreds  into 
in  sevei'al  summers'  residence  on 
me.      i'^ivanessa  antioiia  is  also 


U'W 


dand 


[••roiii 


Sankatv  Ii;fhthonse  on   Nantncki't,  where 


tl 


le    IS 


land   I    never  saw   it  at  anv  other  ti 


common  enoni^h   at  the   ^^'hite   Mountains,  lint   not   mneli   more 


tl 


lan 


jl.sewl 


lere. 


Oir 


ill 


le  mav  jfenerallv  see  a  dozen  on  a  jfooi 


(1  di 


IV  in  earlv  .Mm 


lune, — 


seed v-look ill"'  individuals  which  have  survived  tlu'  w  intei 


is  also  eoinmon  in 


the  1 


ower  eoiintrv, 


feedi 


iij,'  III  swarms  upon   the  nettle 


Ajilais  millierti 
th 


and  this  eoneludes  the  series  of  N'ymplialidi  \v|iieli  need  he  nientioned. 

Ar<rvniiis  atlantis  occurs  here  in  the  utmost  iirofiision,  as  nowhere  else 
ill  New  Knjfland.  ( )iie  may  easily  take  hundreds  in  a  sinjile  day,  the 
.sandalwdod-seented  males  lar^^ely  predominating.  Hrentliis  myriiia  and 
1).  Iii'lloiia  are  alnindant  in  the  restricted  meadow-lands,  and  in  alioiit 
eipial  numliers,  though  15.  myriiia  is  far  more  eominon  in  central  New 
Kngland.  iiut  the  region  is  one  of  the  liest  for  most  of  oiir  Melitjieidi, 
I'hyeiodes  liatesii  occurs  here  early  in  -Inne,  and  this  is  its  only  known 
New  Kngland  locality.  P.  tliaros  swarms  (as  it  also  does  elsewhere)  and 
here  is  the  hest  place  to  search  for  those  very  local  species,  Cinclidia 
liarrisii  and  Kuphydryas  pliai'ton.  They  can  licst  he  olitained  in  tiie  larval 
state,  for  they  may  always  lie  taken  in  large  numliers  very  early  in  the 
siiring  ill  such  coinciiii'iitly  aecessihlo  sfiots  as  the  immediate  liorders  of 
the  (ilcii  road,  liarrisii  feeding  in  large  companies  on  I  >i[ilopappns  and 
phaeton  .scarcely  more  dis|iersed  on  Lonieera. 

I  have  never  ]iaid  s[iecial  attention  to  the  Theelidi  in  this  region,  nor 
had  them  force  themselves  on  my  notice  ;  so  that  I  am  inclined  to  think 
none  of  them  particularly  aliundant,  or  iiiori'  so  than  elsi'wliere.  Nor  are 
any  of  the  Lyeaenidi  exceptionally  common,  excepting  Cyaniris,  whii'li  is 
certainly  far  commoner — especially  (".  pseiidargiolns  liicia — than  any wlu're 
else  in  New  Kngland,  ahundaiit  as  it  often  is.  The  roads  seem  at  times 
liliie  with  them,  and  they  swarm  at  all   moist  spots,  occurring  also   to  the 


"M: 


iU 


130 


THK   m  TIKI! I  I, IKS   (IF   NEW    K.VdI.AM). 


very  «!;:»' t if  tlic  tnirst  line,  and  fncluiiitiiij;  tlif  I'liily  iu'dcstrinn  iit  cvory 
fffp,  Tlicy  lire  iiIho  nm-  of  the  earliest  risei-H,  anil  are  llie  first  to  lie  seen 
when  the  elonils  lii'eak  after  a  rain.  Ot"  tlie  ("lirysoplianiili,  Ileixles  iiy- 
piiplilaeas  is  of  emn-e  aiiinidant,  as  everywhere,  anil  Feniseeu  tar(|uinins 
mav  always  he  t'oimd  in  its  tinii'  at  the  |irii|ier  jtlaees  :  there  is  one  isolateil 
c'lipse,  with  aldei'  (everywhere  Lrrowini;  in  pnitiisiim ).  just  north  of  the 
(rlen  Ilonse.  wliere  I  never  tail  to  see  it   Hntterin;;  ahont   «hen   in  season. 

.\nion;:  the  Pierinae,  I''.nrynins  philodiee  and  I'ieris  rapae  are  of  course 
aiiundant  eiionjrh.  I  shall  he  surprised  it'  K.  interior  does  not  some  day 
tiM'ii  lip  here.  ha\inj;  escaped  the  net  only  hecanse  no  one  takes  so  coininou 
an  insect  as  its  conj^ener,  which  it  reseniltles  too  nuich  on  the  winj.'  to  he 
readily  distinj^nished  from  it.  The  oidy  interestinjf  form  of  this  ;iroiip 
found  iiere  is  I'ieris  oleracea.  Though  nowhere  nearly  so  connnon  as 
thirty  years  ajr">.  when  I  Hrst  C(dleete<l  at  tlie  niomitains,  when  one  mi;.dit 
see  fifty  at  a  time  in  an  opi'n  field,  it  is  not  yet  (piite  exterminated  hy  the 
invadinir  I',  rapae,  and  in  the  very  first  of  the  season,  when  a  dozen  or  so 
may  he  taken  in  a  day,  is  as  common  as  that  species  ;  hut  w  ith  the  ad- 
vanced Hcnson  it  a]i[)ears  (|uite  lost  amonj:  the  swarms  of  the  latter.  I'roha- 
hly  it  will  always  hold  out  in  this,  its   New    Kn<;land  stronchold. 

Xone  of  the  swallow-tails  .-u'c  pre-eminently  aiiundant,  with  the  sin;,de 
exception  of  .lasoniadcs  <rlaucus.  Hut  this  is  indeed  an  exception.  Karly 
in  dune  of  any  year  one  may  take  a  do/en  or  twenty  with  a  sinjjlc  sweep 
of  the  net  at  moist  places  l)y  the  roadside,  or  if  cautious  enou;,di  pick  up 
with  the  finjjcrs  one  specimen  after  another  till  he  wearies  of  the  task.  It 
never  fads  to  he  idinn<lant,  and  its  great  size  and  social  Iiahits  make  it 
appear  the  eonnnonest  hutterfly  of  the  region.  The  males  appear  to  vastly 
outmnnher  the  females. 

The  skippers  may  lie  dismissed  with  a  few  words,  as  most  of  them  may 
he  found  e([ually  aiiundant  elsewhere  ;  hut  this  is  certainly  the  hest  place 
I  know  for  olitaining  Thanaos  icehis,  and  is  prohaliK  the  hest  for  securing 
tl'i  !  rarer  forms,  Pamjihila  mandan,  and  Anihlyscirtes  samoset,  though 
they  are  never  very  aiiundant,  wliile  A.  vialis  is  always  to  he  met  with 
early  in  .Fune. 

These  are  the  more  interesting  of  the  valley  huttertiies  <if  the  A\'hiie 
Mountains,  found  in  nmch  greater  al)iin<lance  than  elsewhere ;  hut  they 
form  a  small  part  of  those  which  ahound  here,  and  the  real  interest  centers 
in  noting  to  what  height  any  of  them  may  he  foimd.  For  this  the  ojien 
heads  of  the  great  ravines  which  seem  to  gnaw  at  the  very  vitals  of  the 
great  mountain  masses,  with  the  wagon  road  up  Mt.  Washington  on  one 
side,  and  the  hroad  railway-c'utting  at  the  other,  forming  as  they  do  high- 
ways for  hutterfly  as  well  as  man,  are  the  most  interesting  and  instructive 
spots.  Prominent  among  those  which  may  he  found,  and  wliieh  proliahly 
or  certainly  pass  their  lives    in  any  part  of  the  forest  region,  however 


lU'TTKUKMKS   AT    TIIK   WIIITK  MOl'NTAIXS. 


1.31 


uleviitL'tl,  where  tliere  are  dpeii  spat-es,  are  naNiliireliia  arcliippiiM,  alroadv 
nu'iitioiu'd  in  this  >\ay,  tiie  I'oly^roniar*,  Kit^oiiia  j.-alhinn  and  Cyaniris 
pseiiihir^'iohis.  .Vol  inrrcipicntly,  tlioe  Hy  even  far  ahi>\c  these  natural 
limits,  and  have  lieeii  taiven  urseen  upon  tlie  iii;j;iiest  points.  In(K'ed  nianv 
liiftei'ts  aiT  the  \eriest   .\|)palaehians,  seeniinj;  to  take  a  delifjlit   in  explor- 


in<;  till'  !4unini 


itn.     'i'his  is  trniT  ot"  some  other  inseets   than  of   Imttei-Hie; 


and  perhaps  they  are  home  npwai'd  hy  the  wind-cnrrents:  tor  in  the   tir.st 
week  oi  fliine    1    ha\t'  t'oinid   the  iireat  snow-patehes  at    tiie  \ery  sninniit  of 


Mt.    Washinj^ton   fairly  peppereil  with    nun 


leroiis 


tail   inseets.  especially 


Coleoptera.  Hijitera.  I lymenopti'ra  and  lloinoptera.  |irominent  anion^'' whieh 
were  thousands  upon  thousands  of  delieate-winijed  plant-liee.  llesides  the.  e 
amonjr  the  larfjjer  inseets  an  Aeanthosoina,  perhajj^  A.  nehnlosa,  swarmed 
on  the  hotel  pia/./a,  and  every  pool  of  wntor  hv  the  roadside  was  thejfravc 
ot'eountless  IJiitio  femoratus.  ()f  the  huttertlies  alone  wliieh  I  have  foun<l 
upon  the  very  hijrlu'st  snnunits  are  (I)esidcs  two  s[teeies  immediately  to  he 
mentioned,  eharaeteristie  ^f  the  mountain  top)  the  followinjr :  Hasilarehia 
anhippus,  U.  arthemis,  I'oiygonia  interroj^ationis,  I*,  faumifi,  P.  <rraeilis, 
Kujitinia  j.-alhnm.  Kuvanessa  antiopa,  Aglaisi  milherti,  Arj^ynnis  atlantitu, 
IJrenthis  myrina,  H.  i)ellona.  i'hyeiodes  thuros,  Ineisalia  niplion,  Cyanirie* 


psoi 


idar;;!!! 


lus,  1' 


leris 


Hiao,  .laser 'ados  glaueus. 


Th 


ianiio8  icelus,  ana  l^uno 


IL 


chores  tanmas. — in  all,  twenty  species. 

It  will  rciinire  still  a  j;'ood  di'al  of  field-work  to  determine  how  far  up 
the  mountain  side  these  forms  liahitually  hreed ;  for,  as  given,  the  list  is 
merely  that  of  stragglers  of  an  iufjuisitive  turn  of  mind. 

It  is  far  more  interesting,  perhaps  the  most  interesting  point  in  the 
geographical  distriliution  of  New  Knglund  l)uttertlies,  to  find  that  there  .are 
two  hutterHies  living  exclusively  on  these  inclement  mountain  heights. 
Oni!  of  them,  Oeneis  semidea,  is  known  elsewhere  only  on  the  summits  of 
tlu!  highest  peaks  of  the  Hoeky  Mountains  in  Colorado,  where  it  does  not 
apjiear,  ap[)arently,  hclow  an  elevation  of  ahout  12,000  feet,  ahove  which, 
and  up  to  14,000  feet,  it  has  heen  taken  on  Mt.  Lincoln,  Sierra  Blunea, 
the  Argentine  Pass,  Pike's  Peak,  and  Twin  Lakes.  It  is,  however, 
regarded  hy  some  as  only  a  variety  of  a  species  found  farther  north ;  hut 
whether  variety  or  species,  it  has  characteristics  which  separate  it  from  the 
North  Lahradin-  ty|>e,  while  the  Colorailo  and  New  Hampshire  forms  arc 

icparahle.      It  is  therefore  either  a  distinct  species  or  well  on  the  road  to 


ni 


ii\d  so  tar  as  its   interest  in   this  connection  jfoes,  it   matters 


litt! 


c  in 


which  light  it  he  viewed.  The  other  species,  Hrenthis  inontinus,  will,  in 
my  judgment,  certainly  he  found  hcyoiid  the  great  range  of  the  ^\'hite 
Mountains,  whence  only  it  is  so  far  known.  I  should  look  for  it  einifident- 
ly  ahove  the  forest  line  in  the  Adironilacks,  in  the  (ireen  Mountains,  and 
on  Ktaadn,  as  well  as  other  elevated  and  harren   hciu'hts.      It  has  heen  re- 


)i)r 


ted  as  seen  on  Hlack  Mountain  ui>ar  T 


lorn 


ton.  N.I  I.,  wliicl 


1  IS  woo( 


led 


132 


rilH   r.l'TTKKFMKS  OF  \K\V   KXCT-VNl). 


to  tlic  .ximimit ;  Imt  an  actiiiil  oinitiire  would  In;  necessary  to  cstalflisli  such 
a  tact.  It,  too,  is  rcfjardcil  hy  sonic  as  merely  a  variety  of  another  species 
found  farther  north,  and  tliis  northern  s[)ecies  occurs  as  near  as  southern 
Lahi'ador  and  Anticosti,  and  ranjijes  across  the  country  to  (Jreat  Slave 
Lake.  It  is,  however,  separable  from  it,  and  whetiier  to  l)e  looked  on  aa 
a  distinct  species  or  merely  as  a  variety  is  a  pure  matter  of  individual 
idiosyncrasy,  '['he  <piestion  is  similar  to  the  precedinif,  l)ut  at  present 
receives  no  side-li<rht  from  the  west. 

One  will  hardly  fail  to  notice  Hiat  wliile  the  forest  line  at  the  White 
Mountains  is  toleral)ly  well  marked  (at  a  heifrlit  of  aliont  4, OHO  or  -l.TiOO 
feet),  it  is  always  succeeded  aiiove  hy  a  considerahle  area,  where  the 
dwarfed  spruce  or  "scruh,"  strufrfflinff  upward  with  ever  diminishing 
heijrht,  conceals  the  [^^ray  rocks  in  a  covering  of  uniform  <jreen,  excepting 
on  the  unsti'.hle  surfaces  of  the  stee|)cr  sIo|)cs, — an  area  which  is  stronirly 
contrasted  with  the  harreu  j^ras  hroken  rocks  ahove,  which  lie  piled  in  vast 
heaps  cxi)osi'd  to  full  view,  exce|)t  where  a  ]iat 'h  of  sedge  furnishes  a 
small  and  harreu  pasture  upon  some  more  favored  plateau.  The  sides  of 
these  mountains,  where  they  rise  to  their  highest  culmination,  arc  thus 
divisible  into  a  forest  and  an  alpine  region,  and  the  latter  into  a  lower,  or 
scrub,  and  an  u|»p(!r.  or  rocky,  district ;  tlicse  two  subdivisions  of  the 
alpine  region  con-cspond  fairly  well  with  tin-  areas  occupied  by  the  two 
mountain  butterflies  just  mentioned,  and  I  have  attempted  to  represent 
these  areas  upon  the  aecom|)anyiug  map  by  the  two  shades  of  brown, 
— the  darker  brown  representing  the  region  where  Oeneis  has  its  proper 
home,  the  lighter  where  Hreuthis  most  al)ounds  and  i)reeds.  There  is  no 
doubt  that  .ccasional  individuals  oi' Oeneis  semideawill  be  found  far  within 
the  limits  of  the  lower  alpine  region  ;  for  the  fierce  bhwts  of  wind  which 
swecf)  iiround  these  lofty  t'levations  uuist  sometimes  hurl  these  feeble  Hnt- 
terers  far  ilowu  toward  the  wooded  valleys,  as  I  have  myself  seen  ;  and 
there  is  no  (U)u!>t  that  they  can  find  their  food  [ilant  all  through  the  lower 
alpine  region.  Xcvertheless,  the  contrast  between  the  occasional  and 
unwilling  visitor  and  the  swarms  which  in  their  season  crowd  the  upper 
jilateaus  is  very  marked  and  significant.  The  localities  where  I  have  found 
them  most  al)un<lant  are  the  successive  sedgy  plateaus  which  Hank  the 
upper  part  of  the  carriage  road  on  Mt.  Washington,  and  especially  the 
broad  area  l)etween  the  sixth  and  seventh  mile-posts,  where  the  road  takes 
'(  side  tmn.  and  which  I  call  Semidea  I'latcau.  So.  too,  one  may  find  an 
aspiring  Hrenthis  above  the  limits  of  the  lower  alpine  region  ;  but  it  is  very 
rarely  seen  there,  and  the  violets  on  which  the  cat<'rpillar  prol)id)ly  feeds 
will  scarcely  ever  l)e  found  in  any  abundance  within  tiic  upper  a!piiu>  area. 
It  seems  fairly  dcdueible  from  these  facts  that  even  the  limited  area  of  the 
barren  heights  above  the  White  Mountain  forests  is  divisilile  into  two 
districts,  each  of  which  elaims  a  buttci-fly  ns  its  own  ;  so  that  in  Hscen<ling 


BUTTKRILIKS  AT  TlIK  WIUTK   MOlNTAINs. 


133 


Mt.  Wiisliiiijrton,  wo  pass,  sis  it  were.  tV 


I  In 


mipsliirc  to   iiortliiTii 


Liiljrador ;  ior  on  li'iiviiijr  tlu'  New  Ilaiiipsliirc  forests  ami  torcst  I'auiia 
l)eliiii(l  IIS,  we  eoiiie  lirst  upon  insects  (tliere  are  otlieis  l)esi(les  U.  niontiniis ) 
reeaiiiiiu:  tliose  of  the  noitiiern  s*liort's  of  tlio  (iulf  of  St.  Lawiiiice  ami  tlio 
coast  of  Laiirailor  op|)osite  NewfomidlaiKl  ;  and  when  we  have  attained  tlie 
siinmiit  a  hiittcrtiy  <^reets  us  whicii  represents  the  fauna  of  Athmtie  lialira- 


lor  ! 


md  C 


rreen 


land. 


Iiiterestiiiji'as  tills  is,  how  very 


lueaffre  siieh  a  sliowinj?  appears 


1  l.v  tl 


le  siiU 


of  our  knowledjjc  of  the  laitterHy-faiinas  of  the  Swiss  and   Colorado  alps 
where  the  nioiintains  rise  to  so  much  i^rciiter  '■,•■ 
area  i.'  so    xastiv    mori'   exteiidi'd  I      In   tie    .'">«■ 


am 


I  th. 


m<Mintaii)oiis 


noiintaiiis,  where 


tl 


10 


alpine  area  is  limited  ahove  as  well  as  lielo',  .  and  tl\.  iiieltinir  of  the  eternal 


snows  keeps  tin-  who'e  reuion  aliove  the  trees  oi 


tl 


le  choieest  pasturages 


for  cattle  that  the  i-arth  all'ords,  the  whole  aspect  of  the    luitti'rHy  world  i 
dUrcreiit.      A  host  of  species  in  iiiHiiite  iiiinilx'rs  crowd  aliout  the  hlossoms 


I'iiius,  the  verv  ed^cs  of  the  "'laciert 


tlic 

the  valleys  heh 


>'ori>is    wholly    unknown    in 


one  a 


I'.reiith 


allied  to  hut   easily   distiii;iiiish((l    t'roiii    theni.  meet 

I 


t  i'very   step.      A   spi'cics   of  Oeneis,  \ery   iiiaiiy  of  l'",r<'li 


la. 


scNcra 


iiimlx'r   of  Melitaeidi.  a  host 


I. 


th 


.f 


I 


urviiii  s, 


I 


arnassius.  and  severa 


I  H( 


i|>eri 


ycaeiiKli,  with  speei 
show  how  \ariedand  strik- 


\n[X  the  fauiia  is.  Mi'sides  these  a  j^rcat  many  of  the  valley  forms  often 
aceoiiijinny  them,  aiiioii^-  which  will  he  found  our  old  friends  antiopa, 
cardiii  and   atalanta.  so    ran'lv   seen    with   us   ahovo   the   I'orcst.      In    the 


con 


lilh 


ras 


.f  (' 


ojoraiio.  wiicn 


th 


now-lields  are  fir  less  imiiortant,  and 


ijlaciers  an'   prMi'licnlly    iiiikiiowii,  we  liavi!  a  condition  ot  tliiiiii's 


het 


ween 


the  mountains  of  Switzerland  and  \ew  H.unpshire.  'I'lie  niunlier  of 
distinc!  t'lrins  is  c msideriMe.  hut  hy  no  nieaiis  so  lar^jc  as  in  Swit/crland. 
A  couple  of  species  of  ( )eneis  are  found  here  with   several  Mrchias,  iind  a 


Hreiithis  or  twi 


me  Melitaci<li  also  orcii:'.  most  of  which  are  also  found 


some  distance  lielow  the  timlior  line,  which  is  hero  \astl;  hii;lier  than  at 
the  W'liifc  Mountains.  Iiejn!,'  at  ahoiit  lO.Ot'.i)  feet.  The  Ijycaeiiidi  are 
ahiindaiil,  and  one  finds  a  characteristic  iMirymiis,  I'ariiassiiis  (also  foiu'd 
at  lowc"  lev. is).  ;|||(|  one  or  Iwn  I  Ii>pcridMc  of  llie  same  u'luilp  as  occurs 
on  the  Swis-  .Vlps.  Indeed,  the  ajxreement  of  the  typical  alpine  forms  of 
Colorado  and  Switzerland  is  strikinir,  and  in  stran^'c  contrast  to  the  poMitv 


of  N'ew   II  impshire  ;  the   more   so,  as   a    laru'c   niimher  o 


)f  th 


loiial 


irciicric   tvpi" 


are 


not  th 


•haracteristic   ot'  hiiih    latitude 


adtilt 
What  the 


hiijlicr  IcM'ls  ot  the  White  Mountains  would  he  as  a  home  tor  hiiltertlics, 
if  a  thousand  or  lu  >  more  feet  were  added  to  their  I'lcvaliiui  and  snow 
crowned  tlie  higher  summits,  it  mi;j.lit  he  hard  to  say,  hut  it  would  eer- 
f^iidy  he  still  wry  ditferent  friun  fho  fauna  of  the  Swiss  or  the  ( "olorado 
al(i>s.      Many  of  iho  jjeneric  forms   whi<'li  are  common   to   tl 


leiii    scarce! 


iK'cu''  in   eastern   Americii  ;  so  (hat  the  ditfer 


cMce 


hell 


the  tl 


iree  alpine 


i:;i 


■HK  i!r-i"ri:i!ri,iKs  ok  \k\v  kncland 


Duma-  \\r  linvc  nu'iitioiicd  iKvciiiiiiitcs  tlu'  <lisi  iiit'tiuii  wliicli  i'\i<ls  lictwi'cn 
t'Mslcni  AiiK  riia  and  I'!imi>|>c,  and  lln'  a;iicfnicnl  Innnd  Ix'lwiin  wc-lcrii 
Aniirica  and  l'',ur(>|u'. 

r.ll!l,l(i(;i!Ai'iiY. 

Tliii-c  wMiiiiu'  ilcl:iiN  niiici'niiiii;  llii'  vrrlical  ili-nilitilinn  ol'  Swiss  ImlliTlIics  slicuiM  <'(iiisiilt 
Spi'MT-.  (ii'ii:;niiilii«i'lir  MTlirrilmn;  iliT  si'linn'llrrliii-i-  Drills  ■lil.iiiMs  iiiid  ilrr  Si'liwcM/  ( Is'iS) ; 
iir  Mr\i  r-l)iir'>  Vrivrirliiiiss  ,!,•,  s.'linHllrrllii'.'r  ili  r  S  liwiiz  (Is'iJ).  ItricI'  null's  nf  my  iiwii 
nil  Alpiiir  hiilli'i-lliis  will  l„.  1,11111(1  ill  tin'  (ii'.ilu,')  m'  Now  Ila  iipsliii-i',  i :  :ll:!,  It.wi.  iniini. 
n:ii.  lii-1.,  \  il :  111'.',  iiiul  Ap|iMl:ii'liiii,  v  :  Ui,  wlici'i'  llic  jiii'sciil  rM'iirsiis  w  illi  sli;.'lii  \  arialidiis  was 
lii'sl  piiiilislii'il,  ami  Willi  till'  -.aiiir  map.  Sec  fiirllici.  Wliiir  mi  llir  Moiiiiiaiii  I.i'piili'pli  ra  iif 
I'.ritaiii,  Scull,  mil..  V  ; '.IT;  ami  alsu  M,  a.|,  r-vilir.  i;  IT'.l,  w  lui-i'  s.niir  iioP's  an'  ^iuiidii  llio 
Alpiiir  raiiliaul'  iiiir  I'arllk' slupr. 


.  ,^r- 


l^M\\ 


'I'llhli    III'  S/icrii  >■  11/  ili'llris,  liiisiil  nil  llir  1  ilif, 

ViTli.-al  1-ilis  hrnUiii  iumi-  lln'  hi-i'  ul'  llir  rix'^  iiilo  lica'l-liki'  pruiiiiiii'iiii- sciniilcii. 

ViTlicai  rilis  I'liilimiiliu  to  l  lie  lia-<'  ul'  llir  r---  iiiilii'dki'ii jiiltti. 

Tili/r  III'  .ijiiri'rn,  liiisf:!  nil  llii'  riiln'/iil/'ir  III  In'rili. 

.\iimI  pruli'--^  iiiiii'li  larucr  lliaii  tlicuilicrs.    'riTiiiiiial  sc,'  iiiiit  -ipi  irrl.v  iriin'iiii'  on  ciiliiT  -iili'. 

cacli  slili'  w  illi  iwii  Ici'iiiiiial  liaii- sciiiiilcii. 

Anal  pmlrL's  im  larin'r  lliaii  llio  oilic  ■-.     'I'l'i-  uiii  il    -r;  ni'iii    rr^uiai-lv  liMiniii,'  on  cIiIiit  -i  '.i\ 

I  ai'li  w  illi  oiih  I  llir  tiriiiiii.'il  liair jut  1 11. 

'I'lilili  iif  siHi-ira,  liiiKi  il  nil  thr  iiiiiliii'i'  riihl'i>illin'. 

SiipralaliTal  «lripr  lirnail,  iliscDiiiimiMiis scmlilcii. 

Stipralalrral  si  ripe  iianuw  .  i-onilniinns jiida. 

Tilh/r  nf  Sjiii'l'i  s,  tiimril  nu  tin-   I'hri/'iilfis. 

Ilivnl  aii'l  iiipsi  of  111!'  wlii.'s  Ins.',  HIS.  ia  sir  iij;  i'  lali'.isl  I  i  I  In'  ycllowi-li  ali'lu  urn.  ..Hi'inliloi*. 

lli'a'l  aiiil'i'i'  ami   iimsl   of  tin' wini;s  li.:iit   L'n'ra.  in  mi '.'i-ral  nnilrasi  i.i  ilic  ji  llnw  isli  jiniii 

alnlHini'M jiiMii. 

'fuller  'if  Sfii  rfi  s,  liiisi'il  iili  Ifir  hihlilit. 

rppcr  siii'i  I r  will'.'-  w  illi  111'  oi'cllair  spuls si'iiliiha. 

I'ppiT  -iirtii'  .  "I  u  Imu-  u  illi  (H'l'ji.ilr  spi,|s jut  la. 

OENEI3   SEMIDEA  —The  White  Mountain  butterfly. 

(Tlir  iiHiiiiil  liii  liiilliTllv  illani->:  ilir  While  Mminlaiii  liiillerlly  (^iilhrl:  linnvii  iiMimlaiii 

liiill.Tily  (MayiianI).] 

If!/)/!  irr'iii  si'-ii-'li,    Siy.   A  iii'".    '■  il  rn.,  t'lilfiii  I'fi.'t  ki>  uiilr^i  K  I'.v.,  .MulT.,  S.  11.  I.i'p. 

lii.  pi.   .Vt  (IS-.NI;  Kiilini.    N.   Aini'V 1.   I.r  \.  .\im'i-..  X<\   (|S'i2):    s.'iiill.,   Uisi.  juiini. 

Ciiiil.'.  i:   im-llt.   pi.   .-in  (|s.-|!n:  -Ilirr..  Ins.  nal.  Iiisl..  vli:  mi-iliii.  pi.  1 1.  Il.'s.   2-s  (isilil); 

Ini.  vi'.'..:l  1  (' I..  :l"l.  li'.'  rjii  (Iwi'Ji.  I'l-n'.    mi, ,111.     s,.,'.    riiilml.,     v:   -.'n-'ri.    i\)c 


I- 


SATYIMNAK:    OKNKIS   SKMIDKA. 


13-5 


(I>*il"i):— T.iiii..M;in./.i)(>l.,;!!M».  ii;.'.-JS(i(|s(J.">);  (IsTI) :  -(inilc.  ( ':iii.   cnl..\ii:  Iii-VICT  (|,s7,-i); 

—  I':ick..<iiii(lciiis..-J<i;l.  liL'>.  HH(-l!ll  (isilll):  -  Am.  iiat..  \  :    l-.lMlll   ( ISTH) :  III.  cs-,    NUci. 

I'lilhMl.  Itllll.   C';l>l.    I".    S.     [(■|Lli>llnlp|l»].  '.".tl-  \.  .\.,  M|.,S")  ( |S.s2). 

i"iiMii.'.  72  (iNSil)  :--.M;iyii..  Hull.   N.  K..  i,  pi.  rlilniinlnis  al-n  (|>;irs)   Itiii-il.,  Iron.   Iij-.!. 

I.  lie-'.  1.  liHl^'<''');—\ViTk«.  Kill,  iiinrr.,  111:1-2  ].(■]}..    I'.IT    (I.'<.i2):   (\m-^)    Hi)l«(l.-l,cC..   I,i^|.. 

(1M,H7).  .Vnii'i-.  srpl..  -J-.'-.'-i^;;  (IStl). 

Cm  nuiiiliiiiili'i  Kiiiiiili'ii    .Mnrr.,  Syii.    I.(|i,  Siilijnis  iriliimn   lliiir.-loli'   HdImI.,  I.dii, 

N.  AiiKT.;  r<(l(|N(l-.').  Iii-I.  I.i'il.  i:   IHT  (|s;l-J)  if.  Han-..  Km.  imit, 

Oiuiin  si-iuiilfii  Ifiitl..  Ciiliil.    .'^iilyr.   Hill.  I". 

Mil*.   Iii.'.-li;i  (INi.s):— .^..mld.,  lliichr,,  (icul.  KiLriind  liy  (ildvcr.  lllii:.|i'.  N.  A.  I.rii.  iil. 

N.  II.,  i:  :»t-:l|s.  pi.  A,  lL'«. '2.l.ii,!i.  Il.i:i.  It       iii.  li-.  I:  pi.  K.  iIl'.  I.I I. 

Kinn«l   1)11  ili'ii  llciu' mill -riiii'ii  \V()lkcii»tci.'?  .  .  , 
Kl'ml^l   IMI  lliii  wiilil':' 

Iialiln:     Daliiii! 
(iilil  iiii^ir  Wi'ii. 

(iiiKTIli:.— .l//;/»'i(), 

(tr  wiiiii'timi's  fniiii  vmir  ruol  liipiinio,  where  It  lilil, 
.V  liullillly  M)ai>  ifllllellllit,  lp|•ee/.e-as^allell, 

(Jav  as  llmse  lliiweiy  uniultila.-  thai   -Mil 
'riiroii;;h  si'iilptiiieil  Venice  ill olil ilays.  anil  Iraileil 
Hruiailis  ami  \ehet>  where  they  >ai'liill 

V'\\\iv:\r.~-<'hii-iv. 


Imago  (1  :!•;  11  :.">).  IIi'iKl  cnvcfcil  with  loiisr  lirownlsh  hiiir-<.  with  a  few  iiiteniiin- 
illeil  ^'ravish  wliite  ones;  n  few  scattered  wliile  seah's  beliiiul  tlie  upper  part  iif  the  eye 
aniKiii;  tlie  black  scales.  I'alpi  blackish  brown,  friiisreil  below  with  lilaekisli  hairs, 
chaniiinir  above  tn  brownish  and  intennliiiiled  tliere  with  a  few  wliili--h  liaii's:  frinifcil 
aliove  Willi  irrayish  white  or  wliile  hairs:  witliin  s^rayish.  .\nteniiiie  yeliowisli  liileons, 
a   little   fuscous   at    tlie    incisure^:   above,  on  the   stalk,  tlecked    sli;;litlv  with  blackish 


ale 


the  inner  side   tlecked  with  white  on   the  basal   half,   next  the    base  henvilv 


and  broiidlv.  beviuid    b 


the  club  aliiiosi    whollv   bri;rlit  vellowish  bilcous 


some- 


times  tinned  a  little  with  orainre.  on  the  liasal  half  llecked  with  a  few  black  scales 
above,  tin-  apical  three  or  four  joints  a  little  dusky.  Tonutic  almost  niilfonnly  Iiiteous 
throuirliont.  a  little  Infc-caiid  at  tlie  sides. 

'I'liorax  covered  abovi'  with  lilacklsh.  minitlcd  with  whitisli  scales  and  loin;,  blackish 
brown  hairs.  iiiiiiLrled.  especially  behind,  with  olliers  of  a  liniyisii  ami  :;niyish  brown 
color:  iiiilei' ediri' of  pataijia  fringed  Willi  pale  liairs ;  bcncalh  covered  willi  blackish 
liair>.  those  of  the  coxae  browiitipped :  leirs  dark  reddisli  brown,  tlii'  tips  of  the 
femora,  the  tibiae  and  tlie  under -ide  of  basal  larval  joint  tlecked  with  v.liite  scales; 
spines  ami  spurs  pale  vellowKli  red:  cla\v~  dark  reddish,  paler  at  liase:  piilvilliis  pal- 
lid with  a  blackish  transverse  line 

Forewinirs  (38:.'i)  not  arrcally  produced  at  llic  lip.  the  lower  outer  anu:lc  ipiitc  oblit- 
erated in  the  iiencral   ciirM':  second  superior  branch  of  sulicii-,tal  nerviire  arisini;  at'' 
about  two-third-  tlie  di«tiiiice  ffoni  the  oriuiii  id'  Hie  llrst  to  that  of  the  third   superior/ 
bnincli :  the  rmirtii  oriirinatiiiir  :it  a  >lioi'l  di-lancc   from  the  iliinl.     Outer  liorder  of 
the  hind  wiiiir-  well  curved  on  Hm-  suIh   istal  area,  almost  protuberant.  e»pccially  in  the 


female,  at  it-  junction  with  the 


diail  :irea. 


rcii-hiiiH  above  nnifonii  dull  browui-h 


fuscous,  niore  or  le-s  slitthtly  tinned  witti  ocliraceous ;  the  whole  co-ial  cil;ie  marked 
with  bliicki«ii  brown  and  itraylsh  white,  generally  ipiite  distinctly,  very  narrowly  at 
the  tip;  in  the  lowc-t  slllx'ostal  interspace  at  a  distance  of  Hie  width  of  two  Inter- 
spaces fiinn  the  niar;;in.  there  isoci-asionally  a  minute  aniy-pupllled  ocellus,  sometlnies 
imroly  discernible:  the  nmrkiiii;s  of  tlie  under  surface  appear  -lliihtly  above  at  the 
apex  of  the  win:;  (Ml  the  liiml  I'v'/i;/.*  t he  inarkinas  of  the  under  surface  invariably 
a'lpear  upon  the  upper  with  considerable  di-tiiictness ;  the  ba-al  liiilf  i-  of  about  the 
-ani'  unil  irm  tint  iw.  the  fore  witiL'-.  or  a  shade  larker:  the  apical  half  is  more  or  less 
illsttnetly  mottled  witb  irnivish  fu-coiis  and  browiiH-h  fuscous,  sonictimc-  darkeriiext  t  he 
inncsin:  iriinienf  boiu  winirsallernatelv  brownisli  white  and  blackish  brown,  tlie  latter 
•t  th»  iicrvnli-  lips;  wholly  Iilaeklf4i  brown  aloiit;  the  Inner  ed^e  of  the  hind  winifs. 


136 


TlIK   lUTTKItKLIKS  (»F   NKW   1;N(;LAXI). 


■  I'r-  ■  ■ 


■  f:' 


I     >' 


BiMiciitli  tile /'H'r  "•/»;/.■'  ai'i'  >li::litly  piiliT  Uiail  upon  tlio  iippui' ^iirl'iici';  111/  m-.l.il 
liiar;;iii  is  iimrkfil  with  l)liu'ki>li  iiml  whitish. — iis  a  irriicral  nili",  iiiiuv  so  away  from 
tlic  l)as(',  hroailciiim;  into  a  spot  at  tin'  api'x,  wiiicli.  liowcvtT.  docs  not  iisnally  cn- 
croacii  on  tlic  Iowit  sul)i'ostal  iiitcrsparf,  except  to  form  a  sin  ilar  l)orilcr  to  tlic  outer 
nuiririn  as  far  as  tlic  si'cond  niciliaii  iicrvnlc;  wlicii  llic  ocelln-<  of  tlic  upper  Nin-faci' 
is  present,  it  is  ri'pcati'd  lii'ueath.  jn-t  as  minutely.  Iiul  generally  dislinelly  wiiite 
pupil  led  •,  the  only  other  mark  iiiu  which  is  y:eiicrally  seen  upon  all  sped  mens  is  aii  iiidis- 
tiiict  dusky  l>r(iail  liaud.  lionleriny;  tlie  outer  limits  id'  the  cell;  it  is  most  pcn-eptililc  at 
Its  outer  horders,  luic  of  wiiicli  follows  ihe  ui'ivuU'  elosiiii:  tile  cell,  the  other  lies 
lx'y<Hid.  not  ipiite  parallel  to  it.  l)nt  rather  more  nearly  i:l  rii;ht  aniiles  to  the  costal 
border:  tills  hand  extends  to  the  third  median  Mer\nlc,  or  if  it  exists  hi'vond  it.  it  is 
cither  ctmtinued  as  a  fiiseous  lilotcli  to  the  seeoud  nicdiaii  ner\  iile.  or  tile  darker 
streak  of  its  outer  maririii  only  is  hciit  toward  the  Itase.  suliparallcl  to  the  outer  mar.i;iu 
of  the  wiu^'.  and  ciuitinues  as  far  as  liie  first  median  lU'rvnlc:  liesjdcs  these,  there  is 
Usually  a  fri'ckliuu;  of  ilie  wiiij;  with  Urowu.  eitlier  uniformly  liistrihiitcd  or.  uku'c 
frei|Ueiitly.  iiiiu'i'  distinctly  on  tlu'  outer  half  and  especially  the  upper  porliiui  of  it  :  or 
it  is  wiiolly  ciuilincd  to  the  outer  half,  sonicliuu's  clustering  into  short  transverse 
streaks,  especially  iH'tweeii  the  extremity  of  tlie  eill  and  the  outer  mari;iu.  Masai 
portion  of  the  liiiiil  n-iiKjs  inariiled  witli  lilackish  (M'  liiackish  iirown  and  grayish  wliite. 
very  seldom  uniformly  distributed,  the  latter  conspicuous  only  as  a  stripe  borderimj 
tlic  mesial  band  and  broadest  next  the  costal  Ixu'der,  the  latter  generally  obscuring; 
entirely  the  rest  of  the  liasal  Held  ami  somelimcs  almost  or  i|Uite  oblileral  iiiir  the  ;{ray- 
isliliauil:  the  mesial  baud  is  very  liroad.  colored  more  nnifcUMiily  and  darker  in  pro- 
portion  to  tile  rest  of  the    wiiii.'  tliaii   is   Usually  the  case  with   tlie  allied  species. 


luarliled  with  biackisli  and  iiravisii  fiisciuis 


•asionaliv  tiiuicd  slliriitlv  with  ochraee- 


ous,  tile  lilack  coudcnsin^.  as  it  were,  aloiiy;  the  borders  into  narrow  stripes,  while  the 
rest  of  the  l)aiid  is  ;;eiierally  alinost  uniform  in  tint  and  does  not  often  deepen  in  color 
from  the  middle;  Us  interior  inaryrin,  in  passiui;  from  the  costal  border  iicyond  the 
iiiiddle  of  the  basal  half,  is  irencraily  l)ent  outwards  liefore  rcachin;;  the  subcostal 
nervure  so  as  to  form  a  sliirht  irencraily  am;uiarpil:  and  tlieii  passini;  a  little  way 
lieyimii  the  siilicostal  nervure  is  lieiit  very  deeply  into  a  V-shape(l,  oeeasionaily  U- 
shaped,  depression,  cxteiidin;;;  nearly  to  the  inner  l)order.  the  bottom  of  the  depres- 
sliui  rcaehin;;  marly.  \iry  seldom  i|Uile.  to  the  ori;;in  of  the  tirst  median  ncrvnlc;  — Imt 
there  are  not  wantini;  specimens  wliere  the  inner  bordiu'  of  the  mesial  band  crosses  the 
\viu;i  with  only  a  sli;;lit  trace  of  any  deprcssicui;  the  usual  directimi  of  the  exterior 
Ixmler  of  the  mesial  baud  may  lie  saiil  to  lie  that  of  two  nearly  nr  (piite  straiy;lit 
crenulate  lines,  lieiit  upon  the  third  median  nerviile,  an  interspace's  widlli  beyond  tlie 
extremit\  of  the  cell,  at  an  any:le  of  about  s.")  or  !Mi  ,  occasionally  projectiiur  into  a 
slender  tooth  ,11  this  point:  one  end  of  tlie  baud  strikes  llie  costal  border  at  such  a 
point   tliat  a  line  drawn  from  it  at  riiiht  am:les  to  the  maru;iu  would  strike  abmit  n 


ltd 


I'tween  the  (U'IljIu  id'  tiii' 


mil  and  third  sulicostal  ncrvnles;  tlie  other  strike 


llie  inner  iiordcr  at  a  point  as  far  from  the  tip  of  tlie  tIrst  niedian  iiervule  as  that  is 
ftnai  IIh>  middle  of  tlie  snbeosto-meilian   iliterspaee  at  the  border;  the  tlll^fle  of  the 


rtOcrior  border  of  the  mesial   liand   is.  however,  often  ol)seured  liv  a  more 


or  le 


nvnl«r  i-urve  to  ilie  whole  line,  which  au;ain  is  now  and  then  indented,  l>ut  it  almost 
invarialiiy  stii.»«vs  a  leniency  to  return  to  this  aii;iular  appearance,  and  the  continuous 

ostal  maririu  is  a  peculiar 


basewitrd   direction   of   tiie   boidel 


-Is   it  approaelie 


Ihe 


featMire    ill   111 


this 


specie? 


Iieyond  the  mesial   band,  the  wiiii;   is   inarliied  with  blackish 


brown.  Liravish  ochraccous  and  mayish  white,  the  latter  almost  always  condensed,  and 
eoMueeted  so  as  to  form  a  stripe  liorderin«  the  mesiai  liaiid.  rarely  tinned  faintly  with 
Iduisii:  somelimcs  the  liiackish  luow  11  is  collected  into  marginal  spots  at  the  ner\ule 
til*":  very  seldom  indistinct  whitisli  dots  are  present  in  the  interspaces  midway  be- 
tween the  mesial  lianil  and  the  outer  margin;  oecasioually.  thoiiu:li  but  very  seldom. 
tiiponter  half  of  the  wlnuils  nnlforiuly  marbled  llirouu;liont.  and  in  some  individuals  the 
whole  wini.;  i>  cincrcd  willi  nearly  uniform  luarblim;-  or  Is  so  obscured  liy  blackish 
timt  the  inarlsiiufs  here  descrilied  arc  almost  v\ holly  if  not  i|Uitc  iiidislinu;iiisliable;  the 
11  r\nres  an-  not  Decked  with  white. 


1> 


SATYltlNAi;:    OKNKIS   SKMIDI'.A. 


137 


AlHldiiU'ii  ciucnMl  with  ilii~t  Imiwii  -ciilr-.  ami  lilai-ki>li  liair-.  llic  lallii'  (•(iii-|ii(ii(iii< 
aliovi' (iiilv  lu'iir  llu- liuM'.  Ci'iiiriiiii  of  Mi|icriiir  iiialcappcmlairo  (33:1)  ronniii^  «  itii 
the  ilppcr  >iirfiiri'  (if  tile  liixly  and  the  lidiik  a  iirai'ly  n'Hiilar  ciii'M'.  ili'pi'csscd  al  llu'ii' 
juiicliiiii.  tlic  liiiiili'i' (■(!:;('  nf  llic  hook  sranclv  arcuate  in  llic  ^anic  sense  a*  llic  npper 
hurlaee.  so  I liat  llie  lidok  lapel's  reiinlariy  lowaivl  the  tip  ami  is  iiili.v  four  times  a- 
lonir  ii-i  lii'oail:  lateral  appemlaites  very  slemler.  searei^iy  more  tlian  liall'  as  loii^  as  the 
liook:  clasps  liaviii^  tile  apieal  Idiirth  ('((Ual.  the  tip  Inoadly  roninleil,  its  njiper  liall'. 
as  well  as  the  apical  half  ol'  the  nppi'r  eilue.  rnrnislied  witli  nnmeroiis.  eipial.  minute 
(U-iitlciihitioiis.  (Ilrccti'd  backward  ami  upward. 


M(>u»>tir(>niciits  in  luillinictprg. 

MAI.KS. 

1 

iKM.\i.i;s. 

LuiiKth  of  tongue,  8. 

Hiindlcst. 

li.-.'.") 
J        2. 

Avcrajre. 

Laiyest. 

Smallest 

ai.."i 

s.ti 

2, 

Averat'e. 

l.ai'L'esl. 

I.enfrthof  fore  wind's 

antemiae 

•.>.:t 
)i.."i 

2A 

•j;i.T."> 

T.i"> 
a.-) 

a;i.:i 
T.fi 

a.a.'i 

■M.r< 
III 

hind  tlliiiie  and  tarsi., 
fure  tiliiae  and  tai-Ni.. 

7.2.-) 

a.i 

Dcserlhed  froni;l(l  tf  24  9. 


Malformations.  I  Iniveseen  <nie  speciincii  In  which  two  of  the  joints  in  the  nilddlu 
of  the  antennal  clnl)  are  completely  coiniate  on  tlie  upper  inner  half  so  as  to  sliow  no 
trace  of  a  sninrc,  «hile  lieiieatli  the  ilivision  is  as  distinct  as  usnal ;  it  is  also  broader 
Ijcncath  tiian  aliove.  and  the  li'rmiiiation  of  the  sntnre  is  (piite  abrupt. 

.\  male  in  my  possession  exhibits  a  supernumerary  nervnlc  crossinir  the  middle  i>(  I  lie 
uppi'r  two-thirds  «(  the  upper  median  interspace  on  one  of  the  fore-w  inir- :  it  is  very 
distinct  and  tlu'  nervules  al(o\c  and  lielow  bend  t<iwaril  it  a  very  little;  it  is  sli-ilitiy 
obscured  by  lilackisli  scales,  althou^ii  markinyfs  are  not  to  be  cNpected  at  tliat  point. 

Secondary  sexual  distinctions.  .Vndroconia  (46:1)  taperini;  reirnlarly  to  the  apical 
thread,  which  occupies  a  full  third  of  IliC  whole;  apical  tiiri'rtdlets  scarcely  expand- 
ing;.    Kxireme  leny:lh  of  wiioie.  .I'll  mm;  basal  lu'cadth  .ii-'2  mm. 

Egg  (64  :  X).  Distim'tly  hi:;iier  tiian  broad,  tlu'  Imse  licina  full,  the  ri'.is  pretty  regu- 
larly rounded  and  <les|itnte  of  distinct  lateral  corrnitatioiis.  traversed  transversely  liy 
scarcely  perceptible  delicately  impressed  lines,  the  ;rranulations  of  tlie  liase  resendilinir 
broken  parts  of  the  ribs;  the  latter  almut  2i;-:'ii)  in  numlier,  of  whicli  aliout  1.">-17  reach 
tlie  snminit;  distant  apart  (Ui  an  avera;;e  .1  mm.,  the  transverse  lines  In  the  middle  of 
the  eitif  0.02.")  nun. ;  surface  covered  with  excessively  niinule  punctuliitions.  Color  a 
very  pale,  almost  colorli'ss  straw  yellow,  ehaiiKlni;  after  a  time  to  a  steel  «ray  and 
shortly  befori'  hatcliinir  to  lavender.  Mici'opyle  not  at  all  depressed  but  exceedinu:ly 
delicate,  the  (Uiter  ci'lls  very  faintly  dellned.  transverse  outwardly,  nearly  rey;ular 
toward  the  centre.  avera;;iin:  alionl  .olii.")  mm.  in  diameter;  inicropyle  centre  .o:l  mm. 
in  diameter.  Iieinji  a  lliinner  yellow  circle  divided  into  sev  eral  radiating  cells.  Ileiurht 
of  e4;u  1.1  inni.  ;  lireadtii  .O.'i  mm. 

Caterpillar.  First  staiji. — (70;."i;  74:7).  IIead(78;i>)  pale  yellowish  lirowii.  mi- 
iintely  and  not  profusely  dotted  with  brown  (later,  dark  brown),  the  sutures  with  a 
ferriwlnous  tinae:  inontii  parts  of  the  color  of  the  head,  the  ocelli  blackisli.  Ilody 
pale  yellowisii  fiiliiiinous  (looliiriit  in  the  plate)  the  stripes  brownish  fuiii:iiious.  the 
dorsal  stripe  shndirer  and  much  less  c(nispicuous  tiian  in  ( •.  jutla ;  some  days  after  liirtli 
the  body  is  dark  brown  with  ii  siiirht  tiiii;e  (d'  olive  ;rreen,  liie  stripes  fiiscoiis.  the  last 
seiriiK'iit  pall'  brown.  .\il  iiairs  and  other  dermal  appeiidau:es  pellucid  on  lilackisli 
papillae;  skin  with  a  fuscous  ;ri'aiiuiiitioii.  Last  seiiincnt  tei'iiiiinilliiii  on  lither  side  in 
a  trnncate  plate,  the  truncation  sllirhtly  oliiiipie  and  fiirnlslied  at  either  aiiirli'  with  a 
haired  papilla.  .\nai  prolcuis  excessively  larire.  I.e;:s  and  prole^s  of  the  color  id"  llio 
body:  spiracles  iilack.  I.euu:th  2..'i  mm. :  breadth  of  head  .01  mm.:  Ienu:tii  of  clnl)- 
shaped  hairs  of  body  .01  mm. 

Fiiiirlli  sliiiji.  (74:1).  Head  (78:1)  very  pale  fuliiiinoiis  witii  a  faint  jireenisli  tiime, 
tile  bottom  of  many  of  the  larire  punctures  lilaek.  and  liiese  arraiiired  so  as  to  form 
apparent  bands  haviii;;  a  brownish  aspect  in  the  position  id'  the  actual   bands  of  the 


,1  'Ur 


m.> 


138 


rilK   lUTTKIM'LIKS  OK  N'KW   K\(il-A\l). 


iii'\i  stiiifi':  Itilti'iiin  oljiiMl  witli  lilnt'kisli  ciisiiiiKMins.  Oct-lli  lilnck.  Antcnnnt' Ix'ynnd 
biiMil  iiiliit  fiiliirinoiis,  niidy  vrrv  pnllid  t)ro\viilsli  irrccil  lu'liralli.  r-liarply  tlclliiril  nt 
the  inrnistiiriimliil  line  froiii  the  ii|)|MT  colKriiiii.  iiiul  ciirryiii;;  witli  it  the  color  of  the 
1<'!;>  mill  jn'olcirs.  Tlic  whole  fH'ci'l  ol'  tlii'  upper  piirt  of  the  body  i>  more  ptdllil  tliail 
lieiieiith.  Iiiit  It  i>  iiiiide  up  id'  II  serii'*  of  Imud*  of  wliicli  11  very  broiid  doisiil  otu'  anil 

a  laterostii;iiialal  (ami  especially  the  latterl  are  nearly  tli I(U' of  the  under  surface 

and  have  In  nddiliou  an  interrupted  black  eilirinsr  (the  latter  only  abovel.  leavimt 
broad  stli;iuatal  ami  lateral  bands  of  u  strikingly  pallid  line  ( the  interrnptions  as  in  full- 
arown  larva).  Uesiilo  tiieic  is  a  narrow.  Interrnpted.  black  dorsal  stripe  and  the  stij;- 
mata  are  black.  The  whole  body  is  besprinkled  with  brownish  papillae  bearlui;  slicu't, 
ri'cuinbenl.  clnb-shapi'd.  te-^taceous  hairs  m>  louu:er  than  tln'inselvcs.  I.i'iiutli  11!  mm. ; 
width  of  licail  2  mm. 

Last  stiii/t .  (74  :  2.  1.  I."i).  Head  (78:  ■><)  brownish  yd  low  or  dull  L'reeiiisli  brown,  with 
seven  bands  of  black  I  r  fuscous  spots,  situated  on  the  proniinemcs.  om'  median,  the 
others  disposed  in  pairs;  the  median  i-  broad  and  conlinm's  half  wav  down  the  suture 
<d"  the  trianiile:  the  next  l>  paralh'l  to  it.  of  eipial  leiiirth.  sllifhtly  narrower,  separateil 
by  its  own  width  from  the  median;  the  siiccecdlnil  Is  slender  and  short,  conslstlni; 
of  only  li'ii  or  twelve  black  dots  placed  on  the  middle  of  the  sides  ami  liavlmr  a  hiui- 
/.onlal  direction;  at  riaht  anirles  to  this  Is  the  last,  arisluir  just  iii  front  of  the  base  of 
the  front  le^s.  as  sliort  as  the  previous,  still  smaller  and  rnnniiiir  at  rlirlit  aiiifle-  to  it : 
the  pmictulallons  are  brown;  there  is  a  dark  dot  jii-i  behind  ami  on  aliiiewitli  the 
autcuuae;  sutures  of  the' irliiimie  (lark  brown.  Kirst  joint  of  antciiuae  dusky,  sei'ond 
lil.'ick.  tidrd  ri'ddish  brown.  (tcc>Ui  black,  excepliiiir  tlie  uppermost,  wliicii  Is  reddisii 
brown.  I.iilirum  black.  Mandilib's  icddNh,  bhick-tippcd.  .Maxillae  dusky,  the  ter- 
minal joint  darkest,     l.aliium  dark  brown. 

Body  dirty  yellowish  u;reen.  furnished  above  with  :  llrst.  a  rather  inirrow  black  niedlo- 
ilors!  '  stripe,  enclosinff.  on  the  apical  half  of  each  seifincnl.  little,  rather  pale  iireeu. 
hniiritndlnal  spots  or  dashes,  those  of  the  thoracic  scirnients  niillin!;  to  form  a  narrow 
line:  the  biind  lapel's  al  eillier  end  of  tliebody;  second,  a  narrow,  iiilerriiptcd.  inky 
black,  supralaterat  stripe,  ci'iiiposcd  of  oblii|iie  dashes  situated  princip:illy  npou  the 
anierior  portions  of  the  scLtments.  tiu'  anterior  extremities  directed  downward  ;  thinl. 
a  n;irrow.  dark  urei'ii.  snprastiirmai.il  stripe  of  tlie  same  widtli  as  the  siipralateral 
stripe,  edired  superiorly  with  Inky  black,  vlilcli  Is  sll;rlitly  ditl'iised  downward  al  the 
base  and  apex  of  each  se;rnient.  especially  of  the  abdominal  onc's.  The  space  between 
the  stripi's  Is  pale  yellowish  ;rreen.  tinired  with  faint  reddish  brown  at  the  apical  half  of 
eai'h  seifiiieut.  and  mi  the  sides  also  considerably  tinned  with  reddish  brown  ;  below  the 
suprastiirmatal  stripe,  the  sides  are  irrass  i;reen  with  a  tliisli  of  roseate,  siniietiiiie.s 
w  nil  an  incoiispiiiious  pale  infrastliiiiiatal  line :  the  nnder  surface  is  unlforiu  pale  urass 
fireeii :  the  papillae  w  illi  which  the  body  isco\  I'l'eil  are  pale  and  the  hairs  tliey  emit  dark 
reddish.  Spiracles  black.  Leirs  dusky:  prolciis  of  the  color  of  the  nnder  surface, 
l.eiiirtli,  •.':i.."i  niiii.  :  •rreatest  lireadth  of  bo<ly,  ."i..'iinni.  :  of  head,  2.."i  iiiiu.  ;  of  medioihu'- 
sal  stripe.  .liT.'i  mm. ;  of  space  between  nieiliodorsal  and  siipralateral  stripe.  .M7")  mm. 

ChryBalis  (83:4.."i).  Dull  yellowish  brown,  the  head,  the  thorax,  exceptiiiir  a  line 
dorsiil  lim,  and  the  nihldle  of  the  wliiars.  obsciin'd  by  brownish  fuscous;  ton;fue,  siini- 
nilt  of  head  and  veins  id'  tlie  winijs  blackish  fuscous,  Abdoinen  furnished  w  ilh  se\ cral 
rows  of  irausvii'scly  oval  or  nmndlsh.  brownish  fuscous  spots,  two  on  a  seiriucnt, 
placed  at  ei|iial  distances  from  the  anterior  and  posterior  borders,  and,  usually,  from 
I'lich  other;  on  eitln'r  side  Is  a  laterodorsal  row,  where  the  spots  are  placed  In  a  straight 
line  ami  the  row  is  lengthened  by  a  sliule  spot  upon  the  iiietathorax  :  a  lateral  row.  in 
w  liicli  the  posterior  spot  of  each  seyrmeiit  is  placed  below  the  anterior  by  nearly  or  ipiite 
its  own  leiiitth  and  Is  besides  Icniffcr  than  the  others:  n  laterostljiinntal  row,  similar  to, 

but  usually  not  s msplenous  as,  tlu'  lateral  row:  anterior  to  and  a  little  below  the 

posterior  spot  on  each  se«nienl  In  the  laterostlirmatal  series  Is  a  sinillar,  sllj;hfly  larijer 
spot,  most  eonsplcmnis  on  the  anterior  segments:  an  liifrastlmnatal  series  of  similar 
spots,  placed  In  a  Hue  and  frei|Uently  continent,  or  the  anterior  absent;  beneath  these 
is  a  medioventral  band  of  fuscous  dots  anil  streaks:  and  at  eiinaldistitnees  between  this 


SATVIUXAK:    OKXEIS   SK.MIKKA. 


139 


hiiiul  iiiul  till  s|>inK'lf>  arc  twi)  r<>w>  «>f  mniMlisli  Idiu'ki^li  fii^c(iu>  s|ii)ls,  oiii'  on  tlio  iiiUI- 
illf  of  cacli  M'i;iii<'iil :  or.  in  the  upixT  row.  MiiiH'tiim'-*  two  >|)(>l>  at  cciual  (lIslaiUTN  fnun 
till'  anti'i'ior  anil  iiostcrior  bonier,  llic  iiiiti'rior  >|«)t  tlu'lnrircr.  ''ri'iiia»ti'i'  (SS:!"!)  hnr- 
(IitimI  aiiti'i'iorly  liv  a  lar^i-  lran-\ cr-ic.  nirvimr.  rii^coiw  >tri|>i'.  S|iiraclcs.  with  tlu'ir 
\\\ts.  lilai'kUli.  I.iiiirtli.  l:l..">  mill. ;  ifivatot  lircadtli,  i!  iiiiii. ;  liciirht  of  lli(ii-ax..">.2.'iiiiiii.  : 
lu'iulit  of  alMliiiiicii.  •:  mill. 

()oiu'i.-<  .>*cnii(K'a  wa.-*  fiwt  «li.-<i'()vi'rc(l  almiit  liiiH'  a  (•tiitmy  ago  and 
tU'.-^cr'lK'd  l)v  Say  tVoiu  .s|)('cinic'ii.s  sent  liiin  l)y  l)r.  I'ickfrinif  and  .Mr.  Niit- 
tall  of  no.iton.  ^'('^v  tew  (*|K'cinii'iis  .seem  to  liavc  Ix'cn  taken  ^incc  tliat 
time  (most  of  tliem  found  their  way  to  Dr.  Harri.x"  ealiiiiet )  nntii  !?<">!•, 
wlicn  I  made  my  firt«t  eonsideralile  eolleetions  in  tlie  Wliite  'luntainc!. 
AsceiKlinff  tlie  liio;iie.«it  peak  on  .Inly  Ntli  for  tlie  e.xpreKf  <>l)jeet  of  iiiidinjj: 
tl)i8  hiittertiy.  I  secured  my  first  specimen  at  aliont  a  mile  from  the  Htimiiut 
near  the  then  foot  patii  from  the  (Jien  ;  on  M.secndino;  they  heeainc  more 
abiiiKhmt  and  althoujih  oiu"  party  hastened  over  the  jfround,  over  forty 
good  specimens  were  t)d<;n,  and  a  friend  e\en  captured  seven  in  his  hands. 
Less  than  a  week  afterwards,  in  a  little  n>ore  than  an  hour's  collecting, 
fiftv-ninc  were  taken — for  in  its  sea.son  this  hutterHy  is  exceedingly  ahim- 
dant. 

G^eographical  distribution.  It  was  fur  u  long  time  sup[)osed  by  those 
who  did  not  cont'onnd  this  insect  with  an  allied  form  found  in  the  north — 
in  Labrador  and  (ireenland — that  it  probably  occupied  a  more  restricted 
geograpliical  area  than  any  other  ImtterHy  in  the  world,  being  confined  i',> 
the  White  Mituntains  of  New  Hampshire;  but  it  has  now  been  discovered 
among  tiie  Hocky  Mountains  of  Colorado  nearly  two  thousand  miles  away. 
Nevertheless  the  restriction  of  its  range  in  the  two  widely  separated  dis- 
tricts which  it  occupies  is  extremely  interesting  and  instructive.  In  the 
east  not  only  is  it  entirely  confined  to  tiie  White  Moimtains  of  New  IFamp- 
shire,  but  even  here  its  range  is  very  limited.  As  described  already  in 
tiiis  work,  these  mountains  have  been  divide<l  into  three  zones — moimtain, 
siibal|iiuc  and  alpine.  O.  .scmidea  is  restricted  to,  and  occupies  the  whole 
of,  tlie  higliest — the  alpine  region  from  about  .5,000'  upward,  where  the 
fierce  gales  and  wintry  cold  permit  nothing  Init  the  scantiest  vegetation.  I 
have  repeatedly  visited  these  mountains  for  the  ex|)ress  piu'po.sc  of  studying 
their  peculiar  fainia,  an<l  have  lived  for  weeks  in  the  woods  and  on  the 
barren  sunnnits  at  the  time  when  tlie  butterfly  was  most  abunduit :  yet  I 
have  never  found  it  outside  of  this  area,  excepting  on  rare  occasions,  wIkmi 
a  single  individual  has  been  swept  down  the  moimtain  side  by  some  sudden 
gust  of  wind.  Many  years  ago  I  first  published  this  statement,  and  no 
exception  has  been  taken  to  it  by  the  many  entomologists  who  ha\e  since 
fref[uented  this  district  in  search  of  their  favorites. 

In  the  west  it  has  so  far  been  found  only  in  a  somewhat  restricted  area, 
considering  tiie  large  number  of  high  peaks  which  exist  in  the  Hocky 
Mountain  region,  viz.  :  an  area  in  central  and  southern  Colorado,  covering 


140 


IIIK    lit  ri  r.KKI-IKS  OK   Ni:\V   i:X(iI-ANI). 


1 1'^^ 


11^ 


iilmiit  two  ilc^iTcs  ot"  latitiidi-  l)y  H  litili-  nioro  than  a  df^irec  of  Idiiffitudc ; 
iiiit  ill  t'vcrv  iiistaiu'c  it  liai«  Ixh-ii  t'liiind  at  a  lK'i<;lit  of  at  luUMt  12,0(1(1  feet. 
Thus  to  pass  t'roiii  north  Hoiitliward,  I  have  taken  it  at  ^Vr^entine  Wins 
(  l.$.(t(H»')  and  on  Mt.  Lineohi  (12-i:!.(t(t(t'),  Mr.  Mead  near  Twin  Lakes 
on  a  mountain  sh)|ie  (K{,(>(J()'),  Dr.  Packard  and  I'rof.  F.  II.  Snow  on 
Pike's  IVak  (  lH-1 4,(KKI'),  and  far  to  the  south  I  found  it  on  Sierra  Hhinea 
(14. (>(»(>').      It  has  111  o  lieen  taken  on  Hidlion  Mt.,  wlierever  tliat  may  l)e. 


Mr.  Da-,  id  Hr-.i 


As  the  lieijfht   ot'  tlie  timlu'r  line  in  tliat  retrii 


)n  IS 


alioiit  l(»,iJlM)',  the  elevation  at  whieh  the  Colorado  ItutteiHies  are  found 
corresponds  to  tla;  1")(I()'-2(MM('  above  the  forest  line  at  whieii  they  appear 
at  the  White  Mountains. 

Dr.  Harris"  assertion  that  "it  has  also  heen  seen  on  the  Monadnoe 
Mountain  [in  southern  New  Hampshire]  and  wi'.i  prohalily  he  diseovered 
on  the  tops  of  the  hij^h  iiKUintains   in  our  owi>   State"   is  therefore  wholly 


erroneous. 


I  have  ascended   (Jrevlock.  tlic    hiuhest    moiinta 


in    111 


.Mil 


an* 


ehusetts,   more  than    twenty   times,   and   at   all   seasons   of  the  year 
certainlv   could   not  liiive  failed   to   see   this   huttertiv  did    it    occur  there. 


Siiici'  MonadiKK'k  is  a  naked  pciik  (thouiih  not  risin;,'  ahove  the  normal 
forest  line)  it  would  <'ei'taiiily  he  a  more  proiialile  haltitat  for  the  insect, 
hut  the  limitation  of  its  distrihiition  in  the  White  Mountains  wholly  forliids 
the  I  os'^iliility  of  its  presence  on  an  isolated  mountain  to   the   south,  which 


on 


Iv  rises  to  the  hei-^ht  of  ;i,7(l(»  feet. 


IS    ttiiiiKl  mos 


st    alaindantlv    from    ahoiit 


one- 


Haunts,      riic   l)Uttei'H\ 
<|uarter  to  tlirec-<|uarters  of  a  mile  \'ri>\\i  the  summit   of  .Mt.    \\'asliinj.'ton. 
or  at  an  elevation  of  from  ahoiit  ."),(!( Ml  t,>  (!,2(MI  feet  aliovc  the  sea.    It  often 


lliu'ilt.' 


tlu'  ri 


owcrs  o 


f  Sil 


cue  acau 


lis  I. 


inn. 


.'II 


IS  wcK  as  upon  some  ot  the 


f  til: 


Kricaceac.  pai-tn'ulariy  on  a  specii's  of  N'acciniimi.  and  is  also   fond  of  the 


'fi  I 


ire  tl 


IC  SCdiry 


(lowers  ot'.Vreiiaria  jrroi  iiiaiidica  :  imt  the  licst  collccti 
plateaus  of  tiie  nortiicastern  and  southern  sides  of  the  una  iitaiii,  where  the 
aiirelian  will  also  ohtaiii  a  i^ood  footiiiLr — a  matter  of  no  small  importance 
on  siii'h  a  collecting,'  iri'ound.  One  favorite  spot  I  have  named  .Semidea 
IMati'aii ;  the  carriage  road  crosses  it  just  t)elow  the  7tli  mile-post.  I  have 
never  found  the  liuttertly  at  the  head  of  any  of  the  deep  ravines. 

'I'licrc  are  other  species   of  Oeiieis  contincd   to    mountain    refj^ioiis  and 


Mcvcr-Diir    states    of  ( ).    aello,   tl 


le    species  occurrmsi   in 


the    K 


iironean 


Alps,  that  it  inhaliits  the  <'alcareoiis  and  central  moiintaiiis  :  not  the  hi^rhest 
chains,  as    has   hceii   j>'eiierally   supposed,  Imt   rather   the    middle  ref^icnis, 


from  four  to  six  thousainl  feet  aliove  the  sea.      He  id 


so  makes  the  remar 


k- 


alile  assertion  that  the  hiitterfly  appi'ars — at  least  in  Switzerland — only  on 
(i/liriiii/f  years  :  namely,  those  with  even,  nmnhers.  Professor  Frey  thinks 
this  to  he  true  only  for  sjiecial  localities.  Imt  that  e\erv  y.'iir  it  may  he 
found  in  some  of  them  ;  and  Speyer  also  says  that,  aei-ordiiiff  to  Trapp,  it 


ap|iears  every   year 


hut 


in 


some  vears   more  ahiiiidaiitlv  than  in  others. 


m'' 


s.\rvi!iN.\r.:  <ii:m:is  si:.mii)i;.\. 


141 


It   liii.>i  lict'ii   i^fiu'nilly   supposed  to  occiipy    two  yciirs   in    its  tran.-t'oriiia- 


tliillS. 


Oviposition.  I  liii\i'  made  several  experiments  in  olitainin^  ^'J-'n'-  "^'* 
onlv  twice  siiecesst'ully.  In  tlie  Hist  instance  a  sinjrie  v>x>^  was  o.)taine(l 
Iviii"'  upon  the  ^jroinid.  In  the  last,  twenty  <'>;<js  wcir  ohtained  l>y  iin- 
"•   females    in    a  lace  l)aij:  over  a  pot  of  trrowinjLr  •■'edjre  on  the  very 

rere  hiid  npoii   tlie  sedjre  itselt'.  hut 


)risoiim 


snmmit   of  tlie   inonntain. 


firo's 


tliree  or  tour  on  dead  roots  and  sticks  ;  most  w«'re  laid  on  the  netting,'  and  a 
conpie  on  the  win!  tiiat  supported  it.  It  seems  prolialtle  that  the  eij^s  are 
laid  in  nature  near  the  l)ase  of  the  clumps  of  sedji'e  which  stud  the  plateau 
llii<'klv.  without  re^^anl  to  whether  the  tissue   on  which   it,  is  laid   he  livin<r 


(true 


ad ! 


ith  all  my  watchinj;  I  ha\  e  m  ver  Iteeii  aide  to  detect  the  ft'inales 
in  the  act  of  laving,  hut  one  often  starts  them  up  from  deep  (..,„ii  in  the 
sedire.  The  effjfs  hatch  in  from  nine  to  fourteen  days,  the  exact  time  lieinj.' 
uncertain  from  not  knowinj;  just  when  the  efjjjrs  were  laid.  The  females  were 
imprisoned  from  .Inly  21  to  duly  27,  duriiij;  most  of  which  time  there  was 
a  rajriiig  storm.  They  must  have  heen  laid  hetwcen  the  22d  and  the  2l>th 
ami  proliahlv  (from  the  hetter  weather)  on  the  last  named  day:  one 
hatched  thcuiffht  f>f  Aiifjnst  ;»-4.  two  on  the  .'•tli.  one  the  7th.  two  the  Mth, 


anil  sevei 


the  <lth. 


Food  plant  of  the  caterpillar.     Nearly  all  the  speeit-s  oi'  this  family, 
I  far  as  they  are  known,  feed  in  the  caterpillar   state  on   j^rasses  :   hut  as 


the   true  jri'usses   are  rare    in   tlie    miiospitaltle  re_ii;ion  when 


th 


Ai 


th 


insect   IS 


found.  I)ein<j  replaced  almost  altoifether  liy  the  allieil  ji'roiip  ot'  sed^'en 
(  which  arc  fed  upon  liyat  least  four  species  of  Kiiropeau  Siityrids,  of  three 
li'eiicra),  it  is  not  siirprisiiifr  that  this  has  heen  found  to  he  the  food  of  the 
larva  of  ().  semidi'a.  I  have  previously  maintaiued  that  lichens  furnished 
them  nourishment.  Iiecausc  all  the  li\  iuii;  caterpillars  I  had  then  found  were 
upon  or  in  very  close  proximity  to  one  species  ( I'eltin'cra  cauiiia  llotfin.)  ; 
ill  one  instance  the  animal  was  apparently  teediiiL;'  iijion  it  ;  at  Ica.-t  the 
head  of  the  caterpillar  wa-  in  juxtaposition  to  the  llclieii.  and  this  had  an 
eroded  a|ipcaraiice  ;   hut  the  improhahility  of  such  a    food-plant  caused  me 

■e  repeateilly    taken  the 


lonu 


■*iuce 


to  d 


oiilil  iiiv  conclusion,  am 


d  I   1 


lave  sini 


caterpillar  feeding  upon  a  ('arex  xvhich  urows  there  in  the  greatest  almii- 
dance.  irivinir  the  more  Icxcl  portions  ot'  the  ranire  the  appearance  of 
pastiirau'e.  The  species  isCarex  \iil<i'aris  var.  hyperhorea,  t'oriiicrly  known 
as  ('.  riii:ida  \ar.  Iiijrelovii. 

Habits  of  the  caterpillar.  In  emcrfrinu-  from  the  eirir  the  caterpillars 
hite  a  hin-izontal  furrow  heneatli  lialfor  less  than  lialfth"  crown  of  the  cir^'. 
tlu'ouuh  which  they  sipieeze  their  way  ;  sometimes  they  then  leave  the 
ejifj,  hut  at  others,  perhaps  in  half  the  cases,  they  dexour  from  half  to 
four-fifths  the  shell.    The  caterpillars  jiatched  hy  me  remained  (|uict  on  dead 

'1  have  Mill  our  111'  llii>  Kit;  iiiraii  >|ii'<'li'>  iif  llir  llcli|«  ^m  ii  -lirk  nf  ,lry  whm^I  Ijiii',;  ill  llir 
<,'oiiii)ii>inpli:i  (nut   i':iiiliin<||    lay   an  vl'H  in       i<i-a>«. 


I 


142 


mill  li\  iii'i  ur:i- 


iiii;  r.i  iTKisri.iKs  oi-  m:\v  i;n(.lam) 


pI.'i.I. 


Ill 


( 'iiiiiliriil'fc  tor  a  tiirl 


III. 


It  III'  iiiiiii'  iiiiil  llnii  w  I  !'(< 


■  n'niliiiillx   lii-i.      '  *iic  iiiil\-  M'fiiii'd  a  liltir  more  inlixc  tliaii   llic  ((tlici>  ami 


ale 


-li-lilh 


I-  I   til 


:lit.  ll 


II'    till  III'  a   (-11 


t  Mil 


.1 


;ra- 


'11 


ic    iiiatlli'i' 


caliTiiillar  may  '-iiiiit'tiiiit'.' 


llHIIII 


<li 


y  (lay  craw  Iiiil''  ii|iiiii  llu-    I'm 


III 


I'o'il 


nil 


liv   .1; 


.    anil 
i\     nil 


iirillx    rmiiiil  till'  cati-r- 


till'  late  Ml .  Saiiliiini  tnlil   iiic  that  lie  unci'  t'liiiiul 
Carcx.      I>iit  tlimi^rli,  a-  alrcaily  r«tatcil,  I  liaxc  rcji 
pillar   liy    iii;:lil    tt'cilinji'   ii|iiiii    ( 'arcx,  I    lia\c    iicvcr   tiiiiiiil    it    liy  day  cx- 
cr|iliiiL:    cmiccalcil    iniilcr   sluiio  or  craxN  liii,L;'  i!|miii  tlic  ruck-  idwanl   .-iicli 

ll   ( 'arcx  ami   >\\('|it  it    with  a  net  fif'jy 


ciiiiccaliiicnt  :   \'i 


t  I    I 


laxc  sc;ii'c 


liiiiir>  liy  (lay  ti»  one  liy  iii^lit.  ami  -carch  liy  the  lantern  i>  iieilhei'  -n  ea^y 
iiiir  Ml  .-iiire  ;{!*  hy  >iinli^'lit.  I  think  lliereliiic  thai  it.-^  Iiahil  i.'^  to  leed  l>y 
niirhl — M'on  at'ter  dark  i>  the  liest  tiiiie  tiir  <.carcli — and  eoneeal  itself  under 
fiiirt'acc  .■<ti)iie-i  liy  day,  u'eiierally  mi  >iiiiie  tiat  nr  lU'arly  hiiri/.iiiital  siirtaee. 
They  .•<|iiii  little  nr  no  r^ilk  and  fall  ri'adily  to  the  ^ri'imnd  when  di-tiirlied. 
TlicN  are  xery  «liiu:,L:'i>h  and  coil  theiii-ciM'.'<  into  halt'  a  I'iii;;  xxlieii  liandled. 
Pupation.  In  the  ..iily  |iart  nt'dnly  Isilil,  the  late  Mr.  F.  (i.  Sanlmrn 
searched  xery  I'ai'ct'iilly  tin'  the  chrysalid-*  nt'  this  species,  spending:'  ten  or 
txxcixe  h(inr>  in  raisinj;'  imixalile  .••nrt'aee  -imies,  and  in  I'oiir  or  fixe  ca-es 
clearing'  axxay  to  the  depth  ot'sex-eral  feet  the  smaller  lilncks  of  stone  iyiiiu 
in  the  ••rock  rixiilcls.  "  as  he  appropriately  tci'iii>  the  slijrht  jrnlleys,  xxholly 
Nxitli"  \('jL;'etatiiiii,  xx  liich  arc  -cattered  evei"' vxliere  ux  cr  the  plateaus,  and 
xvhici  liirk  the  ciiiii'.>c  ot'  ihe  sfirt'acc  xxat(  i-  after  rain  :  he  siieceeded  in 
scciirinj;'  oiilx  txxo  lixini:'  .-pecinien.- :  nine  <itlnr>  xxere  eillu'r  infested  liy 
pariLsites,  or  were  the  empty  -hells  ot'  the  picxioiis  year:  they  xxere  all 
iiiiind  iinhcdded  Itetxxcen  the  sides  ot'  tlu'  rock  and  the  lonL;',  dense,  crisp 
iii'»s  siirroimdinji'  it,  h.lxxccii  lialf  an  iiidi  a'nl  an  inch  and  a  half  heloxx' 
the  li'cnci'al  surface,  xxhere  the  caterpillar-  iiail  entered.  'I'lu'v  xxere  not 
attached  to  the  rock  or  the  nios.-,  Init  lay  in  hori/uiital  oxal  cellfi,  exidently 
ormed  liy  the  inovement.-  ot'  the  caterpillar  liet'ore  pupation  :  the  most 
particular  cxaminalion  rexcalcd  no  trace  of  any  xveli  or  -ilkeii  thread  even 
a-  a  liiiinu  of  ilie  cell.  Mr.  Sanliorn".-  impressions,  draxxn  mainly  from  u 
compaii-on  lietxxceii  the  .-lender  immlicr  of  specimens  he  ohtained  and  the 
ahiindanee  of  the  liiiii'  illx  .  xxere  that  the  healthier  caterpillars  penetrate  ev  .: 
dcept'i'  into  the  iiroimd  ;  lint  a-  I  liaxe  also  found  pupae  imdi'r  or  lieside 
siirfaec-stones,  and  .Mr.  ( '.  1'.  \\  liitiicy  has  dificoxered  larxae  ready  for  their 
chaiiLre  in  similar  localitie-.  I  am  nimi  disposed  to  lielicx'e  that  the  place  to 
seek  them  is  licneath  and  iicsidc  the  iippriimist  stones  and  especially  at  tli(> 
edfies  ot'tlic  •■rock  rixiilcls."  xxhere  the  x  ri;('t;ition  is  nsiially  the  freshest. 
To  one  familiar  xxith  the  locality — a  surface  almost  e'nnplctely  strexxn  xxilh 
iin^riilar  mck  fraj^incnts.  .Mr.  >anli(irii">  exploration  xxill  seem  to  haxe  lieen 
))  xery  siiccc.--fiil  one. 

I  leaxe  the  alioxc  paraniaph  a-  I  xxrote  it  Hftecn  years  aj;o  :   lint  I  luno 
since  -pent  txxo  or  three  time-  a-  many  hours  as  my  eajrer  friend,  ol'icii  xxilh 


^9  /, 


SAI  YItlNAi::    OKNT.IS   SKMIDKA. 


143 


llic  iiiil  lit' .iiliiTs.  aiK    .iin  siii'c  tliMi  the  pl.-n'c-*  clin^cn  liy  tin-  l,ii'\;i  tor  |iii|)ii- 


tiiiti  arc  rsiidU 


those  ('lixM'll  In    ;t  tiir  <l^i  l\'  com  r;iliii<'lit.  Ilillliilv 


tl 


ic  liixlcl 


■>i(Ic  of  siir'Dicc  stones,  wliidi   rest   cither  iipoii  iiiiMiher  >tor.i'  or  upon  >oiiie 
ithcr  thin;r  tlian   tlie  loose,  ilisiiitcj.'riite<l,  i;riiivcl 


l\   rock  which  h'ast  retains 


moisture 


level.  (Iain|)  ;in(l  cool,  protected  spot  is    lli  .,    most  soiiirjit  I 


or 


here  the  laterpillar  rc»ts  upon  the  lower  snrt'acc  with  it-  root' iiraziiiL;' its 
harL  anil  pushing'  away  \vliate\  er  may  iiitertcre  with  tiie  >mootline--  ot' 
the  spot  eli;mi_''cs  to  chrysalis  witluait  t'lirthcr  ailo.      I'lile,- 


some   iiio-j 


il 


mil    even    where    moss    is 


at  ha. Ill  there   is    no   seinhlanee   even    ot'  a   cell  : 

present   there   is   sonietiines    no   mark    of  a   cell 

simpK   to  the  movements  of  the  caterpillar,  with  an  amount  ot'silk  -carccly 


(1    when    fiMintl    is  i| 


lie 


.^h  t( 


o  enalile   one  to  rcmoxc  it  anil  in   anv  way  pii  -crM'   the  t'oriii 


threails  inilccil  are  xisihlc  without  a  lens:   ami    I  lia\e   liiit 


ami   that 


■<t 


•I' 


u; — t'oiiml 


cell    which    ^^  as  aiivYNlien     near    complete,    an 


let. 


.1 


this  one   lacked    an    np 


-IM-fil 


\v  lien    the     >tonc    which    >ei\ei|     that 


pmp 
in'_r 


that 


IS  removed,  the   iineo\'ered   cell  wa.« 
o    threads    wor<'    attached   to    the 


distiirlied    liv    it.    sIk 


ivermy    >tone 


Tl 


le    eater- 


ar  was  Iviiilt  on  i 


t.s  hack  when  found.  Mav  'M,  and  chaiiLicd  to  clirvsal 


,1 


on 
Cam 


ine 
laid! 


m 


re,  am 


the  \alley  helow.      Was   then   carried   '.<>    the   ~ca    IcncI    at 
I   the  laittiMtlv  cmerLTeil   oii    the   earlv  niorniiiir  ot'  the  I'.'lh. 


il   t 


s   tins    IS  earlier   than    its    normal   time  on   the   inoiuilam.  its   aiiiicarance 


th 


was  donlitless  hastened  hv  the  favorahle   warmth   of  th 


'I' 
•wci'  level  :   four 


weeks  IS  more  prooalily  its  natural  pel 


il 


d. 


Life  history.     This  is  a  sinude-hroodcd   Imltcrtly  ;   it   u^inilly   licirins   i> 


.p 


Mt.    Washinirton   \erv  e.arlv — the  first 


'k — in    diilv.  heeomes 


e\ceedin;^'ly  .ilaindaiit  hoforc  the  middle   of  the   month   ami   coiitiiiiies  until 


ilioiit  the  second  w<'ek  in  .^iiiru^t.      On  Sierra  lll.ii 


sinji'le  rulihed  male  as  late  as  .Vn^'iist  2'.' and  !i  toleraMy  fresh  male 


(  olorado,  I  took 
on  .Mt. 


liincoin  on 


Aimiisl   l'i\.    Mr.  Hrncc  took  tlr 


irlvin.Iulv.     M 


r.  Sanlioru 


live  .Inly   I  as  its  earliest  appearance  in  New  llampshire  in  isiili, 
ne    more     -pecimen    was    seen    Im  (ore   the   !'lli.  althoiiLih  the 


am 


1  onh 


fa\oral)h 


.M 


orrison   savs 


•the   hist 


lecimeli-    aiijicaiii 


weather  was 
lioilt    .llllv    1 


[in  l'"<74]  and  in  a  few  days   it    hccaim     xcry  ahiiiidant."      Mr.    I)imnioek 
took  one  the  same  year  on  .lime  2><  and  -everal  on  .liilv   I  and  ti.      'I'liese 


mav  serve,  I  think,  as  avcrai^e  date? 


d  the  hntterriies  will  liest  he  tak 


en 


in  the  second  and  third  weeks  in  .Inly  :  they  apparently  lay  most  of  their 
e<r<rs  dnrinjr  the  last  week  of  .Inly  :  caterpillars  have  hecii  fcaiml  l'\'  Mr. 
Whitney,  the  late  Messr>.  Sjinliorn  and  >hiirtletf'.  and  liy  m\>clt',  lU'arly 
fiiU-jriown.  hetween  the  20tli  of  .Inly  and  the  2d  ol  August,  ami  others  cer- 
tainly full-<rrown  cm  Au<;ii8t  IShiiid  in  Septemher.  'i'lic-  must  certainly 
have  heen  horn  the  jirevioiis  year,  iis  the  ejf^rs  il>  not  hatch  lietore  the  firft 
of  Auifiist  :  and  as  all  li\in^  ehrvsalids  that 
tak 


en  111 


the  earlier  part  of  the  sei 


e   iieen  found  have  heen 
latwee       uiie  lO  and  the  e.irly  pari 


Ill 


Tin;  i!ii'i'i:iii'i,ii>  ok  ni:\v  i:n»;i.ami 


>. 


(it  .liilv,  it  \Miiilil  ii|p|ir:ir  Mr-  it' two  yciir>  mii»t  lie  r('(|iiircil  I'm'  llir  lull  cvi'lc 
III' I'liiiii;^')'-,  anil  lli:it  tlic  winter  i>  |i!im.-«('iI  in  twn  ('<inilitiiin>.  Imtli  I.'ii'miI, 
line  jii>t  liMlclicil  (If  ill  a  \ cry  curly  .-it!i;.f('.  till'  oilier  t'lill  j,nM\Mi.  <ir  \<'ry 
ncarlv  t'lill  ii'i'iivvn.  m  Nvlmlc  M'iir<iin  licin;;'  rci|iiirc(|  t'nr  llic  (lc\clii|iiii('iit  nl 
till'  larva  aliiiic  Nn  niic  nmiiiM  lie  ,>iir|irl>c(|  at  tlii>  it'  lie  wcrt-  Id  cxjicri- 
clice  llic  eiiiidiliciiis  ii'iiler  wliiili  llicse  liaiily  (rcallire>  lia\('  In   li\('. 

Siieli  a  cycle  (if  ehanii'o.  llinu^ili  iiii|ircee(lenic(l  aiiiiniL;'  (iiir  liiillcrtlic.*, 
!<ii  tar  a>  llicir  lii.-hiry  i-  kiidw  ii.  is  >ii|i|iiisc(i  liy  xuiie  Id  lie  c(|iially  true  (if  tlic 
iil|iiiic  ( )eiici>  aclld,  llic  ydiiiii;'  cater|iillar.«  (if  w  liicli  arc  lidrii  at  a  like  [leridd 
and  liilicrnatc  witlidiil  fecdiiiL;-.  Il'llii>  were  il>  rcuidar  lialiil.  we  (iiijilil  to 
cxjiccl  thai,  a'  i>  stalcil  liy  sdiiie  In  lie  true  dt' aclld.  tlic  liiillcrtly  Wdiild  tly 
diil\-  in  alleniale  year.-  in  any  (iiic  >|i(il.  iSiil  iidt  diily  i.s  tlii>  nut  true  df 
(iiir  ^j^ceics.  lint  ixi  tlnctiialion  in  it."  iinnilicr.'-  lias  ever  lieeii  iidti'd.  It 
fdlldws  tiiat  if  a  pcrioil  dt'  twd  years  is  iidrinally  r«'(|iiirc(l  for  its  traii>f(ir- 
iiiatidiis,  tlierc  must  lie  or  lia\c  lieeii  sdiiic  irrci,'iilarity  in  its  devcid|iiiicnt 
liy  wliieli  a  regular  animal  >cric,'-  (if  |icrfccl  fdriiis  should  ii|)|icar.  If  in  the 
|ia«t  (inly,  llicn  llie  liiilicrtlic-  df  llic  even  ycar>  have  mi  iniiiic(liatc  j.'enctic 
cdnncclidii  with  ihdse  nt'  the  ddd  year.-,  and  Iwn  paralli'l  >cries  are  livinji' 
(in  the  same  Li'rdiind.  sniijcci  id  the  same  \  ici-sitndcs  dr  to  (inly  such  varia- 
tidiis  in  liicm  a.-  allernat'C  >ea.-dn-  may  chance  |irddiiec.  If  thii'  shinild 
|ii'(i\c  Id  lie  trcie.  a  \ery  neat  |ii'dlilciii  wmild  lie  set  liet'ore  the  iiidderii 
cvdliitidiiist  td  dclcrniiiic.  Hrst.  Ikiw  such  a  cdiidilidii  (if  ihiiius  came  alitint. 
and  sccdiid,  what  cllccl  i-nlalidii  has  had  tduard  dc\eld|iini;'  two  Ivju's  of 
luitlcrtlies. 

A  ^vw  facts.  Iid\x('\cr.  lead  me  In  lii'licxi'  llial  while  a  liiennial  cycle  is  the 
rule,  there  arc  certain  cxce|pli(iii-  Id  it  every  year,  liy  which  a  perfect  cdin- 
ininjj:lini;' dl' lilddd  cn-ncs  and  Nature  |iriilect.-  ilscit' ajjfainst  the  (laii;j;er  df 
cxliiiclidii  that  iniiiiit  cii-uc  if  niie  -lairc  (if  laixal  cxi.-tcnee  were  less  alile  than 
aiidthcr  Id  ciiiiicnd  wilh  the  dithciiltics  df  an  excejilidnal  scasdii.  |)r. 
Harris  j;i\(-  "June  and  .Inly"  as  the  season  df  the  tii,i;ht  of  the  iniajiid,  the 
fiirincr  date  im  the  aiitlidi'ily  df  the  Imtanist,  ( )akcs,  who  found  thcin  aluin- 
dant  in  .lime.  \^t^'\.  The  |iarl  of  the  nidiith  dues  iKit  a|i|iear  frtim  lh\ 
Ilarri-"  iidic-  and  I  iia\c  alway-  sii|i|i(i>e(l  il  refi'rrcd  Id  the  eldsiii;i' 
days  df  the  mniiili  until  iNMi.  after  an  cxciirsidii  up  the  niduntain  in 
cdinpany  with  Mr.  lidlaiid  llayward.  iiii  .IniU'  li.  r>clween  ns  we  saw,  on 
lid  less  than  three  ditferent  nccasidns  in  the  alpine  licit,  a  Lepiddpteron  wliieli 
in  each  in-lance  the  dliservcr  llidiiii'lit  was  scniidea  :  in  the  last  case,  the  size, 
iIk'  tliiilit.  and  llic  cdhir  were  dli.-er\ed  liy  mc  f(ir  at  Ica.-t  tifteen  .-ccdiids 
in  liniad  dayiiu'ht.  al  llic  iicai'c.-t  di-taiicc  iif  jn.-t  (iiit  dt  rciicli  df  mv  net  :  ami 
were  it  iidt  '(i.n-  llic  iiiicxpccicdiicss  iil'ilic  apparition.  1  sliduld  iKit  have  had 
the  -lijihlc-l  ddiilii  df  ils  liciuM-  seniidea.  ftir  I  kiidw  (if  mi  imitli  then  Hyiiiji; 
there  fdr  \<liieh  it  cdiild  lia\e  liceii  luist'ikcii.  It  is  possiMc.  therefore,  that 
<  )akc-  al-d  saw   them  carh    in  .lime  (when  \  isits   td   the   summit  ar<'  execs- 


SATYIUXAK;   OKNKIS   SKMIUKA. 


146 


wivi'lv  riiri')  and  timt  a  Hii|i|ilciiiciitai'v  hrdod  df  the  ImttfrHy  annually 
aiiiicai-.t  at  tliix  time.  In  t'nrtiicr  ('iintii'niatii)n  of  mucIi  an  irrc^nilaritv  \\i\a 
the  discDvcrv  of  a  ('att'i|iil!ar,  curli'il  ii|i  iinih'i-  a  Moiw  an  if  it  Imil  nut  vi't 
ar  all  left  its  \>  inter  (juartcrs,  and  still  in  its  pcnnltiniatf  sta;;(',  mi  .lunc  !*>, 
1HM7  ;  indci'd  it  had  fvitU-ntly  somo  tinu"  lictoiv  it  in  that  staf^f  an*l  fi-d  on 
ffi'titisi  titra  ti)rtiii;j;ht,  finally  dyinj^  liitinf  amitluTfcdysis  ;  it  was  oidy  12  nun. 
loni;.  It  is  evident  that  it  had  inueli  the  stait  (if  the  eater|iillars  in  their  first 
staye,  and  [iniliahle  that  pupation  e4(uld  lunc  lieen  reaehed  hefore  winter 
set  in,  ;.M\inj^  easy  chauee  for  the  final  ehan^'e  to  liutterflies  the  last  of 
May  or  early  in  .Inne  ;  livin;,'  ehrysaliils  were  foiuid  the  same  day  and  sev- 
eral chrysalis-shells  froni  which  the  inia^o  had  es<'aped,  which  it  did  not 
seem  pi'oi)id)le  could  have  passed  the  winter  and  <'onu'  out  in  so  fair  a  con- 


diti 


hut  no  huttertlies  were  then  seen,  althouifh  careful  watch  was  kc 


Pt 


for  them.  It  is  indeed  possihle  that  this  caterpillar  of  the  [lenulliniate  sta<j'c 
was  horn  from  an  early  ej^ji  of  the  .July  liutterflies  of  the  previous  year  anil 
would  have  doveloped  to  a  late  .luly  hiitterfly,  in  time  to  lay  e}r;rs  the  name 
season,  makinj;  the  cycle  in  a  single  year.  It  is  at  any  rate  evident  from 
these  exceptional  oceiu'niices  that  we  have  much  yet  t(»  learn  f)f  the  history 
of  semidea.  A  visit  to  Mt.  W'ashinfrton  on  May  .'U  of  the  present  year 
when  for  over  an  hour  the  weather  was  warm,  the  air  still,  and  the  sua 
seldom  ohscured,  hroujrht  no  si<fn  of  this  butterfly. 

The  Kuropean  Alpine  ().  aello  appears,  says  Meyer  Diir,  amonjif  the  earli- 
est I)uttei"f1ies  of  the  .\lps  ;  it  is  seen  soon  after  the  snow  melts,  first  on 
the  lower  fjroiinds,  at  the  end  of  MaVt  hist  on  the  hif^her  levels  (corrcs- 
pontlin;^  more  nearly  to  thosi;  to  whii'h  our  species  is  restricteil )  at  ahout  the 
l)e;finninj.'  of  .luly ;  and  disa(tpears  in  the  same  way  from  the  end  of  .June 
helow.  to  the  eii<l  of  the  first  week  in  Auj^ust  above. 

Habits,  flight,  OtC  One  would  sujipose  that  insects  whose  home  is 
almost  always  swept  by  the  fiercest  l)lasts  woidd  be  provided  with  powerful 
winijs,  fittinj;  them  for  strong  and  sustained  flight :  but  the  contrary  is  true  ; 
they  can  ofler  no  resistanci;  to  the  winds,  and  whenever  they  ascend  more  than 
their  accust(»nied  two  or  three  feet  above  the  surface  of  the  ground  or  pass 
the  shelter  of  some  prujeeting  ledge  of  rocks,  they  are  whirled  headlong  to 


unmense  ( 


listi 


uices  un 


til  tl 


lev  can 


gain  hug  the  earth  :  their  fii'd)t  is  rather 


sliiyirish   and   heavv  and    has   less   of  the  di 


ancing  moveme 


nt   tl 


lan  one  is 


'customed  to  see  in  the  Satyrids  :  they  are  easily  captured,  though  tliev 


fly  singly.  iu'\er  congregating,  and  liavi'  tlieir  devices  to  cscajie  pursuit  : 
one  is  that  when  alarmed,  and  iiah'ed  at  most  times,  they  fly  up  or  down 
the  slopes,  rarely  along  them,  rendering  pursuit  particularly  difficult ;  another 
that  they  will  rise  in  the  air  to  get  caught  by  the  wind,  which  often  takes 
them  out  of  sight  in  a  moment;  one  I  once  followed  with  my  eye  whirled 
a  good  half-mile  away,  a  thousand  feet  in  the  air,  with  a  white  cloud  for  ii 
background.      Iliit  the   neatest  de\  ice  of  all  is  specially  exasperating  ;  one 


s  ft- 


>j^ 


146 


Tin:  m  rrHurMiis  of  ni;\v  i:\(;i,ani). 


will  settle  on  the  ji;nimi(l  a  little  (listaiiee  otf' hy  ii  cicn  ice  in  the  nick-|iiles. 
and  iis  you  ciintioiisly  ii])|)i-(i!i('h  yon  will  see  it  edu'e  its  wiy  jit'oot  in  its 
sjiasnioilie  t'asiiinn  to  tiie  lirink  ot"  tiie  crevice  aii(l  settle  itself:  then  it' \on 
»'onie  iiearei'  it  will  start  as  it' to  tiy  away,  hnt  close  its  \vinj.'s  instead  and 
fairly  drop  down  the  crevice,  where  yon  may  see  hnt  not  reach  it  :  to  repeat 
the  process  and  ijct  still  farther  down,  if  aj^ain  alarmed  liy  the  removal  of 
the  upper  rocks.  In  this  way  I  have  more  than  once  followed  one  foi'  a 
couple  of  feet  downward  in  a  |ii!c  of  small.  jairj;cd  rocks  in  one  of  the  rock 
rivniets. 

It  rests  on  the  ij:ronnd,  or  on  the  leeward  side  ot'  nicks,  as  I  ha\i'  often 
t'oiind  it  when  siarehinjf  on  a  elondy  day  when  it  had  not  hecn  on 
the  winij.  As  soon  as  one  alijrhts  it  tnmhles  upon  one  side  with  a  sudden 
fall,  hut  not  (piite  to  the  surface,  exposiiiir  the  imder  side  of  the  winirs 
with  their  marhlcd  markinifs  next  the  irray  rock,  moftleil  with  hrown  and 
yellow  lichens,  so  that  an  ordinary  passer  hy  would  look  at  them  withoiii  oh- 
servinjj;  their  presen<'e  :  it  is  an  ohvionscase  of  protc  '.ive  rescmlilancc.  The 
surfact'  is  jfenerally  exposed  so  as  to  ri'ccive  the  fullest  rays  of  the  sun.  or 
else  the  creature  falLs  so  as  to  let  the  wind  sweep  over  it,  its  hase  ti  wind- 
ward. In  either  ease,  unless  tlu'  wind  ite  \i'ry  sc\erc.  the  \\r.-v  wiuf^s 
are  not  closely  tuckecl  hetween  the  hind  pair,  hut  advanced  so  that 
the  costal  edjre  oi  the  hind  winirs  reaches  the  lowest,  or  the  next  to  the  low- 
est,  inferior  suheostal  nervide,  aeeording  to  the  dejijree  of  <piiet  ii«sume<l ; 
lait  if  at  rest  for  the  night  or  the  wind  he  sweepinjr  fiercely,  the  costal 
edires  of  all  wiiiffs  are  hroiijrht  tojjether.  The  anteiniae  lie  parallel  to  the 
l)ody-axis,  or  slijj:htly  raised,  hut.  owing  to  tlu'  hasal  curve,  in  a  plane 
slightly  aliove  it,  droop  at  the  tijt  and  divaricate  ahout  100°.  In  walking, 
it  moves  hy  a  series  of  spasmodic  starts,  trailing  the  tip  of  the  ahdomen  on 
the  ground,  while  the  axis  of  the  trunk  is  raised  ahout  30°  ahove  the  surface 
of  rest. 

Hr.  Meye'-  Diir  descrihes  the  species  of  tlu-  Kuropean  Alps  as  geiu'rally 
flying  in  little  companies  ahout  rocky  places.  tlntterii!g  in  a  wavering  man- 
ner aroiuxl  the  Saxifragae  and  Kricaccae,  hut  generally  alighting,  with  wings 
erect,  on  hlocks  ot'  rock  and  worn  stones,  where  they  are  not  easily  caught. 

EzperimentB.  <)l)scr\ingthat  ihe  huttci-tlies  apjiear  to  keep  away  from 
the  innncdiate  vicinity  of  the  great  ravines  which  penetrate  deep  into  the 
mountain  mass,  as  if  they  fearctl  they  would  he  swept  down  to  lower  levels 
than  thev  like<l.  I  thought  I  would  sec  what  etfect  a  forcihie  and  rapid 
transfer  to  lower  levels  would  have  upon  vigorous  ImttcrHies.  Aeeord- 
inglv  one  Ww  .lidy  ilay.  I  took  three  well-conditioned  females  ((me  of 
them  caught  just  helinr  imprisonment)  down  the  moimtain  on  the  riiilway 
train,  in  a  nuislin  cage  over  a  growing  sedge,  where  I  coultl  readily  watch 
them.  They  rcnuiiiu'd  (piiet  at  lirst  with  wings  tightly  closed,  hut  lieforo 
we  had  made  more  than  half  the  descent  to  the  limit  of  trees  they  were  visihly 


SATVIMN'AK:    OKXKIS    SKMIDKA. 


14' 


I 


nrt'octc'l,  1111(1  l)y  tlic  tiiiic  tin'  tree  line  was  iriiclicd  (  aliciiit  t.")n(l' )  llu' \vin;i',s 
()l'(i|»|MKsiti'  .siiloH<livi'rn;c<l  at  an  aiifrli-  ot'IJO',  as  it'tlicy  were  lips  |(artf(l  ami 
"•asiiiii'i-  tor  air.  Later  tlicv  lu'iran  to  walk  alumt,  and  wlitn  tlitv  stopped 
would    li'ditlv   close   tlieir   win;jrs    (a«   hvlialiit)    tor  alioiit   a   niinnte,   and 


then  \\(ii 


Id 


I' 


rt  tl 


leni  a''aHi, 


in  one  ease  to  as   nineli  as   (in'— 70° 


At    the    lioitoni  (:'.S(IO')   \    tlioiif,dit    tlieni   dead,   tor    tliey    lay  witli    jiarteil 
winji-s   upon  their  sides,  Imt    lliey  gradually  re\i\ed  slijflitly.      Still,  when 


I  set  them  tree  and   tried   to  startle  them  onl\ 


one  \\<iu 


Id 


she  tlut- 


I  t^ 


•  three  times  and  tried  i<.  tly  away.  Init  eould  not  lea\c  the  spot 
inetl'eelnally  tossed    up    and    tlown:    I    I'aijed    ihem    a^rain    and 

(Ut    irainiu!''  no  streni;lh  at    the 


lerei 

where 

thev  walked  and   tlnttered    alioiit    a    littl 

end  ot'lweKe  hours  the\    were  killeil.    The  clitlerenee  in  teniperalure  a 


t  th 


two  extreme 


level 


s  was  not  worth  consideration. 


Now  there  ai'e  many  other  Imltertlies.  deni/eiis  ot'the  lower  levels,  which 
iliiiualK'  tlv  to  the   summit   of  Mt.  \\'ashini;ton.  and  douhtless   descend 


I'ol 


yi^-oiua  taunus 
d 


.f  th 


d 


•rdintilv  I  carried  dowi 


in  company    with   seimdea  as  many    teniales  ot    tins   species,  i 


ojretnei 


Willi 


III 


ome  males,  captured  on  the  snmnii 


it  :  '>ut 


ut  not  ear  uy;  tooliseiM'  tlieni  elose- 


:'l. 


\  on  tlie  Nvav 


tl 


U'V  were  iMit 


losed 


in  p 


•ket  I 


•oxes  aiK 


1  let  I 


oose  imme( 


liatelv 


on  arrival  at  the  liase  ;  they  tlew  away  w  illi  all  their  vehement  \  iiior.  not  in 
the  sli;r|itest  incommoded  hy  the  sudden  ehaiiiic. 

I  (pieried  whether  there  coiihl  he  any  origan  in  the  liody  which  mi^lit 
lia\c  a  ditl'ereiit  construction  or  amplitude  in  these  two  hntterllies,  which 
nuLrlit  ser\e  as  a  lietter  means  ot' ada|)tation  to  diU'erin;;'  air  pressure  in  the 
one  and  the  other,  as  the  swimmiiiit  hlatlder  is  known  to  do  in  some  iislietn. 
The  only  special  or;^aii    I  could   think  ot'  wa.>s  the  so-called  food  reservoir, 


iliich,  tliouyjh   furnisheil   within,  as    slu 


l.v  15i 


ith 


nieiil  of  cluslcrcil  h 


iliich  si'cms  adaptalile  for  use  in  diLfcsti 


an  arninjio- 

on.  is    iiev- 


rlheh 


isnally  empty  on   (lisseclioii. 


and 


mijiht    receiM'    air    as    wel 


honey  ihroiiirh  the  apparatus  at  the  month.  Hut  the  dissections  ot'  the 
two  species  made  forme  liy  Mr.  I'linerton  (61 :  t7,.'tO)  do  not  lend  much 
help  :  the  orj;an  is  indeed  larj;ir  in  faiinus  than  in  seinidea,  hut  tli<'  dit- 
ference  does  not  sei'iii  to  he  very  sin'iiiticant . 

Parasites.      Notwiihstaniliiii;-   the    jihysical    ditH(  ulties  with   which    this 


frail  liuttertiv  has  t 


o  coll 


(end,  it  still  has  its  full  share    ot'parasiiic  ciiemii 


am 


1  thev  seem  at  times  so  iiimierous  that  one  wonders  how  the  creature  can 


withstan<l    (his    adiled    source   of  evil.      Then'  is    first  a  lar'fe  Ichnenn 


ion, 


I.  instahilis  Cre; 


oiilv  one   ot'  which  can  li\i 


me    fat    Oenei,- 


anil 


which  emerired  from    a  winteriiiir  chrvsalis  on    .liine    2.'5.      Next  tl 


lere  is 


I'tcromalus,  P.  chionohiie  I  low.,  of  which  a  siiiffle  eater|iillar  may  liarhor 
a  coiisidernhle  nnniher;  those  which  I  ohtained  enieriL;ed  from  the  clirysalis 
on  Aiigiist  !•  ;  hut  on  ono  occasion,  I  took  twenlv-Hve  of  their  piipau 
from  a  siiiu'le  chrvsalis  and   found   that   each   had  heeii    itself  attacked  hv  a 


u 


Ui^ 


■M 


u 


m> 


Tf'TW 


148 


riii:  lU'i'iKin  i-ii;s  oi   nkw  i:n(;i.ani). 


n 


liypcrpanisiti',  Tctniwtichus  seinitlcac  I'lick.,  wliioh  conies  to  tlu- tViiiidly  aid 
of  our  inouiitain  Imtti'rHy.  Still  iinotlu'r  supposed  piirasitc.  Hiic\  rtus 
inoutiiiiis  i'ack.  (89:  t).  was  ohtaincd  l)y  Mr.  Sanltorn  within  the  chrv- 
salis  ot'seniidea,  hut  whether  strictly  |)arasitic  nimn  it  was  not  deterinined ; 
all  we  know  is  that  it  was  t'oinid  alive  and  winii;ed  within  an  old  chrysalis 
case,  early  in  .lidy. 

Desiderata.  Ihe  hotel  at  (''e  sunnnit  of  Mt.  Washinifton  and  the  easy, 
it'  expensive,  means  ot"  approach  now  enable  one  to  eariy  on  investiira- 
tions  on  this  insect  far  more  advantajxeonsly  than  formerly,  dnrinjf  the  sea- 
son (.lidy-Septeml)er)  when  they  are  open  to  use;  and  there  are  still  some 
questions  to  clear  up.  We  do  not  yet  know  anythinjf  of  the  larva  hetween 
the  first  and  penultimate  stajres,  nor  at  what  season  these  stages  are  passed  ; 
the  natural  lenjxth  of  the  chrysalis  period  is  not  known,  nor  whether  it 
ever  jiasses   ihronj;h   the  winter.      .V  careful    and   proloni;-ed   seai-ch  under 


stoni'i 


l)V  tl 


le  rock  rivu 


lets 


the  Alpine  area  in  October  iiefore 


put 


an  enil  to  search  would  enable  us  U<  know  most  about  the  winterinjf  con- 
dition, but  it  wouhl  have  to  be  carried  on  imder  j^reat  ditticulties.  not  to  say 
danjicrs,  because  of  the  season.  The  same  should  la  sai<l  of  the  early 
sprinj;.  which  on  the  whole  is  the  season  «hen  we  now  need  the  most  help  ; 
a  similar  search,  with  a  lookout  for  l)utterflies,  in  the  latter  half  of  .May 
woidd  be  most  desirable.  The  facts  gained  by  such  a  search  would  help 
clear  the  doubt  which  now  h.angs  over  the  life  history  of  the  insect.  The 
early  stages  can  perhaps  be  studied  at  ordinary  levels  by  jn'oeuring  the 
esjrirs  on  the  mountain  and  feeding  the  caterpillar  either  on  sedjres  or  jrrasses. 
It  would  be  well  for  the  oecasioiud  vi'jitor  in  the  latter  half  of  .July  to  seize 
any  I'an;  sunny  ai..l  windless  day,  especially  before  noon,  to  watch  the 
female  ovi|iositing,  to  find  out  the  place  and  method  of  laying  eggs  ;  as  the 
insect  is  very  timid,  this  should  be  done  with  caution.  Search  should  be 
made  for  thi^  iaitlcrfiy  in  .Inly  and  August  on  all  peaks  which  rise  ■2^Hn) 
to  HOOO  feet  above  timber  in  the  Rocky  Mountains  of  Wvominir,  Montana 


nn( 


1  the  Northwest  Territories  of  Canada. 


LIST  (>y  //,/.r,v77.'.l77o.V.v.-OA;.VA.7.V  ShMlllh'A. 


(iiiii'nil, 
V'.  s!t.liL'.4.    Kiicviliisiiionllniis,  a  piinifilf. 
'  /'■;/.'/• 

I'l.  III.  Ml:,  s.     I'liiiii. 

<  ''itiriiilhir. 

I'l.  7(1.  ilj:.  ■>.    Ai  iiiiili. 
71:  1.    Koialli  sla^T. 

2.  I,  I.'i.    Kiill  iridwn. 
7.    KIrst  sliip'  ciiliii'ifcil. 
7s :  li-s.  From  view  of  lii'iiil,  >lii^'i'^  i.  iv,  v. 
'.'//(■//."'(/is. 
IM.  SI.  Il;;>.  4.."i.     Siilc  iiiiil  ilni'Mil  views. 
Ni:ls.    Cii'iimslfr. 


PI.  i.  li^'.  n.  Ul^'ht  IiiiikI  ii|>|M'r  surfin'c 
llliilc;  Icfl  liiillil  Idwit  siil-fiirc  fciiiiilv. 

II  :tl.     ItiiUi  Mii'fMi'c's,  plain. 

•')•'): 4.    .Male  alMlinniiial  iippi'iidairo. 

!W;f).    Ni'uralidii. 

441:1.    AiKli'dcdiiiiiiii. 

.VJ:(i.  Siile  view  (if  lii'iiil  ami  appeii- 
ila^i'N  i'nlari;r(l,  wiMi  ili'lails  III  llic  sliin- 
Uirr  "f  Hie  \i')ls, 

til  :.'iO.  Siije  \ie\v  (if  till'  i|i;.'rsliw  li'ael 
ill  the  aliiloiiieii. 


SAIVmNAK:   OKNKIS   .IfPlA. 


140 


OBNEIS  JUTTA.  -The  arctic  satyr. 

[Tlir  :iii-ii.-  .:il\  r  (Si-inhli  r):  the  luiirni  ■zi-i)iiihl  iHiiicrlly  (M;i>  m:ii-.|).1 

I'liliiliu  jiillii  lliiliii..  Saiiinil.  fill',  -iliiiirl!..  Siihini.thiihlii-  |)ii|i.,  lli-I.Mal.  I.i|i.  Kraihc. 

l:-.'."i.  ll;.'>.  lilMil.'i  (lMii;-ls|!)).  -ip|i|il.,  ;llii-:lll.  y\.  in.  lii:».4-.'i  (Isil-Ji. 

Oi  1,1  Is  jiiltii   llnliii..    ViT/.    «<liiiM  It.,    ."is  Chiniiiiliiis    liiilfli-r    IIiiImI..   (imr..    Icmi. 

( IMiii  :~-l!<r'.'.  Still,    rill.   /lit..   \\x\  ;  ll-V  n'.'iir  iiiiiiii.,  iii>.,  4s7.  pi.  s<l,   ll^'«.  I.    lii-ld 

lls(I.MTt):— lliiliir.'i-..  Kill.  Il.l«kr..    \ii:  1.".!-  i  |vjii.|s.i-,, :  Icon.  liM.  r.(''|i..  H'."-!!!".  pi.  :):'. 

I.'il.  II;.'-.  (I^i-siii.  Ilirs.    l-:t  (\s:\-i):  --|inN(l.-l,.C..    I.i^p.   Aiinr. 

nriiiH  i,iil,!/ii  jiiii.i  iriilpii..Sy.i.;ilpli.  \(i-/..  >cpl..-.'ir,  (is;!;!):  -Id  ri-.-Si-litii'lV.  Sy«i.  luarli. 

()(IH-M).  -(Ill, 1.11.   nil-.,  i.  laL'l.,  IIS  (I.S4:!):  — cliii-i.. 

Cliiiiiinliiis   jiilhi   M(>-ilil..    Wicii.    nil Still,  ciil.  /I'll.,  xlx:   ;lil'.MIs.">s) :  — Srliiii.lti', 

iiioniilsrlii-..iv:;llJ(lNlil) :  \ll  :'Jil  ( |si;;!i  :St,.|t.  ll.rl.  riituiii.  zcil-rlir..  ill :  I  In  ( ls.">iii ;— Kink. 

I'liliiiii.   /fit.,    \\i:   llli-117    ( |s7il) ;  — Sill. III..  N.iiiiili.  Milr.  Iii-ki-.  (ironl.,tM  (Isikl);  — Mm  r.. 

I'liM'.   KnlDiii.  -iM'.  riiil:iil.,\  :  :!-">,  IL'.  (Is(i."i|  ■-  Smi,  l.rp.  N.  .\iinr..  71  (IStCJ) 

r.'irk.:  (iiiiijr  ill-..  iK\.  Hi.'.  I'l-J  i  |s<i!i| :  -Kc'iii.,  A,'"//(M(  (x /<((/(/<■/•/ liiyi'i-. /.ill  r.  rxul.  MliiiHlt., 

Hull.   .Mr..  77  (lss4):-[lliil-l].  Mull,   niuiikl.  v  :  4;t.  il;.'-.  lisl-its:!  (Is;i7). 

iiil. -DC.  vii :  liRi  (ISS4) :  -  Ki-riifli,  Ifiill.cii-l.  Kii'iiiiil  liy  (ilnvir  III.   N.  A.  I.rp..  pi.  K. 

r.  S..  J4-s-il!l   [(liliiiioliii-]    (Ksi!):— Miivii.,  tit.'.  ■-'.  iiiril. 

Hull.  .N.  i;..  2-:!.  pi.  :i.  li-'-.  -J,  ■>»  ( jsstii ;  Kyl.-s 

Can.  iiil..  xx  :  |;ll-i:!;l  I  |s.s.s|. 

Anil  I  kiii>\V  till'  liiillri'lllr-. 
Sailing'  lliri)iii.'li  tin-  fia^'niiil  air, 

Mark  tlir  liravin  nf  yuiir  im-. 
Ami  iiiii«t  lull;;  til  iiilcr  tlnirl 

M.\itiiAUi:r  l>i:i.A.\ii. 


...  Ill  ri'-iilr 
111  llirillini;  ri';;ii>ii  nf  lliick-rililii'il  iir. 

SlIAKIlSl'KAUi:.        .1/'  i».<"/V-7'i;/'   M,  II.IIIIV. 

Imago  (14:17).  Ilcail  I'oviTt'cl  Willi  luiiy;  bliicklsli  limwii  liairs  iiinl  ii  I'lw  -ImrtiT 
•.rniylsh  vliilr  (iiics;  ii  fi-.v  -cnUcrril  wliitc  scali'^  lirliiinl.  hiil  mil.  in  rinijiincliim  willi, 
ilif  cyrs.  I'lilpi  cnviTi'il  williiii  as  witlnnil  witli  inlcnniniiliMl  liravisli  wliiir  ami  lilack- 
isli  liaiis.  t°rin<;ril  with  Inin;  black  hairs  aliiivr  ami  liciicalli.  ami  aliiiv*-  with  shorl  i;ray- 
\>]\  oiii's.  .Vnti'iinac  iliill  Vfllowish  liriiwn.  the  uinU'r  oiilcr  surface  cdvcrcd  willi  ilirly 
white  scales;  tlie  liasal  hiill'  licckcil  with  lilack  on  the  apical  tliinl  of  each  joint :  aliove 
iintinly  cuveivil  with  lilai'kisli  scales,  few  mi  the  club,  in'ernipteil  ralliiM'  narrowly  willi 

arayish  while  at  the  base  of  each  joiiil.  Hie  palei lor  exlemiini;.  iiilerinriy.  In  Hie 

iiiiililie  of  Hie  joint  :  lip  of  club  a  lillle  iliisky. 

Thorax  lovereil  above  Willi  blackish  brown  ami  ilark  ilirly  yi'llowi-li  brown  liiiirs; 
beneath  Willi  blacki-li.  inlxeil  witli  a  few  dark  ;:rayish  brown  hairs  :  femora  dark  yellow 
brown,  yellowish  brown  al  tip:  I'cst  of  lei;s  yellowish  brown  below,  du-ky  blown 
above:  spurs,  spines  ami  daws,  as  in  the  previous  species. 

Kore  wiiiiis  sironirly  produced  at  Hie  lip.  the  lower  outer  aiiirle  mil  very  imlisliuei  ; 
second  superior  branch  of  the  siibcosliil  nervure  arisin;:  scarcely  more  than  Imlf  way 
between  tile  base  of  Hie  llrsi  ami  liili'il  braiiclies;  ihelalleraml  Hie  fourlli  supi'rior 
brjiiieli  ori:;inaliiiu;  in  elo-e  proxiniily ;  oilier  border  of  the  hind  wiiiirs  aliiiosi  truueale 
oil  Hie  lower  iwo  subeo-lal  interspaces,  .\bove  (lark  brown.  Hie  male  -liy:hlly  darker 
lliiui  Hie  reniale.  rarallel  'o  the  outer  biu'derof  Ihe/'niv  i'-i'/i;/.v  and  nearer  to  it  than  to 
the  exlrcmily  of  the  cell  is  a  broad  band,  dull  yellow  (  9  )•  ormoreor  lcss(u'liraceous(  (J  ). 
eMendiii)!  fromlhc  costal  lothe  Internal  nervure.  ijenerully  inti'rruptcil  inilyby  the  iier- 
vuri'H  {  9  ).  <>'■  hi'oki'U  up  Into  roundish  or  ovohl  spots,  often  widely  separated  ( ,J  ).  wliicli 
emloses  i-ntln'r  lai'tfc.  black,  round  or  moid  spots  in  the  lower  subcostal  and  lower 
median  interspaces,  and  one  of  the  same  size  or  smaller.  lU'  even  reduced  lo  a  point 
ill  the  upper  niediaii  inlerspaee.  absent  In  Hie  mali'.  Ilic  lowerii.osl  of  these  spots 
-liLrliily  nearer  Hie  border  Hian  Hie  others:  costal  border,  especially  near  base,  in- 
di-limlly  inollleil  witli   irriiy  and   black.  Hie  cosiid  edae  blackish:  fringe  pure  wliili'. 


mm 


m 


160 


iiii;  itiri'Kui' I.IKS  oi-  Ni:\v   kmji.and. 


iriii'n'ii{ilr(l  iiaiTiiwIt  witli  liliiik  at  tlic  iii'i'\iirr  li|>'>.  Tlir  male  i>  al>(>  |ii'ii\  iili'd  ^43  '.i) 
x\illi  l\Mi  lilack  strraks  of  liair-liki'  •.(•alc».  mic  iir\l  ihc  Imim-  hclow  the  iiiriliaii  iicrv  iiro 
I'c-liiiL' lip""  il'i'l  rxli'iitllny:  lo  il>  llr»l  InaiKli;  tin' ^rcoml.  »i'|>anilcil  \t\  IIiIn  luaiii'li 
fi'iiiii  till'  lli'^l.  rr^l»  ii|iiiii  iln-  iiinliaii  iicrMiri'  hotli  aliovr  ami  liclow  ,  ili\iil('il  1(\  it  ami 


cMi'iKliiiu:  III  llii'  li'inilnatidii  nl'  tlir 


Inniiii;  a  siuall  |iatrli  lirtwt'cii  llic  Niroiiil  aii'l 


llilnl  iiirillaii  ini'Milf>      lliiiil 


'IIS  wil'i  a  liami  U: 


PIC  ihf  liorilci'  >iiiiilar  to  lliat  nt' 


till'  fore  «iiia;».  ripiillimiiii>.  nr  marly  -n.  li,  hoth  -rxf-  ami  williiii  il .  in  cMrv  iiitcr»|iarc. 

aiiiiiri'  III' lr^«  ilUliiir!  jiali' vi'lliiw  ddl.  imciiI    in   tin' iipiicr  nii'ilian  intcr^pari'.  wIicit 

thi'i'i 

spa.-. 

fi'inii  till'  licu'ili  T  i-  lo-  (li-iinil  in  thf  li'malc  than  in  tlif  male. 


a  -mall  cyrlikc  -put.  imii-tincllv  pnplllril  with  whili';  the  hiwcr  iiii'ilian  inter- 
na-innallv  ili'\ I'lop-  a  similar  lint   imli-'inct  -put:  Ihr  -cparatinM  nf  tlir  liainl 


llcmalli     /•'■>/'( 


!;/.«  -Iiu:lilly  paler  l  hail  nn  llie  lippel'  -illl'aee  :  the  \\  IhiU 


-tal  e,l- 


imiltleil  with  lilaek  ami  while:  apex  ami  upper  hall'  of  oiilei'  liiinh'i' either  nnirnriii 
;iray  Irniii  the  eipial  eniniiiiiiiiliim  dI'  ilark  lirnwii  -eah  -.  nr.  hy  llie  eln-lerlii^  nf  -lah- 
iif  till' -aim-  eiiliir  into  -put-,  pretty  iinitiii'mly  iniirlileil  with  while  ami  dark  iiniwii 
or  lilaik :  (inter  hall'  ol'  I'le  win;;  with  a  yellowish  (  ^  '  ol'  sliifht  oehraeeons  (  g  i  tiim:e, 
seliliiin  with  any  mark  ol'  ilie  li;;lil  haml  ol'  ilie  upper  -nrritce,  exeeptini;  as  a  halo, 
(llslinet  anil  lar;;e  (f  )  or  t'aliil  ami  narrow  i  J  >  aroinnl  the  spots  of  the  lower  -iili- 
co-lal  anil  lower  nieiliaii  iiiler-paee-,  whieh  reappear  on  this  -urTaee.  the  upper  always, 
the  lower  u:i'iierally.  piipilleii  ilisiinetly  with  white,     lliml  ii-imis  marlileil  with  narrow. 

sh  while  ami   lirown  or  l>laeki-h 

ilors 


traiisver-e.  y;em'rallv   wavv  liars  of   eiii-lerecl 


lirown  scale-,  somelime 


iinetiiiie-  the  other  preiloiiiiiiat  iiii;.  I  lie  liiihler 


lieini;  lainlei' or  nearly  ali-"iil  on  theme-ial  liaml.  and  Lrenerally  ino-t  eonspieiion- next 
it- outer  limit:  the  nie-ial  liami  i-  darker  than  the  monnd  eolor.  not  very  proniineiil 
lint  lii'oail:  it-  outer  liorder.  Lieiierally  only  eilu;e<l  narrowly  with  lilaekisli.  Is  lU'cply 
ei'eiuile  exeeptini!  toward  the  inner  liorder.  where  the  eiirves  are  sliuht.  ami  liroad  or 
wanliim  :  it  extends  I'roni  the  eo-ial  Imrdei'  ai  a  little  more  than  two-thirds  the  distanee 


from   the  liase  to  exaetly   the  extremity  o 


f  the 


in  tlirei'  very  prominent  arehi" 


eaeli  id'  the   lir-l  Iwi 


•iip.\  iiiu' an   iiili'i'spaee.  the  third  liroad   and  areliinir  o\  er  two 


inlers|iaie- :  from  the  extremity  of  the  cell  the  liorder  liemi- liaekward  towards  tlie 
liasi.  with  a  prominent  anh  in  the  next  iiuerspaee.  lint  in  the  remaiiiin:;.  Iiy  whieh  it 
reaehe-  the  inner  liorder.  a  little  nearer  the  tip  of  the  snliinedian  than  that  of  the  in- 
ternal iiei'Mii'e.  omIv  sli:fht   enrvi's  or  none  at   all;  the  interior  liorder  is  mneh  less 


(listinel.  si'irt-  from  theeo-tal   'i 
the  liase.  ha-  an  amiular  depre 
very  deep  ami  ronnded  one  in  th. 


rill  al  a  little  more  thiiil  oiie-tliii'd  tin-  distanee  froiii 
lielweeii  IheeoslalamI  siilieostal  iiervnres  and  a 
e,' half  oflheeell:   il  sli'ikes  tile  median  lierv  lire 


at  Ol'  a  Utile  wilhiii  il-  llr-t  divarieatioii  and  then,  tiinied  inward  in  a  direetion  at  riirlil 
anifle-  to  the  internal  nerviire.  i-  lo-t  in  the  next  inter-paee.  Costal  eduie  mottled  with 
lilnek  and  w  liite.  the  outer  edae  narrow  ly  lined  with  lilaek.  liefoi'e  wliieh  is  a;em'rally 
a  niiriow  faint  hand  where  the  uirayish  scales  predominate  over  the  black.  The 
remainder  of  the  wiiiu  is  ifcnerally  iinifornilv   marbled,  lint  oceasloniiUv  the  narrow 


dark  line  lioi'derini!  Ilie  lower  half  of  llie  ont-ide 


the  iniddle  band  coiitluiles  on  In  a 


straiulil  line  to  tlie  onler  aiiLde  of  the  winu  at  the  leruiinalion  of  the  seeond  snlicoslal 
ller\ille  The  oeellil-  of  tile  upper  -iirfaee  appeal's  airaill  beneath.  M'l'V  pl'oinlnelltly 
lilh  white,  sometimes  -o  miii'li  -o  a- to  appear  almost  tdtouielher  as  a  white 


ieiierally  hiryier.  more  promim'nt   ami 


piipilli 

spot;   tlu'  spots   in    the  other  iiilerspaee- 

paler:    ni'rvnre-  not  lleeked  with  while. 

,\bilomeii  lilaeki-li  bi'ouii  tliriiii:jhout  wilha  few  tawny  scale-  at  thetipof  the  apical 
joint  Male  appemlaiie-  i32  ."• '  :  Ipper  ornaii  w  itii  the  eeiitrum  scareely  arched  louu:i- 
tiidlually.  so  thai  it-  upper  -iirfaee  and  the  median  line  of  the  hook  lie  In  nearly  ii 
straiijht  line:  hook  eon-iderably  arelied  above,  the  under  siirfaee  a  little  arcuate  In  a 
contrary -eii-e.  or  marly -liaiLdil  inil  deeply  ami  roundly  excised  at  Hie  base,  the  ti|i 
scarcely  uncinate  ami  the  wlmle  scarei'ly  more  than  three  lime-  a-  hnii:  as  broad;  lat- 
eral arm-  very  -lender,  nearly  ei|ual  on  the  apical  half,  iiiiicli  more  than  half  as 
loiiir  a-  the  hook.  Cla-p-  willi  llie  apical  fourth  ei|ual.  the  tip  obliipiely  truncate,  it- 
si'arcely  produced  upper  an^'lc  beini;  proxided.  like  the  apical  third  of  the  u|i|ier -iii- 


SATVlilNAi::   OKXKIS   .11    TIA. 


151 


{■.\r,\  Willi  llvi'  or  -ix  -mall  Inil    i|Mlni-l,  llii''lv  |..iiMlr  1  .l.niicli-  dli-.ThMl   ii|iuiif.l  imkI 
liilckwai-'l.  Willi  -lli;;lc>  liilllillr  iliiicliiiliilinii-.   Iii'twirn  llu'lii. 


M.:i-liriiiMill-  in  (/lllllllli'lrrs, 

r.<'ii.;tiM>rtoM){ii<'').<'i  >iiiM. 


1.1  ll-'lllMl    «  ||1L'« 

nillrliliiir 

Iiiml  liliiir  Mini  liil'>i. . . 
riiiT  illiiii'  mill  tiirsl... 


Aiidroconia  '46  :'.M.  'l"ii|Mrinij;toilii'  iniiMlr.  tlicn  foi'ii  lirli'l'  ilUl:iiicc  n|iiiil  iiml  linn 
l;i|"  riiii;  ii::iliii  !iki>  a  -liarpi'llcil  |icllcll  |iiiilll  In  llic  a|iicM'i  llll'cail.  w  lilrli  is  not  lllnl'c 
iliiiii  oiii-  I'lHirlli  of  the  ulicilc;  .•i|i|ral  I  liii  adlcl-  fviiaiiiliiiL'.  'I'lilal  Iciil'IIi.  I  nun.  ; 
lia-iil  lircaillli.  .ii.'!2  iniii. 

Egg  1 04:1' I.  Sliiirl  anil  -lunl.  Iiarnl— lia|n'il.  Ilir  li>|)  ilmnril.  Ilii'  li«»i'  hmaillv 
i-niniilcil ;  larni'-l  In  tin'  iniilillr  ami  iiImpiiI  oni'-IH'lli  lilirln'i'  llian  limail  :  -lilrs  with  almnl 
ciuliti'i-n  vri't leal  riditi's and  I'lii'i'ow-  liii\inira  vrrv /.iir/air  cdiii'-i'.  llir  I'linnrrpinrlicd  at 
till'  >iniiiiiil  and  lintli'i'sscd  at  rvri'v  aniilc  liy  the  llilcki'ni'd  cinK  nl'  riu--  lino,  wliirli 
-raiTi'lv  cxtiiid  hair  way  arms-*  ilir  lntiT>|iaci'>  and  do  iioi   im'ri   ilm-r  ui'  tin'  iir\i 


M'liUal  I'idi. 


lint  liili'i'diiiitatc  Willi  liii'in  ;  -I'vinil  iif  llu-  lib-  iiniti'  nr  dii'  inil  a-  llii' 


L'i:  lii'^iiis  Id  naiTiiw  aliovc.  or  I'vcn   lu'rorc  that,     ('nlur  vcllowisli  while  when   laiil 


(liraiiii),  aftt-nvards  llic  iiitcrspacf 


iliill   |iliiiiilii'iin-  vi'IIkw.  til 


II—  lin 


-niniiilN  of  till'  vciiical  riilLri-  -ilwi'v  wiiilr.  Ilir  miri-ii|iylr  rox-lli'  U  a  irarrry  of 
drliralrly  iiiariiiiiiMl  iri'i'iiiilai' |iolyijroiial  rrll-.  yfrowin::  -liiihlly  -iiiallri'  Inward  I  lie  ccii- 
li'c.  lilt' wholi'  ciiviTliiir  an  area  almnt  .2  iiiiii.  in  diaiiirlcr.  and  apiirariiiii  li>  nvcrlii' a 
tlilfl<.  silvry  while. cliitinous  muss  (tlic  eommon  ineeliiii;  irroimd  of  the  verlieal  ribs), 
exeeplitisj  for  a  clear  central  -pac  •  .0."i  iniii.  in  diaiiieU'r.  in  which  iiliont  ei;;ht  kite- 
-liapeil  ininiitc  cell>  distinclly  radiate  aroiuid  n  eoiunioii  ccnlre.  snrronniled  by  ii  siniilo 


if  llie  oilier 


etlc:  liu' iirifesl  of  Ihe  outer  cells  of  the  rosi.||i>  has  adianielcr 


if  aliiint  ii.ii.'.i  mm.     llei;ilil  of 


L';:.  I. 


nun.  :   widlli.  1. 1  iiiiii. 


Caterpillar,    l-'iisi  shi<ii\    (70:-.';  74:11).   lleaiU78:ll! 


cine  pall 


lirselv 


piiiirlale.  the   piniclae   s|ii;litly  iiifiiscaled   at   the   liiilloin.    raiisied    viry    re;;iilarly    in 
ol)lii|iie  rows  .u;l  mm.  apart,  each  willi  an  incoiispiciioii-  pointed  hair,  whieli  searcelv 


•  ahi 


■  the  level  of  the  piiiietlire.  'nit   is  oecasioiiallv   larger,  or  alioiil   .lit  inin.  in 


leniitli :  liesides  there  are  a  few  detlnltely  arranircil.  sionl.  Iiliiiit.  cnrvlnir.  pi'llnchl 
hairs  aliiiiil  .ii:i  in  leiiy:lii.  arisliiH;  from  brown  dots.  vl/...on  either  -ide  three  In  a  hori- 
zontal line  midway  up  the  face 
-iiininit  of  tile  frontal  Iriiinirle. 


which  the  two  inner  are  ch 


loLrether  next  the 


IhriM 
then 


and  the  outer  forms  the  lowe-t  of  a  vertical  seriis  of 
lielweeii  the  middle  ones  of  the  two  scrli's  lull  marer  the  nppi'ris  another;  and 


•  others  lielow  all.  (Icelli  black;  miiiilh  pails  of  the  color  of  the  head. 
iliciiiaiidibles-.lii;lilly  lolaceoiis.  jiody  liiruest  al  iiiilcrior  ext  remit y  and  taperinii  baek- 
w  ard  sliu^hlly,  but  on  the  llmil  si'irm,.iii-  more  rapidly;  terminal  scifnient  termliialiiia 
on  either  side  ill  a  biiiiily  conical  point  bearlni;  a  papilla  and  lialr.  < 'olor  pallid  be- 
ni'alli.  plumbeous  abme  with  a  brownish  fiiseniis  dorsal  stripe,  a  moiU'rately  narrow 
siipralateral  line  aim  a  broad  stiumatal  band:  papillae  lieinispherical  :  -tiLnii;ita  bl.irk- 
i-li  fiiscoiis:   leyrs  very  pale  brownish.      I.iiiirtli  'J.,\  mm.  at  birth. 

Sii-fiiiil  nlii'ii'  (87:17).     Head  Very  pale  irreciiish  brown  with  a  pair  of  very   faint 


ei|iiidis|aiit  vertical  stripes  on  either  siih 


II  black :  iiionlh  parl- 


eptiii','   the 


ilark  icsiaceiiiis  edu'c  of  I  he  mandibl) 


if  the  color  of  the  head,      lloilv  above  ;irei'ni-li 


L'ray.  lliiuied  with  bluish  yncn  mi  the  l!;oracic  se^'ineiits.  cspiM-ialiy  in  front;  a  dor-al 
-tripe,  dark  liliiish  itreen  in  front,  ehaniiiiiu' |'<'^leriiirly  tliroiii;h  irrecnish  brown  to  pale 
iiddisli  brown,  edired  throiiirhoiit  llneiy  and  fuiutly  witli  white;  a  snprastiirmatal  pale 
reddish  brown  tlireii  I :  a  broad  irrceiiisli  brown  lalerostiiimatal  band,  more  jfreeiiish  in 
from,  more  I'eddlsh  behiini:  aiieipmlly  broad,  cloudy  and  faint,  dull  greenish  siiirinatal 
bund;  the  .iibstitfinatai  fold  dull  yellowish'  a  veiitro-liiiimital  pale  brown  band,  and 


152 


TIIKII'   r|'Kl!l''MKS  OF   NKW   1;N(;|-AM). 


IS?- 


^,M^ 


tllr  Uliclcr  siirl'nrr  \\  illi    III!  -   illHl   prok'^s   |(Hlc  irrri'li.  Ilu'   lcL'»  11    liltlr   illl'll-riiliMl. 

Iliiirs  pclliii'iil.  >.fiilr(l  <in  mil  II  luipilliu',  slljflitly  darkiT  tliiiii  tlir  iippci' Mirrut-c  i>(  the 
iHiily.     Spii'il('li'>-  iiiiniilc  tiiiil  lilitck.     I.rimtli.  7..'>  iiiin.  :  wiiltli  (if  liciiil,  I  mill. 

'I'liirii  !<hiiii-  (87:  IM).  Ilriul  pilii-.c,  willi  llirrr  diirk  siripoon  cillicr  >i(l('.  riiiitiiiiinu^ 
\\  illi  tlinsr  III'  llic  hntly.  Iliiily  liulil  ifi'i'i'ii.  >\  !lli  a  ilai'k  dorsal  -.tripe,  ii  ilark  latcro- 
>liu;iiiatal  liiir  and  a  dark  >lit;iiiatal  liaiid  anIiIcIi  nm>  to  the  anal  liiini~.  I,('i,.tli.  In 
nnn.   i  after  llnlniuren  >. 

I.'isl  stiiiK .  Head  ijreen.  witli  six  ro«»  of  brown  punrtiires.  Mody  pale  pi'a-iireeii 
Avilli  dark  lirowii  line*  alona  the  .sides,  ami  a  lireeiiisli  lirown  dorsal  spot  mi  eaeli  si'it- 
I, lent.     I.eL's  roncolorons;  spiracles  lilack.     I,eni;lli.  ;!l'  iniii.   (after  Kyles). 

Chrysalis.  Head  anilier.  witli  a  limwii  dash  each  side.  V<  Iiil's  pea-i:reen.  ontlliieil 
anil  .-1 11  .'iki'il  witli  liriiwn.  .Midoinen  pale  yelluwish  u:reen.  ivitli  a  darker  :;i'een  ilursal 
line,  iininei'on.-  liiiiLdliidlnal  rows  of  llro^^  n  dots,  and  the  eMreiiiily  roseate.  Leii:;tli. 
lii  iiiiii.  :  lireadtli.  il  iiiiii.  i  after  '•"vies!. 

O-eographical  distribution  (18:i').  'I'lii-  i"  a  t'ircitiiiiHil'U'  .sjiccics 
iiili.iMtino^  liotli  Worlds  and  tlirco  cuiiiiiinit.s.  In  Kiiropc  it  wtisi  lonj;  f*ini- 
jiiiscd  to  l>r  ciiiiliiit'd  til  |Miiiit.s  iiKi'tli  1(1'  (il"  N.  Lilt.,  in  Norway,  Sweden. 
Lapliind  and  Kiidand.  lint  iiiis  hittcrly  lict'ii  t'luind  in  i.siiiiit(.'<l  spots  sonic- 
wliiit  sontii  ol'  tlii.s.  iiliiint  Stockliolin  und  in  tlic  lialtic  i.sliind.s  .soiitlu'ii.s)  ol' 
tliiil  city  ('I'lu'dcnin.s.  Ilolniiricii).  iiiioiit  St.  I'rtiTsliiifL;  ( .Mii.sclilcf)  iiiid 
even  ti.x  t'iir  a.s  tli.'  nciolili(iiliiiod  of  |{i;iii  in  I{ii.s,siii  in  Lai.  .'iti"  .'In'  (  I5ci-o). 
In  \.xia  it  i.s  less  known  htit  it  iipparnitly  occiir.s  tlirotiirjiont  llio  wiiolc 
lirc-idtli  of  Silicrin.  a.s  it  is  t'oiind  on  tlic  norliicrn  lianks  ot'  the  .\iinii'  in 
ciist'Tn  .V.siii  (  IJi'i'iiuT.  i'^M'i'sniaini ) .  wliicli  would  incaii  fartiicr  south  than 
it.s   irroatc- 1   sntitlicrii   extension  in  Kitroiii'.  anij  iieriiaps  to 


perhaps  to  as  mneh  as  iWv 
(U'ojrt'es  or  more,  since  the  rixcr  in  part  of  it.-  cour.se  I'cai'lies  Lat.  4M°. 
In  N'oith  Aniericii  it  litis  lieeii  found  in  the  western  half  of  the  continent 


liy   Cai 
allitiidi 


itain   (' 


(iedih 


who  olitaineil  it  at  Kinei'iild  Lake,  ill  ii    liiol 


Mritish  Coininliiii.  Liit.  ."ii*".  Lono-.  li.s%  and  liv  .Mr.  .Miiconi 


ho  took  it  ill  tlie  Uockv  Moiintiiiiis  lievond  onr  territor\ 


lint 


Jllst 


on 
nth 


the  eastei'ii  side  ot' the  oiil  world  it  appciirs  to  lie  foiinil  niiicli  fni'thc 

tliiiii   on  ilie  western,  so  in  ciistern  .Vinei'icii,  its  i'imi;-e  so   liir  its   known   is 


IIIIK 


h  f 


tinhei'   south    tliiiii   on 


the    oth 


ide  of  the    .\tlanti 


'PI 


u'  oiilv 


inthoritv    w 


ho   oi 


a    \erv   liioh    northern    lociililv   is   Uink,  who  siivs  it 


oi'ciirs  ill  ( ireeiiland,  the  so..lhernniost  extremity  of  which  lies  at  iiliont  the 
altitude  of  Stockholm  iind  St.  I'eteishiirj; :  lint  on  the  continent  proper  it 
hits  not  lieeii  tiikeii  fiirther  north  thiiii  York  Factory  on  the  west  shore  of 
Ilnilsoii  i$iiy  iilioi;  Lsit.  .VS'  ((ielH-ken).  In  the  west  it  liiii*  iiLso  heeii 
tiikeii   ill    .Mliiinv    K'iver    (  I5rit.    Miis.)    tit     Moose    Factory,   .lat 


nee 


\h 


in  the  hititnde  of  the  Itritish  Cohimliia  locality  (lltiydon),  and  at  Xepio'im 
aliove  Ltike  .Superior  (Fletcher)  ;  iiiid  in  the  east  iiloii}''  thi'  Atlantic  coast 
of  Lalirador  iit  Nain.  Lat.  .')l!'  21'  (  Moisdiivtil ) .  Ilopcdide  {  Mi'ischler. 
I'iickard).  and  Sipian  Ishmd  llarlior  (  I'ackiird ),  the  last  ;it  alioiit  Lat. 
52'  ;jti'. 

Hetween  these  points  the  only    places    where   it    has    liien    found    are   fiir 
soi:th   of   cither.       One    is    the   neij-iihoi'liood    of  (^neliec   iihoiit    l(i'    ."df, 


SATVUINAK:   ()I;NI;IS  .11  riA. 


15.- 


wlitTc  it  (>c('in>  iit  (iomiii  .■i\viim|i  alioiit  three  miles  fViiin  tlie  eitv  nciii- 
15er^-ersille.  iiiul  alsu  at  a  iiiar>liy  >|«)t  nr  iiioxin;,'  Imi;'  called  Lake  Sa\aima 
(Howies,  Fyles).  while  another  is  at  Ottawa,  where  .Mr.  Kleteher  took  one 
s|it'cinieii  ill  a  city  ji'iirileii.  ( )iir  last  locality  i.s  somewhat  rnrlliei'  south 
still,  and  hrinus  it  within  the  limits  of  flie  l'nit«'(l  .">tates  and  of  New 
Knu'land.  \iz.,  the  ( )rono-Stillwater  \n>is  jnst  north  ot'  IJann'or.  Maine, 
(ISraim),  alioul    If     I.")',  the   point  of  it>    ocenrrenee  the    farthest  renioxcd 


from  thearclie  rci^'ions  m  enher  hennslihen 


I'ndouhtedlv  it  will  l>e  fonild 


ilar  loealitii'-  in  the  rei^ion  lietwcen  this  and  the  .■*>!.  I^awici 


ice 


Haunts  and  larval  food  plants.  W'herevei'  it  ocems  it  is  conliM<-<l  to 
morasses,  and  e\in  to  \cry  limited  stations  within  them.  ilolniirreii 
call-  |>;irticnlar  attention  to  this,  statin^;'  that  it  is  t'ouml.  on  the  r  icky 
island-  nein-  Stockholm,  only  where  s|ihai;'nnm  ahoimds  ;ind  that  a  I'liiirter 
of  a  mile  tlierefrom  in  a  marshy  ari'a  of  ahonl  fifty  acres  he  has  searched  in 
\ain    for   it  :   the    lattei'   lies   hi^dicr  aliovi-   the  snrtiice  of  the  water  than 

the  former,  which  on  its  jiart  is  also  | rer  in  grasses.      K.xactly  the  same 

is  true  near  llanuor.  and  Fyles  descrihes  the  Q"''''i'''  h'cality  as  a  spha^^nrnm 
marsh  in  which  one  sinks  to  the  knee.  The  <  )rono-Stillw  ater  hoi;- is  a 
moras-  -e\-erai  miles  in  extent,  hnt  jutta's  tliy'lit  is  contincil.  as  I  learn 
from  Professor  Carl  IJrann,  the  iliscovererot'the  locality,  to  a  limited  section 
onK  a  tew  acre-  in  extent.  ()n  visiting  the  |ilaec  in  company  with  Mr. 
ISrami  I  fonnd  tlu'  hog  at  tiiis  point  a  level  morass  of  sphagnnm  moss, 
walking  in  which  with  utmost  care  one  always  sank  more  than  ankle  deep 
in  w.atcr:  it  was  thinly  covered  with  a  snndl  growth  of  sprnce  and  inni|ier 
iiml  .-prinkled  with  littli'  hnnches  or  hummocks  of  Pirns  arhniit'oliii.  Ledum 
latifoliiun  and  Kalmia  glanca  ;  on  tlu'se  humuKK-ks  grew  also,  hut  sparsely, 
a  little  \try  thin  grass  and  here  and  there  a  lull  of  .(uncus  articulatns  or  a 
clump  of  S;iri'acenia.  There  was  hesidcs  a  slender.  se(|ge-like  plant  les- 
alinndaiil  here  than  the  Jiiiicn-.  (  )n  examination,  we  di,-cii\cred  that  the 
•luncus  gi'cw  almost  exclusi\('ly  in  ihe  very  icstricled  area  of  the  moras- 
occupied  liy  the  laittcrtly.  anil  hence  wi'  conjectured  lliis  nur-^t  here  lie  the 
food  plant  of  the  caterpillar.  In  the  more  open  parts  ot'  liie  moi'as-.  lh( 
iliineus  disappeared,  as  did  also,  to  a  gri'at  extent,  the  sphagnum,  the  latter 
ln'ing  replaced  liy  another  sort  of  moss,  which  was  accompanied  liy  .\ndro- 
meila  polifolia.  and  l>y  a  great  alinndance  of  the  sleinler  sedge  alto\e 
mentioned, 

Holmgren  tried  the  young  caterpillars  which  he  hatched  upon  various 
plant-  from  the  morass,  including  chMidherry,  moss,  grasses  and  lichens, 
and  they  took  rcailily  to  the  grasses.  Pnag  on  t!ie  other  hand  asserts  that 
a  caterpillar,  which  li\cil  wiih  him  liii'  twche  days  lint  dieil  liefore  its  first 
mouit,  fed  on  a  licluii  (  Piryopogon  )  which  lu'  gave  it,  deceived  liv  m_\ 
mi-lakc  in  supposing  ( )ci)eis  scmidca  fed  on  lichen.  I  can  only  think  lie 
was  mist;d\cn  in  supposing  that  the  cateipillar  of  jutta  actually  fed  upon  it. 


5-, 

r 


•   -^r- 


'.n 


r^m 


154 


iiiK  111  I  TKitri.ir.s  OK  Ni;\v  i;N(ii..\Ni». 


Ell- 


.  ;'^J « 


Fyli'f  liHH  r»'<'('iitly  nii.«ii'tl  the  iii!<('('t  to  niatiirity  on  C'lirt'x  olifjospcniia.      I 
find  it  takes  rcailily  to  lawn  iri'ass. 

Oviposition  and  larval  habits.  IIolMi<.nrii  secured  v<^<:n  tnnu  impriN- 
Hiu'il  t'eiiiale.s  wliieli  were  laiil  iiKliscriniinaliiifrly  on  climdliei  ry.  jrnifH, 
lielions,  and  the  walls  and  lid  of'  the  enclosure.  liraun"s  similar  expcri- 
int'ut  in  Kanjror  resulted  in  oidv  three  or  four  eir^'s  laid  on  the  nettin;f. 
I'"letehcr  oliiained  efX^'s  on  nettin;,'  on  a  t'eniale  confined  over  f^rass.  Ilolni- 
irreu's  (M.'>rs  hateheil  in  l!l  days,  and  IJerfr's  in  !•!:  those  sent  uie  hy  Vv. 
ilraun  in  11  days,  Kyles"  in  1-1.  and  Fletcher's  in  ti'oui  '1  to  \S  days. 
The  y(Hui^  larva,  accordin;;:  to  IIolui}.''ren,  is  very  slu^^frisli,  after  the 
nuiinier  ot'  satyrids.  and  it  is  from  7-!'  days  liefore  the  first  moult  occurs, 
liut  l-"\  ies  Lfixes  only  live  days  t'or  his  Canadian  siiecimens  :  uiini- on  the 
contrary,  received  from  Mr.  i-'letdicr.  |ia»cd  nearly  three  weeks  in  the  first 
>taj,'c.  and  Fletcher  had  the  same  e.\|icricncc  with  his.  Fyles  says  it  t'ceds 
at  first  luad  downwards  on  the  edp'  of  the  hiatle.  afterwards  liitcs  oil'  the 
end  ot  a  hiade,  and  thereat'tcr  feeds  head  ujiward  from  the  liittcn  I'ud. 
irradually  retreatinir  down  ilic  shortened  lilade;  hut  cme  of'  mine,  t'rom 
ctfii's  reeci\i'd  from  Mr.  I'letcher,  ate  at  the  start  head  upward  from  the  tip 
ut'  a  hrokeu  Made.     It   feeds  while  youu;;  liolh  liy  ilay  anti  liy  uifrht. 

Life  history.  I  am  mainly  indchted  to  Mr.  liraun  for  information 
couceruiu^'  the  seasons  of  this  insect  with  us.  which  is  ,siii;r|c  lirooiied.  and, 
in  his  experience,  first  a|i|)ears  lu'ar  lianjior  in  the  last  week  of'  .May  and 
flies  for  about  a  month.  The  earliest  one  he  has  taken  was  caufrht  May 
'J'2  :  the  females  appear  ahout  a  week  after  the  advent  of  the  males  and 
tly  a  little  lonjicr  or  until  flimc  '22,  the  hiitterfly  livinjr  ahout  three 
weeks.  \\^<£^  have  lieen  ohtaincd  liy  him  .lune  l.'J  and  .luni'  22.  Ahout 
t^ueliee  they  are  saitl  to  appear  from  May  'M  to  ilunc  1">  hy  Fyles,  who 
ohtained  I'j-'Lrs  on  .lune  17.  Mr.  Flet<.'her  at  Ottawa  ol)tai'icd  e<rjrs  , Inly 
o.  In  I.alaador  Miischler  says  they  arc  f'lauid  in  .June  and  July.  In 
Swt'dcn  they  liej:an  to  tly  one  year  in  considerahle  inuuhers,  accordinj''  to 
llolmirren,  on.luiu'  12,  lemah  -  uciv  first  taken  on  lla^  1  1th  and  liy  .luly  )} 
onlv  fcuialo  wcri'  to  he  found  and  these  oulilown  :  malo  had  di>appeari'd 
hy  .luiU'  2(t.  and  ejiu'-'  were  olitaincd  .lune  .'in  io  the  luunhcr  of  niiu'ly  fr(Mn 
four  females.       licrji,  ai  Iviua.  olitiiiucil  an  eifjr  laid  on  .Fune  !•. 

in  Kurope.  accordini;' to  I  lolmiiicM.  the  caterpillar  moults  twice  hefore 
winter,  when  it  f;ocs  into  hilieru.itiou  and  cumplcies  its  transt'ormations  in 
the  >priiii;' :  liul  in  ( 'anada.  accordinu'  to  Fyles.  the  only  one  w  ho  has  carried 
it  to  uuiturity,  it  mtadts  four  or  five  tinii's  hefore  hihernation.  and  scarcely 
fee<ls  more  in  the  sprinj;-,  changinfi:  to  chrysalis  April  21  :  how  lonjf  the 
eluTsalis  period  lasts  he  does  not  stati'.  From  oliservations  the  present 
-eason  I  fiml  that  mi  cliaiij:in;i  its  >kiu  the  first  time  the  little  caterpillar  is 
motionless  for  at  least  three  days. 

'i'lie  male  while  living  possesses  no  odor  perceptiiile  to  the  human  semes 
.from  tlic  diseal  streak  of  androconia  cm  the  front  wing. 


SATYRINAK:   OKNKI^  .11 TTA. 


155 


().  jU'llo  of  tlic  Kuropi'im  Alps  i.s  more  nearly  allicil  ti>  tliis  -.pocii's  tliiii 
t(>  iiiiv  otliiT   Kiiriipciin  tnnii  or  to  ().  .Mcnrnlcii.     Iixlrrd   tlic  two  .-ipt'cic: 


Habits 


1  in  tl 


us  woi 


k  l)el 


(MILT  to  (listini't  sections  i 


if  tl 


ic  ircnns. 


flight,  and  posture.     I 


hiivf  onlv   once  sccii 


ittii    ni 


fii 


ami  tlu'U  onlv  f'oi  a  ^ifcond  as  one  tU-w  to  my  Urt  anil  «!!.■<  i-apturcd.  .Mr. 
IJraun  tell.-*  nie  '  liat  it  has  ratlu-r  a  cpiick  tliirlit.  is  liard  to  catcli.  rar«>ly 
rises  alio\('  till'  tops  of  tlio  kalni 


mil  otlii'r   lin\    Imslu's  ol'  tlii'  swam 


seldom  aliL:'lits,  and  is  fond  of  riri'lin^  annnid  tlie  rlumps  of  juniper  uliieli 
oeein'  here  and  there.  \\'lien  it  aliulil>  il  i-  ;:cneridly  upon  tlie  tree  trunk:-, 
and  in  tlie  pairinji'  season,  the  female,  aefordinjf  to  Ilohnfrren.  usually 
rests  hijrli  up  on  the  tree,  ami  it  is  in  th  -  .-eaich  after  females  that  the 
males  lly  around  and  up  the  trees. 

It  is  easily  startled;  when  it  walks,  it  mo\es  hy  little  starts,  with  each 
moM'ment  udvancinj^  less  than  a  fourth  of  its  length,  the  wings  parteil  from 
eueh  othei'  either  less  than  4.")^  or  ahout  Uto" :  and  if  l)lo«n  upon  when  at  re>t 
it  at  onee  tueks  its  fore  wings  hetwoen  its  elosed  hind  pair  to  rednee  the 
snrtiiee  ali'eeted  :  hut  seems  hardly  to  he  disturhed  when  the  antennal  tips 
are  tiekled  with  a  lu.lr. 

When  at  rest  fo;  the  night,  hanging  from  the  nuislin  roof  of  the  enclosure 
in  which  it  was  phieod,  I  in)ticed  that  its  legs  were  >prawled  widely  apart, 
the  wings  hung  hack  to  hack,  the  costal  edge  of  the  front  pair  a  little  helow 
that  of  the  hind  pair,  and  the  anteiuiae,  arched  ahout  eipially  at  the  two 
ends,  the  main  stalk  at  an  angle  of  ahout  100'  with  the  costal  edge  of  the 
fore  wings,  were  raised  ahove  the  i)Iane  of  the  hody  hy  4.'>\  and  divari- 
cated ahout  10(>\  Resting  diuing  the  day  it  assnnu's  uuuh  the  same  posi- 
tion, hut  the  fore  wings  are  then  hrought  forward  so  that  the  costal  edge 
is  at  right  angles  to  the  axis  of  the  hody  and  the  antennae  are  parted  at 
right  angles. 

Enemies.  Wo  know  nothing  as  yet  of  any  parasites  of  this  insect  ;  hut 
Fyles  states  that  he  onee  lost  a  specimen  through  a  kinghird,  'IVranims 
tyramms.  which  "gaM'  chax'  to  the  huttcrlly,  and,  alter  uuieh  douhling 
and  twisting,  caught  il  and  disposed  of  it  cll'cituallv  ." 

Desiderata,  (hii  main  need  is  a  hetter  knowledge  of  the  hiter  stagct 
of  the  caterpillar  and  of  the  chrysalis,  and  the  characteristics  ot'  its  pupation 
with  the  haliit- of  the  caterpillar  in  tin-  spring:  the  existing  description., 
are  ipiite  iii^Mllicient .      Where   in  a  morass,  mostly   under  watei'.  can   the 


latt  "I'lpwu 


111 


find 


I  suitahlc   place   to  hil)criiate  ;   and  where  in  tin 


still 


highi'r  waters  of  spring  can  the  cati  rpillar  seemely  impateV  .Mr.  Kdwards 
found  that  catcrpill.ar.-  hatched  from  dime  eggs  sent  to  West  \'irginia  from 
Montreal  would  eat  iiothiug,  hut  seemed  disposed  to  hil)ermite  at  once.  Is 
this  ever  the  case  in  their  home?  The  difference  hctween  the  ol 
of  Holmgren  and  Fylcs  also  needs  explanation.  Do  the  ilitU'rin;. 
indicate  that  the  insect  is  sometimes  one  vear  and 


•ser\ations 
accounts 


omctnnes  two  vears  in 


156 


'riii;  inrir.Ki- I.IKS  oi    \i:u   i;\(,i,ANit. 


lir;! 


W:: 


<'i»iii|ilctiiiL>'  its  ••vcli'tif  cliniifics":'  It  would  luinlly  f<t'nii  iHiHi^ildc  tlitit  Il'iliit- 
irn-u's  \  niiiij,' ciii'i'iiilliir^  I'lMiM  t't'ffi  ii|i  ill  tilt' s|iriii;j:  t<)!i|i|it'!ii' u|niii  llic  wihjj; 
.•It  the  <'iuly  <lat»'  of  tlicir  iioniiiil  :i|i|H'!iraii<'t'  in  Swi'dfii.  ( )r  i.-i  it  Miiotlirr  in- 
-tiiiirc  ottlu'  ;j:ir:itfr  iiittnsity  of  iiti'  in  Ain('ri<'a?  The  liricf  uml  r<'i:uliir  timo 
of  tlic  liiittcrHyV  HijL^lit  would  scciii  to  indicate  ninfonnity  in  the  larval  lial>ils. 
and  the  unusual  teni|»r:i!  iire.H  to  whii'li  the  northern  insect  was  siil>iected 
may  account  for  that  im  .■[ition  in  which  the  caleriiillars  did  not  >iirvi\e. 
Search  for  the  Imttertlv  should  lie  made  in  the  tirst  half  of  .lime  in  all 
s|ihaL;imm  morasses  in  northern  New  l-jitdand  and  ( 'anada  to  learn  more  of 
its  di>triliiition  :  it  is  useless  to  search  for  it  ont>ide  ot'siicli  a  -iiot.  Ninth- 
western  siiliarctic  America  should  aKo  he  s«'arclied.  Docs  the  |iii|ia  nnder- 
u'o  it-  transformations  in  a  cell  a-  in  O.  >emidea.  or  hansiiej;  like  ordinary 
N'yiii|<halidsy      Kyles  di-es  not  tell  ns.      lias  the  creature  aiiv  jiarasites  y 

/./N/'  '//■•  ii.i.is  I  i;.i  rioxs.    o/;\7-7.s  .iiri.x. 


i'i.i.i.  li^ 


Culoi'i'il. 


(  -.ilirfithu: 
1*1.  T'l.  li;.'.  1.    <  iitfi-pilhir  at  liirlh. 

7t:  II.    <':ili'i'{iilhiral   liii'lli.  I'nliii'iil. 
T-:   14,     lliMil  of  i:ilii|iill:ir,  rii'«l -la:.'!'. 

-T  :  IT.    <  all  r|illhir. nil -I.il'i'. 

IS.    (  :iii.i-|iillai'.  thinl  -tai;r. 


I'l.  H:  llu.  17.  iMiiialr.  IhjiIi  -urfa.'i-. 
:t:t:  .'i,  Malr  .'il"l>iiiiiiial  a|i|>i'iiila'.'i'-. 
t:l:  i,     Malr  ii|i|iir  -iiifai"  Imr  wiiii.'.  In 

•  linw  .li-i'iil  -li'cak. 
Ill:  J.     Aiii|i'iii..iiiiiiii   frniii  I  III- -trrak. 

ri.  |s.  li.',  -X.     I>i-lrilnilii)ii  In  N.   Amrrli'a. 


CKHCVONI.S    .SPFAEU. 


Ci  Tiyuiii- Sp.yrr.   Hull.    HiiH'.  -m'.    iial. 
ii:  :.'41  (l»7.M. 


.Miiiiii-  Si-iii|il..  Sy-t.  I'l'V.  .\iii.  Iiull..  .">  (ls7J) 
(Nut  .Mliiiii-  lliiliii.) 

'l'tlV-~l'"l'-  I'l"!"'  P'lilir. 
Klii-liilli  till'  I'i-i'  Willi  lii-r  iuir|pli'  favm-. 

<.lll«l'lll  till'  ••lift   Willi  IllT  '.'llllllll   i-iii!,'. 

"Pwivt  till'  twii  Ihmwii  IhiIIitMIi-  waM-r. 
l.i;;litl>  -iltlr.  ami  -lri-|iily  -uiiiL'. 

.Ii:an  \\i\v.\.»\\.-'IHii'Uil, 

I K  liiTr.  iiiiuii  tlii-  iiiiiiirc.  aiiiliiii  tlii-. 

Till    .iiiililiifiil  iPlr-rlllllli'lIt  111'  IWi)  lil-iilllrl's. 

sii  AKi:si'i:.\ui;.— //i((/i/<./. 

Imago  (52:  I  .  Ili'aii  -iniill.  pn-tty  iiiiil'in-iiily  IiiI'IimI  uilli  rtillur  Imiir  liiiir- :  t'ruiit 
full.  i|r|ii'i--i'il  a  lilllr  aliuvi..  pi'iiliiliri'aiit  111  till'  iiiiilclli'  bi'lnw.  -cai'i-rly  iiiirniwrr  tlmii 
till'  I'vr-.  liroailir  lliiiii  lilah.  tlic  iiiiililli'  nf  tin-  iipiicr  po-tiTinr  liiirilcr  pro.irrtliis; 
I'liiMiilly  a  little  lirlwiM'ii  ilic  initi'iinar.  lower  cil;;!'  ratlicr  aliriipl.  prrtty  wi'll  I'luiinli'il ; 
vi-rti'X -iiiiill.  (lepressi'd.  111!'  iiiiliTini'  iiliri'  rurrc-piiiiiliiiy;  icvci'-rly  In  tin-  po-ti'rior 
rilu:e  111'  llii'  fniiit  ;  lliiiiks  pretty  I'liU  :  upper  hiii-iler  "f  Ilic  eye  ill-liiirlly  iiii^iilali'il  np- 
|ii)>ilc  till' pD-tcrior  lia-i' 1)1' till' aiilriiiiaf.  Kycs  ol'  iiKnlerate  size,  pretty  full,  iinkeil. 
.\ilteiiiiae  iiiserti'il  ill  the  iiiiilille  nf  the  heail.  ill  ii  lii'oail.  sliallow  pit  separating;  tlio 
I'l'imt  anil  vertex,  their  iiileriur  base-  in  elnse  enntiirnity  ami  llie  exlerinr  eilire  -trikini; 
the  Hank- ;  I'liii-iileralily  luniri'r  than  the  aluluiiieii,  (•(iinpn-eil  of  fniiii  forty  to  fnrty- 
llve  joints,  increasiiii:  \  ery  sliiilitly  ami  very  ;;railinilly  in  >i>'.i'  on  Hie  apieal  Ihinl.  the 
last  two  joints  iliniiiii-liina  to  a  liniailly  ronmleil  apex  :  tran-versely  circular,  the  elnli 
a  little  ilepresseil.  iiiimitely  carinate  alornj  the  uiiiler  surface.  I'alpi  more  lliiin  twice 
as  liiiiir  a-  the  lye,  slemler.  eonipre>-eil,  the  apical  one-third  as  lonu  as  the  miildlo 
joint:  profusely  clollii'd  beneath  with  loiiir.  above  with  -liort  hair-,  all  compacted  in 
a  vcnieal  plane. 


saivimn.m:    riiK  (;KN'r'>  imm  voms. 


1-.7 


I'lcllllKI'llcIc    llllll' 


<iiiiill    H|<|'>'<' I   M  liii-<   liiallilii   |i(  llii'lc.  <iiil<lriily  t'\|>iniiU 


Iriir  itlxivi-  til  a  iraii«\ir«i'  iiiiiihl  iiiii—-.  rciiii|iiii'iiil\i'ly  liirifi-.  altiliiisc  dihI  wrll  imiiiicIimI 

lllliTiiil'l.V.  rMll'icil'ly  ivlrlliliim    l>i  II  cItiWIIWIini    rlll'\illL'.  lll'_'llllli'.  IlllllltlV  pipilltcll    jiril- 

jc'<ili«n.  iniMTiiiir  Ixitli  m  lirisflit  ami  liiisrili:  iiiiiiMinIy  li   i-  a~  l.iii^  a-  lilu'li  ami  tlu> 
lii'cadili  r\( (N  t  1     !•  liL'lli  aliiiiil  fmir  tliiir-.    ratairia  iiumI'     iirly  nnivrx.  tin'  im-iiTinr 


Inlii'  pictly  Ipi'iiMil  :ii    lia«r,  -.rarii'ly  t«  irr  a-  Imiir  a-  lnnail. 


illy  ami  iinMiy  iTirularly 


la|M'i' 


linr.  Ilic  iiiliTJrii'  iilirr  inaih  -iniiL'lil.  1 1 \lrriiiri'iiiiia\      tin'  li|i  Idinilly  |inliiii''l. 


Kmr  «iiii;«  (38:1  '  mil  un'all.v 


iici'il  a1  till'  api'X  ; 


■.l.il  tiiarifiii  |inil>'  ri'iriilarly 


ilmiiL'li  mil  ifri'iilly  roiivrx  llii'cniuliii.lt :  iiiili-r  mariihi  niiicli  llir  •.aim-,  lull  inori' or  li'»» 
tlallriu'il  aliiii'r  llii'  inlililli':  liimi' iiiai-irlii  »lralL'lil.  tin-  Inwcr  oiiiit  aiiL'li'  |iiTlly  wrll 
nuimli'il  .ill'.  ('ii»lal  iirrviiri'  iircatly '•AMilli'inkt  the  lia-f  I'nr  a  ili-.taiiri'  ciiiial  tn  tin' 
wlillli  iif  till' cell ;  llrnt  t\vi> -.iiiiiriKr  •iiilini«lal  m'l'Vllli'«  ari*illL'  rl(i>i' to  tlu'  ll|i  of  tln' 
iijl  .  till'  latlrr  a  llltli'  li'>»  lliah      ilf  a«  Iniiif  a«  tin-  wliiir  ami  liitt  little  imife  tlian  iwlci' 


a»  luiiif  a>  lii'iiail;  nii'iliiiii  a  linl 


ll:l 


il    !il    llie   lia> 


t  ri'v  ^I'ailiiallv   'llmliil^liini;  In 


«ize  half  \va> 


it»  llr-l  iliMU-iratiim:  ^iiliiiii'ijiaii  with  a  liii>al   inlaririinciil  -iinllar  in 


that  III'  till'  III'  iliaii. 


iry  »i'\iial   iiiTiiliarity.  the  iiiah'  ha-  tin'  nlmlc  nf  thr 


iipiiiT  »iirfarr  111'  tin  ri'll  :n  1  all  tin-  iTiflmi  liiiinriliati'ly  Mii'i'iinmlliii.'  it  fnvi'iTil  w  Hi 
ratlH'i' liiiiif  ri-riiiiiln'iil  liaii'^,  illriTti'il  fnini  In  frmit  liarkwanl ;  tliiTr  l»  al-n  in  tin' 
lnwi'f  nii'ilian  iiitfi'«|>aro  m-ar  it*  Im-i-  ami  also  below  ami  a  little  within  il.  .i-  well  at 
111  the  llieili(i-«.nlillieilillll  ami  tllliinedio-iiileriial  illtelN|mee-..  ralinr  »ni;ill,  ^'elierally 
iiiaiiL'iilar  |ialehi'>  .  i'  |iartially  ei'eel      'alet.  L'ivliiL'  a  | iilliir  a|i|ieaniiii'e  i.'  ihe  win;;. 


Iliml  will:;:*  with    <lie   eiotal  iii.imin  ai'ilieil  at   Hie  lia* 


it IV   reuularlv  lonvex 


I  ley  mil  I.  the  upper  ouii  r  aimle  '  ■  ry  well  riiiimleil   Inn    a  little  priiiniiieiil.  miter  Imrder 


lai'eely  aiiiiii'ateil  al  the  iippii- 


iliail    llei'ville.  oil    either  villi' III'    il  liilt    little  emn  ex 


ami   inimiteU  i-reiiiilate:   inner  niarifln  -liL'htlv  emivex     lievmnl   liie  iihiliniiiii  rmiinlly 


i'X(i»eil.      Nervnle  elo^iiii;   the 


I'll   ttrilviii^r  till'  ineilian  a  lilth   iievmnl  iw  la^l  liivariea- 


timi  anil  the  Hiilieo'^ial  as  farlM-ymul  the  Imtal  eiirve  oT  the  lowe.i  hramli:  llr^l  ineilian 
ilerviite  orli!iiiatiii<;  npposlle  the  l)a>al  riirve  of  the  la>t   '-iilieostal  iierviih 

.Xli'iroeonia  exeeeiliii:;ly  tlemler.  taperiii'.r  I'rmn  I  In-  very  hftM'  to  the  niere»t  tliieail 
with  ^.'I'eat  i'ei;iilarity.  expamliiii.' at  tip  liy  a  »hiirl  ami  rather  tliii-k  liiineli  of  laleral 
Ihreiiilli'tt. 

Koi'e  |.'u>  very  >iiiiill.  eylimlrii'iil.  the  tilii.'ie  nearly  .iiie-thinl  l!ie  leiiL'lh  "f  the  liiinl 
t iiiliie:  liii'tl  not   «i>  loin;  a*  the  tlliiae.  emi-.i^iiinr.  in   the  male.  Ilf  an  innliviileil  Joint. 


riiiiiiati'il  liy  a  pimlneeil.  eminirieteil,  eonie.'il  apex.  Iieariin;  a  i'i"-i'inlilan('e 


eiit  nil 


-pine 


ill  tile    I  email',  of  llvi'  verv  iinllttinit   joint-,  the   llr-l  Ihree-ilfths  of  the  lar-al 


h'lnrtli.  the  others  •leereatln;;  sli^jhlly  ami  reirnlarly  to  the  tip  ami  apparently  i|iiite  nii- 
arnieil;  h-a  wholly  nnarineil  exreptiiiir  liy  llie  rather  >par>e  rlotliiii::  of  Imiir  haii'i, 
wliiili  ipreail  a  littli'.  e-peeially  on  the  outer  «hli-.  anil  in  the  male  imire  than  in  I  lie 
feiiiiile:  miihlle  tiliiae  a  lilth'  more  than  Ihree-fmirihs  the  li'im:lli  of  the  liimi  tihiiie. 
'I'iliiae  fiinii-lieil.  on  either  -iile  of  the  iimler  -iirfaee.  w  ith  a  row  of  rather  ili-tiiii. 
iiiuileralely  loll:;,  forw.inl  aii'l  a  little  mitwanl  ilirerle'l  tpiiii-..  the  terminal  one-  ile- 
velopeii  lull  1  loin;  ami  -  iinler  --pnrs:    llr-t  joint    of  t,'ir>i   lon:;er  than  the  next   three 


iiiiiit-.  to:;i'ther.  the 


mil  next  ill  leii:;tli  ami  twie 


liilli;   a-   the    folii'lh    wliieli    i.« 


»horto>t :  the  thinl  ami  llftli  eipial :  w  linle  iimler  ■•iirface  of  the  l:ir-i  lilierally  siippHeil 
with  rather  short  splm-.  emilliu'il  iim-ily  to  a  ilmilile  ineilian  row  ami.  mi  either  shle. 
a  lateral  row,  the  latter  the  lariter  ami  their  terminal  spine-  in  eai-li  joint  sli:;htly 
eiirved  and  a  little  larger  than  the  other*:  claws  rei;nlarly  ami  rather  -lroiii;ly  curved. 
I  liiite -lender,  scari'i'ly  com  pre—I'd.  lilniilly  pointed  :  piilx  ill  ii-  in  i  nut  e.  Iran- ver-ely  ovale, 
upon  iui  eiilarLfed  peduncle:  paronychia  cmi-i-lin:;  mi  cither  -ide  of  two  nieinlier-.  an 
upper,  -lender.  -Ii'aii;lit.  re:;iilai'ly  tiipcriin;  and  very  pointed  lamina,  a-  Imiu  a-  ilie 
daw:  ami  a  lower,  iiiciirved.  ■.Iiorl.  feathery.  ei)iml  rilihmi.  half  a-  Imn;. 

Male  abdmninal  appciida:;es  :  upper  orL'an  rather  slender,  the  centrinn  stroin;ly  coni- 
pre-seil,  laterally  trian:;nlar,  scarcely  arched  above,  the  hnok  very  slender  and  cijiial, 
eleKaiitly  curved,  its  upper  otlite  in  direct  coiitlnuallon  of  that  of  the  centrum.  -ti'oiii;ly 
ami  ecpially  eoinprcssed.  coiisideralily  Imiiicr  than  the  centrinn.  bluntly  poinleil  at  tip; 
sides  of  the  eeiitnun  siipportin,:;  m/ar  the  middle  a  pair  of  lateral  arms,  -lender,  taper- 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


/ 


O 


^j 


»- 
^ 


y. 
^ 


1.0 


I.I 


1.25 


[SIM 


1.4 


2.5 


1.6 


V] 


.^ 


C»J 


a 


7 


f^  <^ 


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Photographic 

Sdences 

Corporation 


23  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  14580 

(716)872-4503 


V      Cj> 


»- 
^ 


158 


riiK  isLTrKiti'i-iKs  or  ni;\v  mni.i.and. 


iiifr.  pointed,  ilii'cclcMl  liai'kuiifd.  iiiriirM.'(l,  li'-->  tliiiu  (iiic-lliii'il  a»  Idii^' tis  tlu' liDok. 
Clusps  >tniiiy;ly  ((iiiipn-i^cil.  not  iin-urvcd,  nitlicr  l)rimd  at  llic  base.  Iml  iiai'mwin:; 
tliroiiu:lioiit,  iniistly  on  the  distal  half,  wliiidi  i.-;  I)ciit  a  little  iip^vanl  and  lcrniiniite>  in 
a  blniit  point ;  npper  niaririn  of  the  (•la.--p  about  as  Ion;;  as  the  hook  of  the  upper  oriian. 

Egg,  Sonuwhat  short  barrel-shaped,  Init  dinMni->liiuu'  u:reatly  in  si/e  on  the  upper 
hair,  the  apex,  Mhich  is  broadly  truneated  and  distinetly  separated  Ifoni  the  sides,  a 
little  eonvex :  lii'rher  than  broad,  broadi -t  In  the  middle  of  the  lower  two-thirds,  the 
base  sliiihtly  convex,  the  sides  a  little  i'  llated  :  sides  I'liiMiished  with  a  laruie  innnber  of 
distinet.  but  not  very  pronnnent,  ioniritniliiiiil  rilis  and  traversed  lrans\crsely  liy  nunier- 
on-  delicate,  raised  lines:  at  tlie  sunnnit  the  lonuitudiM.'d  rib^  are  connected  by  an 
irreiiuiar,  wavy  rim.  between  which  and  tlu'  mieropyle  i~  a  -imilar  circlet  :  snrl'ace 
minutely  itraniiloNC.  Mieropyle  formed  of  numite.  roundish.  polyiri>nal  celK,  decrea^- 
iinr  in  »ize  toward  tlie  centre,  lionnded  by  line  line-. 

Caterpillar  at  birth.  Head  reiiiil.'irly  I'onnded.  of  eipial  height  and  iireadtli.  the 
tipper  hiilf,  ns  far  a-  a  line  rnniiin;i  from  tlie  lar;;esi  ocellus  to  a  point  about  one-third 
way  ilown  the  frontal  triaiiirle.  but  avoidin;;'  tlie  ocellar  Held,  pretty  coarsely  and 
rather  abundantly  pnni'tnred:  anteriiu'  ocellus  twice  a>  lar^e  as  any  i>(  the  others, 
liody  depre>~cd  above  betwi'eii  the  laterodorsal  rows  of  appeiidaiies;  terminal  sediment 
s(|ii;ii'ily  iriincate.  the  only  indication  id'  tlic  -iibscipieiit  bifun'ation  beiim-  in  the 
papillae  which  irivi'  ri-e  t<i  lon^  teriiiinal  hairs,  liody  furnished  with  elevated  papillau 
lihini;  ri-e  to  peculiar  iiiipeiida'ies  Mild  placed  In  iKU'izontal  rows,  as  follows:  a  tho- 
racic iiu'diodorsal  scries,  and  the  followinii  over  tlie  whole  boily:  a  laterodorsal  series, 
two  to  ii  -eminent  (the  posterior  -liuiitly  the  loner  and  its  appeiidaifo  ?;rowiiiu;  coiitin- 
lia'ly  shorter  toward  the  po-lcrior  part  of  llie  liody),  the  appt  ndayes  of  both  directed 
forward  on  the  thoriicic.  b;ickward  on  theabdoininal.  scunient-  :  asiipnistiiiinatal  series, 
oni'  to  a  seitnieiit,  centrally  placed,  and  its  appenil;iL;-c  directed  forward:  and  an  infra- 
stiiiiiiat:il  -erics,  two  to  a  sejimeiit.  the  posterior  a  little  liiu'her  than  the  anterior,  the 
appendaiies  of  both  directed  backward,  'I'lie  appendaiies  above  the  spiracles  (86  :■'<'•<) 
con-i-t  of  exccedinjrly  lomr.  -carcely  iapcrimr,  compressed  hairs,  bent  very  stroiurly  a 
little  above  the  l)ase.  so  as  to  be  nearly  horizontal,  the  convex  surface  distantly  luid 
rather  sinnou-ly  serrulate:  those  below  the  spiracles  are  s.nnewhat  shorter  and  not  so 
jii'eatly  curved.  Lcirs  rather  lony:,  not  very  stout,  tnperin;i  the  claw  rather  short  and 
stont,  taperinir  r:itlier  rapidly,  pretty  stroniily  and  rcirnhirly  curved :  ventral  prolci;s 
arineil  with  live,  iinal  proh'irs  with  seven  hooklets,  arran^'ed  in  a  sliiilit  curve,  eiinal, 
the  ba-ai  lialf  nearly  straiirht,  thedi-tal  stron2:ly  curvi'd,  dist;int  from  one  anotlier  by 
les-  than  their  own  width.  Spir:icles  circular,  a  little  ilevated,  on  sliiihtly  constricted 
stalks. 

Mature  caterpillar.  Ile:ul  appre--ed  ulobose.  a  little  Ihitleiied  aliove.  pretty  full  in 
front,  iiroadc-t  at  the  upper  limit  (d'  the  ocelli,  narrowinjr  but  little  above,  the  surface 
nnifoniily  and  rather  spai'-ely  -tndded  with  small,  bluntly  conical  papillae.  Ocelli  the 
in  number,  four  in  an  opi'ii  curve,  of  which  tlie  llrst,  lliird  and  fourth  are  similar  In 
si/c  anil  ei|uidi-tant,  tlie  second  niiich  larui'r  and  approximated  to  the  llr-t,the  tlfth 
posterior  and  at  the  aii'j;le  cd'  an  ec|Ual  armed  ri;iht  aiiiile  iiiiiliim'  the  second  and  fourth. 
Frontal  triangle  slender,  witli  straiiiht  sides,  reachini;  the  middle  of  the  upper  half  of 
the  head,  nearly  twice  as  liiijh  as  bro;id.  l.abrnni  nirrow.  nearly  as  lona  as  wide.  anu;n- 
hirly  ;iiid  coiisidenibly  einaru:iiiate.  .\nteninie  si.iall.  the  llrst  joint  ninininiforin,  the 
second  inconspicuons,  hardly  half  as  lony  as  broad,  formiuy;  a  small  and  tapcrini;  riiin', 
the  third  cylindrical,  about  two  and  a  half  times  lousier  than  broad  and  less  than  half 
a-  broad  as  the  tlist.  bcirinir  at  tip  a  not  loiiir.  liipcrini;  bri-li<'.  and.  laterally,  the 
niinilte  cylindrical  fourth  joint.     .Mandible-  -tout,  broad,  chisel  edy;eil. 

liody  cylindrical,  -liuhtly  lliittencd  beiiciith.  larne-l  at  the  second  abdouiinal  seyiuent 
and  tapcrini;  ei|iially  forwanl  and  backward  as  far  as  the  tlfth  abclominal  seifiueiit  and 
then  more  rapidly:  anal  horn-  short,  slender,  conical,  widely  separated,  the  sc^iueiit 
truucati' bi'twecn  tliem.  .Midominal  seirnieuts  divided  above  by  creases  into  si.K  sec- 
tion-, id'  which  the  anierior.  a-  far  as  the  spiracles,  i-  twice  as  larjfc  lis  one  of  the 
otlnr- wliicli  are  eipial ;  the  -ecoiid  ami  lliird  thoracic  seirmeiit- are  dlvUled  into  live 


SAl'VltlNAi;;     rill-:  (JKNIS   (KIU  VOXIS. 


159 


I'linnl  >('cti(nis.  Siirl'iicc  covcri'il  ulin.idiiiitly  wiili  iiiiiiiilc.  runicnl  |i:i|iillii".  liicli  brariii^' 
;i  hiickwiiril-ilii-cctc"!  Iiliiiit-ti|p|>i'il  or  iiiiiiiitcly  I'ork-tippcil  hair  two  or  ilircc  tiiiu~  ii> 
loiiit  ii~  llic  iiiipilla.  S|iirncli'- iiiiiiiilr.  oviil.  Iciiliciihir.  I.ru-~  ~iikiI1.  i-oiiicul.  l'rolc:;-i 
ViitluT  >t(iiit.  Nlmrl.  roniral. 

Chrysalis.  i)ii  ii  >\i\v  view  llic  vciilriil  iiiariiiii  is  iuT''i'rlly  -Iraiirlit  liclow  until  llio 
wiiiit  cii-i'-  arr  rcai-lii-ii.  Ilicii  il  I-.  uciilly.  --liulilly.  ami  In'oadly  swollen,  licyoini  wiiii'li 
i!  i-  airaiii  ,-traitflil  on  the  lapci'in^  ahilonii'n.  'riu'  antr  ioi'  niaririii  is  -iniiiiiit.  op 
sli^rlitly  I'lill.  al  •.(■arccly  li's^  llian  ;>  i-i^'lil  in4;li'  vvilli  the  \fntnil  niai'Ltin.  slmrply  anirlcd 
next  it  anil  in  llic  opposilc  ilii'rcl.  ■  .  nu'llin4:  into  tlic  tlioi'acic  I'idL'i'.  wliidi  i-  lull,  well 
vonmliMJ  anil  inodcralely  liiylj.  ,-.c,)ai'alcd  fi'oni  llic  alidinninal  ai'cli  liy  a  u:i'iitli'  anirnla- 
tion.  Till'  doi'snin  of  tlu'  tirst  four  abdominal  scirinriit^  and  lln'  indatlnn-ax  i--  \  rry 
^cnt';.  and  Ui'oadly  arclu'd,  so  tlial  this  part  of  llic  body  is  siibiMpial.  beyond  wbii-li  it, 
falls  rapidly  away  lowai'd  tlie  crcnia^tiT.  but  mMiIi  a  tolerably  -tronL'  areli.  'I'lie  c-re- 
master  is  inelined  al  an  aiiirle  of  abonl  4.")  willi  the  ventral  s\nl'aee  id  the  alnlonien. 
i'(|n,d  as  view<'d  laterally.  Viewed  from  tlie  back  tln'  oeellar  inberi-les  are  eonnecled 
by  a  siraiiiiil  line  and  separali'il  from  tlie  ba»al  wiiii;  tnbereles  leaeli  of  ^vhi(•ll  is  a 
little  fartliei'  from  tlie  neiifliboriiiii'  oeellar  liibei-eles  than  the  hitler  from  ea(  h  otiier)  by 
a  nnifoi'iii  concavity  :  aliove  the  basal  vvinu:  uibercle*,  which  are  scarcely  prominent,  tin; 
body  is  iMpinl  nearly  to  the  tips  of  tlii'  winy:  cases  and  llicn  taper-,  at  lir-t  -lowly  afti'f- 
Wiird  rapidly,  to  t he  creinaslei'.  which  contiiines  the  tapering  form  to  tlie  -ipiai'dy  trnn- 
cate  tip.  'I'lie  vvin^s  reaidi  the  extrcMnity  of  tlw  -.cnllnrcci  pi>rli<m  of  tin'  f<mrtli 
al)doininal  scirment.  lln!  toiiiitie  sli^litly  surpassiiiii  iliein  and  the  antennae  sliu:litly 
-horter  tlian  tliev. 


nt 

id 
nt 


m 


This  is  ill!  Amcrictm  oviiiis  with  it  coiisidtM'tililc  iitiitilx'i'  ot'  siiccics, 
uiiistly  I'cciiri'iiio-  in  tht;  wt'stern  htilt' ot' tho  cimtiiu'iit.  lint  whdsc  limits  mikI 
I'clntions  ;ifo  not  yot  cli'iifly  (Ictci'iniinMl.  'I'hc  dd/cn  noniinni  species  are 
nil  vnriiihic  imd  ftin  into  one  nnothcr  hy  int'.'ioiinlcs,  nnd  iiitlccd  |»roliiilp!y 
iToss  with  Ciich  other  wherever  their  ipoimdtiries  oyerliip.  In  ctistern 
Ainericii  there  nre  not  more  thtm  th.ree  species,  oeetipyino-  sneeessive  l)elt.«i 
of  liititiide.  which  niso  o\-erl;ip.  In  New  Knjrlimd  th"  jiemis  is  feprei«entp(l 
liy  two  species,  n  northern  iind  ti  .southern,  whieli  meet  on  eonmion  o-roiind 
in  tlie  middle  portions  ot'  the  distri<'t. 

It  hns  lieen  oeneridly  conceded  of  liiti>  yei;rs  tluit  these  two  types  of 
Inittt'i'tlies  were  oidy  dimor|ihi(>  tonus  of  n  siiiule  species.  ;md  I  liii\(; 
myself  shiire<l  in  thi.s  \ie\v.  which  hits  lieen  .supposed  proven  liy  the 
hreedino'  e.\|>ei'iii.eiits  iind  direct  oonipiirisons  of  tt  liiro('  iiinoiint  of 
niitteriiil  miide  liy  Ivlw.trds.  who.  far  more  tliiiii  nil  otiier  <•'  crs 
tofrt'ther,  liiis  increiised  otir  knowledo'O  of  the  niitiirnl  histo-  ot'  these 
liiittertlies. 

lie  liii.s  instituted  conipiirisons  lietween  them  tit  every  stupe  of  lit'e,  mid 
while  he  sees  ditierences  lietween  ciiterpilhirs  iind  ehrysnlids  lioni  of  dif- 
ferent ty])e«,  he  finds  no  coiisttint  and  iiniverstd  distinetion.s  :  while  tis  to  the 
relation  of  the  early  stap-es  to  the  liiittertlies.  he  has  proved  liy  lireediiiij 
tliat  "south  (if  the  lielt  of  iliiiiorpliism.'"  as  he  ealls  that  strip  of  coiintrv 
where  C  alope  tuid  C.  nephclo  both  oeeiir,  "iilope  produced  alope.  lint  inside 
the  belt,  alope  produced  interprades,  and  iiephele  jirodiieed  iilojio  iind 
also  an  iiiterirnide  .  .  .  That  nejiheie.  north  of  the  belt,  l.reed.s  true  i.s 
eertain,  liceaiisie  the   interpnidest  and   alojie  are  not   found   here."     This 


pv>' 


:h. 


160 


riiK  i!rrn;i!i-i,ii:s  of  xi:\v  kn(;lam). 


M  ■■:i.>, 


wuiilcl  lit'  ccinclii^iN  I'  it'  tlic  ciiiiiiihtc  liMrcntiiuc  in  iiicli  rn^r  were  kiinwii  : 
liiit  ii>  Hilly  tile  miitlicr  w  iis  kiniwii  in  any  cii.-c,  MniitluT  i'.\|ii:inMtiiiii  i» 
not  only  |M)ssil)lc,  hut  in  \  lew  ot'  :ill  tlic  t':tcl>  jO'iiliaMe'.  Tlii'  intci'Lirailc- 
tiiund  tlirunii'liiMit  tlic  licit  t'cniiinu'  the  mirtlicni  lioiiiKlarv  of  tin-  t\|iicil 
alopc  and  tlic  ,-onllicrn  iMMMidary  iit'  tlic  typical  nc|iliclc  .-ccni  to  lie  tar 
more  easily  ex|ilaiialilc  on  the  liy|iotlic.>is  of  liyliri<lisni,  .-iiicc  tliev  occur 
only  wliei'c  sncli  a  |ilieiioiiiciioii  i.-  |iossilile.  and  \\licrc\('r  it  i>  possilile. 
Tlic  sainc  arunnicnt  applied  to  tlic  case  ot'  iiasilarcliia.  a,^  lia>  lieen  done 
liy  i'-dw  ards.  woidd  ioiiically  pro\c  nnn'c  llian  lie  would  ayrec  to,  \i/.  : 
tin  .-petatie  idcnlily  and  triniorplii>ni  of  ail  tlu-  I'asterii  .-pccies  c.\ce|itiim' 
1>.  arcliippiis.  riiat  tlic  species  of  ( 'ercyonis  iicre  descrilied  are  certainly 
di.stiiiet  I  would  liy  no  i;ieaii>  iiiaintain  :  only  that  in  \  icw'  of  the  facts  of 
(listrilmiioii,  it  seems  more  prolialile  that  they  siionld  Ik'  lookeil  upon  as 
lia\ini:'  rcaciied  in  their  dcNclopnient  the  stayc  of  speciKc  distinction, 
while  thev  are  iH-adily  fci'tile  in/'-r  >'  and  produce  iiiterii'rades  where  they 
meet  on  cominon  ground.  It  would  perhaps  lii'  jiossililc  liy  ijitrodnciny 
a  coii»ideralile  niiniiier  of  nephele  into  a  southern  l.icality  far  removed 
from  till'  "licit  of  diniorpliism."  or.  as  I  shoidd  ratlicr  call  it,  the  "  iKKstard 
licit":  or  liy  the  introduction  of  aiope  into  an  eipially  removed  northern 
locality,  to  ]irodiic<'  in  fi'ei'  nature  iiitcri;rades  at  those  [loiiits.  iJiit  if 
.^ucli  an  experiment  failed,  it  mi^lit  easily  ln'  pre-unied  that  the  conditions 
of  life  were  not  sutiicicntly  !'a\oraliie  to  tlie  introduced  torm,  or  that  the 
re.snlt.>  were  oM'i'lookcd.  It  is  a  ditticult  ((uot^tioii  to  settle,  liut  tlio 
pni<,''re.-.-  of  txpcrinient  and  rc.-earch  will  doulitle-s  one  day  determiiic  tlie 
matti'r. 

'{"lie  liiittertlies  ot'  this  i;enu.-  lia\e  ample  wiiius  ot'  a  uniform  rich  dark 
lirown  alio\e,  the  outer  mar.'iin  jicucilleil  with  two  or  three  darki'r  lines 
and  prcccdi'd  liy  a  few  (on  ihe  fore-wiiiiis  liy  one.  or  two:  on  the  liind- 
winji's  licnerally  iiy  one)  darker  oecllateil  sjiot.s,  usnidly  eon'iiK'd  to  the 
lower  sulicosial  and  lower  nu'dian  iiiter.s[iiicos  :  thosic  of  the  fore-w  iuii'.s 
are  soniclimes  laiclox'd  in  a  liroad  yellowish  liand  :  lieiu'ath,  the  winir.s 
are  irrorate  w  itli  short  dark  streaks  on  a  liuhlcr  liro.\  ii  lia.-e.  the  markings  of 
the  upper  surface  an'  repeated  and.  on  the  hind  wiuiis.  uften  accompanied 
liv  additional  ocecllated  .-p<its,  not  ecpiidistai.t  from  the  outer  lioi'der. 

'{"here  i«  liut  a  sinu'le  lirood  each  year,  tlic  liiitterHli'!'  fiyinji'  from  mid- 
summer onwiird    and  tlii'  eateijiilhus  hilicrnatinii'    as  soon  as  liorn.  as  in 

the  allied    Kuroiieaii  ycnns  Minois;   the  clir\  salis   is  altiielH'd   liv  its  hinder 
I  ~  »  * 

e.xircmity  to  liladcs  of  ui'i'ss,  etc. 

'I'lie  CLi'^'s  are  .•«hort  liai'rel-.>haped,  furnished  witli  numerous  lonu'itn- 
dinal  rills.  'I'lii'  ju\enile  caterpillars  are  stout  and  fnrnislied  with  e.xceed- 
iiiiih'  loni;'.  compre»ed,  li'ciiiculate  appendajics,  lient  liackward,  I'xeeptinji' 
thove  of  the  doiMini  of  tile  thoracic  >ei;nieiit,  which  turn  f<irward  pre- 
>culinL;'  II   pccuiiai'  contrast.       Tlic  mature  caterpillars  are  simply   [lulies- 


I'lii:  (  i.ociiiNi;  oi'  (  Ai'i:r,i'iM.Ai:s. 


1()1 


cent,  the  liciul  rninid  iiml  ('(|ii;il.  iind  lintli  liciid  jukI  Imdy  lii'cM'ii  iintl 
t'lirnislii'd  with  scvt'iiil  Idiiiiitiidiiiiil.  ('(intiiuiuus  stri|>('>  "f  liulitcr  i»nd 
diirkcr  jirccii  :  tlic  hist  sciiiiifiit  is  liricily  iiiid  slenderly  forked.  Tlie 
elirvsidis  is  well  rounded,  liiis  ;in  idiir  ridp',  iiniiidiite  ncell;ii'  jironiinenees. 
;ind  a  i-iipidly   tiipei-inii'.  pointed,   non-earinate  alxlonieii. 


KXCCRSIS    II.  — THE    CLOTlllXa    OF    CATKIl I'fl.LARS. 


d- 


nus 


lieu 


in 
del- 


litu- 


d- 


hiii: 


Ali.l  uli;ir,~  ;i  liiiltiTlly:'     Al  lii'-i. 
IIi'"«  lull  II  iMliTi.ilhir.  ilri'-l. 

•  loliN  (iAY. -'/'/<<    liiilh  ,-iUj  "ml  Ihi   Siidil. 

I'lIK  aiipelldiii:'e>  oi'  ealcrpilliii-  are  >iniply  spe<'ial  de\elopnieilts  of  tiie 
entiele.  Aiinost  witlioiit  exeeption  tliey  are  arraiiiied  in  lonji'itiidinal  series 
aloiifi"  tile  l)odv,  l)iit  soiiietiines.  cspceially  where  the  seu'inents  of  the  hody 
are  divided  into  a  laruc  niinilier  of  traiis\i'rse  di\isions  i)y  creases  in  the 
skin,  tliev  are  also  arraiijj;e(l  in  transverse  rows  across  the  hody.  .\s  a 
i;'eiier:il  rule.  ho\ve\er.  the  latter  arraim'eineiit  is  sniiordlnate  to  the  tcu'iiier. 
althoiiti-h  niMiiy  naturalists,  stiidyinii'  their  ilisposition  separately  on  each 
joint  of  the  hody,  have  descrihed  them  as  if  the  tiaiis\ ci'se  arranji'cincnt 
were  the  more  important.  i'liat  this  is  not  so  is  plain  from  the  tiicl  that 
in  the  loiiLi'itiidinal  series,  where  they  arc  on  separate  pieces,  they  are  clearlv 
;iliuiie(l,  which  is  very  often  not  the  ea,-e  when  on  one  and  the  .sjune  piece 
tliev  are  \iewt'd  traiisverselv. 


Tl 


lis  soeciat  ite\  v'loumcii 


II  ot'  the  cuticle  iiiav    lake  form  in  \ 


irioils   WAV: 


The  simplest  of  all  and  the  mo-^t  iiiii\  ersally  di;  trihnted.  even  tlii'  onlx'  (dotli- 
in<i' of  coiisidcraiile  ii'i'onps.  is  that  of' minute  papillae,  hardly  visihie  exci'pt 
hy  artiHcial  aid.  These  pajiillae  are  nsnally  of  a  conical  shape.  tlioiiii'Ii 
sometimes  more  or  le>s  hemispherical,  and  Li'cncrally  >iippiii't  a  hair:  or 
they  may  take  tlie  t'oi'in  ol'  >im| 
I'ai.il 


mple,  leiiticniar,  hiistcr-likc,  naked  elevati 


a>  ill  many  I'apilioniiiae.  where  they  are  often  hi^'liK- colored  oi- n-lcani  '.xith 
a  metallic  lustre.  Sometime^  the  papillae  arc  >niooih.  nakeil  and  hemi- 
spherical, the  ha^e  >nrriiimded  liy  a  riiiLi'  of  color  yivinj:'  them  the  appear- 
ance ot'  rinii-like  >piraclc^,  scattered  o\-er  the  liody  in  deliiiite  series. 
'I'lic~c  are  lomid  only,  a.-  far  a>    I  know  ,  on    the  I'atcrpillars  of  the    L\cae- 

l>nl  ill  many  other  caterpillars 


nidae,  and  Iheiioiiiv  in  Ilieii' earlu'>t  stau'C' 


the  papillae  are  dcNcloped  as  lartic  roiiii'lii'iied,  wart-like  prominences,  often 
themsehc.-.  eoxcred    with  snhm'dinati'   papillae  or  with    hristles.  a>   in  son 


\ 


yniphaJK 


lac  and  the  earliest  stau'es  of  ,>oiiic    Papilioninae.      .Vi^ain  sn 


wart  or  tiihereh'  may  he  coiisidcrahly  proloiie-cd  nnij  hri-tle  with  ronii'h 
projections  or  papillae  all  alone-  its  surface,  as  in  the  full  iirowii  caterpillars 
ol'  the  Xyniphalidi,  the  leost  strikinji'  instance  oi'  wliii'h  in  our  fauna  is 
fomid  in  l)asilarchia  eros  of  tiie  sonthern  states. 


i^t 


I  'it 


m 


I      :    I  J      ij^i       ,     L-.v. 


r.v  '-'H'' 


A  6-.-' 


1  iVl 


iiii:  iii'i'ii;iii-i,ii:s  of   ni:\v  i;\(;i,.\Nit. 


I''nr  liicsc  |):i|)illit'onn  luitlics,  li(p\vc\cr  (l('\cl(p|i((l.  -.iw  rarely  siiii|(k'. 
'I"lic\'  iiciirly  iilways  tcnnin.'ili'  at  the  smiiiiiit  witli  a  single  tapcrinu'  liair. 
and  ill  tliis  turiii  tlicy  M'ry  lii'iicrally  coNcr  tlu'  Ixidy  of  tlic  cati'i'iMllai's  of 
all  ImttrrHics.  linwi'Ncr  naked  tliey  may  appear,  however  liirsiite.  or  liowever 
luistiiiiu'  \v  itii  s|>iiies.  In  llie  earliei^l  staji'e.  espeeialiy  in  the  yoiiiiL;'  of 
many  Nvmphalidae  and  Lyeaenidae.  the  hairs  are  ot'  excessive  leiiiilli.  and 
niiiTo-eopieally  spienliferoiis  or  serrate.  Sometimes  the  hairs  are  ehihlied 
at  the  tip  or  trnmpet-siiaped,  as  w  iih  many  of  iliose  found  on  ihe  liody  ot 
I'ierinae.  as  also  upon  the  Ilesperidae  in  their  earliest  and  oeeasionaily  in 
their  later  stages.  The  ti-nmpet-shaped  or  eliih-sliaped  hairs  ap|iear  to 
lie  hollow  canals  throiiLi'li  wiiicli  (liiids  may  lie  foi-ced,  for  one  may  discoxcr 
the  use  of  the  expanded  anil  pn^halily  hollowed  extremity,  in  the  somewhat 
rapid  appearance  of  the  minutest  possiiile  iiloliiiK'  of  Hiiid  at  the  tip  of  ii 
hair  where  none  could  lie  seen  shortly  liefore.  Nut  infri'cpiently  the  hairs 
are  of  eipial  si/t.'  throiijifhoiit  and  truncate  at  the  tip.  as  in  some  I'ierinae 
and  liVeaeiiidae.  lint  neither  in  this  case  nor  the  precediiiii' are  these  special- 
ized hairs  the  only  ones  I'oiind  upon  the  liody,  liiit  they  are  certain  special 
hairs,  ot'teii  iissiimiiiL;'  a  delinile  |io-iiioii  amid  a  mass  of  simple  tapering; 
liairs.  seated  on  precisely  similar  or  simply  smaller  papillae.  In  \erv  rare 
eases  tlii'  hairs  may  e\cii  lie  torkeil  :  we  have  in  our  fauna  only  a  sinnk^ 
■  trikinji'  instance  of  this,  in  tlii'  caterpillar  of  Iphiclides  ajax  at  liirlli,  lint 
such  instanci's.  none  of  which  I  lielie\e  have  liecn  specially  noted  liet'ore  in 
Li'|iidoptera.  must  lie  excessively  rare.  IJeaimmr  tiiiiires  the  larva  of  one 
of  the  hymeiiopteroiis  tiimily  renthredinidae  with  similar  appendaii'es  at 
inatiirity. 

If  we  follow  the  caterpillars  ot'  the  \  ancssidi  t'rom  their  first  staii'e.  in 
which  we  find  the  simple  papilla  terminated  liy  a  Ioiil;'  hair,  we  shall  find 
that  after  the  first  moult  this  |ia|iilla  is  considcralily  laru'cr.  while  tlu'  hair 
is  diminished  \ery  much  in  lenirth  and  importaiiee  :  and  follow  inu'  il  staye 
liv  staii'c  we  see  the  papilla  at  last  dcvelopi'd  into  a  li<iriiy  spine  terminated 
at  the  tip  in  a  little  hristle.  and  armed  all  alonj;'  its  sides,  often  in  reu'nlar 
serii's,  with  secondary  spinnles  which  also  terminate  in  a  liristle  and  hear 
minute,  setiu'erons  papillae.  r>etvveeii  these  jiucnile  and  niatiire  stag'es 
there  is  cverv  development  of  this  sjiinc.  ,aiid  if  we  look  tliroiiLi'h  the  entire 
series  of' the  Xymphalidae  we  shall  find  a  coiisideralile  varii'ty  in  the  form 
which  these  s[iines  assume  (1*1.86).  In  some,  as  in  iMnanessa  antiopa.  the 
main  spine  is  only  fiiriiisheil  in  the  final  stau'c  with  minute  liristle-lieariiig 
pajiillae  in  place  of  the  spimile  with  its  arinatiire  :  and  the  main  spine  in  this 
case  is  prolonu'i'd  to  an  excessive  ;xteiit.  altlioiij;li  not  to  so  jireat  a  de<>'i'00 
of  slenderness  as  in  Ilcliconia.  In  others,  the  main  spine  liecomes  rather 
a  eoriaceons  conical  tiiliercle  lieset  with  liristle-lieariini'  papillae,  as  in  the 
.Melitaeidi  and  many  Arjivniiidi. 

Finally  there  is  another  form  of  appenda;:'e,  which  diH'ers  from  the  others 


ihr'i 


SAIYKIXAK:  <i;i;<V()MS    AI.Ol'i; 


It 


)0 


in  its  soft  H('.\il>li'  iiiitiiic.      We  liii\('  ill)  M|i|ir(iiicli  In  tiii>  in  ;ill   tlic  iiiijicn- 
ila^ji's  (if  flic    .MciitiU'iili   mid   Ai'ux  imidi.  iiiid  csiicciMlly    in    rlic   cIoiilimIciI 


tiilit'iclo  nl'llu'  lir>t  tiiiirMcic  .-cu'iii'iil  i>t'  iii;ii.\    Ai'Li'xnii 


liul 


tlu'sc  cii.-cs    ilicx'  tMliiTcli's  ;u'i'   cuvcrcd    with   l)ii>tl<'-li(iiiinL;'   |i,i[iillMc  nt' 


('iin.s|iii'iiiiii>  KiiK 


I.  wl 


til 


nlc   III    tliosi'  w 


litji    wiiii'li   \\v  cliix'   till.-  ■^miiiiiaiv.  tli 


tontacics.  as  tlicy  may  pcrliaps  ln'ttcr  ln'  called,  arc  Id  all  appearances 
.siiiijily  ticsliy  masses  ;  iiut  on  a  clnsi  examinaliun  tiicy  also  w  ill  lie  seen  In  he 
iMiM'i'cil  willi  minute  dnwny  liairs,  eaeli  hair  arisinu'  tVnni  a  little  hasal 
papilla.  'I'hese  tle.-hy  lilameiils  dccnr  in  mw  New  l'jii;land  I'auna  only  in 
two  spccio  of  widely  ditfcrinti'  iiroups.  \iz..  the  caterpillar  ot'  Laertias 
philenor.  whci'c  they  arc  arranL;'e(|  in  M'\cral  rows  alo.in-  the  liody  and  arc 
often  highly  colori'il.  and  in  .Vnosjn  picxippii.-,  in  which  a>  in  otln'r 
Kiiplocinai  thi'rc  are  !)nt  I  wo  or  thri'e  pairs  of  ihcse  filament.-  of  \aryin!.;' 
Icnu'lh.  In  hoth  of  these  instances,  the  filaments  arc  iimcli  more  fleshy 
than  in  ihc  ease  of  the  elonuated  thoracic  tiihcrclcs  of  the  .\riiyniiidi.  as  is 
(piiekly  shown  in  the  attempt  to  inflate  the  caterpillar  skin  in  hot  o\cns. 
wlion  these  parls  usually  contract  to  the  last  dcu'ree,  and  so  arc  ditticiilt  to 
prescrxc  in  any  natni'al  condition,  while  tiiis  is  fiir  less  the  case  in  the 
Arji'ynnidi. 

It  will  lie  seen  by  this  liricf  re\  icw  thai  ihc  clothinii'  of  catcr|)illai's 
is  \('ry  \aricd  in  character,  a*  cmcIi  of  the  appcndai^es  spccifii'd  may 
have  an  infinite  variety  of  forms  and  dcerees  of  devclo[)meiit.  I'lit  it  will 
jiardly  escape  notice  that  if  we  eliminate  from  the  list  all  those  forms 
which  occur  oidy  in  caterpillars  which  still  hi'ar  the  same  character  wliich 
they  had  in  the  eL;';^'.  and  which  they  throw  off  with  their  first  ecdvsis 
after  fceclinu'.  the  catalou'ne  woidd  lie  li'ri'atly  ahriducd.  It  mav  further  he 
noted  that  there  arc  compin'ativcly  W'w  ii\stanccs  in  which  those  forms  of 
dermal  appendages  which  are  very  ncncral  in  jn\-cnilc  caterpillars,  and 
then  (•hara"terize  lartic  ii't'oups,  appear  in  any  form  whatever  in  later  stages 
of  cither  the  same  or  other  groups.  'Phe  hearing  of  this  point  upon  the 
theory  of  the  orinin  of' metamorphosis  in  insects  is  evident. 


'I'llhlr  iif  x/iiriix  III'  I'lrcilnius,  lulsiil  mi  llii    innliln. 

((.•(■Hi  uf  I'lirc  \villu>  I'llrlu^iil  ill  111,11.  |ii  rl'iM'lly  .INlillrl.  yrllnw   I  ill  111  I iilupe. 

( li'i'lli  1)1'  I'cirr  will'.:*  ciii'lc.ii'.l  ill  ;i  \vy\  iiidi-^iinci  ruiiinicii  |i:il<'  ImiihI  im-  in  ii.iih'  nt  ali..lie|)hel«. 


trt'c 
Ihcr 


■the 


CERCYONIS  ALOPE.— The  blue-eyed  grayling. 

[ISIlli-rycil  l-inulrl  ((ii)>sr):    sllKiiitJi  lli|i|i;i|-c|i\  (tjiililiills) :   illii|ic'lillltcTlly  (iriin'i«):  lilllc-i'yiil 
-iiiyliii,u(Scii(liliT):  liniwii  liiiilcrlly  (Ud—);  yi'li(iu-s|icilti'il   unoil  liiiltiTlly  (.Miiynar'l).] 

I',i),ilii,iit'iiii-  Fiilii-.,  lliiloiii.  s\>l.,  iii:  ■Jl>ii  ,v.>I  (IsI'.i):  —  Itoi-il.-l.rr..   I.Op.  Aiiii'i'. -I'jil., 

(171)1!)  :-.Ioii,'s.  I.'uii..  tall.  I -J.  Hi;-.   I;— Alili.,  -J-Js.))!.  .")!!,  lins.  l-l  (IS.'W):— .Murr..  Syn.  |,c|,. 

Knivv.  ills.  (ill,.  ISiit.  hhh.,  vi :  ful.  '^4.  li;;..  .\.  .Viiiri-..  7il-T7  (ISd-j)  ;~-K(hv.,  I'm..  Kniuiii. 
4*i-l!l. 


S<ili/riisiil'iiir  (i>„\.,  lOncyrl.  iiirlli.   i\;l7l. 


.  riiilad..   vi:    Ml.VJOO  (iNli(i):   fan.  I'lil., 
•JI-:i-J  (Issii);    jSiiii.N.  .Vuiui-.,  il,  Sal.  ;i 


€ 


164 


riiK  lu  ni:i!Fi,ii:s  of  nkw  i;\(;i.aM). 


(l.v*:!):— Fri'iii'li.  \ti\i.  ins.  III.,  \  ii :  |."iii  (IsTs); 
liiitl.  r:i>l.  I'.  .■<..  iliWts,  liL'.  Tl.dsMii:— 
MiiMI..  I!i|i.  ins.  III..  .\  :  H:i  (l,ss|);  —  |.',.|-n., 
Hint.  .M.'..  74-T(i.  ti^'s.  •>i-\>:>  (lx><.'l|:  — Smith, 
lUill.  linidkl.  iiil.  sue,  \l:  1-J7-I:;.s 
(l.'<S4):--Mii.vn..  Hull.  N.  K,  \.  pi.  I.  lb.  I.  la 
(is,si;). 

Silli/l'lis    (Kliniliii)     nhiiif.     Wi'sl  w.-Ilr\v.. 
(iciv  (lilllMi.  I,('|i..il :  llil'.'  (IS.")1). 

lUiilKirrldn  tiluin'  llarr..  InJ.  in,i.\(';r.,.'liliMl., 


luiiiiHii  iihiiir  |)iJuM.,t':il:il.  I.i|p.  Ilril.  mils.. 
I:  l:iii  (IS44). 

Miiiois  »/o/ii'Si'iii|.|.  >v.|.  rev.  .\niir.  iMilt,, 
r>(IS-,-2). 

( 'iri'ijiiiiis  itl'i/h-  .Scinlil.,  Hull.  ItiilV.  soc.  nut. 
sr..  Ii:  •.>4:!  (1H">):  Hutt..  d."..  i:il-l.l:l.  i(i.s.  tii.'s. 
.'iT,  ;l><.  .-)7.  u:i  (issi). 

Siih/rii.t  miiliilr  \;\r.  il.  Khi/n'  .sitrcck.,  ('at 
Anicr.  niacTi)lr|i..  l.-iV-l'iS  (IsTsi. 

l'"iL'nii'(|  in  .Mill.,  Dniw.  (ira.v  Coll.  Must.  >oi'. 


:lii.-|.  li.L'.  1:!T  (iwi'.'):— Kniin..  .VivW.  N.    VuiK.       iial.  Iiist.,  ."i;!;  iilsd  li\  (ilovcr.  III.  N.  A.  I.i|.. 
\  :  -Jl.-!.  |il.  Ii:!.  llirs..VT  (1h.-,1).  ii1..-1."),  tij-.  I   I:  pi.  A.  ti-.  •.':!.  iiiiM. 


Tlirsc  arc  tluwri« 
<  II  niiililli'  >nniin(  r. 

Sii.Mvi:si'i:\iii:.—  Winhr's  Tule. 
I.I'  papilliin !  Ill  III'  sans  tiiri'. 

<^mI  MilliL'r. 
i^ni'  I'liii  1  iii'illi'  in  nil  rOsiaii: 
!iaii>  la  iiatni'i'  iiiliiiii' 

llai'iniiiilr 
I'jilri'  la  plaiili'  rt  I'liisi'Mii  I  .  .  . 

Dk   N'|''.I!\AI..  —  /.IS  l'iii,ill,ii,x. 


k 


Imago  (l;:;.il;  ll:'*).  llcail  cuvcriil  \\llli  loiiir.  ci'cc.l.  yfni.v-lu'owii  liaii's  willi  iiijiny 
|i.'ili'(lirlv  iiiU'siiiiimlcihvilli  llii'iii.aiiii  lirliiinl  llic  eyes  wit li  dli'ly  pale  scales.  I'alpi  cm  - 
ci'cd  with  (lirlv  pale  anil  intci'iniimlcil  iliill  rcililisli  lirnwit  scales,  especially  aluiiir  the 
iniilille  of  the  imtcr  siirt'acc.  the  luim-.lnwei'  Iriiiice  iiiaih  ii|)  of  dull,  ralliei'  diirU  ln'own 
liiiirs  cvtenially.  intenially  Hanked  hy  many  shnrtei'.  palev  imes.  the  iippci'  I'l'iiiirc  nl' 
iiiiiiiileil  pale  anil  In'owiiisj.  hairs  and  scales.  .Xiitciimie  lieirjath  iiiiistly -white,  aliDveiit' 
the  culnr  III'  the  upper  siii'Tacc  iit' t  he  winys,  iiiten'iiptcd  ratliei'  iiai'i'owly  at  tie  base 
of  each  joint  Willi  white,  the  last  Ihi'ee  or  four  joints  of  the  clnh  and  both  sides  of  tlit; 
w  hole  of  the  .same  bare  of  scales  and  brownish  Inteons.  'I'oinrne  Inleo-fnscons.  lai'ifcly 
luteons  at  the  base;  papillae  (61 ;  W)  alioiit  four  tinies  a>  loiiir  as  bi'oad.  siiliei|iial,  -with 
live  or  six  lonuitndiiial  ribs  cinlinir  in  thorns,  and  wiMi  a  sleiider.  I'eiitral.  apical  lllament 
not  so  hum'  lis  the  width  of  the  papilla. 

Tlioi'a.\  covered  above  with  lonj;.  mouse  brown  and  pale  reddisli  brown  hairs,  fro- 
iiueiilly.  and  especially  on  the  patairia.  h.aviny;  a  pale  olivaceous  tiinre;  below  with 
dark  icray  brown  liairs.  Lei^s  covered  with  hairs  .'ind  sc;des  id'  a  similar  color,  but 
paler  externally  and  nloiiit  the  nnder  side  of  tiie  iniddle  and  hind  tibiae  and  tarsi. 
Spines  black  :  spurs  pale  Inteons.  scaled  \\\\\\  whileal  base,  raroiiychiaand  basal  half  of 
claws  very  pale  inteons.  apical  half  of  claws  reddish  brown,  deepeiiinu'  t-iward  tip. 

Willi.''  above  dark,  sliirlilly  riif<nis.  ln'own.  willi  a  scarcely  perceptible  olivaceous 
tint  (J),  or  of  a  similar  but  paler,  riither  slaty,  brown  williont  any  riifoiis  tint 
{  $  ).  ( inter  border  of  fore  w  inirs  alinosl  perfectly  rounded  ;  of  hind  «  iiiifsi  with  distinct 
tlioiiirh  sliijlit  creiiulations.  /•'(;/'(•  ii'i'/d/s'  with  a  very  broad.  Iransverse,  nearly  ei|Ual 
patch  id'  pale  dull  oranife  ( jf  ).  or  of  paler  oran^ic.  often  ver-fiiig  upon  si  raw-color  (  ?  ), 
e.Mcndiiii!  from  the  siilicostal  to  the  subinedian  nervnres.  soinelimes  siirpassini;  the 
latter  a  very  little:  the  exterior  marflin  i^*  Jiciierally  ill-dellned  above,  belter  delliied 
and  approachinu:  within  nearly  half  an  interspace's  distance  of  the  onlcr  border:  the  in- 
terior mai'iiin  is  liroadly  '■innous.  passing:  in  a  strai.irht  or  sliuilitly  curved  line,  the  ;'uii- 
cavity  outward,  iibove  tin  inedian  nerviire  at  a  short  distance  beyond  the  apex  of  the 
cell:  lielow  the  upper  branch  of  the  inedian  iicrviire  it  passes  to  the  submediiin  in  an- 
other curve,  the  convexity  inward,  the  anjile  iiclween  the  two  curves  I'oundeil  otf  at  the 
upper  nie  Han  nervule.  In  Ihe  iniddle  of  the  upper  and  lower  jialvi'sof  this  broad  patch 
are  larger  (  $  )  or  smaller  (<J).  round,  bhick  spots  faintly  and  very  narrowly  edfjfed  witli 
umber,  each  eiiclosinir  a  pupil  of  pale  blue  scaU's,  which  is  larger  in  the  $  than  in  the  ,J , 
and  in  the  formeroflcii  w  hite  at  llie  centre ;  Iheupperinost  spot  is  in  the  hiwest  subcostal 
iiiteispace  and  in  the  $  occupies  just  its  lireadtli:  in  the  $  il  always  surpasses  this  and 
often  e.xleiids  over  the  ujiper  hall' of  lliesubeosto-niedianand  tlii' lower  third  of  thepeiiul- 


SATYKINAi::    (  i;i!(  VONIS    Al.ol'i; 


1G.5 


tliiiati'  >iiliri)-.ial  iiilfi'spiicc;  tlic  li)\viT  N  ill  till'  liiwcr  iin'iliiiii  liiii'i'-<|)iu-i'.  i*  ^ti'iicriilly  a 
liltlr.  Ill-  in  'II.'  9  (il'li'li  (•(iii>i(lcnilily.  Iiirircr  than  llic  iiiipiT  -iiol.  -(■arcrly  uci'iipli-.  llio 
\\  Ihili'  \vicltli  (pf  tile  inlcrs|i:icc  (  cf ).  di'  ui'iii'mllv  cnci-Dacin's  a  litlli'  ami  iMnialiy  cm  the 
iii-if.'lilMii'iiiU-  i  it>T>pai'(-.  {  9  )  :  al  alidiil  liall'  an  iiilcr-pacc's  (li.-.laiici'  I'l'diii.  ami  pai'iilld  to, 
I  lie  (Pill  IT  lie  PI'  Id'  is  a  ralliiTiiarriiu  .  I'aiiil .  ilii^ky  iiiic  ulii<'ii  (■il;rc's  llu'  yrllow  palrli  (in 
it»  liiwcr  lial r  ami  liisninr  lii-laiici"-  i-  i-iiiiip(p»r(l  cpI'  a  scries  oi'  waves,  alllnnmii  Usually 
siraiirlit  ;  Ipclwceii  it  and  the  upper  part  of  tlie  ycllmv  palcii  Hie  lirowii  i-  ^ieiierally  a  lit- 
lle  paler;  exi  reiiie  oilier  ma  vifin  eilireil  I'aiiiliy  >\  illi  lpiael<is|| :  iriiiLre  nearly  nnironii  rallier 
pale^laty  lii'own.      ///;/''"•///;/.•<  «illi  a  siii:ill  imiiikI  spot  ii^iialiy  present,  appareiilly  more 

rrerjiieiilly  in  liie  J  lliaii  in  tlie  9-  in  I'l"  iiililille  of  il iiler  iwo-lliinls  cpf  llii'   lower 

uieiliaii  iiiterspaei'.  iie\ er  occnpyiin:  more  than  hall'  lis  lireacllii  ami  si'ldoni  so  niiieli  a.s 
a  lliirilipl'  the  same:  il  is  I'aiully  ami  very  iiarrcpwly  riiiiniecl  willi  ocliraeeoiisaml  niiiiiilely 
pupillcd  Willi  Iplnisli  wiiile:  ocea^lipiiiillv  there  i~  a  iiiinnle  lilind  blaeU  spot  in  Hie  oIluT 
im  ilia II  iiilerspiii-e.iii  a  lillle  more  lliaii  iiaH'aii  iiili'r  pace's  iMnIji nee  I'rom  t  h"  i niter  In priler 
ami  nearly  parallel  lo  il  is  ;•  taiiil.  narrow,  diisky,  slIiiMly  wavy  line:  llie  oiiler  maririii 
i-ecl'/ed  niori'  narrowly  wit  li  (l:is|<y.  repeiiled  iU  ;i  \ cry  sljiihl  dislam-e  inwanl.  the  ~p;iee 
liilwei'ii  lieiiiu:  tiiiu;i'«l  I'aintly  willi  yellipwisli:  rriiitii'  a-  on  fore  wiiiu'^. 

I!eiie:ith  lti  ..y-ln'owii.  the  9  a   lillle   p:ili'r   lli:iii    llu'  (f .      I'"r'    n-lu'ia  willi   the  ;\\h-s. 


I'W  lial   hoary,  espei'ially  in   the  9- 


d 


•;lsiip|ia!lv  liiiir.'d    ^liir'.illv  Willi    lii„e:   Ilie 


liiisiil  pipi-llon  of  the  ■\viiii:  as  I'ar  as  llie  liroaii  yellow  pateh.  wliieh  is  rep";ited  heiiealli, 


ami  e-peeially  llie  diseoiilal  cell,  lilled  Willi  freiplelll.  short,  slender.  lr:llls 


se.  siraiitht 


or  lull  sliiihily  curved,  iniercalated.  lilackisli  sireaks.  and  the  (Piilcr  maraiii  of  Hie  cell 
marked  mirrowly  Willi  lihiek :  the  iiilerior  Ipordi'r  of  the  liripail  yellow  li:iml  is  edifi'd, 
iiol  \ery  n:irrowly.  Willi  lilaekisli  fiiscmis  :  the  lihick  spipfs  in  Ihc  low  er  siiheipslal  and 
ini'di:ili  iiili'r-.p:iees  ;iri'  iiioii'  distinct  f  I'oni  lieiiiii-  lietli'i'  delilled  Hi:ili  :ilio\  e.  ol  1 1  ion  I  I  he 
~iime  ~i/e  ;is  ihere.  I  hi'  pupil,  especially  in  the  9  ■  lariri'i'  and  in  the  l:iner  li!i\  Mi;;  a  Icii- 
deiiey  to  e\p:iml  iipward  the  oilier  limit  of  the  ~pol  :  :i  lihiekisji  I'n-cons  stripe  lior- 
deriiiu'  Hie  liM|.|'  piirtion  of  the  lii'oad  yeliipw  patch  extends  upward  nearly  to  tin.' 
eo~ial  liorder.  snlip;irallel  to  tlieonler  imii'iiin:  the  oiiler  maririn  is  narrowly  edifed 
by  lilackisli  I'nscoiis.  and  is  followed  at  a  very  short  distance  liy  a  thread  of  \\k 
-anic;  frinjre  as  on  the  upper  surface. a  little  paler  on  the  lower  half  of  the  winj;. 
///(/''  ii-iiHia  generally  haviiin-  the  ground  coloi-  sljohHy,  someiiine-  coiisiileralily. 
paler  in  a  liroiid  liaiid  occnpyinii  most  of  Hie  outer  li;df  of  the  w  iiiLr.  ;iiid.  cspcciiilly 
toward  Hie  costal  mariiiii.  lionmled  inlei'iorly  by  a  rather  narrow.  ei|nal.  lorinoiis, 
blackish  fii^ciiiw  sli'ciik.  extemliii::-  from  llie  co>tal  iiiar;;iii  to  llic  ~nlpmedi;iii  nerviirc; 
it^  course  i,  rroiii  a  very  lillle  beyond  tlic  middle  of  the  co^ial  maririn.  over  the 
costip-siibcostal  and  upper  subcostal  interspace^,  iraiisvei'sely  in  a  direction  toward  tlii! 
tip  of  the  cell,  then  In  a  slroni;  and  rallcr  i'c:j;iilar  I'lirve.  convexity  outward,  lo 
the  middle  of  the  lower  median  interspace  iiciU' its  base  (thus  p;is,ino-  ,.(  lUHe  beyond 
the  lip  ot  the  cell),  and  tlieii,  re-iimiiiir  \  ery  nearly  its  former  direct  ion  it  term  1  nates  at 
about  the  middle  of  the  outer  toni'-lU'th^  ot  llic  ~nliiiieili:iu  uerviire;  w  illiin  tlii»  tliei'o 
i^ueiic  rally  iiuoliscnre.  lilackisli  fiiscou-.  tian-versc  stripe.  ^iibp:ir:illel  lot  lie  median  one', 
at  a  little  less  ihan  half  way  from  it  to  I  he  base  nf  Hie  w  iiiu- :  and  iiexl .  and  siiliparallel 
lo.  the  outer  border  at  ne:iily  :iii  iiitcrspiiee  distance  from  il  1-  often  another  dlscipiitin- 
uou- slenderer  one ;  the  whole  w  inn-  is  eovereil  pi'etly  profusely  and  iiuifomily  with 
M-ry  slender,  trei'inloii-.  short,  sli^litlycnrviii!;'.  blackish  fii^eous  thre;ids.  in  broken  con- 


tinnitv.  bill   liavimj 


iieral  direction  p;iralle|  lo  Hie  oilier  border:  roumlish  or  siib- 


al  black  spots,   nenerally  cdyed  distinctly,    nnil'ormly.  and  very  narrowly  willi   dull 


prauirc  and  niinnlely  pnpilled  w  illi  while,  ocenr. 


frci|iiciitly  in  the  $  than   in  tin 


9  .  in  several  of  the  inlei'spaccs  betucen  the  upper  snbc(p>i;ii  nervnlc  and  the  snb- 
meilian  ncrviire:  tliey  are  y:enerally  laruest.  I lioniih  seldom  more  than  half  Hie  width 
of  an  inloi'siiat'c,  in  the  lowcrsnbciistaland  nu'dian  inU'i'spaces and  smallest  In  tliciip|ier 
nn'dian  Interspace:  they  are  most  fi'e(|iieiitly  absent  from  those  in  which  the  spoils 
normally  smallest,  ami  occasionally,  in  the  9  ■  "icy  are  altoiicilier  wantiiiii;;  when  all 
arc  present  Hiey  .irc  -itnatcd  in  a  sljiriitly  sinnoiis  line:  that  in  the  siibcosto-nicdian  in- 
tersjiace  is  sitnalid  in  the  iniddle  of  Hie  liasal  half.  Hial  in  the  lower  subcostal  a  liltle 
further  remove'd  from  the  outer  bipi'der :   that   in  tiie  costo-subcostal  interspace  nearer 


in; 


iiii.   i;riri;i;i-i,ii;s  oi-   nkw  i:\(,i,\\|). 


Ilic  iii:ir:;iii.  I'cinu  I'llllv  liiilf  mm>  rnuii  tlir  llr^l  il'u  .■il'iiMl  iuii  dl'  [\n-  ^iiliccp«l-il  Ici  llic 
lilMI'^lll:  lli.'ll  ill  III"  ii{i|M'i'  liirili.'iM  ililrr~|iM('i'  i-  ~ri!:lill.\  licl'drc  llic  liiiilillr  (if  tlic  ill- 
tri'~|iMi'i' :  tliMl  III  I  lie  liii'ilin-^llliliii'iliMII  U  I'l'lliiiU'il  lull  II  iliti'l'^piiri''^  \Niillli  rnnilllic 
mil  I'::  III :  mill  tliiil  In  tlir  Iuwit  ii  ici  I  Inn  N  nii  »  liiir.  di'  ih'mtIv  mi  h  line,  willi  tlu'  two  lii^l : 
■\vliiMi  oiilv  11  ^iii'.'le  nccliii-.  I-  iircsriil  It  i-  ill  till'  Iipui'I'  nn'ilijiii  iiiliM'-|iiici':  niili'i'  iimrifin 
liiiri'iiNvly  cilirril  « il  li  liliii'ki~li  iiiid  I'dllinvril  U\  :iii  ciiimlly  iihithav  line  dl' |mlc  iii'dwii. 
fdlldwiMJ  iiLrnin  in  ii  Lri'diiml  lint  ilarkci'  tliiiii  ii-nnh   ri-liiu:i'  -liiilitly  iltirkcr  llitiii  thiil  dl' 

lllr    frdlll    W  illU">. 

Aiiildiiicn  !ilid\.' llUr  llir  n|i|ii'r  ^iiii',ii-i'  oi'  ilir  w  in:;'^ :  lirldw  pali- urav  liniwii.  Ap- 
piliplii'i"--  I 'I'  llic  iiitlli'  (33  :  n  :  upper  df:;;iii  w  illi  I  lie  lin.ik  ^rai'rely  InpiTllIu:  iind  111  llic 
iiiiilille  liiit  linlc  liiyilirr  llijiii  lirciiiil:  lip  Mniitly  pdiiiliMl:  liilcnil  [ippciiiliiiii'^  (lii'cclcil 
Idwni'fl  ilie  lip  i>(  till'  liddk  iinil  Irciiii  diie-llilnl  id  diic-rdiirtli  dl'  lt»  IciiLrlli.  niliicr 
lilniitly  pdinlril  ;il  llie  tip.  ('Ia>p'  iiicirc  llnin  oiic-ipmi-lci'  ii«  lii'inul  ii»  loiiir.  lapci-iiiy 
Inn  lilllc  dii  I  Ik  liii«iil  I  uii-l  liii'iK.  lirvdiiil  rdii^liliTiilil)  .  Iiy  llie  ^IdpiiiLt  dl'  llic  inrcrldi' 
iiiar'.;iii  ami  I'eiil  -liulilly  iipxv  anl.  I  lir  lip  I'diindi'il  diV.  Imt  ^li;;litly  pnidnreil  alidvc; 
I  lie  upper  e'lu'e  <'(  I  lie  ela-p  uelll  ly  edllea\  e  \\  ll  ll  a  «i'ai'eely  pereeplilile  I'dlU  e.\)ly  jll»l 
1  lev  dill  i  I  iie  miilille.  Iie\  Mini  H  liii'll  I  lie  eil;;e  i-  feel  i|e ,  a  I'lllei  I  w  II  ll  a  I'eW  ilNlaill  .  ~eareely 
pereiplil'le.   ~l|ei-|,   l|.'e.|le~. 


.>lea>ni'eini'iil>  in  iiiillliiieln'>. 

MAI.l 

s. 

IKM.M. !:.■<. 

l.eie^lll  el    loll-ne.    |ll.."l 

Siiiallevl. 

.\\era 
•-'i;. 

.:e. 

I,iir;;-esl. 

i-j.-j:i 

Sniallesl 

.\vera'.'e. 

•J.s.T.'i 
II.T."i 

s.T.'i 
i         -• 

l.ar.L'c.*!. 

I.ellL'tll  el    Idle   U  ill- 

MllleMllIle 

■r>. 
1 1  .:> 

•J!i. 
12. 

IiIihI  llliiae  ami  l:il'>l.. 
lere  liliiae  and  tarsi.. 

W.< 

Secondary  sexual  peculiarities.  Tlie  andi-dicinia  an-  exi-eediiiirly  -lender,  taper 
\\illi  peii'eei  ii-:;iil:irliy  and  \v  Idle  dl'  I  ln' -aiiie  li:i-iil  « idlli  as  ill  ( '.  nepliele  are  priipin'- 
lidii.-illy  Idiiuer.  Iieiii^  nlidiil  .:lll'."i  iiiiii.  Idiiv;  and  .I'l  iniii.  Urdad  al  lia~e.  Seeal-iillie 
de-eripliini  id'  I  lie  «  ill^'~.  under  I  lie  ::ellll-. 

Egg.  Side~  riinii-lied  \\illi  I  w  eiily-l'diir  dl'  H\eiil,\ -li\  e  Idii^il  iidiied  r|li-.  rdi'iiiin^- 
111  1 1 11 1  ildL'e-.  a  I  ll;e  \\  ide>l  .n.'i'p  niiii.  aparl .  the  space  helweeii  I  In 'in  I'diie.-u  e  nr  •waved  ; 
I  liese  rills  e\lciid  I'l'din  I  lie  edi^'e  dl' Ihe  siininill  Id  .'I  liiile  licldu  Hie  lirciades|  p:irl  dl' 
llie  il;'l:':  I lie\  .-ire  s|iu:ii(|y  iiiicUeiicd  at  rrei|iieni  and  ri'ijnlar  inlervaU.  eaiised  In  part 
li,\  diic  dl-  tvMi  ininnle  lieads  at  eaeli  df  llnise  pdiiils.  visible  diily  liy  sd  sU'dn^i-  n  lens  ns 
■vvlll  clearly  rc-cih  e  ihe  itrannl.itidii  dl'  lUe  siirl'aee.  and  IndicaliiiL' I  lie  passn^e  .aci-dss 
Ihein  dl' Hie  delieal"  transverse  lines  vvliicli  iillicrvvisc  are  hnl  rainlly  vispile.  and  arc 
alidiii  .iirJ7  iiini.  aparl  :  Hie  rim  df  ihe  sniinnil  Is  rdrined  dl'  an  irrennlar  wavy  riilire 
iiearl.v  as  prdinincnl  as  Hie  ribs  micI  Hie  secdiidary  eirelel  is  dl'  ei|iial  iiciulil  and  irreiiii- 
larilv.  MicTdpyli' .  IL'  iniii.  lii'dad.  ,67  ;  I  lirdkeii  np  liy  line  lines  juid  ci'lU.  Hie  cniler- 
iiid-i  d|  wliicli  are  nearly  twice  as  lar::e  as  I  lie  diliei's.  llii' median  diie~  liciiiir  alicnit 
.i"i|L'  mm.  in  diaineier.  Cdlcir  dl'  cu'u'  ii'iney  <•,■  vva\.v  velldvv.  al'lci'wards  it  assiiincs  ii 
pale  pinkisli  line  and  snhsc(pieiii:y  liccdiiics  iircunlarly  spuited  \villi  sHuIiHv  darker  nr 
imire  distinct,  ininntc.  pinkish  s|idi>.  lieiL'lil.  .'.M  niin. :  iri'calest  lireiullli.  .s|  nun.: 
Iii'eadi  Ii  al  rim.  .  Ill  iiini. 

Caterpillar,  l-'irsi  ^hi,/,  i70:i'i  .  Head  78:1-  very  pale  livid  ycllnvv  isli  hrdwii: 
piimiiilalidns  dl'  Hie  upper  pdi'lidii  lilackisli  riiscdiis;  Hie  pnnelnlaled  ai'i'ti  is  I'nniislied 
alsn  Willi  I  vv  d  I  rails  V  ei'sc.  sIjmIiiIv  enrv  Iiil;'  idws  df  suiall.  I'dinidisli  ^v  arts   dl'   a    reddisli 


lii'dvv  11  cdldi'.  Idiir  in  ea 


•li  v. 


iw.  each  vv  ai 


I  zivinu  rise  Id  a  prcllyldii^-.  fin'ward  ciirviiif! 


Iircivv  11.  -piiidiis  hair.  I  lie  iippi'r  n 


I'licircliii^' Hie  ernvvn.  the  hivver  a  little  less  than 


inidvvav  lielwci'ii  Hie  rdi'iiier  and  Hie  dcelli:  alsd  aldii"'  Hie  dividillji'  Hiil' se|iaralin4I 
the  sniddlh  and  pnnclidale  pdrlinn.  Ihere  are  I'nnii  live  in  seven  similar  ininntc  diies; 
(leclli  I'liscdiis.  sdiiic  (if  llicm  pale  iipically.  the  antcridr  diie  inahndiile  ijrecii.  all  at 
I 


lase  aiiiiii 


lale  vv  ilh  lihick  :  ninnlli  parts  pale  yi'lhi wish,  the  inandililcs  Hppeil  w  ilh  reddish, 
liddy  livid  In-dwii  with  a  slcmlcr  I'cddish  I'liscdiis  dursnl  line,  the  sides  with  thr.'c 
I  niiriliidiiial.  reddish  Inscdiis  lines.  Hie  upper  twd  apprdxinialc ;  snrl'ace  delicately, 
transversely    sha^reeiied  :   \i"i-  ami  |irdlei;s  pale  yclldvv  ish  :   spiracles  Inlcdns.      I,ciis;th, 


SAIVIMNAi:;    r|;i!(  VuNIS    AI.Ol'K 


167 


L'.  1  iiiiii.  :   lii'i'inllli  111' IhhIv.    12  iiiiil.  :   iil' lic'iiil.  ."i-' iiilii. ;   Iciliil  li  uf  liilil'ill  liair-.  .  !■>  mill.  ; 
liniiillli  111'  -tiini',  .111:1  iiiiii.  ;   Icniftli  ul"  ti'i'iiiiiiiil  li:iir»,  .L's  iiiin. 

I.Ksl  shi'ii-  ;74:l^  .  Ili'iul  ;;rii~»  i;rci>ii.  iniirciniily  ;iiiil  I'lilliiT  :iliiiiiiliiiilly  »tiiilili-i| 
Willi  iiiiiliili'.  hliiiilly  ciiiiicnl  x\  liillvli  liil)ci'i-lr».  rai'hcinittiiiu'  a  iiioilci-iili'lv  loiii;.  liipri-iiiu:. 
pale  liair  ilinMird  •-li;rliU>  ilinMiuai-d ;  mamlilili-. -.(irdiil  in'ciii,  lilai'k  cdurcil.  iMl'.ir  nf 
cliri'U^  al  lia«i'  (d'  lllalldil^ll•>  dii'-U.v  ;  ncclli  iiiui'i'  ,\v  [■•n.  iiirn^cni.'d.  Body  alinvr  cm  the 
ihiiraric  ■.(■^iiiriiN  nC  ilii>  ^aiiir  •riTcii  a«  llic-  lii'ad.  li'^hiud  ihK  lii'ciimiii^  Lcradiially  nl'  a 
liulili-i- iHiii'i' ycllo\\i-.|i  ;;iTrii.  niai-lird  l^y  a  iiarrnvv.  irriTii   diii%al   >li'i|h'  iiidlralinu;  llic 


dorsal  \ c-^i'l.  u  hii' 


li  i~  iiiii~i  di^lmri  aihl  w  1 


lr~i  on  Ihi'  iH'lli  alidiiiniiial  and  sui'i'i'cdliii; 


>i'Uiiii'iils  and  i-  aliiin-.!  u  liolly.  il'  mil  whully .  ln-i  mi  I  lir  llr-l  rmii'  aliduniinal  ■.I'niiicnl' : 
.111  till'  -idi"^,  liclnw  a  I'aiiilly  indirali'd  -Iraw  yi'llnw  lalcrndnr-al  liiii'.  Iln'  lindy  is  au'ain 
LTci'iiiT.  cspiM-laliy  ill  a  iiarrci\v  liiiiid  in'\l  llii'  lino,  and  licrc  aifaiii  c-pci'ialiy  mi  llic 
pnsii.|>i(,i' liair  (il'liic  liiidy.  Till'  iiil'raNli'jinialiil  Tnld  is  marki'd  liy  a  piili>  ycliin\i>li 
lil'iTii  line,  sli^liliy  iiKifc  disliiirt  iliaii  llir  lal li'ndiii'sal  liiir  liy  liriiiu;  (Mlifi'd  alicivc-  witli 
u'vi'i'ii.  and  scpariiliim  tiir  u;i'ci'ii  plmrai  ai'i'a  I'roni  iIh'  tri'i'i'in'r  Miidir  smd'ari'  (d"  llii'  Imdy  ; 
ciiliri'  siiid'ai-c  id'  the  hudy  alimr  tin'  Icl:^  ~iiiddrd  with  iml  vrry  rri''|iii'iit .  iiiiniili'.  pale 
papiilac  I'l'iiiii  wliii'li  spriiii;'  -hni'i .  pale.  L;riM'iii-li  liair-.  ii-nallv  iniimlciy  cliililird  al  tin- 
tip.  tile  I'llrri  (iT  wliiidi  i^  a  hiiary  liiimni  iipnii  llic  >ml'arr.  1'.  riiiiiiai  Imnis  a  litlli' 
idiii^rr  tiiaii  till' lii'cadtii  nf  liii' anal  pmli'^s.  s|i;r|iily  npinrniMl.a  iilllr  ilivcrir''iil .  and 
MVircily  iMirvi'cl  (iiitwani.  I'l'iriiiariy  lapcrinir  In  a  I'lillicr  liiiinl  pcdnl.willi  nillicr  iiii- 
iiiiTiiii-.  sniicylindricai  tiilicrcirs  I'nniislicil  wilii  hairs  lilicllmsiMir  IIm'  liiidy.llii'  siii'faci' 
of  I  lie  ill  1  I'll s  id'  a  I'lTrimiiiDiis  cdldr,  dcrpcsi  on  tlic  iippn-  inner  rd^c.  paii^sl  al  tln'  liasi' 

(in  llii'  iiiiiiT  side  I  ii.;r^  ui'ci'ii.  ilii'  apical  jniiils  pale  sui-did  e-i n  :  pmlr 

spiraidi's  \vv\  pale  lesiai  rmi-.     I,i'iiu:lli.  '■'>'■''■''  i 


iir.ass  ^Trrii : 
lil'i'.idtli  nl'    Mlidiinieli.    L.'i  IIIIII.  :    ol 


liead. 


IIIIII.;   leiiiil  II  III'  lidi'iis  as  seen  rrmii  aliiiM'.  1.1  iiiiii. 


Chrysalis.  T'lr  u  hide  ImmIv  is  cd'  a  iiiiirnnii  pea  ni'cc-ii  iii'Hilc.l  with  pal'T  ;;i'fi'ii.  Inil 
ilii'  alar  ridu'c  vvliidi  i-  sliarp  and  tnliTalily  plMiniiiriil .  I  lie  nii'sot  luiracic  ridiii'  and 
ilie  ridifi'  hclwi'i'ii  ilii>  Di-cliai'  prnniinrnccs  arc  edited  .\  illi  pale  siraw  enlnr.  'I'lie  paler 
iiiiillliiurs  (d' Hie  liddy  are  upon  the  dull  si-ahrons  elevations  wltli  wliieli  Ihi'  liody  is 
nnirorinly  covered  and  \vliieli  are  inosl  cniispiciioiis  on  the  alidonieii,  ifi^iiiL;;  it  a  I'l'idily 
sliaineeiied  appearance.  The  oi'elhii'  tnlici'cli's  and  basal  wiiiir  tiihereles  are  lipped 
Willi  a  lila(d<  dot.  Tlii-  spiracles  are  nallid  Avith  diiiL:y  shiider  lip-.  I'h-  creiiiasU'r  is 
hnllowcd   on   all   sid,.»   ,'iiid    iN   hasal   projections  are   iniiiiile  and  lipped  uilli  riiscoiis. 


I.ell'ilh.    l.l'.."i  lllll 


II.  :   w  il  nil  ill  iniddle.  i;  mill.  :    w  Idi  li  al  nccllar  tiiliei'ch 


Distribution  ( 18  :;>) .     'I'liis   Initlcilly   ixlcinls   muthwaril  tn  ;iliniit    tin 
niiiiiinl  isotlicnii  nl'  4.")".  mhiiIiw  nrd  vri-v  iiciirly  Kill  a|i|i;ii'iiill\'  mil  (|iiilc  li 


llic   (ililt'  (if   .Mexico,  iiiitl    wi'slw  111(1 


1,1  T 


cXils 


Miss 


lllll    (Siii|lc\-, 


-Mils. 


(•(iiii|i.     ziKil.).   CMslcni    1111(1    wcstfiii     Kiinsiis    (Siinw)    mid     luwii    (Allen, 


Put 


iiiiiii  )  . 


1   il 


i\e  iie\cr  iiennl  ul'  its   liciiio'  tal<eii    ill  l'"|iiriilii.  atid  nil    lli 


lUilices    (if    its   cMnttiri.'     in     llie    (illll'    .'~>l;iles    Iimnc    lieeii    al 


(list; 


Irniii  tlie  sen  cnnst.  .Milint  Uniires  il  t'l'din  (ie(irni;i.  iiiil  s;iy>  it  i>  im- 
t'diniiMin  iind  (iiissc  recdrds  it  trmii  .Vliilniinn  :  .Mr.  lU'lt'r.'in'e  snvs  it  is  not 
ciiiniiiiiti    in  Tixiis.  wliile  Mr.  .\ileii  reiiorts   it  iis  exeeediiiulv  nlinndiinl    in 


I. 


It 


iiiul    in    ^^'iseollsill    (  Kirlliind),    in    the  MUillieni   lijilt'   of 


.Mieliin-an  (Coll.  Mich.  I'tiiv.  ),  the  lower  parts  of  Ontai'io  (, 'launders  )  and 
tliroiinhmit   most  oi'    New    \ uv\\  :   oeeasioiud   s|)ecinK'iis  are   taken   fti 


rlher 


north 


It  is  toleralilv  aliiindant.  soineti 


th 


netiines  very  eoniinon.  in  the  sonlhern  luilr 
Lif  New  iMin-land.  oeciirriiin-  tlii'oiinhoiit  Massaelnisetts  jind  the  two  stall's 
lyinn- sontii  of  it  find  in  the  southern  extremities  of  .Maine,  New  llaniji- 
■^hire  and   N'ermont.      The  most    northern    localities   from  which    I    liav(' 


168 


iiii;  lu  rri;i.'i  i,ii>  (H    m;\\    i.m.i.amp 


XTli    -|M'riiiicli-  III-  rccci\  nl   liii|i'>nr   il>  r;i|il  III  r.   arc    Nuiwiix      (  >iiiitll  )    Mini 

l*iiill;inil.  Mc  (  li\  iii.'iii ),  riiiiiiitiiii  Mini  Sliilliiiiirnc.  N.  II.  (I-'mxuii)  miiiI 
Sinllimv  (  Snnlili'i)  Mini  Siuur.  \i.  (  Mio  >uiiii).  Mr.  .Imio  >lMti'^  tliMt 
it  !>■  mImi  riiiiiiil  Ml  .\iiiiM|iip|i-,  ;iiiil  Ml'.  l'"l(trliir  liiMt  it  Iim-  licni  iMkrii  liy 
|)i)\\M>  Mt  SiciiMcki',  Nn\M  Smtiii.  wiiilc  .Mr.  I'iilvMird-  ri'rnriU  it  tVnm 
New    liriiii>\\  ilk. 

Haunts.  It  (irfiir>  in  ii|irn  \miim1>  mimI  oirliMliI-,  .■i>  well  M«  mIiiiil; 
riPMi|-iilr>  Mill!  >liiii('  wmII-.  c.-iicciMllN'  siirii  M>  Mi'r  n\  crurnwii  with  lirMniltlt'» 
nv   >kirlril    li\    -iiriililicrv   :    mI-h    in    L;rM>-v    iiicmiIuw  ». 

Larval  habits  and  food.  In  r>rM|iiiii.:  rinin  tlir  ruu'.  tin' I'Mici'iiillMr 
liil<-  Mnminl  tin'  ii]i|M'i'iin»l  |iMrt  nt  tin'  -idi  -  nl'  tiic  ^licil.  tlirnw  iiiu'  nil' 
tlic  -iiiniiiii  M^  ,-i  -iirt  111'  liil  Mini  uriici'Mllv  IcMviiiL;-  it  nltMi'lnil  In  tlic  -hell 
liy  a  .-li'inlir  iiii.uc  :  tiic  cuu'  i>  tlicii  Ict'l  iiilMct.  .-mil  the  ymiiiL;'  Imi'nm 
ciin'i'u'o,  |in'M'iiliiiu'  MM  ndij  M|i|)i'MrMiii'('.  \vitli  it>i  Imij;',  liciit  liMir.-*  ilirci'tt'il 
Miiiir  I'nrwMril.  ntln'i'.-  IiMi'kwMnl. 

Till'  I'nnil  |iiaiit  i>  nnliiiMi'v  ura*.-,  ii|Min  wiiirii  ripr  triiialc^  will  icMilily 
lay  ill  cnMliin'inciit.  Tlic  cMt('i'|)illMi',  lialdiiim'  ImIc  in  tlic  >ca>^i)ii.  at  mice 
(Ic^ccinl- tn  tlic  liasc  nt' tlic  jilaiil  nil  wliicli  it  i>  linrn  jiiiil  liilicrnatc-^,  tM>liii!j;' 

lln    \cl:cImIi|c    Innii    until    llic    llcNl     -jirili;^.        it     i-    cxcccililinjy   Id  llMI'U'ii'    ill 

aciinii  anil  even  wlicn  lull  jii'nwii  iiin\c>  with  c.M'cciliiiL:'  >lnwiic>>,  l)\- 
aliiin^t    iiii|icicc|iiilili  .   iicrvniis.  liirwai'il   twitchc-. 

Life-history.  In  the  -.miihcrn  part-  nt'  New  {■]iiulainl  llic  Inilici'lly 
make.-  it>  a|i|icar;iiice  early  in  .liiiv.  |)r.  IIarri>  rcenrils  it  in  hi.-  inaiiii- 
.■■ei'i|)l  a-  taken  .Inly  I.  IMSI.  anil  1  mice  ihniii^ht  I  -m\v  this  specie.-  at 
(iranliy.  .Ma--.,  mi  ihe  -aiiie  ilay  nl' the  nmiilli  :  hiil  it  i-\ci'y  sclilmii  seen 
licl'ni'e  the  .'')tli.  anil  in  I  he  innnciliale  \  ieinily  nl'  Un-inn ,  the  1 1  itli  nr  1  2th  :  a 
few  (lay-  later,  -mnetline-  iini  until  lln-  1 7tli  nr  i-'di  h.  it  aiiiiear-  in  the 
iiinrc  ele\  riteil  jiarts  nt' .Ma--acliiisctts  anil  in  -milln-rn  \cv\  ilani|ishii'c  :  it 
cmitiniies  In  cinei'u'i'  rrmii  the  chrysalis  tlimnuhniil  the  whnle  nt'  .Iiijy  anil 
remain-  alininlani  thrnii^hniii  nmst  nr  all  nl'  .Kiiiiiisi  and  may  he  taken 
until  the  iiiidilh'  nt'  .*>c|iteiiihi'r  :  the  reiiialcs  M|i|ieiir  less  tliMii  m  week  Mt'tcr 
the  adxent  nt'  the  males,  hiil  i\it  imt  hcLi'in  in  lay  I'u'ii's'  until  Inward  the 
iiiiddlc  nf  AiiLiii-l.— a  Innu'  lime  al'ter  their  lir-l  aii|)cai',iiii'e,  and  cmilimie 
de|in-itini;'  iinlil  far  intn  .•>e|ilenilier.  The  earliest  thai  I  lia\c  iiiysi'lf 
r(>eni'ded  were  nlitaiiu'd  hy  .Mr.  i'^mcry  at  S|Minu'li«'ld,  .Mm-s..  t'rmii  the  22il 
to  the  27tli  :  ntliers  were  secured  hy  Mr.  .Miiinl  in  the  \ieiiiily  nt'  linslmi, 
and  l)\  Mr.  l''n-ler  in  Vni-k.  Me.,  mi  the  2'.U\)  :  siill  later  mies  were  sent 
me  li\  .Mr.  Whitney  t'rnin  .MiH'nrd.  N.  II..  mi  Se|)icmlier  li,  and  I  have 
nhiained  tliein  at  Xaiitnelvcl  as  late  a-  ."^eiiteniber  1<).  Mr.  Mead.  Innv- 
e\er,  secured  ey'^s  lietwecii  .Vnuiist   |l)  and  IN  at    ^^artha"s  Viucvard,  and 


I    I'i. 


'  'I'lii- ru.^  \\;i-  lir-l  lii'iMi-liI  lo  iiiN  iiniii'c  ii\  (liMiii-    ai'liii    i>t    llii'    Sui"    .\l|i-:    Mild     \iv. 

.Mr.  S|ir;imic,  u  Jiii  riiiiiiiluiic  ImIiI  !■>  Ilir  iu-r.  I  Kl(  I  I'll.  T  sill  I  well  nii'iiiiOriiri-jiillii  uhii'li  Inn  I 

iilpiiii  liiT  nun  iniiMIr  l:ir-ii-:    I   li:U''  -nii  ,i  iiniiiiii;ril.  In  nniliiiniiriil,  In  l:iv  mir  iiiinn  linr 

-iiniliiv    lii«l:iurr  in  mtv  Siicyrriii   iil:ili',i  iiml  in  ow  ii  .■iiiliiiiiii  liiiir  tlir  l>ii-i'  1 


sArVIMNAi::    (i;i!(  Vi»M>    Al.dl'i; 


169 


■11 

M 
11' 

it 
iiid 

^^ll 

I'ttT 

ll.' 

line 

M'lf 

2-2(1 
1)11. 
-cut 
;ivi' 

IIW- 

iiiul 
>ir. 

\hi-v 


M\ 


.*M)1I 


I'     'Oini'     nil 


.\ll;:U'l      II     lit     Stnwc.    N't.        'I'llrir    i'    lllfll    lillt    il 


-illirlc  Ih-iicmI  t;|r||    MMI't    tli;it     tlli-    llnld-    Inii'  tnr    lllf    -olltli   ;i>   wrll    II*    till 

ll  i>  iiriiliiililc,   till-  -iicci II-  xiit    luc  I'liiiii    Ti  \ii>  liv   .Mr.    iirlliMui' 


linl'tll    l>    I 

were  :ill  (•(pIIitIi'iI    in  Sr|il(iiilii  r.  Mini  :irr(i| 


lir"iii  to  hiv  tlicir  cu-^s  iiiilil  llii'  lii'^1  "f  ( )ctnlicr.  or  iit  m  |miii>(I  run(-|MPiii 


ijillL;    In  llilll   lllr  I'cIImIi-    iliil   licit 

1 


mu'h    lirir    the    ihMit    >i':i»nn. 


\rt    llicrc    niiiv    cii-iih    lie    -nine   crnii'    in 


llli-i.  till'  llicy  li;i\c  liccll 
Ml'.  KduMi-.i-.  'I'll.'  .'U-; 
I  iwcillv  -tllicc    In    I\\( 


liifd    ill    \\'(-l    \'iru 


lliMi    :i-    r:ii 


l\     ;i-   .ll 


.-   Iiiiicii    in    trciin    Iwciiiv    In    I « ciiU --cn  en   <l;iv 


lltv-li\c  liiiliL;'  till'  llin-l  ll-ll;ii  :  llii-  i-  llic  Inny'i'st 
lid'ini!  tin'  liiilc'liini:'  kimun  tn  me  iiinoiiy  llin.ir  iiiiltcrllic-  wiiii'li  i\n  not 
liilirriiiitc  ill  ill"  f'Sj:  -^iMlc) — ill  till'  -niitli  Miiiifiinir-  ill  M-  -iinii  a  tinic  a.> 
Iniirtccn   ilii\.-.sn   tliiil    till' ('.iicriiillMr-  r:!iiiint  ;i|)|i('Mr  in  till' iinriiici'u  -talcs 

ll'    AllLI'll-^t,    tnn    rinsi'    ll|inll     tile    willlcl" 


until    >r|il('iiili('i'   >>y    (lie    \r\y    cili 

-(•a>nii   til   ciialili    them   In  attain  aii\  ('nnsMlcralili'  uinu 


;in(l    illilrcil.  Iil<c  llir   c'alrr|iillar   nl'  llir    lic.'irlv  a 
.Miiini-  iiliai'ilra  and  ( ) 


lied    !• 


ill    ill    tlic  aiiliiinii 
ttcrrtif- 


lll'niicail    lill 


mill-  iiliai'ilra  anil  < 'cni'is   arlln  ami  iiia 


ii\-  nllii'i-  -Mtyiids,  they  liilicrnati" 
williniit  liaviiii:'  I'litcii  a  nmi'scl  nl"  vi'uitaiilc  I'nnd.  It  -ci'ins  liardly  |ii'nl)a- 
lilc  tlial  -nine  nl'  till'  <',L:',Li'>  I't'iiiaiii  iinliatrlicd  until  llic  -|iiiiii:'.  Inr,  mit  nt' 
llic  hii'ii'c  nnnilicr  -i  it  nic  nr  retained  Ky  eni'i'e-|Miiideiit-.  all.  e-\i'e|iliiiu'  lln' 
>liri\<'lled.  iiiiini|ire^iiated  niie-.  invai'iaMy  ua\e  liirtli  tn  tlie  lai'\ae  liet'nre 
winter  set  in.      ."^till  llieir  eniidilinii  wnidd   -ei'iii  In  lie  \  ei'\    -iinilar  it'  tliev 


reiiiaineil   in  the  i'u'l;'  i'''ii< 


1\'  In  eat    lliei 


r   WAV   nil 


t.      'I'lii'v  are  si 


o\\    eater-    Ml 


tiu'  sjirinu'.  dn  nnt  nsiialiy  eliaiiL;-e  tn  eliiysalis  lietiire  duly  .'ind  al'tei'  s|iend- 
iiie-  aliniit  a  Inrtniu'lit  in  that  >tale  :i|i|ieai'  ai^ain  as  Imtlerllie-. 

Flight,  habits,  etc.  Ceicyniiis  alnpe  has  a  -li'nnL;('i'  tliiilil  than  mir 
nther  satyriils. — necasinnally  a  iirnlnnLi'cd  and  i'.i|iid  niie,  liiil  it  iii;iy  ii.-iially 
he  seen  tns-inu'  itself  la/ily  in  and  niit  aniniii;'  tiie  shrnhhery  at  the  edye 
nt"  a  \Mind  or  hy  the  liiislies  heside  niit'r('(|iieiited  mails,  (ins-e  deserihcs 
il  as  wary  and  tlyinn'  swil'tly.  "  ehietly  all'eetiiiL;'  lam  s  in  the  t'nrests.  lait 
enmiii,L;'  nci'asiniially  inln  the  jfardeiis  early  in  the  iiin.niiiL;'."  .\llen  savs 
it  t'r('i|Meiits  the  ilnwei's  nt' ('(iren|isis  iialniata  Niitt.  mi  the  |iiairies  nt'  Inwa. 
Ivlwai'ds  says  thai  innltitndes  i;atlier  mi  the  finwei-  nt'  the  hardiiaek 
Spirae.'i   tnnieiilnsa.  which   hinmns  in  njd   liclds  in  .Inly. 

\\  iiielit  the  liniiertly  rests  ii|imi  tlie  liranches  nt'  hiw  trees  nr  shriilis. 
[irnlialily  iianiiinu'  t'rmii  the  iindi  .'  -iirt'aee  nt' the  twius.  .\t  least  this  i>  the 
cnneliisimi  ri'iiehed  liy  my  exiierieiiee  in  di'i\  iiii;'  nvcr  the  .Vantneket  moors 
one  .\iii;iist  day.  'i'lie  waji'on  track  aloiii:'  tiie  lirnad  main  rnail  is  liere 
lined  tor  a  part  of  the  way  with  a  row  nt'  Inw  |iine  trees,  with  an  oecasiniial 
seriil)  oak  :  the  wind  was  hlowini:'  across  tlie  road  :  it  was  about  six 
n'eluck  in  the  innrnin^i',  and  not  a  Imttertly  was  naturally  astir,  hut  as  we 
nimlilcd  aloii^i'  the  road.  Iinndreds  of  this  Imttertly  were  sweiit  across  our 
track  liy  tlio  wind,  forniint;-  indeed  a  eoiitiiiiions  stream  as  lonj;'  as  the 
friiiu'i'  of  trees  eontiiuied.  ("lose  examination  without  stoiipinn'  liiit  kejit 
lip  for  half  an  hour,  showed  that  they  all   came   from   the  [line   trees:   tlni 


i- 


M 


I: 


»M;'..' 


wn 


170 


rili:   I'.ITTKHFLTKS  Or   Xi:\V    KNdF.ANI). 


tlu-v  liiul  risen  just  as  our  liorse's  lieiid  was  diri'ctly  opposite  tliein  iintl 
wafted  l)y  the  wind  aeross  our  track,  sank  drowsily  to  tiie  eartii  the  otlier 
side.  'I'he  trees  were  t'roni  eiuht  to  ten  feet  hijjh  and  al)out  twenty  feet 
distant,  and  no  hnttertiies  were  seen  to  leave  the  trees  at  anv  nnicii  liitriier 
or  nuieh  h)wer  h'vcl  than  five  feet  nor  any  from  tlu'  grouiul.  'I'hcv  were 
doulitjess  starred  from  slee[)  i)y  tiie  tremor  of  tlie  ji'round. 

Dr.  ('.  S.  .\[inot  notes  of  tlie  postures  of  these  lintterHies  that  when 
aligiitinji'  they  rest  on  tiie  upper  surface  of  lea\es  :  tlial  wlieu  waikinu-  the 
legs  move  alternately,  the  antennae  pulsate  in  the  same  way  and  the  wings, 
held  vertically.  kee[>  uj)  a  (jui\ering  motion  ;  the  anteiuiae  divaricate  aliout 
.")()°  while  raised  at  a  general  angle  of  ahout  10°,  though  tiiis  is  ditticnlt  to 
dctorniino  as  the  tips  dr(»o|)  and  the  whole  curves  with  an  upward  convex- 
ity :  the  tips  of  the  fore  wings  arc  \ertieally  ahove  the  tip  of  the  ahdomeu. 
\\'hcn  at  rest  the  outer  margins  of  all  the  wings  are  jircssed  together. 

Desiderata.  As  this  i)ntterHy  is  t'reipiently  confounded  v.ith  ('.  nephele 
onr  information  is  insutticient  coneerning  its  northern  honndaries  in  New 
England  :  the  comparative  ai)nn<lance  of  the  two  forms  should  he  noted  in 
every  possihle  locality  between  tlu;  forty-third  and  forty-fifth  parallel  of 
latitude.  The  determination  of  its  precise  relation  to  ('.  nephele  is  the 
most  important  and  the  most  exacting  (|ncstiou  to  solve.  Whether  it 
would  lie  possihle  to  hreed  the  forms  in  such  a  way  that  the  [lai'entage  may 
he  determined  on  hoth  sides  is  yet  to  he  decided.  It  would  seem  to  he 
fpiitc  possihle.  for  they  have  been  known  to  pair  in  captivity  (Can.  cnt. 
x\iii:  17).  If  it  can  he  done,  the  relation  of  the  two  foi'uis  can  and 
should  lie  determined.  If  not.  it  will  he  tlilKcult  to  iiring  eonclnsive  evi- 
dence ;  hut  in  any  case  the  exj)ci-iuient  should  he  tried  in  the  belt  where 
liotli  are  femul.  The  j)recise  places  sought  by  the  young  larva  in  hiberna- 
ting should  be  discovered,  and  the  amount  of  difl'erence — apparently  a  cori- 
siderable  one  for  so  late  a  butterfly — in  the  time  of  its  first  a])pearance  in  a 
given  i(H'a'iity  in  diffei-cnt  years  determined.  Some  eggs  hatch  a  month 
earlier  than  other.-  ;  is  thei'e  any  ad\autiige  or  disiulvantage  in  this  to  the 
cater])illar  that  will  eat  nothing  until  thi'  next  spring?  What  parasites 
aflect  the  lite  of  this  insect? 


I 


LIST  OF  ILrj'STRATIO\S'.-Ci:i!ryi>\rs  .\U)l'i:. 


Ill  iiiriil . 
I'l.  IS,  liij. ;).    Disti-iliiilion  ill  N.  Aiiifrifii, 

/v/,v. 
I'l.  (iT.  111;-.  1.     Micnipyli'. 

Ciilfflilllav. 
\'\.  70,  llg.  (!.    ('!it('r|Mlliir;it  birlli. 
74;  18.    Fiillfii-owii  ciitci'iiilliir. 
78;  12.    IIciiil,  lii>t  siiiiri'. 
13.    lIiMil.  thinl  >tii,-o. 

SOSlO.      DlTlllill  lllilirllilll!5'(,'S0l'lil'StfllHil?. 


llllllllO. 
ri,   1.  \'VX.  i.       Kclllllll',  lldtll  MII-I'lH'CS. 

li.     Jliilc.  iiiipc'i'  -iirl'iii'i'. 

II  ;S.     liotli  sui-lih'cs 

;i;l;l.     Mull'  iiliiliiiiiiiiiil  !iiiiii'iiil;i;;rs. 
"j-.'i.    Siilr  view,  with  lii'iiil  1111(1  apiicii- 
ilii.ui'S  ciiliirirrd,  iiml  ilcliiils  of  lln'slnii'- 

tllVl'  of  till'  ll'l-'S. 

III  :  'Jii,     I'iipillii  (if  "piriil  liili::il('. 


j;-^li.i<'J 


SA1'V1!INAK:    CKIUVONIS    NKl'llKI.K. 


171 


CERCYONIS  NBPHELE.— The  dull-eyed  grayling. 

['I'll!'  (hill  I'vcil  L'niyllilii' (SiMiililcr) :  cldiiilcil   lli|iiiiii'ciii:i,  I'lmiily  lil]i|iiiri-hj ,  cIuikIciI  Imtlcr- 
lly  (  KiiiiMiin.-) ;  Imiuii  uninl  luilli'iMly  (.M;i\  luiiil).] 


Ilippiiri'liiii    Dfiihdi'    Kli'li.,    Kami.    Ijur.- 
iiiiiiT..  iv  :-.".iT  (ls:iT);— Kiniii..  Al'I'Ii'.X.  Yoi-k. 


Mayii.,ltiilt.  X.  K.,  v.  |il.  1,  liirs. ,-.  ^ii  (ISSO). 
}liH'iili     lllji/li-lr    Sl'inld,,  Sy>l.    ivv.    AiniT. 


\  :-ii;!-214.  pi.  :«.  Ihs  ■'-Klwril):— Uari-..  Il1^.       hull.,  (i  ( l><T-.'). 


ill.).  vi-L'..  .'ill  fil..  .'Iim;  Ml'.  I.'II)  ( Isii-J). 

ICrriiil.       Hi'iillili:      \Vr>t\V.-IIcuil»..      (irll. 

iliiini.  l.cp.,  ii::Wi  (l.s."il) : -—.Mnrr..  Sy  n.  Lrp. 
X.  Amcr..  Tll(IS{U): 
Siiii/r>is  iK/iliih:  l-Mw.,  Troc.  Kiitmii.  mt. 


Cifrijiiitin  ni'j)/ii!i'  Si-uihl..  Hull.  Hull',  ■■oc. 
iiat.  >!■..  ii:-Jl:!  (IMT.'p). 

Suliiriixiiliiiii-  (iiai>)  SimkIiI..  I'roi'.  K«s.  iii^t., 
lii:  ir.ii  (isi;;i). 

.Siiiiiriin  (i/ii/ir  I'linii  iif/i/i'  /!•  I'Mw.,  Hint.  X. 


rhilail.,    \l:]!l.-)-^(W)   (isiiii);   Can.   ciil.,   ix:  .\..  ii.  .>-al.  :i  (l.ss;;)  :—Ki.ni..  Ihitt.  .Mi'.,  71-70 

Ul-lt:".   (1877);    xil:2t-;W  (lf<Ml):   — Fi-cinli.  (l.s^t) : —Siiiilli.  Hull.  HruoUl.  cut. scjc.  vi  :I2II- 

Itcp.  i"--  111-.  vii:l."Ml  (1S7S);— .MIcMI..  ihM..  |:lii  (|,s.s|): —l.'nndi.   Hull.   cast.   L'.   S..:il;). 

x:!l2    (l.'*.'<!|:  — (.Dci..     ihiil.,    !,si)    (is,s|):—  •.i4.s  (18.>ii;). 

l'\r  walc'hi'il  you  Mow  a  full  li.ilf  liuur. 
.""I'lr  piiiM'il  upon  that  vcllnw  lluucr; 
And.  Illllc  Hutin-lly:'  hidi'i'd 
I  kiKiu  nut  if  yiiii  .sleep  or  feed. 
How  motionless  1     and  then 
W'lial  joy  awaits  you,  when  the  liice/e 
Has  found  you  out  anion;;  the  trees. 
Ami  ealls  you  forth  again! 

\Vi>i!i»\V()urir. 


Imago  (1  ;  1 .  1  :  11 :  I ).  Heiid  ciiv creil  with  huin.  eroct.  uniy-l'i'iiwu  liaii'>.  nfleii  |)iilci' 
at  their  base  tliiiii  at  their  til),  hi'hind  the  eye  with  silvery  Kl'i^*'""''  sciiles.  I'alpi  cov- 
ercil  iit  the  sides  with  lioarv  ;rray  or  dark,  sliiilitly  •;reoiiisli  brown  seides,  the  latter 
liehiw.  ami  usually  prer'iiliin;- :  I'rinued  houoath  with  loiiu'.  very  dark,  sli^rhtly  oliviiccous 
liiMwii  hairs,  \vitliiii  Imary  uriseoiis:  aliovo  friiiired  witli  similar  hairs  which  are  paler 
at  their  l)ase.  .Vnlennae  very  dark,  slivhily  iireeiiish  brown,  the  joiiit->  aimulated  at 
tlio  base  with  wliite.  most  broadly  below,  and  the  whole  upper  outer  surfaee  more  or 
less  tiiiu:ed  with  hoary,  iii'-re.-isinnly  so  to'.vanl  the  tip.  tlu'  elnb  bein;;  mostly  itrayish 
hoary  oxei'j)tiii;r  at  tlie  tip.  where  tlie  three  last  jidnts.  liki'  tlie  whole  under  surl'aee  of 
the  elub.  vary  froni  dull  liiteoii-  to  yellowish  t'lisiMUW. 

'I'liorax  above  covered  witli  loni;-.  rather  pale  mouse  browii  hair-  sonu'times  -liirhtly 
tiiiiicd  with  olivaceous,  especially  on  the  anterior  parts;  beneath  with  shorter,  dark. 
sliuilLtly  olivaceous,  browii  hairs.  Fore  lej^s  covered  with  similar  hails.  In  the  other 
U'^s  tlie  feinora  ar<'  covi-rcd  with  silvery  jiray  scales  and  rriiiii'cd  liciiciUli  with  miiiuled 
dark  aray  and  hoary  hairs  <d'leii  tiiiired  witli  oli\aceons.  Tibiae  and  tarsi  dusky 
silvery  irniy  above,  silvery  white  beneath  and  witliin.  Spines  blacdi.  spurs  lulccms, 
L'rowiiiii'  reddi-li  toward  tip.  covered  witli  white  scab's  at  base  :  claw  s  ycUowisli  brown, 
ilnskier  at  lip. 

Win.iis  above  dark,  deep  brown  w  itii  a  scarcely  perceptible  purplish  I  iiiye  y  j  ) .  or  of 
a  similar  but  paler. -oniew  hat  slaty  or  u:i'ayish  brown  (  ^  s.  Outer  bonier  of  fore 
wiiiirs  almost  straiLrht   in   the  middle   half:  id'  hind  win^rs  willi   sivireely   perceptible 


•reiiulations.    In  I  he  outer  half  of  the  t'n 


III.  ill  the  place  occupied  in  C.  alop<'  by  the 


bn  ad  yellow  stripe,  the  wiiiij;  is  tiiiu'i'd  or  clouded.   s<pmctiim 


•arcely   perceptibly,  at 


other  times  and  especiiUly  in  tlie  9  coiisideraliiy.  but  L'cncrally  very  sli;;litly.  and  never 


lo  nearly  llic  depth  it  rcaidies  in  alope.  with  ycl 


lisli 


I'lirac 


The  limits  of 


the  patch  are  never  more  tliaii  faintly   ilelliied  and   often   llie  wiiiu'   is   simply 


little 


paler  in  this  rejiion.  the  yellowish  tint  contlne 


till 


encirclina'  of  the  black  spots 


which  occur  as  in  ah)pe  in  tile  lowest  subcostal  and  lower  ni'  lian  Interspaces:  tliey 
nlmost  invariably  are  pnplUed.  either  iii'iiulely  witli  a  white  or  violacooils  white  dot 
( ,J).  or  varyina:  from  a  miiiiite  dot  to  a  conspicuous  pupil  witli  bliilsli  or  violaceous 


white,  eiichisiim-  a  white  dolor  spot  (?); 


■asloually  the  lower  is  blind  in  tlie  J 


172 


iiiK  iuri'i:i!i-|.ii;s  or  xinv  i;n(;nani). 


111!' black  porlidii  of  llic  iippiT  »|)cil  %i'lil(iiii  >iii'|ia->'i'>  the  uiillli  ol'  llic  iiili'i'spacc  in 
llic  J" .  ami  si'lddiii  Tails  (if  rcarliinu- liolli  iKinli'is,  1ml  In  the  ?  ,  it  iii'iicnilly  I'xti'iuls 
oviT  I'lilly  oni'-lialC  111' the  interspace  below,  and  (ine-thinl  of   tlial  abov     llie  lowor 


i  if;-; 


m 


spot   is 


Uenerallv   ol'  <'xacllv   tin 


si/.e  as  tlie  npl)cT  in  the  <J  :  in  the  ^  it  is  ifi'i 


erally  larirer  ami  \  arii's  I'runi  a  >i/.c  e(pnillin!f  the  wlilth  of  its  inter-pace  to  twice  that, 
e  nroachinir  eipially  aboveaml  below  :  at  three-foniMlis  of  an  intei'spa<e's  ilistaiwe  rroni 
the  (inter  border  a  faint,  dnsky.  slightly  wavy  line  snbparallel  to  the  border  is  generally 
pi'esent.  especially  in  the  $:  the  outer  nnirijln  is  narrowly  and  faintly  ediii'd  with 
blackish  and  tlw  frina:i'  is  nearly  nniforni  dark  steel  irray.  s|iu;||ily  paU'r  at  the  tips. 
/till' I  ii-hii/s  with  a  small  ronml  spot,  often  reilnced  to  a  dot.  sonn'tinn  s  iMitirely  absi.iu, 
sometimes  .-IS  larLTc  as  the  smalh'st  spot>  of  the  fore  winii  of  the  J  .  inid  when  lar«;er. 
nsnally  mimilely  pnpillcd  with  while,  a  lilllc  beyond  1'  middle  (d'  the  lower 
nu'diaii  inlei'spacc;  in  rare  c;isrs  a  smaller,  blind,  black  spot  occurs  in  the  i;^  in  the 
n|)per  im'dian  inlerspacc  and  c\  i-ii  ill  the  subcosio-iiicdiiiu  iiilcrspiice.  a  lillle  further 
from  the  margin  :  winy:  educd  and  f ringed  as  the  fore  wiiiir.  the  fringe  a  little  darker. 
Ileiieath  srray-brown.  tlie  $  a  little  paler  than  tlu^  J.  with  faint,  dark,  im'lallic 
,y:reeii  relleelioiis.  /■■.//•(  iriiH/s  Willi  llic  apex  siiinewhat  hoary,  especially  in  the  $, 
ami  oec.-isionaily  liiiireil  with  lilac;  the  basal  half  of  the  wiim,  and  to  sonu-  extent 
the  whole  costal  border,  bill  especially  llic  discoiiial  cell,  lilled  with  very  frei|Ueiil, 
short,  slender,  transverse,  siraiyhl  or  but  sliyhtly  curved,  blackish  stn-aks.  and 
the  oiiti'r  mariiiii  of  the  cell  soincliincs  marked  narroHly  hIiIi  blackisli :  at  tin' 
outer  limit  id' tile  s|  ripcd  piu'lioii  is  a  I  raiisv  erse.  sinuoiis.  lilackisli  stripe,  similar  to 
that  of  alopc.  beyond  which  the  w\\\'j:  is  \  ei-y  sliylilly  paler:  the  two  blai-k  spots  id'  the 
upper  surface  are  repeated  bciicalli  ami  \\itli  better  delliieil  niaririns.  beiiiii  always 
conspicuously  ami  c(|ually.  lliouyh  noi  broadly,  encircled  with  dull  orainre  or  yel- 
lowisli.  edijed  with  fiiscoiis.  more  frccpu'iilly  yellow  in  ilu'  $.  'I'hey  are  considerably 
larjrer  tli;in  above,  in  tile  $  larger  than  in  the  ^  .  iibeiiiiai.  the  upper  fully  as  broad 
as  the  interspace  and  encroachini;  a  little  on  the  one  beneath  in  the  smaller  spots,  nild 
in  the  larirest  ones,  in  the  ^  ,  co\ criin;  more  than  one-half  cd'  the  inlerspaces  above  and 
bilow  it  ;  the  lower  one  Is  alii.osi  invarialily  of  exact  ly  the  widi  li  id' the  interspace  in 
the  (J .  althoimh  sonietiiiies  includiiia;  within  it  also  the  colored  borderiiiir.  Iiiit  in  the 
larirest  spots  in  tlie  ^  crosses  om-lialf  of  the  interspace  above  and  below.  They  are 
both  pnpillcd  with  a  white  dot.  ■wliieli  in  tlie  J  is  encircled  ■with  blnisli  atiuiis.  often 
exteiidinir  as  a  pnlveresceiit  cloud  toward  the  exterior  maririn  of  ilie  black  spot;  the 
outer  border  of  the  winir  is  marked  \vitli  a  siibmari;in;il  blackish  fii-cou..  stripe. -.iib- 
li;irallel  to  the  outer  border  but  more  dislaut  from  it  aliovc  tliaii  below  .  and  ;ivera;riint 
about  an  Interspace's  distance;  ilicre  is  aKo  a  siriiderer  fuscous  line  next  the  outer 
niaririn.  the  margin  itself  is  ii;iridwly  edyed  a\  iili  black  and  the  friniic  is  siijriitiy  darker 
than  on  the  upper  surface  Hint/  "//(;/.>■  having  ircnerally  Iheifroiiiiilcohn'slliihtly.  soino- 
tiiiies  considerably,  paler,  in  a  liro;id  band  occiipyiii'j:  most  of  the  outer  half  of  the 
\\  liiir  and,  especially  ill  tlic  $  and  toward  thecostiil  maririn.  bounded  inlerhu'ly  by  a 
rather  na.'row.  ei|iial.  tortuous,  blackisli  fuscoiis  streak,  extendina'  from  the  costal 
iiiaryin  to  llic  suluneilian  iierMire.  and  more  coiispieuoiis  in  the  y  than  In  the  J  :  il.s 
course  is  a~  in  ;ilop,':  within  this  there  i~  iieiierally  an  obsciit'e  blackisli  fnseoiis  striiie 
as  inalopc.aiiddistant  from  tlie  outer  m;ir;rin  by  an  interspace's  ilistanceand  piii';illelto 
it  i-  a  siibcimtinnoiis.  blackish  fuscous  streak.  'I'lie  whole  winu:  i>  covered  very 
profusely,  more  distiiietly  ami  heavily  and  a  little  more  abimdaiilly  in  piissiiiu'  toward 
the  base,  willi  slender,  treiniiloils.  short,  siiliconnectcd.  sli;j:htly  ciir\  iiij;.  bhickidi 
fiisi'ons  threads,  parallel  to  the  outer  margin:  louLrlludinally  siiboval  or  roundish. 
siii;dl.  black  spots  edu'ed  narrowly .  and  more  or  less  disiinctly.  especially  in  the  ^f , 
with  dull  umber  oraiiu:e.  and  Usually  piipilled  with  a  white  dot.  occur,  inneh  more 
abundantly  in  the  J  lliiiii  in  tlie  ?  .  in  one  or  all  of  the  interspaces  between  the  upper 
subcostal  nervnle  and  the  siibniedian  ueivurc.  In  the  J  they  y:enerally  occur  in  all 
the  intersiiaces:  in  the  9  they  are  jieiierally  present  In  the  lower  suhcostal  and  lower 
niodian  interspaces;  that  in  the  lower  subcostal  interspace  is  usually  oval,  the  other.-* 
usually  round;  they  are  larirest  in  the  lower  sulicostal  ami  lower  niciliaii   interspaces, 


li      i 


SAI  VlilNAK:    (  i;i!(  VdNIS    XI'.I'IIKI, 


173 


,l>il:lllv    llrxl    ill    ^i/.i'   ill    till'   ^lllic<w|ii-illcili:ill.  Mllil    ii!    llii'    nUuT^    »i|lic'i|il:ll  ;    1  lii'V    ill't 


iriiiiiiii'il  in  11  siiuiiiiis  cnrvt 


n'n'>|i<iiiiliimi'Xii<'ily  willi tlicirdi-iiiii-^itiiin  in  h1ii|m' :  niilcr 


iiiili'uiii  iilll'ni^vlv  rdL'cii  \vitli  liliicl<i^li  ;liiil  I'liilnwccl  Uy  iiii  I'ciHiilly  -ili'iidiT  llirciid  (if 
|i;llr  lilMWii.  "iiccri'dcil  liy  ;i  il;irlic'r  lint  lli:iii  il~ii!il :  i'l-iiinr  ~liiiil:ir  lo  Unit  of  tin- 
I'lin'  \viiin>. 

Aliiliinic'ii  11 1 II IV  .-iiiil  iiii  -idi'-  oT  llir  cdlnr  of  111.'  ii]i|..'r  ~iiii':ir,>  of  tlif  w  iiiii~  :  indiiw 
;i--ii  ul'iiv.  A|i|ii'iiilii;;i'>  :  iip|M'i'  uriiiin  witli  llic  IkmiU  ii^  in  I  In' lircciMliuu:  ^l>''i'ii'^.  I'llt 
riitliiT  >lriiilci'i'r.  f^iicciiilly  liiwiii'd  the  liii^r.  -Ilu'lilly  Idii^'cr  and  scaivcly  inon'  arcu- 
ate: lateral  anil-  direeled  toward  the  middle  id'  llie  liuok.  iiinied  vlroiiLily  inward, 
aliuilt  (ine-l'iiiirtli  tlie  leliulli  of  llie  IhmpU.  ratliir  liliintly  |iniiiled  at  the  lip.  ( 'l.-i-|is 
about  three  and  a  liall'  lime-  loiiiicr  tliaii  liroad.  eii-iri>nii.  taperiii'r  pretty  reu-iilarly 
I'roin  liaselotip.  llie  ba-al  liall'  eiirvini;-  a  little  upward,  llie  apical  liall"  -.trai^lit.  tlic 
tip  lilniitly  pointed  :  apart  from  the  hair- v- il  li  Nvliieli  il  i-  elnllied.  I  he  upper -iirl'aec 
apiicar-  to  lie  niianned. 


.Me;i-lll'el|M  III'-  ill  lllillilllell'e-. 


M.M.KS. 


1  i:mai.i:s. 


Siiiidlest.l  AveraL'c'  Lui'L'e-it.  '  Siiialle-i.   .\vi'ra,ij:e.!  I<ar  .uol. 


I.iiii.'ili  111' lure  wiiiL' '.'.'l.T.-i 

lllltelllllie III.T"i 

hind  liliiae  and  l:ir-i.  ''^. 

lure  lihi.Me  and  tar-i  .  I.T."i 


•2:>.:> 

■js. 

11. 

1:;. 

s.-i:, 

s.T.-, 

l.i'i 

•JI1...P 

ill..-) 


I  .s.-| 


■<'xr>  :u. 

I'*, "J  iii.'- 
n.'.'."i  '.'."." 

L>.."|  'J..-! 


Its 
Hpe 
I'llo 

■ry 
lard 
ddi 

di. 

J. 
lore 
]per 

till 

fcver 

lers 


Secondary  sexual  peciiliM'ities.  'I'he  aiidroeoni.-i  taper  with  nearly  perl'eei  reirii- 
larity.  Imt  a  little  more  pereeplilily  near  the  niiddl,' of  Ihedi-lal  h.all'.  .■iiid  while  ol' 
the  -aiiie  lia-al  width  a- in  ( '.  ;ilope.  are  proportionally -liorter.  Iii'iin;  .ilioiil  .L'.'i  mm. 
loiiu'  and   .Id    mm.   limad  ai    lia-e.      See  al-o  de-eriplion  id'   foi.'wiiiu'    under  ireiiii-. 

Egg    i64:;'.)-      ■•  Alionl    eiullteell  \erlieal  ridi;e-.  W  illl    rounded    e\ea\  .■dioll-   llel  Weell, 

-pi'inir  froin  the  lower  part  of  the  -ide  and  run  to  llie  eilire  nl'  llie  lop:  ihi-  la-t  1- 
roiinded  and  covered  with  -hallow  cell-.  Irreiiiilarly  liexanonal  aroinid  I  he  oiit-ide.  and 
in  llie  miildle  loiii;-  and  narrow,  about  an  mal  central  cell."  i  Ivlward-.  . 

Caterpillar,  l-'ii'/it  simti.  lli^ad  lii.dit  yellow  brown,  -pecked  wilh  brown  and 
-par-ely  pilo-e.  -omeliine- \\  ith  cloudy  brown  patidie-  on  upper  pari  ol'  face.  |tody 
caniation.  with  ador-al  criii'-oii  line,  and  lliree  -iinilar  clo-ely  approximated  line-  on 
caidi  -ide  ol'  the  body  :  appeiidaire-  white,      [..eiifilli.  'I.Ti  nil II.  (after  IMwanN). 

S,  i-niiil  shiiii .  Head  llifht  iii'ecn.  ■with  white  papillae  in  M'Vticai  row-,  each  with  a 
w  liile  hair,  liody  pale  i;reen.Mitli  dark  arecii  lonL'ilndinal  -tripes  occnpyiii'jrtlic  po-ition 
of  llic  crlin-oii  lines  of  precediiiu-tau'e  :  extremity  of  caudal  liornsred  :  papillae  wliitc, 
each  supportini:  a  blunt  while  hair.     I.eiiiitli.  1  nun.  (aflcr  IMward-). 

'I'/iird  uliifir.     Ileiid   nearly  a-  bid'ore.      liody  witli  the  whole  -iirl'ai iie  -hade  of 

yellow  ^recii,  except  a  dark  doi'-al  -iripe.  .•iiid  a  yellow  infra-t  iuliiialal  rid'.;'e.  l.enuUi. 
7.."i  mm.  (after  Kdward-). 

hmrth  sliiiir.  Head  eiiierald  lireeii.  eovereil  with  eoiiie,il  while  p.ipillae,  liody 
nearly  as  in  prccedinii'  -tau;e.      I.eiiulh.  1  I  mm.  laflcr  Kdward-i. 

l.iisl  M(i{ii--  Head  emerald  iiieeii.  llie  surface  covered  with  sliu;hily  paler,  conical  pa- 
pillae and  pnbe-cciit.  ISmly  dull  yellow  ^:reen.  the  side-  a  shade  darker  than  the  dor- 
-al  area,  witli  a  dor-al  dark  ;;i'een  -Iripe.  and  an  infrastiuinatal  yellow  -I  ripe  or  liin'.  tlio 
caudal  horns  reddi-li :  -iirl'ace  ol' body  covered  Willi  line  while  papillae,  each  bcariiiy: 
a  line  w  hite  hair,  reiidcriii'j;  tlie-nrface  piibe-cent.  I,en;.'lli.  ,lil  iniii.  :  lire.nlth.  I  mm. 
(after  Kdward-  ■■. 

Chrysalis  i83:7,si.  -Whole -nrl'ace  inic  -hade  of  yellow  ^n'ccii.  covered  \\  Itli 
miiiiite  w  hlte  Lrraniilation- I  aloiii;- the  inner  maririn- of  ilie  winu'  ca-e- a  ereani  whiti' 
line,  another  alonii'  keel  of  me-oiiotmn.  and  one  aero--  top  id'  head  ea-e"  ,  f'.dward-). 
I.eiiL'tli.  l.'i  111111.  :   breadth,  ."i  mm. 

Distribution  (18:  I).  'I'lii-  Inillcrtly  is  u  iKirllurii  rciirc-ciitnlivc  t\\'(]. 
iilii|ii'.  imi'tiiio'   it   nil  ciiiiiiiiiiii  oidiiml  siiiucw  lici'c   liftuxaii  llic  aiiiiiiiil    iso- 


^«!iB« 


174 


Tin;  iu'i'i'i:i:i-i,ii:s  or  m:\v  KN(ii..\M>. 


i 


tlicini.'sor  1")°  iiiid  .")(»':  it  t-xtciid.-i  wcstwiinl  i'crt;iiiily  ;i>  liir  .■i>  tlic  luut-liills 
uf  tlic  Kocky  .Mimiituiiis,  wlicn'  il  lias  hccii  taken  iKntli  of  uiir  hoimdarv 
liy  (icdilc.-.  ill  tlic  .Fiiilith  and  liii^'  Ilorii  .Mountains  liy  Morrison,  in  Colo- 
rado liy  Mead,  Osteii  Sackeii.  Snow  and  inyselt'.  and  in  Xcw  Mexico  hy 
Snow.  It  is  most  alMind;int  on  the  western  [irairies  oi'  Iowa.  Wi,seonsin 
and  noitliern  Illinois,  and  is  I'onnd  also  in  Kansas  (Snow).  Xeliraska  (Car- 
penter). Micliiiian  (Harrington)  and  eastward,  north  of  alioiit  42°  X. 
Lat.  Ml'.  Saunders  reports  it  ••rare"  at  London,  liiit  ••  eoininon  "  at 
St.  Culherines.  Ontario:  Kilwards  .-ays  it  occurs  in  northern  Ohio;  speci- 
mens have  liecn  sent  liy  Mr.  Ilowell  from  Xi<-liols  in  southern  Xew  York: 
Mr.  Lintner  has  taken  it  at  Methleiiem.  Sharon  Sprinjis  and  Scoharie  in 
the  same  state,  and  it  is  coiniiion  in  the  Calskills  :  its  northern  limits  are 
wholly  unknown,  reachini;'.  perha|is.  heyoiid  the  spread  of  settlement.  Its 
northernmost  known  oecnrrenee  is  in  the  Athaliasca  rejiioii  ((ieffcken). 
.Mr.  < 'oiiper  docs  not  report  it  from  tlu' norlherii  St.  Lawrence.  Imt  it  is 
taken  at  (^lichee  (Howies).  Kiver  IJoiijie  district  (DTrliaii)  and  Ottawa 
(  l>illiiii;s.  Fletcher),  and  is  ahiindant  near  Annapolis  in  Xo\a  Scotia 
(.lones). 

It  is  t'oiind  o\(M'  the  whole  northern  halt'  of  Xew  Kiiiiland  in  lircat 
aliimdancc  :  the  only  locality  in  which  1  ha\e  met  with  it  in  Massai'hiisetts 
is  the  ele\atcd  region  aliont  W'illiamstown.  lint  it  niidonlitcdiy  approaches 
closely  to  the  northern  limits  of  the  state,  and  is  fonnd  throughout  M.tine. 

Life  history,  etc.  It  i>  found  in  open  wdods  and  friMpicnts  the  thistle 
in  pasture  yroniid  mar  the  edi^e  of  woods.  In  northern  Xew  I'^nuland. 
the  linttertly  usually  makes  its  appearand'  a  little  licfore  the  niiddli'  of 
.Inly.  Miss  Wadsworth  tells  uic  that  it  has  appeared  at  liallowell.  Mc. 
on  .Inly  1 '-'  for  three  snccessi\c  years.  Mr.  l'"lctcliei'.  howi>\(M',  has  taken 
it  as  early  as  .liiiie  'Js  at  ()ttawa,  (aiiada;  in  the  wi'.-t  also  it  is  earlier 
than  ill  Xew  I'.nulanil  :  Iml  in  the  de<'per  \alleys  ot'  the  White  Mountains 
it  sometimes  fails  to  make  its  ajipearauci'  until  nearly  a  month  later.  It 
does  not  eontimie  (piilc  so  Ioiil;'  on  the  wiiii;'  ;■  ■  ('.  alopc.  at  least  in  Xew 
Knu'land.  lint  u'cnerally  disappears  in  .Vtiiiusi.  It  is  sini;lc  lirooded.  .Mr. 
I'Mwards  has  descrilied  its  earlier  stasis  :  the  linttertly  has  lieen  taken 
jiairinu'  with  ('.  alo[ic  and  closely  rcscmlilcs  this  sjiccies  in  the  time  of  its 
appearance.  i'lie  I'U'gs  arc  laid  on  urass  in  the  latter  part  of  Aiijiust. 
manv  liciiiL;'  drojiped  loosely  on  the  ii'round  hy  fcimdcs  in  eontinemenl  :  the 
cii'Lis  hatch  in  a  nioiuh's  time  and.  as  with  ('.  ahipe.  the  cater[iillars  go  at 
once  into  hihernation.  .U'ter  hihernation  •■  the  coloration  in  all  the 
sta;i'es  ...  is  that  of  the  ji'rass  the  larva  feeds  on.  or  very  nearly,  and  the 
lar\ae.  aithonuh  so  slow  in  their  motions,  fall  from  the  stems  at  the  least 
alarm  :  so  that  they  are  sulliciently  protc'ctcd  in  their  natural  state  auainst 
iiKwt  enemies."'    (  Kdwards,  ) 

Flight  and  posture.     The  tliuht  of  this  species  is  altogether  like  that 


ir_.^ 


SATYHIXAi::    Till-:   (il.Nl'S    KXODIA. 


17.^ 


.F  ('.  iil( 


I 


n  repose  m  the  sun, 


Dr.  (' 


Minut  lias  t'oiiiul  tliat  tlte 


alMlnnien  incliiics  (lowiiwanl  so  tliat  tlie  li|i  i-ests  on  tlie  siirtiiee  of  support 


tlie  aiiti'iinae  (li\arica 


itc  aliout    l(Mt^  ami  liav 


e  a  i^cncral  iq 


(1  inel 


Illation 


iX!i  are  liroiiu'lit  toi>rtlier  (jvi'r  tlie  liaek.  so  that   tlio 


of  alioiit  l(P:  the  wi 
a]iex  of  the  fore  win;, 
t'ennir  of  the  middle  le^'s  is  directed  Mpwarcl.  outward  and  forward  :   th 


IS  \-ertieallv  ovi'i'  i 


he  middle  ot'  the  thorax.      The 


tihia  outward,  forward  and  (lowin\ard.  and   the  tarsi   the  same 


hut 


Ileal 


Iv  1 


lorizon 


tal. 


Desiderata.     Compare  in  the  Hist  instance  the  desiderata  of  the  pre- 


ceding species',  which  are  hound  up  with  th 
unknown,  ami 


As  th 


lere.  the  parasiitos  arc 


1  the  hounchiries  of  its  extension  o\i'r  the  continent  have   to 


lie  determiiiod  a\  itii  far  nn 


re  care  than  is  \et  iio 


vsil.h 


/.I.ST  OF  irj.r\Ti;.\rio.\s.-~<  i:i;(  yoMs  xki'iiei.k. 


i:oii(!i'nl. 
\'\.  IS.  li-'.  I.     DMiilmlion  in  N.  AimTii'M. 

I'l.  (i-t.  Ik. :!.    rhiin. 

'  lirii.id/h. 
PI.  s:l,  liu-.  7.    Siili'  view, 
s.     |Ioi-«mI  \  icw. 


I'l.  I.  lb.  I.     FiMiinlr.  ImiiIi  >iirl:ir( 
I.     .M;ili'.  iipiiiT  -iinaiM' 
11:1.    lidlli  siirliicc-. 
:!s ;  I.    NiMirMlioM. 
Hi:."..    .\iiclniciiiiuiiii. 


«i;(TI()N    II. 


/;'</;/  iii'iirly  >iiii)iilli.  liiil  I'fliculatc  with  no  MTlii'ai  ril)~.  <\ih  riiilhi,-  :it  liirtli  willi 
-traiylil  ciiticular  appi'iiilaiic-*.  mid  tin'  ^iiniinil  of  tiic  iicaii  >nninMiiitci|  by  ii  roil  inicd 
|)i'i)j('i'tioci.  .!/((/»/•(■  iv'//;'/////io' >i('ii(i(>r  ami  cioiiLtati'ii.  willi  liic  licini  iinn-li  lariicr  lliaii 
tlic  si'irnn'iit-  iinnn'diali'ly  licliiml,  ami  crowinMi  uilii  poiiitcil  tiiiicri-lc-.  ChriimiUs  witli 
an  aimnlariy  I'oniKicil  moonolniii.  and  a  prolnlu'i'ant  iicad.  /nuit/'i  wilii  cxiri'inity  of 
cell  nf  tinv  wiii<i  nearly  transviTsi':  iiasc  of  iniddlc  nuMiiaii  iii'r\  ulc  itiiMitical  wilii  tiiat 
<){  tlio  outer  nervnie.  or  imii'li  neiu-er  to  it  tiian  to  tiie  inner  nerviile. 

(iiAiMu:  Enodia,  Satyrodes,  Neonympha.  Cisaia. 

i:\()l)L\    Ili'l'.NKH. 


Kni"li:i  Iliilin.  \'.i/.  Iiel;.  >ciniii'tl.,  lil  (I.Slli). 

Tiljii'.—Ovriin  iiKii'iiiiii'iihi  iiKilfiiiiiiK'liii  Ilulm. 

\  iil-ave  old  liousi'l  II  ;;iirdrn  full  nf  lii'i'v. 
I.ai'ire  di'ii|ip{n<i  poppli's,  :inil  ipucn  liiillyli(>el<> 
Willi  liuttci'liii'S  fur  ei'iiuii: — tree  pennies 
.\nd  piniis  and  '.'(ildilork>. 

l\(ii:i,ow.  — //'>/(<ic.v. 


■  lilt 


Imago  (52  :.' I.  Head  of  inoilerate  >i/.e,  ju'etly  iiniforndy  tufted  with  niodcrately 
loll}!:  Ii«ir>;  front  full,  cnrvlntr  on  every  siile.  liroadly  prottiberaiit  in  tiieniiddlc  Ixdow, 
namiwer  than  lite  eye.  a  little  Iiijiiier  than  liroad.  tenninatiim-  aliove  at  tlie  imsi-  of  tlio 
antennae  vallier  sipiarely:  lower  edir.'  vatlu'r  alirnpt.  liroadly  rounded:  vertex  very 
trausverso.  very  siiirhtly  protuberant,  tlie  posterior  e(li>-e  very  sliyliHy  convex,  the  an- 
terior straljrlit  :  upper  iiorderof  tlie  eyc^  with  a  scare, 'ly  perceptiliie  aiiLnilation  opposite 
tlio  posterior  base  of  tlii'  antennae.  Eyes  pretty  hiri,'e,  moderately  full,  pilose  with 
short  and  very  delicate  hairs,  .\nteiiiiae  inserted  in  llie  middle  of  the  liead,  or  possil)ly 
jnst  liehind  tlie  middle,  in  a  liroad  not  very  dei'p  pit  just  hiriie  enoiiLdi   for  tlii'ir  recep- 


"^^ 


1 

■  '■i' 

li 

r 

4i 

1 

■}f 

w 

,., 

|:' 

.it 

1; 

"Si  ■ 

C'5 


l;l 


17(1 


iiir.  m  rri:i:ii.ii:s  oi'  m;\v  iaci.ami. 


tiiiii.  ili>i'iMili''cl  ili^  I  111'  I'lMMl  ;iliil  (ii'ci|iiil .  i  lirir  b;i-''~  iiiri  liiiL; c-ich  nl  Imt  i>li  iiiir  ~ii|i- 
anil  t  lir  c'(liic~  dl' 111!' Ilaiik^  (HI  IIk  dIIut;  ii  \  iTy  lilllc  Imi^ffi-  llinii  I  lie  iiliildiiifii.  (mpiii- 
poM'il  (pT  I'lirly-lwii  or  riniv-llii'i-c  joint-..  iiirri'ii>iiii:  :i  lillU' iiiiil  mtv  iiTiuliiiilly  incize 
(III  t  lie  .'i|ii<'Ml  rmii'tli.  llic  hi>t  tliri'r  III'  roiir  jiiiiilN  iliiiiiiii>li'nm'  aL'iiiii.  Irniiiiiiiliim'  in  an 
a  I  If  Mill  i-iiiic.  tlic  clnli  ln'in;r  iinirc  (ll-tjiirl  llian  In  ( ii'iiri>  nr  in  Ci'i'rynnN ;  Iran-vcr^i'ly 
circular,  llic  liiili  a  litllc  dcin'c^Ncd  ami  I'nrni^h.'il  licncalli  wilh  a  -rarccly  |)i'rcc|iiil)|c 
iiiciliaii  I'nni'w.  iilvjcil  liy  >lii;iil  carinalinn--.  r;il|ii  >lcniliT.  ■-(•.•ii'ccly  l\virra>  Imiir  as 
I  ln' rye.  i-iini|irr^-iMl.  I  lie  aiilcal  jciiiil   mic  i|iiarli  r  a>  Iniiii' a^  I  he  inrci'ilin;^  ;   cxci'iitinif 

I  ill'  apiciil  JiiinI  |inj|'n>i'ly  liiflril  lunral  li  \\  illi  lnni;.  ;iImu  r  hIiIi  ^Imrl .  liair-.  .'ill  rmii- 
pai'li'il  ill  a  vcrlical  jiianc. 

I'l'iiliiDi'aiii'  lolii's  very  ~iiiall  ami  clrliialr.  Iicncalli  a|i|ii'i'»^c'il  In  a  nicrc  iiclllcli', 
aliinc  siiililriily  f.\|iaiiiliii!i  inio  a  I  i'an~\  ci'^c.  cylinili'ii'al.  Iiiillinii-  ma--,  -uincNsiial  rcnl- 
I'linn  w  lull  \  irw  I'll  I'l'iini  llic  rrnnl .  lull  nlhcrw  i-r  nearly  eiiiial.  I  lie  em  I-  well  run  in  lei  I. 
the  -wnlleii  |iortiiiii  nearly  a-  Imm'  a-  liiuli  ami  lliree  liiiie>  a-  limail  a-  liiirli.  I'ataiiia 
hill  linle  eipin  e\.  \\  itii  tile  |iii-li'rii>r  liilie  niiii'e  lliaii  l\vii'ea>  Iniiu  a>  limail.  ta|ierlii!i 
rapiilly  mi  llie  lia-al  lialf.  Ilieii  liiit  sll^litl\    to  tin-  i'a|iiilly   taiieriiii;'   ratlier  lilinil  |miiit. 

I'lire  «  iiiu'-  i88  : 1'l .  eiiii-iilei'alily  |ii'niliii'i'ii  at  lliea|ie\:  eii-tal  liui'ilei' alnm-l  -IraiitliO 
near  the  lia-e.  the  miter  two-thinU  \ei'y  rcLrnlarly  liiil  iml  ureal ly  arelieil ;  miter  lionlcr 
>li;rhtly  emnex  in  llie  ii|i|ier  liiill'.  >ti'aiu;hl  lielnwt  iiiiiei  iioi'ili'r  -lraiu:lil.  tin'  hiwer 
uiiter  aiiirle  rmimleil  iitl'a  little,  bent  at  rather  inure  tlian  a  riiilit  allele.  ('ii>tal  nerviiro 
>liulitly  -wiillen  at  the  lia-e  tn  a  lii-tanee  ei|iial  to  the  wiillli  ul'  the  I'i'll  ;  lir-t  two 
-llpi-rinr  liraili'lle-.  of  tlle  vlliieo-lal  nel'\  lire  ari-iim'  eln-e  to  the  I  ip  of  the  I -el  I.  1  he  latter 
a  \  ery  litlh  le~-  th.'iii  hail'  u-  Imia'  a-  I  lie  xviiii;-  ami  .'iliiiiit  two  ami  a  h.-iif  time-  a>  Imiti 
a~  limail:   iiieilian  ami  -iibiinilian  nei'\iii'e-  not  eiilarueil  at  lia~e. 

II iml  u  iii^s  \\  illi  tile  'o-lal  margin  jirelty  -troimly  emixe.v   lint   willi   tlie  in ii Idle  lialC 

II  little  depi'e'--eil :  mil er  iiorder  >liuhl ly  ei'eniilate  ami  -liiihlly  aimnlate  at  tlie  upper 
inedian  iier\  ale.  the  n|i|ier  liall'  lieinsi' -eareely  emieave.  the  lower  >earcely  convex,  at 
tlielowe-t  reti'ealiiiir  rapidly  lo  the  inner  liorder:  inner  inariiiii  a  vi'i'y  little  curved, 
llie  lower  outer  aiiule  Ino'id.  The  iiervnle  elo>in:i'  the  eel!  -triUe-  tlie  inediaii  iierx  lire 
a  little  herore  it-  iiii.'il  dl\  ,',1'ii'at  ion .  and  the  -iilieo-lal  al  the  leriniiiatimi  of  llie  lia-al 
eiir\eol'il-    la-l    liiaiieh:    li"-l    iiiei|i;iii  liei'\  iile   ol'i  ^'i  iiiil  ill;;-   oppo~ile    I  lie  niiildle  lit'  tlie 


lia-al 


it  tile  la-t  -nlieo-ial  iierv  iih 


(•'ore  lei;-  \  ery  -mall,  eyliiiilrieal.  tlie  liliiae  nearly  mie-tliinl  tlie  ieiiu'ihor  the  hind 
tiliiae  :  tar-i  ol'  llie  -.line  lell^tll  a-  till'  tibiae,  either  eolnpo-ed  of  two  joint-,  llie  apical 
hardly  mie-rmii'tli  llieleii^th  ol'tlie  lia-al.  and  iipically  laperini:'  to  a  proim'-l ike  point  (  cf  ), 
or.  emi-i-tiiiir  ol'  liv  e  joint-  ol'  wliidi  the  llr-l  i-  twice  a-  loim-  a- all  the  other-  toy;etlier. 
the  I'e-I  marly  I'lpial.  all  In  it  tlie  terminal  I'll  I'lii -lied  lieiieath  al  tlie  lip  « itli  a  very-liort 
and  -lender,  -cireely  taperiii:;  -pine  '  9  ;  h'Li'  ollieru  i-e  wholly  iiiiai'iiu'd  except iiiir  In" 
loll;:'  and  delieale   li.'iir-.  expandini;  laterally  and   direeted    t'or\xai'd.    iimeli   more  alinii- 

danl   in   the  J    (ll.'lll  in   I  he    5"   ;   middle  liliiae  li\e--ixtll-  the  lellLitll  III'  tfle   111  lid  liliiae.  liotll 

riirni-heil  on  either  -ide  of  the  iimler  -iirraer  »  ith  a  row  ot'  -e;ircely  erect .  forward 
directed,  -lender  and  -liort .  intreipient  -pine-,  t  he  apical  one-  t'oi'iiiiii';  very  Imin'  and 
-lender -piir- ;  tar-i  liaviim'  the  tlr-t  joiiil  I'lilly  hall'  a-  Imn;  a- the  xvliole  lar-n.-.  the 
-eeoiid.  third  and  t'onrlh  decreii-iii'^'  -liu;litly  in  leiiiilli  in  tlie  order  ineiitimied.  tlie  lll'tli 
i'i|iial  to  Ihe-ecoml:  tlieir  wliole  under  -iirCaee  covered  prol'ii-ely  willi  lmi2:aiid  -lender 

mpi'e— I'll,  deliealely  pointed  : 


-pine 


'law-  -ti'oii'j;lv  and   i'i'i;iilai'l\  eiii'M'd.  -lemle 


pill \  ill II-  ijiiile  -mall,  broader  than  loiii;'.  aliiio-l  -em i -circular  :  |iai'miycliia  eoiiipo-ed  of 
two  memlier-  :  an  upper.  -Iiajied  .'ind  eiii'\  ed  like  l  he  claw  -  and  of  l  he  -aine  leinit  li :  and  a 
lower.  lormiiiL;'  an  eiinally  -leiidir  but  -liori.  inciii'M'd  -li'ap.  liolli  delicately  I'riiiyied. 
Male  abdoiniiial  ap|ieiiila:;e- ;  upper  origan  rallier-tmU.  Iml  cmnpi'e— ed.  the  cciitnilii 
-liulilly  arched  above,  rapidly  narrow  iiiu'  at  the  lia>e  of  the  hook,  which  is  nearly 
-traiuhl.  I  lent  siroimly  downward,  ureal  ly  and  einially  emnpre-sed.  a-  lony  a-  the  body, 
pointed  ill  the  tip;  -ides  of  the  body  riirni-hed  lit  their  llplier  limit  with  a  -inule  slen- 
der, tapei'inir.  coinpre--i'il.  laterally  arcuate,  backward  directed  ap|ieiidiiu:e.  iH'iirly  as 
Ion;;  as  the  hook.  Clasp-  very  loiiu'  and  very  -lender,  beiiii;-  loniier  than  the  upper  or- 
•.;'.iii  and  -eareely  moi'i-  than  one--i\lli  a-  bi'n.'id  a-loii'.;.  nari'owlim;  ifrrtdiiallv  In  the  mid- 


sA'iviiiNAi::   iiii:  (;i:Nrs  knodia. 


177 


(111-  liiiir.  bey  unci  CI  I  Hill  ;iiiil  imi  din  -i|i\;ii  Ici-  tin'   -vvidlh  nl'  i  lir  Im^c.  iicMrly  •traii;lil  wlicn 

vicwcil  liilrmlly.  Ilii' fXlrriiiilic'^  riirvcil  iiiwMid  < lMi!';cr  wlini  virwiMl   IVmii  mIium'. 

Ihc  rxlrciiiily  I1I111H.  liiit  iinrcil. 

Egg.  l-'liilti'iinl -pluToliliil.  llir  liM>r  r.'illici'  brciMiU.v  I  nuicMlr.  ^n  llial  Ihc  widlh  i> 
iibnm  ii  iH'lli  lii'c.'ilcr  lliiui  llic  liciulil .  :iMil  llic  liii^c  mIiciiU  I  wn-i  hiri  K  ilic  I'lilirc  w  lillli. 
Siii'l'm-c  >Miiiiilli. 

Caterpillar  at  birth.  Ilcnd  liiruciinil  I'lill.  lM-:>iiilci'  lli.iii  the  lnnly.  hrntiilcr  IpcIdw  tli;in 
iilidvr.  -uMniiiiiiti'  ,ilii>\c,  I'licli  liciiii>|ilnM-c  with  a  ^liirlil  nmical  clcvalimi  iilioxc, 
(•niilliiijiii  liiiiu:  hair:  front  with  ranucil  liaif^.  liudy  luai'ly  unil'nfni.  ta|ici'iiiu:  in  1  he  |in~- 
Ict'iiii'  hair,  tin'  !:i~l  ^ciiiMcnl  broadly  ami  bri'lly  rnrcalc  the  >rM|iicnt--  t'nrni«hcd  with 
imiu.  cliili-li|i|ird  hair^.  ari^in^'  from  |ia|iillac  arraiiLTcd  a~  follow-  on  ihc  alidmniiial 
-cu'incnl^.  one  to  a  -t'linn'Mt  in  each  row:  a  lalcro-ihMsal  >crics.  anterior:  a  siipni- 
latcral  •-erics,  posterior:  an  infralatc-ral  -eric-.,  central :  and  an  infra-liy:inatal  >i'rU'>, 
central  and  |p<p>teri<)r.  lliere  bcinLr  here  a  |i;ni';  thclnnr-  on  the  thoracic  ~i'Lrinciit~ 
vary  n  little  from  thi-.     (  After  I'.dwards.  ! 

Mattire  caterpillar,      I|i':nl  nniforndy  deep,  t  he  anterior  .summit  of  cither  half  pro- 


dnced   upward  ;Mid   \  c-ry   -liLditly    forward   inti 


niical  horn   nearly  a>  iiiiili  as  the 


depth  of  thi'  head,  .\part  frmn  the  horns  the  liead  is  of  cipial  heiiihi.  and  breadth, 
nearly  as  broad  as  the  broadesi  part  (d'  the  body,  mnch  liroadi-r  below  llian  above, 
bi'oadcsl  al.  suinmit  of  ocelli:  fi'ontal  Irianulc  nearly  twice  as  Iduli  as  Iproad.  reaeli- 
ini;  more  llian  half  waylo  the  verle\,tlie  sides  straiLrht.  Snrface  reiinhir.  sparsely 
pnnetale,  and  fnrnished  besitles  with  rather  iiniucrons  and  irreirnlarly  distributed, 
cinnco-eylindrical.  binni  lipp<'il.  erect  papilliie.  hiither  llniii  broad,  each  eiiiittliiir  n  very 
short  liair.  tliosc  mi  the  horns  <lirecled  obiicpii'ly  iip\varils.  Anteiiiiac  small ;  llrst  joint; 
maniniilorni :  sicoiid  short,  cylindriciil.  lialf  as  loiiy:as  broad:  Ihinl  scnrecly  slenderer, 
cylindrical.  Iw  lie  as  Ion;:  as  briiad.  cniitlinti' a  l(niu:.  eiirM'd  hair.  Ocelli  much  as  in 
Salyrodes. 

liody  lonji  iiiiil  rather  slender,  liroadest  ni'ar  Ihc  middle,  tapi'riim'  posteriorly  inneli 
niori'  than  anteriorly,  otherwise  nearly  e.yliiidrieal  witli  110  infrastiiiniatal  fold:  termi- 
nal scirmcnt  «itliapairof  horns  similar  to  those  of  tlii'  head  bnl  loiiiriliidiiial.  niiieli 
longer.  rcy;nlarly  coni.'al  and  pointed,  their  oiiti'i'  surfaces  ]iarallel.  Kacli  seiiineiit 
d.ivided  liy  live  transverse  incisions  into  sections,  wliieh  are  ci|iial  on  tlio  thoracic, 
iinei|iial  on  the  abdominal  sei;ments,  one  incision  bcin^'  scarcely  in  aihance  of  tlio 
inidille.  one  aliovi  llie  spiracles,  and  the  others  dividim;- the- posterior  lialf  into  iMpml 
divisions,  liody  coM-ri'd  aliundantiy  and  [irctly  nnifin-nily  witli  e\ceeilin;.dy  snndl, 
conical  papillai',  from  caidi  id'  which  arises  a  verv  short.  t,-ipcrin:i',  pointed,  erect,  bnf 
ireiierally  enrvim:  liair.  several  tiim's  lon;;er  th:iii  the  papill.a.  l.e:is  very  slmrt. 
conical,  the  interior  eil;;e  of  eacli  .joint  with  loiii;'  lirisllcs:  claw  minutely  curved. 
I'rolc^rs  very  short  indeed  and  plninp.  ihel.-ist  .joint   stroimly  bristh'd  evternally. 


Tl 


lis     o'ClUl.s     IS     (•IlllilllCll      to    CM 


•ici'ii    Niirtli    .\i 


iit'iic;!.  w  luTr    It    IS    rcnrc 


sciitcd    liv   ;i  sin 


;■!.■  s, 


tile    (Pile   (Icscrilicd    licldw.       ^^'('.st 


IlcwitsiPti     (hissed     it     witli    (•(■rtiiiii    Ivist    Iiidiiiii     turn 


wood  iiiid 
IS,     ill     till'    odiiiis 


1)( 


mid   it   is  ccitMiiilv  iiioi-c  elosclv  ri'Iiitcd  to  tlii'lii  tliiiii  to  ;iii\-  .Voitli 


.Viiu'riciUi  siityrid.s,  tlioiiuli    clcnrly  distinct    troin   tlicni. 
I'lirc  it)  .\c\v  10iio|iiiid. 

The  wiiio's  ol'  tlic  liiiltcrtiv  ;irc   more  cIipiioukmI   and 


It 


IS   CXCCCI 


lino|\ 


( 'crcvonis  :   tlicv  tire  wiirin.  Instr 


less  iiin|ile  tluiii   111 


th 


roils  Drown  aiioM'.  p.-ilcr  lielow,  es|ic('i,-iliv 


oiitwnrdly.  w  itii  ;i  siiliniiiroiniil  series  of  riitliei'  ininu'roii.s,  iiiu'(|iial,  dark, 
lilind  spots  witli  ii  pale  edoc  :  heneatli.  tlie.se  s[iut.s  afo  repetited,  lint  arc 
ocellated  and  encifcled  liy  a  eoinnion  jia''  '.  ing ;  tlie  middle  of  the  wing  is 
crossed  heneatli  liy  a  piiir  of  distant,  dender,  dtirk  stripes,  the  inner  nearly 


178 


riiK  lirri'KUFMKs  oi-  nkw  i:\(;i,.\ni). 


striiifflit,  the  uiitcr  in'i'};iilar  iiiul  iilsu  iiidicMti'd  ;ilinvt'  dii  the  tii  c  \vinj;':s. 
In  tlic  stnictiire  i)t'tlii'  licfid  tliis  jiciiiis  MpprKiiclu's  Ociicis  riitlicr  than  ("tT- 
cvonis  ;  tVtim  the  hittor  it  is  cii'arly  (hstiiict  in  tho  sha|)c  of  th(!  front,  the 
pilosity  of  tlie  eyes  and  the  want  of  erect  tufts  of  hairs  on  the  apical 
palpal  joint. 

There  is  hut  a  sinu'le  hrood  each  year,  the  hutterflies  appearing;-  iK'fore 
niidsuinnier.  Tiie  ei;'^'  is  s|)heruidal  and  smooth,  'i'iie  head  of  tlie  larva 
is  ci'owned  with  a  pair  of  lony'.  conical  liorns,  ami  the  last  sciiinent  of  the 
alxlonien  is  furnished  with  similar  jirojections :  the  liody  is  pale,  with 
lonii'itudinal  stripes  ot'  dark  jxrccu.  The  chrysalis  Is  well  rounded,  with  a 
hluntly  ai'ched  head  and  a  well  cni'\ed  ahdouien,  teruiinatiuj;-  in  a  lon^-, 
slender  creuiaster,  hy  which  it  is  suspended. 

A  fossil  hutterHy  heloniiin;^-  to  a  <"losely  allied  extinct  u'enus  has  hcen 
found  in  the  tertiaries  of  southern  France. 


EXCURSUS    ITI.—  TIIE    GEXICh'AL    CIIAXGES   IX  A    IIUTTER- 
FI.Y'S    LIFE   AXI)    FOIlM. 


w: 


wild  tliMl  1m'IiiiIi|>  llir  »iiiiiiiirr'>  'jlUlri-ili;;'  >wiinii«. 
Till  lliciii>:iiiil  llii>ii>Mii<l  '^;iil\  uililril  t'linii.^. 
Ill  miImiiI  iI.'iiii'i'  iif  iiiKM  I'liiiiliiiii  |>l;iy, 
lt:i>k  ill  I  III'  Im'miii.  mill  luiiiitiiy  llii'  il:iy ; 
WliiiM  lliliik  llii'M'  ;ilry  Uiiiili.ii<  m>  iiiluni, 
Wri'i'  hill'  III-  \  ilr  iiiitiiialliy  iiml  snirii. 
I'l'oiii'  III  till'  ilii>f.  Ill'  ri'ptili'  t'ii'i>'  IIm'  iniiT, 
Anil  I'ViT  IlicMi'i'  iinliki'ly  In  ;isiiii-r? 
Or  uho  with  IruiHiciil  virw.  lii'liuliliiii.',  Imitlis 
TliiiM'  iTiiulin^'  Ki'i'ts,  uliuiii  \ilc'st  srmli'  iiici'  i'li)iitli>: 
Willi.  Willi  i'orru|iliiiii,  liuM  ilirir  kiiulicil  sUito, 
As  hy  i'iiiili'ni|il,  in-  iir^li^'rlicr  of  I'mIi'; 
C'liiilil  lliliik,  llial  MH'li.  rrvi'i'>'il  lpy  wninlniils  iloiiiii, 
Jruliliiiiri'  iiiiwi'i's  ami  lii'lvliliT  luriiis  assiiinr; 
Ki'iiiii  ilralli,  Hull'  liiluri'  lia|i|iii  r  lit'r  ilrrivr, 
Ami  tliu'  a|i|iarriilly  I'litniiiliM.  ri'vivr: 
(■liaii,i;M,  llii'ii"  aiiia/iiiu  lraii>iiii,L'riitiiiii  risr. 
Ami  w  iiii;-  llii'  iT'^iniis  111'  iiiuvuiili'il  skii'>  : 
So  lair  ili'iirrssM,  i'iiiili'iii|ililili'  nil  I'artli, 
\ii\v  I'li'Vati'  til  lu'avi'ii  liy  ■^cniml  liirlliV 

IlKMiY  r.ltiioKi-?.— r«('''c/',sY/;  lirnnttj. 

^fdliP:  than  fifty  years  aji'o,  that  prince  of  dreamers,  Oken,  wrote:  "'riic 
insect  passes  thronyh  three  staj^es  [irior  to  its  attainiuji'  the  adult  or  perfect 
condition.  It  is  at  first  \\'orni.  next  Crali.  then  a  [lerfect  volant  animal 
with  liuilis.  a  Fly." 

A  sagacious  ohservation.  of  which  full  use  was  made  liy  Aiiassi/ in  com- 
parinj4'  its  ontolon-ic  and  [)hyloifcuic  developuu'ut.  In  external  form  the 
caterpillar  so  closely  resemhles  a  worm  that  in  common  lan<;niajj:e  it  is  often 
so»called  ;  it  is  a  long'  cylindrical  ol>ject  with  many  lejis  hy  which  it.  drags 
its  whole  length  upon  the  ground  ;  its  hody  consists  of  a  series  of  rings 
l)laced  end  to  end:  its  head,  it  is  true,  is  more  or  less  separated  from  the 
rest  of  the  hody,  Init  yet  agrees  so  well  in  general  size  and  foi'in  with  the 
segments  hehind  that  the  distinction  often  oidy  a[)[)ears  ujjou  examination  ; 


(  IIANCKS    IN    MFi:   AND   TdliM, 


170 


he 


toil 


vliili'  tlic  (liU'frcncc  lictwccn  tlic  joints  t'onniiiji'  tlic  I'liliirc  llionix  iind  tliosc 
it'tlic  filiiloiiicn  ciiii  oiil\'  lie  traced  1)\  cart't'iil  study. 

This 
•lid  ot'it.- 


'.\|il;tiiis  tlic  ^o^,•ll•lty  o|    tiic   I'litcr] 


lilhir.  and   sliow  >  tliat    tlic   main 


existence  is  to  lioniiandize  a 


iiid 


find  tliat  tiie  iniiscli 


"1 


liardl 


Hi'ow  :   cxaiiiiiiiiHi'  Its  iiitcnoi-,  we 


)f 


V  iiH'i'c  sjiiice  than  twice  tin 


til 


the  sU 


kill  to  wliicji  tliev  are  attaeliec 


d   tl 


icir   \('r\'  iiliiect    I.-   to  iiio\  c  the 


ci'eatiii'c  to  a  I'eediii;:'  s|)ol    or    rciiio\e 


<l 


nitc;^'iinienl    to    ni 


Iniit   of 


ii'ii'ci'  yrouth  and  a  "i-cater  eaiia 


icitv  iiir  tood :   those  ui'  tlu'  lic;id  are  almost 


e.\clllsi\-el\-  attai'hed  In  ihe  ja 


u  • 


Th 


■a!  ca\  il\-  ol'  liie  liodv 


IS  mo 


sth 


'P 


d  I 


)\'  tlic  alniieiitarv  canal 


IIK 


lil- 


inueiKlai  t 


'I'l 


the 


mil  nerve.' 


and  e\'en  the   tracheae   really  re(|iiiriii;i'  an    iiisionilieant   aiiioiint    ot'  sjiai'i' 
and  whatever  is  not  o"eii|picd  liv  tliest-  oriians,  iieccssarv 


.t'lood. 
It 


is  chokei,   ,i|i  w  1 


to  the  assimilation 
th  the  t'att\-  masses  einlicddcd  in  the  eellnlar  tis>iie. 


IS   im|ios> 


tlial    it    should 


■  row    to   an\'  cxti'iit   \vitlioiit 


lindiii""  its  outer  iiitcii'iiment,  and  cspeeiallv  the  dense  eoverint;'  of  the  head. 


imich  too  small  tor  its 


ds 


since  Its 


liii 


Ik  at 


matiiritv  is  a  hiindri'tl  tiinc 


or  more  that  at  its  hirtli.  .Nature  provides  tor  this  enier^^cncy,  for  the  eat- 
erpillar  does  not  L;row  in^cnsihly  like  most  animals.  Iiiii.  as  in  other  insects 
hy  distinel  stages  :  for  \\licn  the  skin  has  liecoiiK.'  too  eontraeteil  for  its 
needs  it  rests  awhile,  and  then  suddenly  the  .-kin  hursts,  and  the  creature, 
in  iH'w  array,  which  had  lieeii  formint;'  Ix'iieath  the  old  <'oat,  crawls  forth  to 
new  and  more  \  iuoroiis  activity,  until  similar  dittieidties  are  ajiaiii  encoun- 
tered. Diiriiiii'  the  restin;^'  spell,  the  interior  head  is  witliih'awii  i'rom  the 
old  case  to  the  first  thoracic  sennient.  which,  diirini;'  the  nioiiltini;'  period, 
is  ahiiormally  distended  :  and  it  is  here  that  the  hui'stiiiL;'  of  the  idd  skin 
takes  place,  the  head  heiiiii'  separateil  from  thi'  hody.  and  the  old  skin 
lieiny  irradiialh  sliowil  oH'iiehind.  toiiether  with  the  liniii"'  of  the  larger 
parts  of  all  intt'rnal  ortiaiis  haviiiu'  cousiderahle  external  opcninus.  'I'lic 
nninher  of  such  moults  \aries,  Imt  ne\cr  exeei'd.-  six. 

\\'lieii  it  assumes  the  pupal  sta^i'  its  hahits  elianuc  completely,  it  heiiiy' 
now  (piiescent.  with  no  power  of  eatiii;^'  or  of  any  iiio\einciit  i>eyoiid  a 
.shake  or  a  wri^yle  :  and  its  foi'in  compacted,  with  all  the  a]ipoiida<j<'s  soldered 
liniily  to  it  :  althoiii^h  the  line  of  separation  hetween  thorax  and  ahdomen 
is  veil  marked,  and  the  latter  is  comjiosed  of  many  joints  nio\alile  one 
upon  another,  nearly  all  special  di>tiiietioii  hetween  the  head  and  thorax 
is  lost,  and  tlieii'  scu'ineni.-  are  iiumovalily  soldi'i'eil  into  one  eommoii  tract, 
'i'liis  is  an  exact  teiii|iorary  repetition  of  the  more  important  distincti\i' 
external  features  of  the  erali  and  lohster.  where  the  head  and  thorax  arc 
united  hy  a  coiimion  shield  into  a  cephalothorax.  while  the  joints  of  the 
ahdomen  are  freely  movahle.  This.  then,  is  what  Oken  nieaiit  when  he 
jiointedly  calls  the  [iiipa,  Crah. 


The  el 


oser  we  examine  thi.-^ 


cral),    the  lietter  we  see 


how 


ill 


ihl\ 


the  form  and  |)roie(.'ti 


ons 


tl 


le   [lii-iition  and  inacti\ity  i 


tl 


10  ehrvsiili 


are 


MV 


180 


nil:  iii'i  ri:ri,ir.s  oi-  nt.w  i;\(;i,ani). 


m 


a(l!i|)t('il  to   it>  |iiir|Misc.      (ii'fiit  cliim;:'*'*  nvv  In  iiiins| 


lire  III 


till'  lii(l<li'n 


{"•sscs  ut'  the  iiiidy  :  the  uiilci'  iiitcn'iiiiicnt  is  ii  compiirl,  lianlciicil  I'lisi', 
jinitcctcil  iit  t'Ncry  needed  |ii)iiit  liy  I'diiji'Iieiied  prdjeetions  or  ciilloii.s 
>iliiiulders  :  idl  the  ;i|(peiidajies  are  seeiirely  enslieatlied  and  .«i)  ecmented  to 
tlie  (inter  iiit<'iiiiineiit  as  to  form  part  and  pai'e<'l  of  it,  witliont  distiirliiiiL!: 
its  eontonrs  ;  all  nmieeessai'y  opeiiiiiii's  are  tirnily  closed,  and  those  tliat  re- 
main are  earethlly  Li'iiarded  liy  dense  ealloiis  spofs  ;  and  in  addition  hooked 
claws,  atlaeiied  to  tlu'  lliiekeiie(l  tail,  tiisteii  the  sxviniiiiii;'  mnminv-  seeiirelv 


1  its  place. 
From  this  inerl  nias>  shall  siidiU'iily  sprinu'.  like  well-clad  .Minerva  I 


roll 


the  head  ot'  .lo\e.  a  ereatiire  of  no  a[)parent  kinship  either  with  the  case 
that  enwrapped  it  or  the  lowly  worm  that  preceded  the  chrysalis  :  a  crea- 
ture with  soft,  elastic  liody.  hiioyant  as  the  air  in  which  it  floats,  with 
!<preadiiii:'  feelers  and  hroad-spanned  wiiiLfs.  clotlied  with  jewcUed  <hist  and 
!-ilkeii  hail'  xvliicli  rcHect  the  <'o|ors  ot' the  rainhow.  ami  in  their  delicate 
eoinliination>  ilety  tlie  painter's  jialette.  Hut  how  did  siicli  a  creature, 
whose  plimiau'c  is  riitHed  hy  a  hreath  of  wind,  escape  frcmi  its  iron  prison, 
liardened  hy  months  of  exposure  to  wintry  cold  and  sh'ct  and  sun  in  rapid 


siiccessioi 


1  y    T 


liere  l>  a  weak 


point    ill  every  siriictiire.  and   in  the  cliry- 


lis  it  lies  next  the  point  of  jireatest  strenuth  in  thi'  captive  hntlerHy.  The 
liiitterHy  never  eniei'u'es  in  winter.  Imt  when  the  more  tfenial  showers  of 
opriiig  or  the  damp  air  of  a  summer's  iiiiiht  have  softeiu'd  the  texture  of 
it«  prison-walls,  they  are  further  weakened  hy  tin'  moisture  now  exuded  hy 
the  twice-lionnd  prisoner,  feeliiiu-  tlie  hour  ol'  Knal  release  draw  near,  A 
suture  aloiiu'  tli<'  crest  of  the  thorax  ji'ives  way,  ot'teii  with  a  [lerceptihlo 
click,  to  the  force  of  the  ureat  muscular  mass  within  :  the  rest  is  easy  ; 
the  rent  is  continued  on  lioth  sides  down  other  sutures,  until  a  door  is 
open,  whose  smooth  inner  walls  sutf'er  no  harm  to  the  delicate  <'reatnre 
slriij^ii'liiiii'  to  escape.  Slowly  the  limhs  are  withdrawn  from  their  encase- 
ments, cai'tioii'^ly  tile  liutterHy  <'liinl)s  the  friendly  tvviix  that  has  heen  its 
support,  and  sitting'  in  the  sunshine  dries  its  moist  (piiverini;-  vviiiiis,  gently 
fanning'  them  up  and  down,  until,  full  of  new  life  and  coiiraifc,  it  ventures 
forth  —  a  tliinji'  of  heauty  and  a  joy  forever. 


si*' 


ENODIA  PORTLANDIA— The  pearly  eye. 


('I'lii'  |ii'iirly  rye  ((iiisso);  pciirly  wcjoil  liultcrlly  (Miiyiiiinl).] 

I''il'i/i'i  iioi'Hiiinliii  F;ilir.,  S| ins..  ii:s-2  diarii.  I,i'|i.,  ii :  lliKl  (ls.")l):— Mon-.,  Syii.  I.i'|). 

(i;.sl);  -AMi.,  liiMw.  iii>.  (i;i..  Jiill.   mils.,  N.  Aiiicr.,  7!»  (ISif) ;  — Miildl.,  IV'p.  ins.  III., 

vi:iU,  (Igs.  .■|0..-il.  x:!l2  (lSf<l);  — Kdvv.,    Ciui.    ciil.,    xlv:Ht-,'(,S 

Satjinit!    jiurthinniii     lioi>.l.-Lc('..     Li;'p.  ( WSl>);  IJutt.  X.  Am.,  iii.  pi.  DcImM  (IRSS)  ;— 

Aiiu'i'.  soi.l.,:;^!:  J2T;  pi.  .">s,  ii;:s.  1-5  (l,s:t:!).  I'Vrn.,  Jiiitt.   Mc,  T-^74    ilSS'l);   —  Fiviidi, 

D<:hiH     ji'.rtliiiiili't      Wotw.-lIfW.,     (Ji'ii.  lUlll,  cast.   U.    .s.,   •2->'.)--2:V2,  11,;;.   TO  (thWO);  — 


SAI  VlilNAi::    KN'ODIA    I'nl!  I  I.ANIH A. 


181 


.Miijii.,  Mull.   N.   I-;..  :l.  |il.  I.  ti^'-. :!.  :!:i  I  I>^>'i).  h'nnilin     iiiiilnniKnhii   II  ilm..    \riv.     In'k. 

I.illii-  ii'ii-ll'iifli'i    lliili..  (  ;il;il.   S;itu-.  I'.iil.  -i'liiiirll.,t!l  (iMhii. 

lull*..  II I  ('■""'■"**'  llii'iniirhiii       fiii'h'iiiiiiirhil       S:ij ,       A  lliir. 

l-jilihjrhhi  i„,rll>iii'iiii    Kill'..    -.Ml.    iMljI.  i'iiliiiii..ll.  |.l.:!il  (I-*-.'.'!):  Kiitniii.  \.  .Vini'i-..  111. 

I,'|i...'>.)  (|x;il.  I.c<..i:  SI. pi.  :li;  (|s.vii  ■  — Oh-.i'.  rmi.  n;ii. 

Kiiniliii  iiiirlliiii'liii  >iinih\..<yLvi\.  Aiinr.  -Jli:.  IIl'.  (IhiiiI). 

lilill.,  .">  (I.mT'J).  Ill  I, is    iiinU'uiiiihlin     >Iiiii-..    <>ii.    I.i'|i.    \. 

I'liliiliiiJ'iisrii.-.  I'll-.  I'll..  <i;i/"|ili..  i  :    1.  I'l.  AiMiT..  "s-7!MIS(ai. 

.'K!.  li;:.  II  (ITiKl).  i:,ii,.l!ii  iiii'lrnriirill'    lliil.ii..  Iml.  i\.  I  r]!.. 

Orinn    iiiiu'iiiui'iitii    ititili-'iiiiiirliii    lliiliii.,  l(|s-jli. 

Kxul.  M'hiiii'lt..  i.   I.i'ii..  I.   r:i|i..   I.   Vviiijili..  Ki^iiriil    U\    (ilnvn.   III.  N.  A.  I.i'ii..  pi.  :'.T. 

NJii.  Orciiili-.  (  .  iiiiiilii..  ;i..  li--.  I --J  ( l-iiil).  li'.;,  I;   |il.  A.  \Vi.  J'J.  iiiril. 

Wlli'll  lillllil-llii'-  llllllil-  Irilll  rlilViT  In  lllirliil. 

Or  w  ;i\r  llnir  u  iiu'-  mi  llii'  ilniu|iiiiL:'  ii'.'il'. 

fiil.nr.ii  --.I  SiHiij  nf  l-jii-hi  Aiil'iiiiii. 
Wliiii  Villi  ijci  iImihi',  I  wl«h  villi 

.\    U:l\.'  n"  llll-  -I'V,  lllll    Mill   llli^lll   I'MT  lln 

Niiihlii'i  Iml  tliiil. 

»i:  iKl-l'i' m:i'.    -  IIV/i/i;'".-.   /'"/'. 

Imago  1:^'>'.  IIi'M'l  ciiv  cTi'il  v»  illl  dliv  ;lri'iiM%  hi'nwn  l|;nr^  iiiiM;;Ii'il  u  itii  liiaiiv  ji.'ilc 
itllil  w  lillNIl  lilies  f-prclillly  illinlll  t  lie  lul-r  i  il'  llii'  !llil  r'lllilr  :  iliililiilhili'ly  ln'llillil  llii' 
rvi-  iiiiiiiy  \vliltl-.li  x'iili's.  linrki'ij  n'liivr  liv  ui'i'ciiisli  lii'iiwii  iiiii~.  I'nlpi  i'\li'ni;illy 
wlilli'.  iiiiiiitli  il  hi'liiw  Willi  a  I'l'W  piiiklsli  sciili'*  iiiiijii'  iiiiililli'  juiiil.  I'l-iiiiii'il  on  llir 
Ih'st  juliil  \\illi  uliili'  liiiir>,  on  tin'  nililillc  .ioini  wllli  Imin  liliii'ki-h  hrown  liiiir>  I'xlir- 
niiUy.  Aviillc  inlcniiilly  :  -I'cond  jnliil  rrliiiiiil  nliovc  nctir  llii'  lip  willi  -.Inirl .  du-ly  liruwii 
liaiis.  till'  lii>l  .iiiiiil  lirowiiisli.  >\  it  li  ii  iniililli'  liiu'  o!  \\  liili'  iiiliTldvly  tiiiil  I'Sli'i'ioi'ly.  An- 
ti'iinui'  blai'kisli  lii'nwii.  vi'lliiw  i^li  lMlriii;~  lu'lnn-.  riiiln-r  lii'iiailly  .•nuiiilati'.  cxri'p  linu' 
licnratli.  at  llir  ha-r  nf  carli  juilll  with  wliili' :  liiuai'il  till'  rhili  i  lir  yrllnw.  Illlciills  ni- 
lioiicy  yi'lliiw  111'  till'  iiiiili'i-  -iii'i'ai-i'  i'\p.-iiii!-.  ^n  lliiil  llir  w  linu  i-liji  i-  yrlliiw.  I'M-i'ptiii;: 
the  l)asal  liaH'  of  llii'  iippiT  sinM'ai'r  anil  a  hiarkisli  riili^iiinii^  'irll  iiirliiiiiim'  llir  \v  Imlr 
of  till'  roiii'tli  111  till'  si'vi'iilli  joints  I'l'Din  till'  tip. 

Thorax  nivri'i'il  almvi'  niitriiorly  with  sol'i  liiTi'iiish  yi'llow  ainl  hfnunisji  hail's. 
Iii'liinil  with  lii'ownish  llnaii'il  with  sra-iri'i'rii.  lu'low  with  vi'ry  pair  lirowiiish  yi'llow 
liaii's.  l-'ori'  li'iisiliisky.  rovi-i'i'il  w  itii  Imii's  liki'  tin'  ninh'r  siii'l'air.  i  )ihi'r  li'irs  with  tlii' 
ri'iiioi'ii  silvi'i'v  u:i'ay.  tinurril  lowaril  tin'  lip  ami  I'xti'riially  to  a  tiii'.ili'r  oi'  Irss  cxii.ni 
with  rathiT  liisiroiis  pale  In-owuish  yi'llow:  liriirath  ili'lirali'ly  tiifti'il  with  whitish; 
lihiiu' mostly  pali'  ln'owiiish  y,'llow.  sprckril  ili-lii'ati'ly  with  lii'owii;  tarsi  alioM'  a 
littli'  ilarkcr;  sjiiiH's  pale  'mnvnish  yrllow  ;  spurs  i-liilhcil  iiiosily  w  iih  pair  hrowiiish 
sriili's.  till'  tip  ri'ililish.  daws  n'llilish:  iii'iirrally  a  litlc  fiiscniis. 

Wiiiifs  alii)\i' sol'l  rlay  lirowii.  till'  ^  pi'rliaps  sliirhtly  paliT.  /■'m-i  /'•///.(.<  ilrrpmini; 
in  tint  just  lii'voml  tlii'nihlilli'  of  tlir  \\  inir.  so  as  to  I'onii  an  irrr^iilar.  traiisM'rsi'.  iliisky 
liaml.  its  I'xtrrior  horiliT  rathiT  vamiii'ly  ili'lliu'il.  its  iniiTior  itnulnally  railinit  into  thi' 
aroiinil  tint.  nsnall\  inon-  illstinct  on  tin'  nppi'i'  than  thi'lowi'i'  litilf  of  tin'  winy,  rnn- 
ninir  I'roni  llu'i'ostal  liiirili'r  to  tln'  iipprr  iin'iliaii  iiiTviilr  in  a  ni'arly  stnri;lit  lini'. 
pai'alli-l  to  till- iiiili'r  Imnlrr  o;' tin' rrll  (wliirli  is  ^riii-rally  iiiarkril  li>  a  ilnsky  thri'ail ) 
mill  liislaii*  I'i'oiii  it  liy  till'  wiiltli  of  thi'i'rll  .-It  till'  tip.  rrai-liin^i'  llir  iippi'r  iiii'iliaii 
nrrvnli' a  littli'  lii'fori'  its  niiililli';  uiiii'iaily  i'  is  ..nihli'iily  rxpamli'il  in  lln- siilii'osto- 
nii'ilian  inti'i'spari'.  hy  lii'lni!:  nirriri!  o;it\\aril  an  inli'rspari''s  ilislanci':  ffoni  tlii'  iippn- 
to  till'  low  IT  mi'ilian  ni'rviilr  it  passrs  in  a  slroiii;  nirvi'.  ils  ronravity  oiitwanl.  ri'ai-li- 
iiiil  till'  lattiT  a  littlii  lii'yon  1  tin'  iniihlli';  lii'low  this  it  I'ontimii's  its  pi'i'vimis  foiii'si'  in 
a  iirarly  sii'aiiiht  iini';  a  litth' liryoml  tin' miililii-  of  lIu' oiiti'r  half  of  tln'wiiivr  is  a 
traiisvi'i'si'  strniirht  sci-ifs.  siiliparalli'l  to  tlu'  ontri-  liorilcr.  of  fonr  or  orrasionally  the 
roiinilish  or  siihoval  blackish  spols.  oiu'  i-ai-h  in  tin'  Iowit  inrilian  ami  tin'  iiiti'i-spacrs 
al)ove,  till'  iippcnnost  usnnlly  waiitiinr:  that  In  tlir  iippi'r  nu'ilian  inli'i-spaii'  is  slijrjitly 

bcyonil  the  iniililli' of  tlii'  inti'rsjiai'i':  tlii'v  arr  iisnally  pi'i'lty  wrll  ih'liiii'il  1ml   s - 

tiuii'slilnri'i'il.  anil  art'  siirronmli'd  with  a  sli'inlrr.  cipial.  ilnllyi'llowisli,  nut,  vi'i-y  ilistim-t 
ftinmlns;  thf  lowiTinosi  is  lariri'si.  lon^'itmlinally  siilmval.  ami  with  its  aiinnliis 
Jills  or  very  iirurly  tills  iN  intn-spai  r;  tliiit  in  tin:  upprr  inuillan  intrrspari'  is  lu-xt  in 


m 


ft:' 


1S2 


iiii;  111  rii,i:i  i,ii>  ok  nlw    i.Nci.wit: 


>\/A-.  lU'iil'lv  rniiinhniila  lillli'  >iM!illrr;  Hull  in  llii'  lnwci'  'iilicd^l.il.  icjain  ii  lit  lie  ■.iiiitlliT, 
>villi  il«  lionlcr  IIIK  till'  iiiti'i'«|iiiiT  ami  N  imiiihI  m' iiiiirlv  xi;  llml  in  tlic  snlird-Ici- 
iiii'illiiii  l>  nuiaiit  "niiillri'  mid  l<.  xiini'llnn'^  rrdin'cil  In  a  inrn'  rlni  w  itii  ii  lialn  anninil  ll  : 
the  ii|i)icrinci»l  iirMT  iMcnino  inniT  t  linn  I  III- aiiil  'oiiU'Uino  1>  iTilnccd  In  a  pale  dcil  : 
diiirilv  alicivc  I  hr^i.  In  I  w  ti  1)1'  I  lie  narrow  ~nlMii-lal  liili'iS|iiirc-.  arc  |iali'  \  a;:nr  »|piil» 
mid.  cM-iiiiiiiy  mi  I'iilii'i'  ^iilr  1)1'  llicni.  all  llii'  ^parr  bclwccii  llii'  Irnunlar  inc-ial  »li'i|ii' 
mill  till' darki'i' iiiai'ifiii  III'  tlir  unlii' liDi'drr  i<  a  Utile  palir  lliaii  tlic  l>a-al  liiill'  nf  ilie 
uiiiir.  mIiIi  a 'lliclil  \elh)U  l-h  Nnirii>l'iii :  ll  i«  pale^l  jn-l  onl'idi'  dI'  IIic  ni(»iHl  -irliii^ 
mid  i'^|iri'lall\  In  nillii'i'a  broad  palili  in  llu'  ^iihci^tal  and  i'c»i:il  area  :  llici'i'  i-  a  iiari'nw 
dai'U  inavL'ln  lr^~  lliaii  linll'  an  Inlci'^pacr  in  wicltli  luM  llie  mitcr  l)i>rdi'i'.  iiflrii 
A\illi  a  paler  lliread  riiiniin^'  llii'DiiLdi  ll  ami  rullnwed.  al  an  inler^pan-V  dUlanee  I'lnni 
t  lie  iiiai'ulii.  Ii\  an  ob-nire  iln^kv  ~l  I'Ipe  :  I'l'lime  pale.  Inlernipted  v\  il  li  lia'-al  liiMa<l  dii>lNV 
\\a\i'>.  o<'enp\ln^  one-third  of  the  ba>e  bi  I  he  iiil  I'l'^paei'^  ami  nioi'e  than  I  wo-thli'il- 
at  the  iierviii'e  lip».  Hill''  "•///;(,<  w  it  ll  a  raiiil  il,i~U\  thread  eio^iii:;  the  cell  and  an 
idiiio>l  e(piall,\  faint .  narrow.  c|iiN|<y.  traii^\er»e  stripe  jii«t  bevoiid  It.  rnniiiii;:  Troiii  the 
upper  ^nb(o»iai  neruili  at  oiie-l'onrlli  the  di^tmiee  I'roni  IN  ba^e  in  a  broad  curve.  11- 
coiieavil>  oiiluard  to  the  iipju'r  median  iierMiic.  al  aboiii  the  -aiiie  di>tanci'  rroinii-. 
ori;iin  :  it  llieii  turn- at  rlu:lit  ainjU-  lo\\ard  the  inner  bordi'r  and  N  lo«l  liel'ore  cro»-- 
iiiy;  I  lie  median  lnler»pace- ;  in  ilieontcr  liaH'  of  tlie  \\  imj'  there  i-  a  lraii>ver-e.  "•tnniijly 
lairvin';.  rc/nhar  ~erlc«  of  iIm'  \ crv  liirire  roiimll-.li  blackUh  -pot-,  eiieireled  willi  pule 
liiiii  \ello\\  In  the  -nlico-i.il.  -iilico-lo-iiiedian  ami  medl.an  inler-pacc-.  -nbparalh'l 
to  the  oiihr  bolder:  llio-e  ill  ilie  -nbi'o-ial  iiiler-paee-  are  iMpial  and  milch  iarirer  llimi 
IheothiT-.  Hie  black  poi  lion  alone  oceiipv  im;'  llie  width  of  llie  iiiler-paee  ami  often 
-iirpa--lni  it  -liirliil.v  at  the  lowi'r  I'dnc ;  I  he  iippm' I- in  tlic  iiil'idic  ami  thelowerin 
the  iniihlh  of  llie  outer  two-third-  of  it-  inlcr-paec ;  Iho-c  in  the  median  iiilcr-paee- 
are  -iibeipial.  llic  upper  a  lillle  the  iartfcr.  loii:;lindiiiall\  -iiboMil  ami.  witli  tlieir  eiicir- 
I'leinciil.  -carei'l\ ciinalllim'.  e-peciallv  in  the  louer  nieilian.  the  widlll  oftlie  iiiter-paccs 
in  w  hirli  |!ii\  (.eeiir:  I  he  iippi'r  I- a  lill  li'  beyond  llii' middle  of  ll-  intcr-pacc  mid  the 
lower  i-  ,al  a  -iiirhllv  le>-  di-l.ancc  from  the  outer  bordi'r:  that  in  tlie  snbci)-to-incilian 
i-  -nialh'-l.  eipialliin^.  with  il-  halo,  the  inlcr-p.ace  and  i-a  lillle  in-arcrlhe  outer  border 
llian  :inv  oilier-:  the  )ello\\i-h  m:iruiii  to  the  two  and  -oinelime-  tin'  three  upper 
-pol-  i-  often  hi  ended  to  a  :.'rea  I  er  or  le--  decree  :  t  he  outer  mar;;  in  i-  narrowlv  edifcil 
■with  dii-k.v.  folloued  al  a  m'I'v  -lioil  di-lancc  by  a  dii-ky  thread  and  that  at  a  -iinilar 
di-liinci'  by  a  broader  yet  -Icmli'r  -tripe  of  dii-ky.  the  inner  border  id'  which  i-  iieneraliy 
imll-liiiLrni-liabU';   friii;;e  a-  on  the  fore  wini;-. 

l!em';illi  pale  uray-bi'ow  11.  witli  pale  pearly  \  iolaeeoii-  reilecl  ion-.  /■'•./■'  I'-iin/s  with 
a -lender,  traii-v  er-e.  enr\  inu'.  blacki-li  fn-coii-  -iripe  ii'o--inu'  the  whole  wliiu:.  il- 
oiiter  edu'e -I  rikinu  the  lir-t  divarication  of  the  mcdi:in  ncrviire;  the  oiiler  limit- of 
the  cell  are  marked  narrowly  wiili  dii-ky  and  ln'yniid  it  i-  an  irri'unlar.  -lender. 
Iran-ver-e.  blaeki-li  fii-con-  -tripe.  ero--iii;.'  the  vvliolc  winy;  a-  far  a-  the  -iibiiiedian 
iiervnre.  it-  oiiicr  limit  avcII  delincd.  il-  inner  iniieli  le--  -o.  and  between  il  ami  the  Up 
of  llie  cell,  the -iibco-tal  iierv  llie- markeil  with  clii-ky  :  il-  oiiler  border  p:i--c-  froiii 
tile  co-tal  border  to  the  lower  |iortioii  of  the  -nbco-lo-inedian  intcr-pacc  In  a  nearly 
-Iraiirlit  line,  often  bent  oiil  war.)- a  very  little  ;il  (  it  lier  I'lid.  parallel  to  the  Diitcr  llinit 
of  the  cell  and  di-lant  from  il  by  it-  own  width  al  lip,  rcacjiiiiir  il-  oiilcrmo-t  limit  at 
about  oiic-iliird  llic  di-tance  from  the  ba-c  of  lUe  inlcr-pace  to  ihc  winu'  border: 
from  liere  it  pa--c-  in  a  pretty  reirniar.  ami  nillu'r deej)  eiirvc.  the  coiieavity  oiilvvard.'i, 
to  l\u'  low  cr  iin'dian  ncrviile  a  v  cry  little  beyond  it-  middle,  and  thence  pa— e-  in  nearly 
a  eonlinmin-  eonr-c  to  the  -iibmeilian :  it  I-  immediately  followed  exteriorly  by  a  inilc 
or  whili-li  lidd.  broader  than  iNi'lf  but  quickly  incriiiny:  into  the  irronml  cohir,  mid 
-nll'ii-i'd  •with  lihic  or  violaccoii-:  beyond  the  middle  of  the  miter  half  of  the  wiiia 
i-  a  nearly  -lr:iiu:Iit.  but  -llLilitly  ciirviiij;  row  of  four  or  live  black  ocelli,  the  concavity 
outwards,  -iibp.-irallel  to  the  outer  bordi'r,  iirtlic  lowe-t  -nlico-lal,  siibco-to-ineiliaii. 
nmdlaii.aiid-miietinies  the  nici  io— iibmediaii  Intcr-pacc-  :  llu'vareeiicirclod  not  very  nar- 
rowly with  paleyellovvi-h  and  the  larucr  mu-  n-nally  piipillcd  Avltli  a  white  dot  :  they  are 
b  irelv  eiiclo-ed  in  a  common,  faint,  dii-kv    Held,  -nrroiimlcd    faintly   and    not    broadiv 


'a 


M'  ■       ' 


sAIMilNAi::    KNulMA    I'nlt  |  I.ANKI  A. 


18; 


vltVi  ii  |Mit<' llliii ninii:  tin'  «|»ii   In  tlii' iik'iIIii-^iiIiiiii'iIImii.  w  Ih'II  iMn  •-hin.  I«  niliiiiti' : 

lliiii  .11  llii' lowc'i' nii'ill.'iii  U  liii'iri'"!  iiinl  I'oiiiiilNIi  or  l<iiii;ltiii|liiiill.v  omiI.  aiiil  wIlli  ll> 
liiii'ili'i'limriilly  Mils  III!' widlli  III' llii' liiti'iN|iiii'<':  lliiil  In  lln'  n|>|>ir  iii''>||iin  U  ni'\Mn 
-l/.c  lull  il(M'»  not  nil  llif  lnli'i'-|iMri' ;  iliiu  in   the  Inwii- -.nliid^hil    I'lillow-  ami   Ihr  nnc 

In  till'  -ni «lci-ni('illiiii  U  nut  niiii'c  tluni  cnii'-liiiH'  llir   ulillli  nf  ilir   -nti'i'-inii'i':     lli" 

Innrr  nliic  nl'  llic  «|ml  In  llic  n))|ii'r  nirclhin  U  iiMlir  inlililU' «!'  It-  inli'i'-iiiici',  'I'ln' 
iHiIi'i'  nnil'L'ln  U  nl'^'nl  niiri'ii^lv  «  llli  liliirkUli  iiinl  U  I'.illow  iil  mtv  cld-i'ly  h.v  ii  -Icndi'i'. 

I'linal  -li'i| r  ii(liiiii'i'iin>  I'llncil  wlili  (ln-«kv.  imrallrl  in  ili Hit  lini'.li'i'  and   I'Mrnd- 

Inij:  I'l'iiin  llic  liTiniiiill  lininrli  (if  llii' -iilini-till  In  llic  siiliincdliin  :  il  K  I'dlluHiMl  liy  ;i 
|i;ilc.  I'lillici'  r.'iliil.  Mine  -li'lpc  Id'  iilxini  c.|iiiil  widlli.      l''i'liiu;i'  niildi   ii-   iilinvc.  Inil    willi 

till'  ilMi'kri lor-  |)rc\  ailinir  and  a  lilllc  nilh  ciicd  \\  Il  li  vcllnw  Nli   hrnw  ii.     ////(■'  'i-iii.is 

«liiiiliirly  inai'ki'il ;  a  li'aii-vcr-.i'.  nearly  >lraiithl.  lilackNIi  rn-imi-,  -lender  -iriiic 
ai'i'ii--  llic  middle  id'  llie  l>a-al  hull'  id'  Hie  w  liii:.  nl'len  lirukcn  a  Utile  al  Hie  niedlan 
iierviirc  ei'ii--e-  till'  -.nlieii-ial  and  incdiiin  iieiv  iire-  m'ar  llie  iiilildle  of  Ihr  milei' 
hull'  id'  the  iinrlluii  lirl'iii-c  I  he  dharlcalliin  :  I  he  miler  Ijinii  of  the  edl  i-  iiiarUed  liy  a 
dNllni't,  dilsky  line;  and  lieymid  II  I-  an  evlra-im-lal.  irre^'iilar.  iraii-MT-e.  rallier 
liari'DW.  dark  lirii«ii  -lrl|ie. -lulling  I'nnn  a  lilllc  lieyniid  the  niiddle  id'  llie  eu-lal 
hin'dcr  ami  |ia-»iiiii:  In  a  pretty  -irini'j  and  reanliir  curve.  niieniiiL'  unuvard.  in  ihe 
middle  oT  the  >iilieii-lii-incillaii  Inler-iiaee  In  Ihe  mlildlc  id'  II-  lia-al  t'linr-iU'lh- :  tlieiici' 
itinrii-  Inward  ay:alii.  |i.-i— lin;  In  a  -niiiculial  IrrcL'iilar  manner,  inil  with  il-  lieiiera! 
ciMir-c  in  a  -iniilar.  llii)iii;li  rather  -liallnwer  enrve.  to  ihe  -iilniiediaii  at  ;iliiiiii  an  inter- 
".paee's  ili-ianee  rrmn  ihe  liurder;  excepliii'.^  Ill  Ihe  -nlieo-lii-iiieilian  and  upper  median 
inlcr-paee-  Ihi-  -I  ripe  i-  -iiliparallel  to  the  inl  ra-me-i;il  mie-  ii-  niiler  liiiiil  i-  Ihe  Ih-i 
dcllned  :  niiler  lial  I'  cil'  I  he  wini;  \\  llli  a  -eric-  nl'  -i\  Innuiliidiiially  -iilinv  al.  -nmci  ime- 
rninidi-l'.  \\ell  deilncd.  lilaek  -put-,  iii'ieii  lie-priiikled  li^hlly  \\\[\\  dark  yellnw  i-h. 
rimnieil  narrnxxly.  lull  ili-linelly.  \\  ilh  dark  yelln\vi-li  and  ueiicrally  pnpilled  uilli  a 
lilnl-h  while  dill:  Ihe  nppernin-l  I-  in  Hie  upper  -nlien-ial  inler-paee.  larue-l. 
nearly  rniind.  neenpyiny;  Willi  il- rim  llie  wlinle  width  id'  liie  inler-paee  and  -iiiiatcd 


rather  licl'iirc  il- nildille:  llicnliicr-    rnriii  a    prclly 


ir  enrve.  -nliparallcl   In   the 


niiter  linrdcr.  and  are  -nhcipial  In  -i/.;  .  thai  in  Hie  inwer  median  heinir  n-nally  laritc-l. 
that  in  llie  iiiedin— nliniedian  ilnnlile  and  willi  twn  pupil-,  snmeliiiie-  -cparaled  by  a 
yi  llnw  i-li  margin,  and  thai  in  llie  -nlieii-ln-iiieiliaii  -malle-l.  and  ii-iially  roll  mi.  \\  liilc  tiie 
niiler-  are  n-naily  -nlinval  ;  llial  in  Hie  upper  medlaii  I-  -iiiialed  a  lilllc  hcyniid  il - 
midilie:  Hie  iippernin-t  liy  il-ell'.  anil  Hie  niher-  in  eiiiniiinii  are  en\einped  in  a  rainlly 
piirpli-li  iiriiwn  einiul.  which  i-  aiiaiii  linrdered  liy  a  rather  I'aiiil. -iiiidncd  liini-ii  or 
lilac,  pale  hand  incrifinu  inin  a  pn-tiy  larne  -put  heUvccii  Hie  -nlien-lai  neclii  ;  Hie 
niitcr  iniir^fiii  and  I'riiiiic  are  a-  In  the  rnreHlim-. 

.\  lull  linen  alinve  lilaeki-li  lirnwii.  willi  lirnwiii-h  ydlnw.  iiilermiiii;ieil  -eaic-  ;  lien  eat  li 
pule,  silvery  y;ray.  M.ile  appeiida'^i-- (33  :'i)  :  upper  nr^un  enn-lrieicd  a  little  at  the 
extrenic  l)ii>e  nl'  Hie  liniik.  Ihe  ialler  liciii  linwnwai'd  al  an  aiiLrle  ni'  aliniil  rnrly-llvc 
decrees,  its  iippi'r  edire  -Iraiyhl  nr  ev  cii  -liiililly  cniicavi'  iiiilil  ein-c  In  Hie  lip.  wliieli  i- 
ciirvcd  sliiilitly  dnwnwanl:  llic  inwer  -iiii'aee  i-  -ninewliat  annate  in  an  nppo-ite  -eii-e 


ami  considerably  excised  jllsl   bel'ore  Hie  lip,  -1 


a-  In  Ulerea-ie  I  lie  elir\  e  a 


I  Hie  lip  :    tl 


liiKik  Is  about  as  lonu;  as  Hie  cenlrnin  and  I'mir  times  as  Iniiu  as  brnad  ;  lateral  amis 
directed  slraiiilit  backwards,  cnrvinit  -liu:liily  Inward  eacii  niiicr.  taperinu:  reirnlariy  in 
a  line  pninl  and  iiinrc  than  hall' a- Iniii;  as  the  hunk.  Cla-p-  iiarrnw  iiii;'  rapidly  Inr  a 
slinrl  distance  by  the  exeisinii  id'  Hie  upper  bnrder  next  the  lia-e.  and  bearillL'  al  llif 
upper,  iniicrcxtrcinily  nl'  I iidr  lip-  a  sin^fie.  small.  eonie;il,  inward  liireeied  innili.  w  liieh 
appears  simply  as  Hie  en'illiiiiatioii  oC  the  blade. 


.Mea.>nrciiieii|j  in  iiiilliiiietei's. 
Lc'iiirlli  iif  toiii'iie,  0.") 


.m.\m:.s. 


KF.M.\i.KS. 


)  .Smallest .  Avcrii^'c.    l.ai'Ke.sl.     .^midlist.    Avi'rai.'e.  I.ariresl. 


U'liLrtliuf 


I 


2.">. 


Miiti'iiiiac 

Iiiiid  tibiae  and  tarsi, 
tore  tibiae  anil  tarsi. 


\l.M 


2!)..") 


■■M 


■H 


m 


18 


iiii;  i'.ri'ri:i!Fi.ii;s  ok  nkw   knclwd. 


Egg     64  :  I    .     I'lirc  \\  llilc.  till'  -111' 1:1  re  IliL'llly  lilislc'liili^.  -Illniilll.   W  il  llllii  I  I'.ici'  iil'  MIIV 

ci'lliiliii' ^11 ..  Iiiri'.  till' lu'itihl  Miiniil  :i  lil'lli  li'^~  lliiiii  tlir  liri'ndl  li.  Diaiiiflrr.  1. 1  iinii : 
ln'iirlil.  II. 'I-  HUM. 

Caterpillar,  l-'irsi  >^iii,i,  70:'.i  .  llcacl  {1Q:\'\  yellow.  >nMu•^vil!ll  Ipmwii  tiiilcil, 
iil'l  I'lw  iiiN  cliiiiiuiiiia'  111  yclliiw  LTiTii.  I  111'  surf  lice  corniu'iitcil.  Piody  wliilisli  yclliiw.  in 
;i  I'rw  liinn's  rliniiLr'nij:  Id  i>:ili'  u'l'rcii.  I  111'  I'liiiilii'il  liiiir-i  aliiiiil  lis  liviiu:  as  ihc  si.^tuniiis. 
I'l'i'ii.  (II'  iii'iii'ly  SIP  and  xvliil<'.     l.riiLrlli,  :!.:!  iiiiii.     i.vrirr  I'.ilw.'inls.  » 

s,  r,,,i,l  si,ni, .  Ili'.'iil  LTi'i'i'ii.  till'  coi'iiiial  lionis  ll|i|ii'il  Willi  I'cil.  lln'  facial  |ia|iill.'U' 
wliiii'  iici'lli  iihh'k,  liiiily  briiilil  irri'i'ii.  Ilii'  |ia|iillai'  wliilisU.  csiu'i-ially  iiuticcMlili'  in 
siiiM|.ii'.-al.  sii|ii'a|;ilri'.'il  .'ImiI  iiH'ras|ii;iiialal  lilies,  each  Iieariiii;' a  slmrl .  sijn'.  wliiii.  hair: 
llllili'l'  siirf:iee.  Iei;s  :iuil  |ir(ileL;s  i:i'eeii.      I.eiiiilli  li.i;  iiiiil.         \fl"i'  I'Mw  :in|s.  i 

'/■/,/, ■./  .s/.i;/,  i78:|s'.  Siinil:l|-  hi  lU'eeeilill;;-.  Iilll  nf  :|  lit;li|  tri-eell  Cdlor.  Ille  s|,|i|':|- 
lillenil  :lliil  iiifl':is|iL;iii;it;il  rii\\s  ,,f  |i:i|iill:ie  vi'llnu  i-li.  Ilie  fnniu'i'  e.Meiiiliii^'  l.i  llie 
lips    III'    111,.    Iiol'lls    al    tlle    IWn    exirelililies    ,^\'    the    ll.iily.        l,e|i;;lll.     ll.L'     mill.       i.VfhT 

Kilwanls  . 

The  reiii:iiniiiL;  s|;i.^(.>  :iri'  \v\-\  similar,  wilh  lieejH'Miiiu'  I'mil  i';|s|s  -  78  :  1'.'  >. 

I.,isi  ,sM;/,  (74:|ii  .  Ile.-iil  i,78:'.'ii'  yelliiw  iii-eell.  the  e.\tlTmit>  of  thehnnis  red; 
|i:i|iill:ie  :iri';iliiied  ill  nli|ii(Ue  I'nws,  white:  oeelli  lirnuil.  eliailL'illi;'  In  UTei'll.  IJiidv 
yelliiu  ui'eeii.  lies|iviiikleil  u  it  11  hiML'il  iidiiwiUy  iin';iiiued  uhitish  |i:i|iillai'  witliadai'k 
Ul'eeii  dorsal  li:iilil  :  :1  yelhiu  sii|ii'ahitei'al  line  ed^ed  illio\  e  \\  it  h  ch'lfU  iri'eell  ;  ;l  sinuhir 
illfnilali'fal  Hue:  :ni'l  ;i  ii:iriii\\.  velloH  ,  iiifrastii;m:il:il  sti-i|ir:  t;iils  ti|i|ii'd  wilh  |iiiiU: 
iliidi  r  sill,..  leLTs  :nii|  prohus  pale  lii'eeii.      I,eii:;lli.  :!o-;'i.'p  mill.      ( .\flei-  Kdv:irds,  . 

Chrysalis  ,83:i;'.  ■  Di'lieale  yreeii.  soiiieliiiies  liliie-ui-ceii.  Ilie  veillnil  side  of  :ilido- 
lileil  li^'liler  oi'  whitish:  the  top  of  iiead-ease  and  edires  of  wiiiL;-i'ilses  ne.M  dorsiiiu 
ere:im  coloi':  sill'faee  smooth,  uilossy."  I.elWlli.  l.'i.L'.'i  111111:  lifeildlli.  ."i.il  mill.  i^VA- 
wai'ds.  ~i 


•« 


Distribution  (18:''i|.  I'liis  is  ;i  wide  sjni.ail  s|i(.,.i,.>.  ;i|i|i('iiiiiiiiiio  in 
till'  WMniicr  |iai'is  ut'  ilir    I'liiii'il    .'^tiilrs  c-isi  nt'  ilic    (ii'cat   IMniiis,  timiioli 

1 ;isiiiii;illy   itikcii    liir   iinrlli.  in    ( 'imiiil;i    :iih1    \c)\;i    Scutiii  :    its   sniiilu'rn 

limit  i.-  tlu'  ciiiisi  III'  tlic  ( iilll'  III'  .Mi'.\i('ii,  wlici'c  •'  li;is  liccii  tiiki'ii  in 
i'Moriilil  ( ( 'li;i|iiiiMii.  riinxtfi).  Al:ili;iiii:i  ((iossc).  ;iii(l  Tcxiis  ( .'^tl't'ckcr  ) . 
Ii  wtis  liiiio'  Mo'ii  r('|)iirti'(l  t'foiii  ( iciiru'iM  I'V  .Milnit  mid  iVniii  ( 'iinilir,;i  liy 
l\ti\i'r.  \\"('stv\niil  it  ('Xti'iiils  tn  .Vrkniisas  (Sii\  ).  Mis-uiiri  (  I'Muaid.s ) , 
I'lisirfii  Kitiistis  (Siiiiu  ).  l'"ort  Niiilirni'ii,  NCIiiMskii  (( 'ariu'iitcr).  lnwa  (.VI- 
Icii.  .\iisiiti.  l':irk('i'.  (  )sliufii.  I'litnniii ).  mill  W'isi'Diisiii  (  1  loy  1  :  nnrlliwiird 
it  li:i~  iirrii  ri'|iiirt(il  ill  siiiit.'iry  iiistmici's  :il  tin-  I..ak('  ul'  tlic  Woods 
(  I  );i\\  siiii ) .  in  ()nt;irii>  (Saunders)  ( 'i)ni|it(>ii  ((inssc)  and  IJdiio'c  Distfict, 
(^iicIhm'  (  1 )'!  I'liaii ) .  Mild  \ii\,'i  Si'utia  ( .liiiics  ) .  It  is  also  tutind  lU'tir  Mun- 
trcal  I  ( 'tin  I  III 'Id.  ['carsipii  )  :inil  on  cii  ;il  (  )tla\\  a  (  l'"l('li'li('r  ;  :  lint  it  is  aliiindmit 
only  ill  lite  sotiilu'fn  stttti's  ((iossr).  I'jlwiirds.  liowi'M'i'.  states  that  it  is 
"  tint  very  coiiiiiion  "  in  West  \  ii'oinia.  tiiid  reeoi'ds  ;i  case  of  orcjit  iilnm- 
daiiic  ill  iiortlierii  ()liiii.  iliono'li  Diiry  calls  ii  ••  rtire"  alioiil  (  ineinniiti. 

W'illiiii  ilie  limits  c)t'  New  l''iio'l;iiid  il  is  \ ci'y  fare:  it  iii:iy  lie  t'oniid  oe- 
e;isi(iii:dly  ii|ioii  tlie  liaiiks  of  tlie  soiitlicrn  ( 'oiuiecticnt,  will  re  .Mr.  l''.nu'ry 
re|ioils  |];:ii  it  is  •'  iiiil  iineiiminoii  "  in  certain  stations  almnl  llolyoke  and 
Moiini  Tom  in  .Mass;ii'liii>ciis.  Me.  S|ii':id;ie  and  I  lia\e  Imtli  taken  it  in 
the  .Niildi  lietwi'iti  .\iiilieis(  mid  Hi)|\oke.  .Messrs,  Dimmoek  and  .S|ir;ii;iie 
on  Miiiint    iotii,  tiiid  .Mr.  I  )iiiiiiiiick  south  of  SprinuHeld.       The  onl\  other 


i 


«^*^- 


SATYUIXAK:    KN'ODIA    I'OUl'LANDIA. 


185 


iiistiinoon  of  it.s  rapture  on  record  are  two  liattered  speeimeiis  tVoin  Jetler- 
tson  (Sciulder)  and  tiiree  or  tour  at  Suneook,  \.  II.  (Tliaxter)  :  a  tew  at 
Orono  (Fernal<l),  and  IJantidr.  ^^e.  (IJrann),  and  one  at  .laniaica  IMain. 
.Mass.  (eoll.  I'xist.  Soe.  Nat.  Hist.). 

Haunts,  ^[r.  Allen  states  tliat  on  tlie  western  prairies  it  occurs  in 
deej).  damp  ravines  in  woods  skirtinn'  tlie  rivers  ;  tlie  specimens  trom  Jet- 
t'erson  weri'  taken  in  a  liiii'liway  throuyli  a  wood  near  a  small  stream  of 
water.  Those  from  tlie  Connecticut  N'allev  in  a  shady  road  throujih  a 
mountain  ga[)  or  on  the  mountain  sides.  It  is  everywhere  rightly  roj;arded 
as  a  forest  species. 

Life  history.  Accordin<>'  to  Mr.  Kmcry ,  the  hutterHies  are  to  be  found 
aliout  Mount  'Pom  the  last  of  June;  fjood  s[)ecimens  were  also  taken  by  him 
the  first  week  in  .fuly  and  a  few  specimens  may  be  found  there  until  the 
end  of  the  first  week  in  .Vugust.  (tosso  reports  his  sinji'le  specimen  from 
C'ompton  to  have  been  taken  in  July,  and  the  two  badly  broken  ones  from 
northern  Xew  Hampshire  were  found  late  in  the  same  month.  The  speci- 
mens from  the  Lake  of  the  \\'oods,  were  taken  between  the  middle  of -Iidy 
and  the  middle  of  August ;  those  captured  in  Iowa  by  Mr.  Allen  during 
.Inly  and  early  .Vngust ;  the  Orono  specimens  in  the  latter  half  of  July 
and  the  Montreal  specimens  in  August.  Probably,  therefore,  the  butterfly  is 
single  brooded  in  the  nt)rth  and  lays  eggs  in  August.  Septend)er  3  is  the 
only  date  of  egg-laying  known  —  in  northern  Ohio,  but  this  nuist  i)c  re- 
garded as  exceptionally  late.  From  this  and  from  Mr.  Kdwards'  experi- 
ments with  rtMU'ing  those  from  northern  Ohio,  it  is  jiretty  certain  tluit  the 
winter  is  [)assed  as  a  caterpillar  in  an  early  stage  of  life. 

Further  south  there  appear  to  be  at  least  two  broods.  ]\lr.  E<hvards, 
writing  from  West  Virginia,  says  "I  have  taken  the  butterfly,  in  different 
years,  as  early  as  liSth  May,  and  through  each  month  to  1st  September, 
and  I  apprehend  there  are  three  animal  generations  here,  the  first  in  May, 
the  second  middle  of  July,  the  third  late  in  August,  as  I  have  taken  fresh 
exam|)les  at  these  times."  Dr.  Chapman  finds  si)ecimens  in  Florida,  from 
the  middle  of  February  to  the  beginning  of  May  ;  fresh  specimens  were 
taken  at  the  end  of  May  and  again  in  the  middle  of  October.  He  also  re- 
cords one  capture  in  the  middle  of  August,  as  does  (tosse  in  Alabama. 
Abbott  in  (leorgia  took  the  insect  April  2.5  and  bred  it  May  20.  It 
would  seem  probable  from  these  scanty  facts  that  May  and  August  are  the 
culminating  times  of  the  southern  broods,  and  that  other  appearances  of 
fresh  material  nuist  be  due  to  the  lingering  of  some  individuals  in  their 
early  stages,  so  eonunon  a  phenomenon  in  neighboring  satyrids  ;  and  it 
would  appear  as  if  the  winter  might  sometimes  be  jiassed  in  chrysalis  in 
the  extreme  south.  I)ou!)tless  the  account  and  illustrations  of  this  insect 
in  the  forthcoming  munber  of  Edwards"  sumptuous  IJutterfiies  of  North 
America  will  add  eonsiderablv  to  our  knowledjfe. 


186 


rill';  lU  TTKUKUKS  OK    NKW   KXCiLAXD. 


The  food  of  the  catorpillar  is  grass,  tI\ough  Ahhott,  who  bred  it,  says 
distiiu'tly  that  it  "  feeds  on  tlie  sugar  berry,"  ("eltis  oeeidentaUs. 

Habits,  flight,  etc.  (iosse  (Lett.  Ahil).,  122)  sayf  of  tiiis  butterf.y  : 
It  is  iiiti'ivstiiii;  from  its  sociiil  mid  ifiiim'sonio  lml)its.  A  pnrticiilar  iudiviiliml  will 
fre<iiu'iil  tlie  fool  of  a  partifular  tree  for  many  siicoi'ssivt;  days,  ooiitrary  to  the  roam- 
iii^r  lial)its  of  ImttiTllios  in  iruiicnil.  lU'iicolu'  will  sally  out  on  any  otl.cr  passing  but- 
tertly.  uitlicr  of  his  own  or  of  auotlicr  specios :  anil,  after  piTl'onninir  sundry  circunivolu 
tions,  retire  toliis  eliosen  post  of  observation  ajrain.  OccasioiniUy  I  have  seen  anotiier 
butterfly  of  the  same  speeies,  after  liaviiiu;  had  his  nmieable  tnstle.  tal<o  liliowise  a 
stand  on  a  iiei}rhl)orin,ir  spot ;  and  after  a  few  minutes'  rest.  '>ot'i  would  simultaneously 
rush  to  the  contliet.  lilse  kniarlits  at  a  tournament,  and  wlieil  and  roll  about  in  tlie  air 
as  before.  Tlieii  each  would  return  to  his  own  jilaee  with  the  utmost  preelsion.  and 
presently  renew  the  "passage  of  arms"  with  tlie  same  result,  for  very  many  times  in 
succession. 


Its  general  flight  seems  to  lue  to  be  similar  to  that  of  Cercjonis  alope, 
but  less  languid,  the  wings  elosing  liaek  to  liaek  witli  something  of  a  snap. 

When  resting,  hanging  to  tiie  luider  siu-faee  of  an  object,  the  eostal 
edges  of  the  fore  wings  are  at  rigiit  angles  to  the  surface,  sligiitly  in  advance 
of  those  of  the  hind  wings,  and  the  wings  parted  at  an  angle  of  about  30°, 
the  antennae  a  little  advanced  and  more  widely  spread,  as  far  as  I  recollect 
the  last,  some  weeks  after  observation. 

Desiderata-  This  butterfly  is  so  rare  in  New  England,  that  in  order  to 
become  properly  acipiainted  witii  its  history  and  distribution,  every  speci- 
men taken  shoidd  be  put  upon  record,  its  place  and  time  of  captiu'e,  its  sex 
and  condition  noted  ;  particular  search  shoidd  be  made  in  the  Connecticut 
Valley,  while  other  places  should  not  be  neglected.  The  somewhat  con- 
fusing accounts  of  its  times  of  appearance  in  the  south  and  its  long  con- 
tinued season  at  the  north  indicate  some  peculiarities  of  larval  or  pupal 
life  which  are  unknown,  and  to  which  most  careful  attention  should  be 
paid.     Docs  the  caterpillar  ever  feed  on  Celtis?     No  parasites  are  known. 


LLS'r  OF  ILLUSTRATION S.-ENODIA  POIlTLAyUIA. 


n.  01,  fig.  4.    Outline  of  egj,'. 

Oi(erpill(ir. 
Pi.  70,  fi;.'.  9.    C'iiterpillar  at  l)irtli. 
74:  10.    Full  grown  eaterpillnr. 
7S;  17.    Ilea<l,  liiM  stage. 
18.    JIeail,tlnnl  stage. 
v.).    Head,  fourth  stage. 
20.    Head,  liftli  stage. 
C/irii.iiilin. 
PI.  *3,  flg.  0.    >*ide  view. 


htUKJO. 

PI.  1,  tig.  a.    Male,  hoUi  .surfaees. 

83:  :i.    Male  a!   .uniinal  appciulagcs. 
38:  0.    Neunition. 

.")2:  ").  Side  view  of  head  and  appen- 
dages enlarged,  with  details  of  the  struc- 
ture of  the  legs. 

(jenerul. 
Pi.  18,  tig.  0.    Distriliution  in  North  Amcr- 
iea. 


%> 


SATYRINAK:   THE   fiKN'US   SATYIKJDK.S. 


187 


sATVHODEs  scri)r)i<:H. 

SatyroiU's  S(Mii\il..  Hull.  liulV.  SOI',  iiat.  ><•..  ii,       (N'ut    Aruus  Sco|iii|i;  cf.  I'roc,  Aiiior.  iiciid. 

242  (lsT.'>).  iu-ts  sc.  X.  US). 

Arj.'u>.'<c'iiilil...Synt.  rov.  Aiiicr.  Imll.Ji  (lsT2).  Ti/pt'.—l'KjiiUn  cunjilice  Linn. 

.\nil  liiitli'i-llic's  waiiilci- 
III  siliMici',  at  Ifisiirc. 

I.ikt'  spirits  that  ponili-r 
liiscnitalilc  lliiiifrs. 

Wl-'.KKS.—  I'fVr?  i-ilulix. 
I'lii'lilimI  .Vr^'iis,  all  i  yes  ami  no  s!;.'lit. 

SiiAKi;spi:.\iii:.— ri'"i7".s'  nnif  Cn'ssida. 


ill 


■  lieu- 
I'lio- 


I'm 


Tmago  (52:1).  Hcail  mndcrately  larffc.  pretty  unifoniil;  tufted  witli  ra'lier  long 
linirs;  front  not  very  full,  protuberant,  but  not  u;i">'iitly,  in  the  iniddle  benenlli,  nar- 
rower than  tlie  eyes,  a  very  little  hijilier  than  broad,  the  np|)er  posterior  edjie  very 
slii;htly  eonve.x  in  tlie  middle,  tiie  lower  edije  a  little  abrupt,  broadly  rouiukd;  vertex 
sunill,  slightly  tunitd.  moderately  long,  not  broad,  a  minute  tubercle  in  the  middle  of 
either  side,  anil  a  median  ridge  posteriorly,  taking  its  rise  anteriorly  from  a  short  trans- 
verse carina  at  the  posteriorlimit  of  theswollen  portion;  anterior  edge  nearly  straight, 
posterior  coiive.v :  upper  border  of  the  eye  scarcely  augnlated  oi)posite  the  middle  of 
the  base  of  the  anteuiuie.  Kyes  pretty  large,  not  very  full,  pilose,  with  short,  very 
tlclicate,  not  very  fre<|ueut  liairs.  .Vnteiniae  inserted  in  the  middle  or  possibly  just  tie- 
hind  it,  in  a  broad,  deep  pit,  disconnecting  the  front  and  verte.v,  tlieir  bases  crowded 
together  and  separated  scarcely  any,  if  at  all,  from  the  edge  of  the  tlanks;  scarcely 
longer  than  the  abdomen,  consisting  of  tlurty-four  or  thirty-Hve  joints,  increasing  in 
size  a  little  and  onite  gradually  on  the  apical  fourth  of  the  antcnmio,  the  last 
two  or  three  joints  diminishing  again,  and  terminating  in  a  blmitly  roinidcd  point; 
transversely  circular,  the  club  a  little  deiiressed  and  distinctly  carinate  beneath.  Palpi 
slender.  Imrcly  twice  t'le  length  of  tlio  eye.  compressed,  the  apical  joint  about  one- 
third  the  length  of  the  penultimate:  excepting  tlio  ajiical  joint,  provided  beneath  with 
a  tuft  of  pretty  long  hairs,  compacted  in  a  vertical  plaiu\ 

I'rothoracic  lobes  similar  to  those  of  Knodia.  miimte.  e>cpaiuliug  upward  from  the 
base  rather  rapidly  into  a  somewhat  reniform.  bulbous  mass  when  viewed  from  ti.e 
front,  of  nearly  eipial  height  throughout,  the  ends  well  rounded,  the  exterior  extrem- 
ity tapering  slightly,  equally  long  on  the  snmmit,  half  as  long  as  high,  and  about  three 
times  as  broad  as  high.  I'atagia  very  sliglitly  convex,  the  postcrit)r  lobe  nearly  three 
times  as  long  as  broad,  tapering  rapidly,  the  extremity  produced  nearly  as  far  again, 
as  a  nniform  linger  with  a  l)luntly  rounded  apex. 

l'"ore  wings  (38:4)  but  little  produced  at  the  apex;  costal  bonier  regularly  but  very 
slightly  convex;  outer  border  the  same,  the  upper  outer  angle  being  pretty  well 
marked;  inner  border  straight,  the  lower  outer  angle  scarcely  rounded  otV.  Costal 
nervure  as  iuEnodia;  tlrst  two  superior  branches  of  tlie  subcostal  nervure  arising 
close  to  the  tip  of  the  cell,  tlie  latter  scarcely  less  than  half  as  long  as  the  wing  and 
twice  and  a  half  longer  than  broad;  median  and  submediaii  uervures  not  enlarged  at 
the  base. 

Hind  wings  willi  tlie  costal  bonier  regularly  though  not  greatly  convex:  outer  bor- 
der regularly  and  considerably  convex,  excepting  a  slight  excision  at  tlie  lower  subcos- 
tal interspace:  inner  border  slightly  convex,  both  of  the  outer  angles  broadly  and 
equally  rounded  oti".  Velnlet  closing  the  cell  striking  the  median  nervure  a  little  bo- 
fore  its  last  divarication,  anil  the  sul)costalat  tlie  termination  of  the  short  basal  curve 
of  its  tlnal  branch.  First  median  nervulc  originating  a  very  little  further  from  the 
base  of  the  wings  than  the  origin  of  the  second  subcostal  nervulc.     Xo  androconia. 

Fore  legs  very  small,  cylindrical,  the  tibiae  one-third  the  length  of  the  hind  tibiae; 
tarsi  scarcely  shorter,  consisting  eitlier  of  live  joints,  of  wliich  the  (Irst  is  twice  as 
long  as  the  others  together,  aiul  tlioy  diminishing  regularly  in  length,  the  apical  one 


Kl  ■" 


I  Mi-. 


188 


TIIK   lU'TTKUl'LlKS  (JK   XKW    KNCLAND. 


lir 


■vXrn 


bcarhiir  iit  tliclipa  iniir  of  vorv  iiiiiuito.  sliort.  sllirlitly  ciii'viiiu:.  tnpcriii}!  spino«*(  ?) ; 
or.  of  oiu'  joiiii  only,  of  ■vvliicli  tlic  apiciil  llftl\  is  oliscuivl.v  mid  partially  iimrl<i'(l  ott", 
and  the  apical  half  of  llic  same  conical  and  hcarinir  an  excccdinirlv  ndnnlc  and  sliort 
apical  pin  (J  ) ;  fore  Icl's  wholly  nnarnuMl,  cxccpliiiLt  by  thcclothin;;  of  their  lonir  hairs, 
not  profnsc.  and  divcrijinu'  only  a  little,  more  distinct  in  tlie  male  than  in  tlie  female. 
Middle  tibiae  llve-sixtlis  thelenjith  of  the  hind  tiliiae.  Til)iae  furnished  lieneath  with 
lateral  rows  of  moderati'ly  lonir  and  very  slender,  not  very  distant  spines,  tlie  apical 
ones  developinii  into  lonii  and  slender  spurs,  scarcely  taperiii;;  until  near  the  apox. 
First  joint  of  the  tarsi  eipiallini;  four-sevenths  of  the  whole  niembor.  the  second, 
third  and  fourtli  diininishiiii:  a  little  and  aradnally  in  length,  the  llfth  eipiuUiui;  the 
second  :  the  joints  supplied  beneath  with  very  numerous,  pretty  loiiir  and  very  slender 
si)incs:  claws  very  ilelicate,  strongly  conipressed  and  curved,  pretty  shariily  pointed; 
pnlvillus  miiiute.  transverse,  seinicircnlar;  paronychia  broad  and  nearly  circular  at 
base,  beyond  produced  to  a  lonir,  slender,  cnrvin:;.  conipressed.  nearly  eipial  apex. 

Male  abdominal  appendages  ;  ■■.per  oriraii  rather  slender,  the  centrum  somewhat  com- 
pressed, lati'fally  triaiiirulai ,  .i;eiitly  arched  above,  constricted  slijjlitiy  at  the  extreme 
base  of  the  hook,  ■which  is  a  little  arcuate,  with  an  independent  curve  at  the  level  of 
the  upper  surface  fif  the  centrnni,  a  little  longer  than  it.  pointed  at  tip;  sides  of  the 
centrum  furnished  at  their  upper  extremity,  close  upon  the  base  of  the  hook,  with  a 
single,  slender,  taperinj:,  straiirht,  backward  directed  appeiidaiie.  Clasps  rather  stout, 
buUate.  shorter  than  the  upper  ortjan.aliout  three  times  as  loui;  as  broad,  the  apii'al 
half  uarrowiusr.  the  tip  rounded,  curved  inward  and  aimed  with  a  cluster  of  ininule 
teeth. 

Egg.  Of  a  slijrlilly  depressed  spheroidal  shape,  l)roader  tlian  liinh.  perfectly  tlat  at 
base,  well-rounded  above,  the  sides  inllated  witli  a  very  regular,  full  curve,  fullest  in 
the  ndddle  of  the  lower  two-thirds.  Surface  apparently  smooth,  but  covered  with 
very  delicate  small  cells,  separated  by  slender,  obscure,  apparently  sunken  bands. 
Micropyle  formed  of  minute,  siifjhtly  elongate,  generally  hexagonal  cells,  their  longest 
diameter  pointing  toward  tlie  centre,  increasing  a  little  in  size  outwardly. 

Caterpillar  at  birth.  Head  of  eipial  height  and  breadth,  broadest  below,  the  sides 
scarcely  tapering  upward  in  the  lower  half,  and  in  the  middle  of  each  side  a  large 
tubercle;  summit  of  eacli  side  occupied  in  front  by  u  very  large,  rounded,  broad,  but 
not  greatly  elevated,  Avarty  tnl)ercle.  .Surface  nearly  smooth,  minutely  rugulose.  Hody 
cylindrical:  terminal  segment  taiiering  considerably  on  the  apical  half  and  considera- 
bly excised  i)asteriorly  in  the  middle,  leaving  a  pair  of  sharply  pointed,  but  very  short, 
backward  directed  projections.  Thebody  is  furnished  wit  ha  number  of  tubercles  bearing 
IH'culiar  aiipchdages.  as  follows  :  a  subdorsal  row,  one  to  a  segment,  iilaced  anteriorly ; 
a  laterodorsal.  one  to  a  segment,  placed  posteriorly;  a  la'erostigmalal.  one  to  ■..  seg- 
ment, placed  centrally;  and  an  iufrastigmatal  row.  two  to  a  seirinent.  a  posterior, 
higlier.  and  an  anterior,  lower  one.  the  latter  lieariiig  appendages  like  those  of  the 
rest  of  the  body,  the  former  emitting  a  single  tapering  liair  of  tlie  length  ni  tlie  usual 
appendages;  these  (86  :  lis )  are  straight,  rather  short  bristles  of  uniform  slue  nearly 
to  the  tip,  where  they  are  delicately  clubbed  and  sipiarely  docked.  Legs  rather  short, 
thh'k,  the  last  segment  romuled  oH",  scarcely  tapering,  armed  at  tip  with  a  rather  short 
and  slender,  tapering  claw,  straight,  excepting  close  to  the  base,  where  it  is  iK'Ut  at 
riirlit  anirles.  Spiracles  circular,  pedicelled,  the  pedicle  somewhat  einistricled  just  be- 
I'ore  the  extremity. 

Mature  caterpillar.  Head  very  full,  unusually  deep,  the  summit  of  either  half  ex- 
cessively produced  upward  anu.  at  maturity,  a  very  little  forward,  into  a  slender,  reg- 
ularly tapering,  straight,  conical  horn,  as  long  a.;  the  he.ad,  the  outer  sides  of  Avhlch 
are  iii  almost  exact  continuation  of  the  sides  of  the  head,  and  are  parallel  to  each 
other;  but  in  the  earlii'r  stages  there  is  a  slight  broad  constriction  near  the  base,  and 
It  Is  only  after  two  inoultings  that  tlie  horns  become  at  all  conspiciKuis ;  front  of  the 
head  a  little  appressed.  though  curved  fnun  above  downward,  below  tin'  base  of  the 
horns,  particularly  in  the  earlier  stages;  apart  from  the  horns  the  head  i-  broadertlian 
high,  of  exactly  the  breadth  of  the  lirst  thoracic  segment,  broadest  near  the  ocelli. 


;5 


..1 


,i 


SATYIUX.VK  :   TIIK  (JKNl'S   S.V  TYUODKS. 


189 


1ii|u'i'iiiii  i'('i,'iilai'ly  n|i\viiril.  Ilic  ri'Diitiil  ti'iiiiiitlc  niorr  llian  liall"  a-  Iiil'Ii  ay-aiii  as  liroiid. 
rracliliiii  ronsidcnililv  almvc  llic  iiiiiliUc  nl'  ihc  licail.  Ilu'  -iilc^  >traii;lil.     Siirfacc  rc!;- 


iihir,  !>!• 


•ttv  imironnly  and  in'ipfus'ly  iniiiftatc  \\\Xh   niiiiidisli  and  oval  iiiipi'cssio; 


till-  sU'iidcr  walls  lii'twi'i'ii  whicli  ari'  friMiiu'iitly  raised  intii  piiiiits,  each  brarliiir  a  very 
short  hair,  tliosc  on  the  horns  directed  toward  their  apex  ;  trlanitle  smooth.  Antennae 
eveeedinijly  small,  the  llrst  joint  mncli  the  largest  and  mammiform,  the  third  slender 
anil  1111  lonircr  Ihuii  broad.  I'uiittini;  a  very  loni:  cnrved  lialr.  Ocelli  live  in  nnnd)ei", 
fonr  arranged  in  an  open  iirve.  its  convexity  forward  and  a  very  lillle  downward,  the 
ntaet.  the  lliird  at  eipial  (iislanei's   from  the   lii'st.  foiirth  and  llfth.  the 


upper  two  m  con 
latter  bcinirtiehini 


tli(^ 


iccoiid  muc 


1 1 
I  thetiiird.  and  willi  il  and  llie  fonrlli  forming  an  ecinilateral  triaiiirle  ; 
li  larsrcrtiian  tli"  otliers,  followed  in  size  liyllie  llrst.  the  otiu'rs  eipial 


Labrnm    ratlier  small,  abont    twice  as  broad   as  lonjr.  its  anjiles  ronnded.  tlie  front 


sliirlitlv 


'd  and  an^nlated.     Mandililes  rather  small  and  stont.  the  cdifc  smooth 


and  eipial.     Maxillary  palpi  very  small,  apparently  as  In  Oeneis. 

Uody  lomr  and  slender,  broadi'st.  tlionirh  l)nt  sliirhlly.  on  the  llrst  abdominal  se<r- 
iiient.  taperinj;  sliirhtly  iiehind :  nearly  cylindrical,  but  aimnlatcd  very  slialitly  at  the 
Ijitcrodorsal  line,  baviiii;  a  sli<ilit  infrastiijinatal  f(dd.  and  flie  under  surface  nearly 
Hat:  terminal  se;;ineiil  with  a  pair  of  horns,  very  similar  in  for.n  ami  lenu;th  to  those 
of  the  head,  bnt  posteriorly  extended,  tlieir  outer  snrfaci's  parallel.  Kach  setrment 
divided  by  live  transverse  incisions  into  sections,  whicli  are  eipial  on  the  thoracic,  nn- 
e(|ual  on  the  abdominal  scjiments,  one  incision  lieiii}!  at  the  middle,  one  in  advaiic  of 
it  above  the  spiracles,  the  others  divldliifr  the  iiosterior  half  into  eipial  portions.  Hody 
studded  profusely  with  niinnte.  liemisplierii'al  papillae,  from  each  of  which  arises  a 
very  sliort.  stout.  e(|ual.  round  tipped,  backward  directed  hair.  I^'its  very  short,  slen- 
der. I'onical.  cacli  joint  with  a  riiiir  of  short  taperiiiir  liairs;  claws  very  slender  and 
small,  straiirht  beyond  the  base.  Trolesrs  very  short  and  plniiip.  the  booklets  of  tlie 
ventral  pairs  eleven  in  immlier,  very  slender,  ii  liood  deal  cnrved.  nearly  e(pial.  distant, 
iirramred  in  the  half  of  a  loiiu;ilndiiial  oval. 


idtllii 


L'h 


fr 


Hat 


Chrysalis,     llei 

siirl'aceat  an  nnitleof  scarcely  70"  with  the  nearly  straij^ht  xcntral  surface  of  the  an- 
terior half  ol  the  body.  Dorsum  of  thorax  rcetaniiular  and  iiiesially  carinate  on  the 
mesonotum.  distinctly  thonijrli  sliirhtly  falliiij;  oil'  posteriorly,  tlie  abdomen  scarcely 
risin;;  to  an  e(pial  heiirht  with  the  inesononim  in  its  regular  archinir  backward :  the 
wliole  abdomen  conical  and  vespiform.  (icellar  tnlicrcles  obscurely  triironal.  scarcely 
advanced,  the  space  between  them  scarcely  einarij;iiiale.  Viewed  dorsaliy  the  head  i.s 
scarcely  half  as  wide  as  the  thorax,  wliidi  is  ci|ual  from  the  basal  winy;  tubercles  back- 
M'ard.  and  slopes  resrularly  but  with  a  sliy;ht  concavity  forward  to  the  anterior  extrem- 
ity. Inner  dorsal  inaririn  of  the  wiufi-case  developed  into  a  nearly  straight,  but 
curviuu;  and  proiiiineiit  carina,  which  dies  out  just  before  the  outer  inaririn.  Tonsfue- 
case  barely  reachini;  the  wiiiir  tips,  ('remaslerslender.  taperiiiK.  (piadrate.  depressed. 
Spiracles  ovati'.  leiitieiiliir.  in  a  sliirhl  depression. 

Tlii.s  o'onii.s,  so  tar  :is  we  Uikiw.  is  rcprcsi'iitctl.  like  Kimdiii.  Iiy  ii  siiiixlc 
.species,  wiiicli  oot'tirs  only  in  tiic  iiortliern  parts  of  tlie  ciisterii  I'niled 
States  and  in  Canada.  It  i.s  a  luittertly  of  ]n'('iiliar  appcaranee  fi'oiii  the 
softnes.s  of  its  eoloring  and  tlie  ilelieacy  of  its  niarkinic^  ;  the  wiiijrs  are 
roinided  and  (iinple,  of  a  pale  mouse  lirown,  their  outer  horder  marked 
witli  one  or  Iwo  delieately  peneilled  lines,  at  some  distance  from  which  is  a 
series  of  dark  spots.  Iilind  aliove,  oeellated  lieneath,  preceded  on  the  fore 
winjis  ahove  hy  some  jialer  clouds  and  on  lioth  winits  lieneath  liy  several 
distant,  irregular,  slender,  dark,  transverse  streaks. 

The  insect  is  sino]i>  lirooded.  the  'uitterHy  (lyino;  in  midsummer  and  the 
larva  hihecnating  :  the   chrysalis   is   suspended   at  ]iiipati.in.      The   egg   is 


190 


TIIK   Hl'TTEUFLIKS  OK   NKW   KXCr.AN'D. 


sulitiplierk'al  and  iiliiiost  iiiiiieircptilily  rcticiilatwl.  Tlio  juvi'iiilo  cater- 
pillar Inif*  an  ('<|iial,  well  ntuiidfl  head  and  tlic  luidy  is  provided  on  each 
side  with  tour  lonjfitiidinai  rowx  of  tnlu'rcles,  each  hearing'  a  chdjljod 
briistlo.  The  head  of  the  niatnrc  larva  is  crowned  hv  a  pair  of  verv  lonir 
conical  horn.s,  and  the  last  scfiment  of  the  hody  is  fmnislied  with  a  |)air  of 
t<iniilar  appendaj^es  ;  the  hody  is  minutely  pilose  and  [)ale  j^reen,  striped 
lonjiitndinally  with  narrow,  darker  hands,  which  vary  in  tint  and  some- 
what in  position  in  the  different  stages.  The  chrysalis  is  similar  to  that  of 
Neonynipha  hut  has  a  slenderer  al)domen. 


IS 


EXCi'li^U.S   IV.  —  TIIIC  EGGS    OF  BUTlLltFLUCS. 

I'll  lie  a  HiiltcrMy,  liorii  in  ii  liowor, 

WliiTi'  roj^cs  and  lilio  ami  violets  nitrl : 
Kovinjr  fdrcvcr  from  Howcr  to  llowcr, 

Ami  kissing'  all  liinls  that  aro  pretty  and  sweet. 
IM  never  lannllisli  tor  wealth  or  for  jiower; 

I'll  mvi'r  si;:li  to  set'  slaves  at  my  feel  — 
IM  lie  a  Biitterlly.  liorn  In  a  liowcr, 

Kissing'  all  hmls  that  are  pretty  and  sweet. 

1J.vvi.i;y.—  Thi;  lintiorflij. 

Till",  eggs  of  hiitterHies  are  no  larger  thiin  ti  \)\\\s  hctid,  yet  when  exam- 
ined under  a  len.:,  which  is  of  eonrse  retpiired  to  sec  the  striietnre  of  such 
minute  objects,  we  mtiy  look  ftir  hefore  discovering  anything  more  grticefid 
in  form  m-  delicate  in  sculpture  ;  indeed,  ehiincing  to  study  some  of  oiu' 
forms  during  a  winter  spent  in  Egypt,  I  wtis  grciitly  struck  by  their  singu- 
lar resemhlance  to  tiie  trticeried  domes  of  the  fiimous  Cairo  mosques. 
They  lux'  c(jni[)osed  of  ii  thin,  eliistic,  luid  usuidly  trans[)arent  pellicle — so 
chistic  thtit  they  will  hound  like  a  riihher  htill  when  ftdling  on  a  hard  sur- 
face ;  where  not  tnuispitrent  they  are  niiide  (>[)a(iue  hy  cross-lines  or  nhs, 
l)V  a  genertil  reticuhition.  or  in  some  lower  forms  (Famphilidi)  hy  ii  inii- 
form  density  of  the  whole  integument.  They  lU'c  tdwiiys  circular  in  cross 
section  and  in  gcncnd  tire  flattened  on  the  sinfacc  of  rest;  hy  their  form 
tlnw  may  I)e  tlivided  into  four  cliisses  :  1,  harrel-shiiped,  2,  s[)hcricid,  H, 
tiaraie  or  turhan-shaijcd,  luid  4,  hemis|)hericid  ;  or,  if  we  consider  their 
surface  sculpture,  into  three  groui)s :  (i,  rihhed,  li,  reticuliito,  and  c, 
smooth.  These  divisions  riu'  into  etich  (jther  to  ti  greater  or  less  degree 
and  nciU'ly  tdl  possible  combinations  are  foimd.  With  nu'c  exceptions 
nciU'ly  idlied  forms  closely  resemble  etich  other,  tind  the  degree  of  reseni- 
bhuicc  is  in  general  an  excjllent  test  of  atHnity.  Xot  only  can  species  and 
gcneni  he  distinguished  l)y  oiilogical  chiU'iicters,  but  miuiy  of  the  Itu'ger 
groups,  even  its  ftu-  as  the  brotulcst  ntitund  divisions  of  butterflies,  mtiy  not 
infretiuently  be  defined  in  terms  of  the  egg,  so  that  it  even  becomes  ii  valu- 
able aid  to  eliissificiition. 

The  burrcl-sha])cd  form  is  sometimes  very  much  attenuated  at  both  ends, 


i: 


TiiK  i;(;(is  or  hlttkim-ijks. 


191 


M  MS  better  to  l)e  (U'scril)e(l  its  spindle-sliiiiuMl.  iinil  it  is  neiirly  ahvavs 
hroiuler  iit  the  l)!ise  than  at  tiie  .-(iiiiiniit,  so  as  to  merit  the  term  |)yrami(lal, 
siimetimes  imieii  liroatler.  as  in  Spcyeria.  The  trimeate  top  is  also  very 
t're(|iieiitly  loimded  ami  its  edii'e  iiieonspieiious.  ami  it  then  nins<  into  the 
splierical  or  hemispherical  class  :  !)iit  the  true  harrel-shaped  liroup  is  alwavs 
hijrher  than  iiroad.  'i'hi'  Xymphalidae  and  Pii'rinae  almost  always  lielong 
to  this  <jronp.  and  they  are  always  vertically  rihhed  to  some  extent,  bnt  the 
ril)8  'ilways  terminate  short  of  the  centre  of  the  summit,  either  gently  or 
abruptly.  Sometimes  these  rilis  are  coarse  and  irrejiular,  rnnnin;r  in  zijf- 
zajr  lines  from  base  to  suunuit.  so  that  the  v<x<^  mijiht  almost  be  rej^arded 
as  coarsely  reticulate:  in  others  the  rilis  are  excessively  compressed,  mere 
films,  placed  edjrewi.so  to  the  l)ody  of  the  euji-.  iilisteninjr  in  the  sunshine 
like  dew-drops,  and  increasiuii'  in  size  to  the  summit,  where  they  often  form 
a  sort  of  crown  ;  or  tlu^y  may  die  out  on  the  lower  half  of  the  eu-if.  or  fade 
into  a  weaker  reticulation ;  or,  above,  may  terminate  at  the  edjic  of  a 
saueer-like  depression  which  forms  the  cap  of  the  e<>'ji' ;  liut  everywhere, 
with  more  or  less  distinctness,  lietween  these  buttressinji'  ribs,  the  surface 
of  the  egg  is  broken  into  qeadrangular  cells  by  delicate  cross-ridges,  which 
often  increase  in  stoutness  toward  the  main  ribs,  and  in  their  turn  buttress 
them. 

The  s|)herieal  forms  include  particularly  the  Pi.  ^Mioninae.  some  Saty- 
rinae  and  the  Ilcsperidi,  ludess  these  last  more  properly  belong  to  the 
preceding  grouj).  They  are  usually  smooth,  but  may  also  l)e  reticulated 
or,  as  always  in  the  Ilesperidi,  riblied. 

The  tiaratc  eggs  are  very  l)eautiful  objects,  often  reminding  one  of  a 
miniature  sea-urchin  without  spines,  and  are  characteristic  of  the  Lycaeni- 
dae,  though  some  of  them  incline  toward  the  iiemisperical  form,  and  all,    | 
without  exception,  arc  reticulate.     In  these  the  surface  is  never  ribbed,    j 
but  generally  covered  with  a  heavy  net-work  of  deej)  pits,  whose  bounding  f 
walls  are  rather  coarse  and  rough.     The  eggs  of  the  Parnassians  resemble  ■ 
them  closely. 

Finally  the  hemispherical  eggs,  generally  more  than  half  as  high  as 
broad,  and  with  a  slight  flattened  snnuuit,  are  smooth  and  comprise  only 
the  Pamphilidi.  if  we  except  the  reticulated  Ileodes,  which  possit)ly  belongs 
here  as  much  as  with  the  turban-shaped  eggs. 

As  an  architectural  form,  the  egg  of  a  butterfly  is  exfpiisitely  patterned. 
With  all  the  variation  in  sculj)ture  and  contour,  every  ciu've  and  every 
detail  of  chiselling  is  in  subordination  to  a  central  featur"  —  all  lead  up  to 
a  distinct  culminating  area,  the  micropyle,  or  little  rosette  of  cells  of  the 
most  excjuisite  delicacy,  which  crowns  the  summit  of  the  central  vertical 
axis.  Often  requiring  some  of  the  higher  powers  of  the  microscope  to 
discern,  the  cells  are  arranged  in  such  definite  and  rcgidar  ]»atterns  that  in 
looking  at  them  we  seem  to  be  peering  through  the  circular  rose-window 


^-= 


':( 


192 


Till-;    lU'n'KKI'MKS  Ol--    NKW    KNCiLANlt. 


of  ii  ininiiitiirc  (iotliic  ciitluMlral.  Somutiiucs,  in  tlu'  tiiirati'  I'j^fitii  tills 
rosctti'  's  sitiiatcil  at  the  iKittuni  i>{'  a  very  ^\i'^'\>  anil  narroxv  well,  and  can 
with  (liiKciilly  lie  scon.  ( )ttcn  tlicir  [tattcrn.--  wnnhl  I'lirnisli  u-ct'nl  hints 
to  the  tUicoratoi',  and  cs[)i'cially  tor  ail  t'urnis  of  cmiiroidery,  as  our  ulatcs 
67-69  will  show.  The  ci'lls  whicii  f'Tui  the  interior  of  the  rosette  a.e  the 
points  at  which  microscopic  pore-  lead  into  the  interior  of  the  (\ir,n',  and 
throiijjh  which  it  is  fertilised.  \\'itli  this  in  view,  we  can  understand  why 
this  rosette  should  form  the  jioal  of  movement  ot  every  part  of  thj  struc- 
ture. 

A\'heu  freshly  laid,  the  ciijjfs  are  ji'cnci'ally  ot'  sonu;  shade  of  pale  j^reeu. 
thoujih  in  the  i'amphiliili,  with  theii'  opaipie  shells,  they  are  nearly  chalky 
white:  hut  diu'inii'  the  development  of  tlii'  caterpillar  (or  of  parasites) 
within,  all  sorts  t>f  colors  may  he  assumed,  often  of  a  rich  or  almost  guiidj- 
luie  :   these  colors  are  sometimes  shown  on  our  [dates. 

I'hc  efffjs  of  hiittertlies  are  always  laid  in  full  view  execi)tin<r  that  in  a 
few  instances  they  arc  partially  concealed  hy  heinj;'  thrust  into  crevices. 
Usually  hatchinji'  in  a  few  days,  they  are  generally  laid  ui)on  the  very 
leaves  the  caterpillar  will  eat  or  upon  the  stem  close  at  hand  ;  hut  when, 
as  in  some  eases  (only  known  among  Lycaenidae),  the  egg  remains  all 
winter,  the  hutti'rHy  sclc<'ts  the  stem,  and,  as  iui  additional  protection,  chooses 
a  s[)(tt  next  a  leaf-hud,  or  other  [)rujection,  or  tucks  the  egg  in  some  crevice 
of  the  hark.  It  is  even  stated  hy  .Salesbury,  according  to  Rennie,  and 
repeated  hy  European  writers,  that  the  egg  of  Aporia  cratacgi  may  last 
three  years  and  then  hatch,  hut  the  statement  seems  to  me  fairly  open  to 
douht  until  verified.  For  ordinarily  the  eggs  of  this  species  are  laid  in  clusters 
(whether  on  leaf  or  twig  I  f^nd  no  statement) ,  and  give  hirth  thf  .vfo//c  i/ectr  to 
caterpillars  which  w'inter  in  small  clusters  in  wehs.  .Vll  huttertlies  which 
winter  as  eggs  feed  as  caterpillars  on  trees  or  shruhs,  never  on  herbaceous 
plants.  As  a  gi'ueral  rule  the  eggs  are  laid  singly,  hut  in  not  a  few  cases, 
oftencst  found  in  the  \ymi)halidac  and  I'apilionidae,  they  are  laid  in  clus- 
ters of  from  two  or  three  to  several  hundreds.  Sometimes  these  are  rude 
bunches  piled  loosely  or  in  layers  one  upon  another ;  sometimes  they  are 
laid  in  more  or  less  regular  single  or  double  rows ;  sometimes  in  a  single 
eohunn  fif  three,  or  four,  or  even  as  many  as  ten  eggs,  one  atop  another; 
or  thev  inav  ijirdle  a  twig  like  a  fairv  ring. 


■^A 


lUHLIOHR.VlMIY. 

Dolicrty.  \V.    Jouni.  Asinliosof.  Konu'.,  Iv  ;  loT-lll  (1S80). 

KchvanN,  W.  II.    (Jan.  out.,  xvi :  100-110  (1SS4). 

Giii)sscii>,Tli.    Ann,  soc.  Piil.  Fnuicr  (Ci)  iv:  l'J9-14(i  pi..")  (1884). 

SiiiiMor.  S.  II.    Uiiltorllips,  Cliap.  1,  ti^s.  (1S81). 

Wonioliiirj;-.  A.     Dei'  suluui-tterling  uiid  seiu  li'boii.    l.jO-151  (1874). 


■■'i 


-i 


I 


if'  ■ . 


SATVIUNAK:    SA'rYltODKS   KlliYDK  K. 


193 


S AT YRODES  EUR YDICE .  -The  eyed  brown . 


[Tho  pycil  Imiwii  ((Jos^i):    IJuiscliiviilN  Imitorlly  (Hiiirii):   li'ii-^puttcil  iiiiaki'i-  Ipiilti'rily 

(Miiyimnl).] 

Piifiilin  I'ltrijiUc''  lilnii.-.Tohiiiix:*.,  Aiiiocn.  Dohh   riditlms    Ui'IM. -  Schiirll'.,    (.'onvsp. 

aiiiil.,  vi:  4(10  (ITtlli).  Zdol.-miii.  vcr.  Ki'^riii!.!).,  xix:  72  (1^0.")). 

Ari/iin  I'lirijiHci'  Si'iiiM.,  Sy.it.  rov.  Amir.  J'aniri/r  a  in  I  It  us  Hull.,  Ciilal.  Satyr,  llrit. 

liiitl.',  0  (lf<72).  mils..  12;l  (ISIW). 

S'ttyrntli'H  euryilice  Scmlil.,  Hull.  Hlitl'.  sue.  Kiijit>/r/iiii  rdnlliim  Kirl)..  Syii,  catal.  Lep., 

iial.  sc,  il:  2«  "(ISTo);  »iltt.,  lift.-.  19.30,  120  55  (ISTl). 

(1,S,S1).  iSiitunxk'n  cnnr/iiis  [Smltli].  Itull.  liruukl. 

Viipili't  fiuitliiix  I. inn..  .Sysl.  iiat.,  12lli  cil.,  cut.  soc,  vl :  11!)  (|SS4). 

il:  TlW  (1707).  Siiti/i'ii"  runllieins  iiwl.  Kni'ycl.  imith.,  ix: 

Aiyusciinthm  Scop.,  liitruil,  liist.  nat.,  4:52  405,4!i;WJ4  (1819). 

(1777).  .'■'(■iiiilimiiliii   ranthn.un  Morr..  fatal.    Lop. 

Siitiji-UH  C(iHtl'-'s  Oud.,  Kncyi'l.  mi!tli.,  ix  :  X.  Aiiicr.,  10  (ISOO). 

405,   493  (1819);  —  HolKd.-LeC,   LiJp-  Ami!r.  Ili/ijnDxIiia   traasiiUDitiiitu    Oossc,    Can. 

,  sept.,  pi.  (iO,  tigs.  1-4  (18311).  nat..  247  (1*4<1). 

Xi.>(i)iymallinc(i)ithiiiiVi'vHt\y.-llc\\itA,,  Gon.  IlipjuircliiiilKiinthirdliillarr.jlna.'  j.veg., 

(liiirn.   Lop.,   il :   375   (18.51) ;— MoiT.,  Syn.  Sd  oil.,  30.V300,  tig.  128  (1802). 

Lop.  N.  Amor.,  74-75  (1802);— Edw.,  Can.  ent.,  Panirf/e  hiiisdiivalii  Edw.,  Syn.  N.  Amer. 

xv:(H-«9(1883);xvil:U2(188o);— Feni.,mitt.  butt.,  26  (1871). 
iMe.,  70-72  (ISHt); —Fronoli,  Butt.  east.  U.  .S., 

232-2.34(1880);— Mayn.,  Butt.  N.  E.,  5-0,  pi.  1,  Fi|,'urod  liy  Glovor,  111.  X.  A.  Lop.  pi.  35, tig. 

tigs.  0,Ca  (1880).  5,  inod. 

Crcnturo  of  iiir  and  light, 
Eiiililcm  of  that  which  mav  not  fado  or  die, 

Wilt  thou  not  »p  /od  thy  lliglit. 
To  chase  tho  south  wind  through  the  glowing  sliy? 
UKii\s».—J}iittcrl!y  resling  on  a  Skull, 

Imago  (1 :  10 ;  H  ;  .">)■  Head  covered  with  brown  and  gray-brown  hairs,  witli  a  few 
wliito  ones  outside  of  and  lioliind  tho  antennae,  the  liindor  niarsiluof  tho  eyes  bordered, 
broadly  in  tlie  middle  and  below,  narrowly  above,  with  wliite  scales.  Palpi  silvery, 
slii;litiy  clouded,  white  externally  excepting  on  the  apical  joint;  above  frinu;e(l  lightly 
with  pale  brownish  on  the  free  portion ;  beneath  frlngod  with  dirty  white  on  tlie  first 
joint,  on  the  second  with  brownish  and  blackish  fuliginous,  pale  on  t'lo  basal  half  intor- 
nally,  apical  joint  blaci^isli  brown  tliroughout,  tipped  considerably  with  white,  and 
with  a  few  white  .scales  beneath.  Antennae  dull  luteons  beneath,  above  blackish,  tinged 
with  reddish  hiteous  on  the  basal  joints,  interrupted  broadly  with  -white  at  the  base  of 
each  joint  and  slightly  touched  witli  wliite  on  eitlierslde;  on  the  club  the  white  be- 
comes rather  faint  and  tlie  black  brownish,  exceptinir  on  the  terminal  three  or  four 
joints,  which  are  wholly  luteous:  beneath  the  four  or  live  joints  previous  to  these  aro 
infnscated;   tongue  lutoous  at  base,  beyond  more  and  more  iiifuscated. 

Thorax  covered  above  with  gray-brown  hairs,  tinged  slightly  with  olivaceous;  be- 
neath witli  very  pale  brown  hairs.  Koro  legs  covered  with  slightly  darker  hairs; 
other  femora  covered  with  pearly  g' ':•>  scales,  tinged  slightly  above  and  moro  strong- 
ly near  apex  with  i)ale  bntl";  tibiae  and  '-arsi  dull  bntr-brown ;  spurs  dusky,  reddish  at 
tip,  mostly  concealed  liy  pale  brown  scales;  spines  dull  luteous;  claws  testaceous, 
more  dusky  toward  tip ;  jiad  blackish. 

Wings  above  soft  mouse  brown  on  the  basal  half  of  the  wing,  beyond  paler,  con- 
siderably so  In  the  +.  Fore  wiiiys  having  tho  darker  portion  of  the  wing  limited,  at 
least  in  tlic  upper  half,  by  a  bent  lino  which  extends  In  a  slightly  concave  curve  from 
tlie  subcostal  nervuro.  about  midway  between  tho  last  two  divarications,  to  about  the 
middle  of  the  upper  median  nervulc;  Is  then  bent  Inward  at  about  a  right  angle  and 


^wsm 


194 


TiiK  lii'i  ri:i!ri,ii:s  oi'  ni;\v  kxci^and. 


i-'i 


r'l 


Mion  ilii's  out ;  just  witlilu  this  borilci'.  tiud  ol'tiMi  li  .If  way  to  tlii'  npi'X  of  tlio  cell, 
tilt'  \\\\\ii  Is  miicli  tlarkcr  iin<l  oftou  lilackish;  the  I'xtrcniit.v  «f  lli«^  itII  Is  uuirkcd  by  a 
slcndiT,  blacklsli  streak:  lliiMiuliTtwo  llfthsof  tliewlnjr  is  coMsitii'i'ably  paler,  especially 
In  the  $  .  beeoiiiiiii;  of  ten  nearly  straw  colored,  especially  next  tlu'  border  of  the  darker 
portion:  toward  the  outer  bonh'r  it  gradually  deepens,  the  iiiaritlii  itself  lieinu;  nar- 
rowly edired  willi  blackish  lirowii.  and  followed  at  less  than  half  an  interspai-c's  dis- 
tance, by  a  similar,  liul  liroadcr  dark  line  iu  a  narrow,  pale  strijie.  wliicii  l)orilers  it 
e(|Ually  on  eitlu'r  sid,':  the  darkei'  piu'tion  of  the  liorder  <leepens  lioth  in  intensity  and 
width  at  the  a|)ex  of  the  win;;;  and  in  tiic  lowest  snlicostal.  subcosto-inedian  ami  two 
nii'dian  interspaces,  there  Is  a  nearly  straight  row,  subp;irallel  to  the  outer  border,  of 
ronndisli,  blackish  spots:  that  In  tlio  upper  median  Inti'rspiice  removed  a  little  in- 
vards;  each  bonlereil  with  a  faint,  dull  yellowish  anuulns.  tiie  lower  occasionally 
witli  a  white  central  dot :  each  whole  spot  scarcely  occupying',  even  in  the  narrowest  in- 
terspaces. Ilic  entire  width  lielween  tlie  ncrvnles;  exceptintt  the  upjier  one,  they  are 
situated  midway  l)etween  the  border  of  tlie  darker  l)ase,  and  tlie  snbmarsfinal  dark 
line;  friniie  uniform  pale  ^ray-brown.  Ifind  ii'i'iii/s  brown,  with  the  division  between  the 
darker  ami  palerportious  of  liie  winirlcss  distiuetly  unirked  tiian  in  the  forewin;; :  some- 
times it  is  scarcely  at  all  apparent,  in  otiiers  it  passes  in  a  nearly  rejrnlar  course  from  the 
middle  of  the  c()stahnar;;iu,to  tlie  upper  branch  of  the  median,  as  far  beyond  its  base  as 
it  Is  from  the  (Irst  divariciitlou  of  the  median,  and  then,  bent  at  nearly  ri;:ht  angles, 
crosses  the  lower  Interspaces  In  a  series  of  waves,  toward  the  middle  of  the  outer  lialf 
of  the  inner  border;  the  outer  margin  is  marked  jnst  as  In  the  fore  winir,  and  there  is 
a  subnniruluai  curving;  row  of  six  nearly  etpnd,  roundish  or  longitudinally  subovate  spots 
in  tile  sulicostai,  suli<'osto-iii  ■dian.  uu'dian  and  suliniedlan  interspaces,  tlieir  outer  limits 
Usually  aliout  an  interspace's  distance  from  tlie  outer  liorder.  and  each  composeil  of  a 
small,  roundisli  lihick  sp<it.  wilii  a  cenli'al  wliite  dot.  and  narrowly  ami  equally  niar;;ined 
witli  pale  yellowish,  this  a  little  more  broadly  with  pale  brown,  and  tills  aaain  with  a 
similar  pale  annulus,  the  last  barely  crowded  between  the  nervules;  the  spots  in  the 
subcostal  interspaces  are  not  infrec|uently  wholly  blurred  with  blackish,  ettiiciuK  the 
successive  annnli,  and  that  in  tiiemcdlo-snbmediiin  is  usually  fainter  tlian  the  others  and 
often  subobsolete :  the  guttered  portion  of  the  inner  border  Is  paler  than  the  rest  of  the 
wiiiu::  fringe  as  in  the  fore  winjrs. 

Beneath,  slaty  brown  on  tiie  basal  hidf,  paler  lieyond.  the  two  tints  separated  by  an 
irrciiniar.  sleudiT.  dusky  stripe.  Fare  ii-imjii  havin;;  the  apex  of  the  cell  marked  by  a 
slender,  brownish  fuscous  stripe,  and  the  cell  crossed  in  the  middle  of  the  outer  two- 
thirds  liy  a  similar,  jrently  cnrvinji  stripe,  its  convexity  outward,  licneath  strikinj;  tlie 
oriaiin  of  the  lirst  median  uorvule,  and  sometimes  faintly  continued  over  the  medio- 
submcdian  interspace;  the  similar  and  eipial  thouirh  irrcicular  stripe,  which  limits  the 
darker  basal  tint  of  tiie  win;:. starts  from  tiie  sulicostai  nervnre  at  the  orimiii  of  the  penul- 
timate superior  nervule,  and  passes  tremulously,  liut  with  a  direction  in  yreneral  par- 
allel to  the  stripe  at  tip  of  llie  cell,  to  the  upper  median  nervule,  just  above  which  it 
;;enerally  protrudes  sliirhtiy  outward  and  here  is  sliy:htly  bent,  passinif  In  a  slljjhtly 
irreirular  c<mrse  as  far  as  the  middle  of  the  lower  median  interspace,  liavlii;;a  general 
ilirection  ;it  about  ritfht  ausles  to  the  lower  median  nervule,  below  which  It  continues 
to  the  submedlan  uervure  iu  the  same  ;;eneral  direction,  but  bent  in  a  broadly  zigzag 
course:  outer  inar^iln  delicately  edited  witli  blackish  brown,  followed  by  a  slender, 
dusky  line  at  less  than  half  an  interspace's  distance:  between  thesi!  two.  the  narrow 
space  is  pale,  dull,  umber  yellow,  and  the  sulmiariiinal  line  is  bordered  narrowly 
within  witli  iiale:  midway  between  this  submai'itinal  line  and  the  extra-mesial  striiie, 
at  Iciist  oil  the  lower  hidf  of  the  winir.  is  a  series  of  four  ocellate  spots  in  the  lower 
subcostal,  Milicosto-mcdian  and  mediiin  'nters|iaces,  generally  dimiuisliing  regularly  iu 
size  upwards,  eacli  cousistiiig  of  a  roundisli  black  spot,  with  a  white  or  bluish  white 
central  dot  ami  annnlated  distinctly  with  pale  yellowish,  and  this  again  more  narrowly 
and  less  distinctly  witli  dusky ;  the  four  spots  are  then  enclosed  In  a  common,  eciuiil, 
broader,  but  very  faint  encirclement  of  pale,  fonowiug  their  curves;  tlie  outer  half  of 
the  w  lug  above  tlie  subcostal  vein  is  clouiknl  with  fuscous,  so  as  to  be  nearly  or  i|Uito  as 


.s.\rvi!iNAi;:  s.\rvu()i)i;s  Kiitvuci:. 


196 


(lark  ftM  tlip  lm^illl  porlioiiN ;  rriiiiri'  as  alMivc.  Ifin'l  ll•illl|,^  w\lh  tlic  ajx'x  of  tin'  ci'll 
marked  in  llu'  >iili(ii»lo-iiii'illaii  iiitcr-iiaci'  liv  a  slcmlcr.  hri)wiiish  fiwcoiit  strlpi'! 
wit  hi  II  this  Is  linearly  cniit  i  munis  si  ni  liar  stripe,  crDssini;  tlie  (■(isi().siilic<i,tal  interspaeo 
sinnoiisly  fnnn  witiionl  iiiwariis,  ami  strikiny;  liie  snlieostal  nervnre  at  nearly  its  own 
leiisrtli  previous  to  tlic  llrst  divarleatioii;  erossiiifj  the  cell  In  a  slightly  treinnlons 
conrso  from  a  little  wltlmnt  the  same  point  <ni  the  siiltcostal  to  as  far  within  tile  llrst 
illvarieation  of  the  incdhin ;  ami  eoiitlniiin;;  in  very  nearly  the  sanip  course  to  the  snliine- 
dlan.  The  extra  mesial  strlpi-  starts  from  the  eostai.  midwiiy  lietweeii  its  apex  ami  the 
origin  of  tile  Inner  stripe,  and  runs  siiliparallel  to  the  iaiter  as  far  as  the  middle  of  tiie 
upper  subcostal  Interspace,  wiiere  It  liemls  outward  and  as  far  as  the  nilildle  of  the  siili- 
costo-median  Inlerspaee,  is  directed  siiliparallel  to  liie  outer  limits  of  the  cell,  often 
tremulous  in  its  course  ;  it  liieil  passes  in  ratlier  a  full  curve,  crossiutr  the  upper  meiiian 
at  the  base  of  its  straight  porthm  to  the  middle  of  the  lower  median  Interspace,  wiiere 
Ills  bent  at  less  than  a  ri^'lit aiitfle  mitwards  and  crosses  In  a  sharp,  iiiirh  curve,  to  the 
middle  of  the  next  interspace,  wliere  it  is  aualii  curved  stroiiirly  outward,  termluatlna 
at  the  submedian  at  more  tiian  au  Interspace's  distance  from  it-  tip.  'I'iie  outer  iiorder 
is  marked  as  In  tile  fore  winiis,  and  tliere  is  a  sulmiariiinal  ctirviiiLc  row  of  sl.x  pretty 
lar;;e,sube(nial  ocelli,  one  in  each  interspace  between  the  costal  an  I  siibiuediau  nervtires; 
each  consists  of  a  moderately  lai'ne,  round,  lilack  spot.  havinj;a  iimuuIc.  central,  white, 
orKcuerally  blnisli  white,  centre,  and  surrounded  liy  a  rather  broad  aimulus  of  oclirey 
yellow,  which  Is  ajtain  narrowly  liordered  with  iirownish.  and  tliis  with  a  somewliat  ob- 
.scure,  pale  rin^c ;  in  the  lowest  there  are  two  small  lilack  spots,  each  with  a  wliite,  central 
dot,  enclosed  in  a  cominon,  transversely  oval,  yellowish  tield,  which  is  liordereil  as  in 
the  others;  In  tiie  lower  three,  the  dusky  rlnsfs  scarcely  readi  the  boumlaries  of  the 
interspaces ;  in  the  upper  one  the  yellow  annnlns  readies  tliem,  while  in  the  two  between 
the  brownisli  rim;  reaches  these ;  tiio  middle  four  are  at  a  nearly  e<inal  distance  from  the 
outer  liorder,  their  outer  limits  removed  by  aiioutan  interspace's  distance ;  the  lower  is 
a  little  nearer,  while  the  upper  is  within  theniUUUuof  the  interspace  In  which  it  occurs; 
frinjie  as  in  the   fore  wiiijis. 

Abdomen  aiiove  dark  iirown,  paler  at  the  sejiment  tips;  Ijeneath  whitish.  Appen- 
dages of  the  male  (  33  :  2  )  ;  upper  organ  with  the  middle  two-thirds  of  the  inferior 
margin  of  the  hook  straight,  the  tip  curved  a  little  downward,  and  rather  (Inely 
pointed,  the  middle  as  broad  as  the  tip  of  the  clasps;  lateral  arms  very  slender,  taper- 
ing regularly,  linely  pointed,  a  little  more  than  half  as  long  as  the  hook,  straight,  with 
the  tip  slightly  curved  inward  and  upward.  Clasps  as  broad  as  the  transverse  diameter 
of  the  centrum  of  the  upper  organ,  the  lower  margin  broadly  but  slightly  protuiierant 
below  the  base  of  tlie  upper  margin.  Iieyond  tapering  rapidly,  but  a  little  irregularly  to 
the  tip,  toward  the  apex  of  which  it  liecomes  a  little  twisted,  and  terminates  in  an  eciual, 
round-tipped  extension,  which  is  al)ont  twice  as  long  as  broad  and  less  than  one-fourth 
the  width  of  the  liase  of  the  clasp,  bent  inward  and  a  little  upward,  and  armed  at  the 
tip  with  a  close  cluster  of  very  minute  prickles. 


Measurements  In  millimetres. 

MALKS. 

1 

; 

FKMALRS. 

Length  of  tongue  8  mm. 

.Smallest. 

Average. 

Largest. 

Siuulk'rtt. 

23. 

0.23 
2.5 

Average.  Largest. 

Length  of  fore  wings 

22. 

().2.-i 

l.S 

23.,i 
9.73 
fi.3 
1.8 

25.  75 

7. 
2.2 

25.25      i     25.75 
10.25      1 

0.3        ,      7. 

3.                3. 

hind  tilihieand  tarsi... 
fore  tibiae  and  tarsi... 

Egg  (64:  10).  Surface  smooth  to  the  unaided  eye,  covered  with  exceedingly  tine 
granulations  in  nearly  circular  cells,  whicli  average  .03  mm.  in  diameter,  and  are  sep- 
arated from  eacli  other  by  paler,  smoother,  very  slightly  sunken  bands  .0028  mm.  in 
width;  color  very  pale  green,  almost  white;  height,  .97  mm. ;  greatest  diameter,  1.07 
mm.  Micropyle  (67 : 2)  .2  mm.  in  diameter,  the  cells  varying  from  .01  mm.  to  .02.'! 
mm.  In  diameter,  bounded  by  exceedingly  delicate  ral.sed  lines ;  in  the  centre  of  the 
micropyle  there  is  a  circular  cell,  only  .00-125  mm.  in  diameter,  from  which  diverge  in 
stellate  form  the  seven  or  eight  slender  rays,  less  than  .01  mm.  long,  which  bound  the 
first  circle  of  cells. 


190 


iiii;  III  riKUii.iKs  OK   m;\v  i;n(;i,.\\i>. 


i!' 


Caterpillar.  FiM  .iltnii  (70:  I):  Iliad  i78:!ii  linlil  .vi'lli>\vi>|i  lirowii.  the  riiitui'i's 
iimrkril  Willi  l)riiwii  ami  llu'  summit  iiiIktcIc-.  lirciwiiisli ;  then' arr  a  Crw  >lii>rt,  ciirv iiij^ 
hairs  scatti'i't'il  lri'i';;nlai'ly.  anion;!  wliirli  niiiy  l>i*  NpocilliMl  iini'  on  tlic  »iiiniiilt  of  t-iicli 
tiiliii'clr  and  lati'i-al  wart,  ami  a  very  Innjj;.  tn|ii'rinu  cnu'.  illncti'il  I'orwanl.  >|irin(fin(i 
frnin  I  lie  anterior  liasc  of  llu'  sinnniit  tulicrclcs;  occili  liiaclx :  inoiitli  parts  concoioroiis 
Avilli  till'  Inad.  till'  niamiiliif  lips  rcildisii.  Itody  vi'ry  paii'.  nniCorni.  urrinisli  yi'llow. 
almo^l  wliili':  \vlnn  it  i><  I'nii  ^rown  at  lids  slaifc.  Iiowfvcr.  it  is  pale  ;;i'cfn  witli  tin? 
sann'  iotiitilniilnai  lines  as  in  tiic  next  sta^n';  a  very  I'aint.  pale,  sliirnialai  iine.  tin' 
i)ody  lifiow  it.  ami  the  leirs  and  prole^s  paler;  lirst  tlmraeic  seunienl  Avitii  a  transverse 
row  of  little  p"l'''""«-' of  the  color  of  the  body,  hearhm  brlstlos.  directed  slightly  for- 
■ward:  bristles  of  tin-  i)ody  pellucid.  Length  of  body,  ll.'i  nnn. ;  breadtii  of  body 
anteriorly,  .44  nun. ;  posteriorly,  .;!(!  mm ;  of  head.  .7  nun. :  icn;rtii  of  tlu'  l)ristles  of 
tile  lirst  tlioracic  seiinu'iit.  .i'i  nun.;  of  ordinary  l)risties.  .i)i;  mni. ;  In'eadlli  of  sann'. 
,01)7  inni.  ;  length  of  terminal  Iniirs.  ,21  mm. 

Sifiinil  utiiijr.  Head  (78:  MM  pale  itreen,  tile  iiorns  pale  yellowish  lirown  at  tip  and 
connected  witii  the  anterior  row  of  ocelli  liy  a  brow  iiish  line ;  posteriorly  the  Iiorns 
have  a  pale  streak,  and  iielween  each  streak  and  tlie  ocelli  the  elieeks  are  dotted  witli 
white  upon  tlie  raised  points;  ocelli  lilaekisli  in  a  l)rown  Held :  inontli  parts  irrcenish, 
the  jaws  tipped  with  roddisii  iirown.  llody  niiiforin  yrass  ;rreen.  clothi'd  with  vorv 
short,  delicate  pile,  and  striped  with  narrow,  lontfilndinal  streaks  of  wliite.  viz.  :  a 
stll)ilors«l  line,  a  distinct  Interodorsal  stripe,  connecting;  the  bases  of  the  conical  Iiorns 
at  eillier  end  of  the  catcrpiiiar.  faint  iati  ral.  siiprastiuniiatal  ami  infrastiirnintal  lines; 
terminal  horns  pale  ^reen.  tinned  apically  witii  yellowish  brown:  spiracles  pale, 
bordered  Willi  inteons;  le^s  ureeii.  yellowish  tirown  at  tip:  proieijs  ^reeii.  I.emrtii, 
0..">  mm. :  breadtii.  \.'1'>  mm.;  ienu;th  of  cephalic  horns.  .:!  mm. ;  of  abdominal  pair, 
,2  mm. 

Thivil  stiKjv.  Head  ;.'rass  irreen.  tlie  projecting;  part  of  the  lioriis  pale  yeliowisli  iirown 
tipped  with  lilack;  otherwise  as  hi  previous  staire.  Body  as  in  preceding  staire.  except- 
1114;  that  the  lower  loni;iludiiiai  lines  are  all  distinct,  and  that  iietwccn  the  snlidorsal 
line  ;ind  laterodorsai  stripe,  the  space  Is  lllied  on  the  abdoniinal  semnents  witli  a  fainter, 
irreL'id;ir.  white  stripe,  scarcely  separated  liy  a  i;reen  tiiread  from  the  bands  on  cither 
side  ol  it;  and  by  the  presence  of  a  siinilarly  faint  or  even  scarcely  perceptible  dorsal 
tiiread;  tiie  terminal  horns  are  white.  I.en^'th,  l;i  mm.  inelndintf  both  pair  of  horns; 
breadth.  1.2.")  mm.  ;  leiiKtli  of  ci'plialic  horns,  .(!  mm. ;  of  terminal  horns,  .(1  mm. 

Fourth  stiiiji'.  As  ill  procetlim;  stage,  e.xccptin;;  that  the  projectliii;  parts  of  the 
cephalic  horns  are  roseate,  as  are  also  the  tips  of  tlie  canilal  ones.  r.,en!;tli  includlim 
horns  extended.  Hi  mm. ;  iireadth,  1.4;  leii';tli  of  ccpliaiic  iiorns.  l.l  min. ;  of  caudal, 
1.25. 

LiiKl  .itiKjp  (7i:U).  Ili^ad  (78:  11 ;  86:i!M  yellow  i;reen.  Hie  e(M'onal  tuliercles  red. 
with  a  brown  stripe  on  either  side  of  tlie  front  from  near  the  tip  of  tlie  tuliercle  to  the 
ocelli,  llody  ;;reeii,  striped  l(>nj;itiidinaiiy  as  follows;  a  dorsal  dark  i;reen  stripe- 
snl)dorsal  pale  trreeii  bauds,  edaed  outwardly  witli  yellow  ^reeii ;  pale  u:recn  lateral 
bands  tiiroUL'ii  wliicii  runs  a  yellow  line;  an  infrastisinatai  yellow  stripe.  Le^s  and 
prolc^'s  pale  !;reeii.  LeiiL'tii.  '•'>')  mm.  (After  Edwards,  my  own  description  lieing 
lost.) 

Chrysalis  a3:,»).  (irceii.  witli  a  dorsal  stripe,  ami  on  the  alulomen  a  laterodorsai 
and  lat('r;il  stripi'  of  inilt';  tlie  cariiinte  ed,i;es  of  the  head  case  and  Hie  alar  curlnae  also 
Ijull'.     I,eii'_'tii.  l."i.."i  mm. ;  breadth.  :!  mm.     (After  I'Mwards. ) 


Distribution  (18:  <i).  Thi.s  is  a  northern  liiittortly ;  it  lia.s  l)ocn  taken 
iis  far  south  a.s  Loiijv  Island  (Graef),  Staten  I.sland  (I)avi.s),  and  New 
Jersey  (Edwards),  tind  is  stated  by  Kirtland  to  he  excessively  ahimdant 
in  central  Ohio  and  especially  in  tiie  western  prairies,  althongh  rare  in  the 
iiortherii  part  of  the  state,  in  which  last  statement  Kirkpatriek  agrees ; 
■vveatwiird  we  have  seen  it  from  Michigan  (Mas.  ]Mich.  Univ.)  and  central 


S.VI'YIMNAI",:   s.vlYliOUKs  KlltYDK  K 


>al 
so 


en 

tnv 
nt 
lie 

s; 


lowii  (  Allfii),  iiiul  it  is  rcpiirti'tl  t'niMi  I'l'iitnil  lii\\;i  ( ( )-'lM)ni ),  iiuitlifrn 
Illinois  ( W'lntliin^fluii.  M<l«iinl> ).  Iiidiiina  (  Ivlwiinis )  iiiiil  \\'iM'i>;isin 
"  iKil  riir<' ■■  (liny).  It  li;i<  Ixcii  caiitiiri'tl  at  Miiijiim  I'lnnil  oil'  mhiiIicih 
Liiliniilur  ( ( '(iii|ici'),  !it  (^iiclici'  ( lliiwlcs),  Miinti'ciil,  "  iiimiitliiiit  "  (('aul- 
fi»'l(l.  Lyiiiaii)  ami  Ottawa.  ••  al)iiii(laiit  "  (  IJilliiii;-.  FIi'Ii'Iut  ).  Il  lias 
cvt'ii  Ix't'ii  taio'ii  at  ( treat  Sla\  e  I^aivf.  ami  at  liiipert's  Knit  mi  tiie  east  side  uf 
IIiulHtiii  Hiiv,  l)iit  Ikm  mit  lieeii  i'e|Mii-t»'<l  t'rniii  Lalii'ador.  'I'i>  the  east 
it  is  re|)(irletl  tVom  ( "oleliester  Co.,  \i)\a  Scutia,  liy  .limes. 

In  .New  Kiijilaml  it  is  nut  a  very  rare  insi'ct.  espeeially  in  the  iiortiiern 
I  elevated  parts.      It  has  lieen  taken  to  the  eastward  at  <  )roiio  (Feriiald) 


un< 


ami  Mt.  Desert  Island,  Me.  (Scndder).      There  is  no  notiee  of  its  capture 
(lonth  of  .Massachusetts,  where  it  has  heen  taken  in  Will 


lanistown  ( .Scud- 

dcr),  at  virions  points  in  the  Conneeticiit  N'alley  (  Diniinoek,  Scndder, 
Spra<;ne)t  h'kI  ''}'  '""">'  eollectors  ahoiit  Mustoii  where,  thoiijrh  not 
ahnndai)'.,  it  is  liy  no  means  rare;  farther  north,  in  the  latitude  of  the 
White  .Mountains  and  as  far  as  Coinpton,  Canada  ((iosse),as  well  as  in  the 
.Vtlirondacks  of  Now  York  (Hill),  it  will  he  found  extremely  ahundant  liy 
those  who  look  for  it  in  its  proper  haunts. 

Haunts.  These  are  elevated,  moist  nu'adows,  ])articularly  those  lyinj; 
on  hillsides,  and  it  is  so  restrii'ted  to  them  that  one  may  sometimes  lind  it 
in  a  s|>i)t  hut  a  few  acres  in  I'xtent  and  search  in  vain  hcyond.  The  only 
notice  of  its  capture  in  any  other  place  is  of  a  siiiLtle  specimen  hy  Mr. 
Allen,  from  a  shady  ravine  in  Iowa.  It  wdiild  prohahly  lie  found  in  con- 
siderahle  ahnndanee  where  it  is  now  considered  rare,  were  it  sought  for  in 
the  proper  statiouH. 

Larval  habits.  Tlu-  food  plants  of  the  cater|iillar  are  the  coarser  jjrasses. 
Mr.  Edwards  had  poor  success  in  raising  them  on  lawn  grass  ;  with  me 
they  fed  on  it  readily  enough.  Mr.  Fletcher  found  them  feeding  hy  day 
on  Scirpus  eriophorum  and  Carex  hronioides.  To  I'seape  from  the  egg, 
the  young  larvae  hite  a  chamiel  around  the  siiininit,  forniiiig  a  lid  ahout  7 
mm.  in  diameter;  hut  instead  of  then  leaving  the  egg  they  frcipiently  eat  a 
second  hole  on  one  side  and  there  make  their  escape;  once  out,  (hey 
sometimes  (U'\our  the  whole  shell,  lca\ing  nothing  hut  tlii'  attached  liase. 
During  their  earlier  stages,  tlie  caterpillars  are  exceedir  ;ly  <piiet.  remain- 
ing on  a  single  lilade  of  grass  near  the  tip.  from  the  sides  of  which  they 
eat  hing.  irregular  patches,  nearly  or  (|uite  to  the  midrili,  with  \cry  ilow 
movements  ;  they  continue  thus  until  scM'ral  days  after  their  second  moult, 
when  tliev  not  onlv  he^rin  to  eat  more  raiiidiv  and  ahuiidantlv,  liut  wandc'r 
rostle.ssly  ahout  from  hlade  to  hiade  ;  they  eat  mostly  or  only  hy  day. 
When  moulting,  the  horns  of  the  new  hciid  arc  directed  forward,  lying 
Hat  npon  the  front  heneath  the  old  skin.  When  active,  these  horns  are  in- 
clined forward,  their  hinder  edge  forming  an  angle  of  ahout  '.)!)'  with  the 
lierjicndicular ;  when  at  rest,  the  head  is  hent  beneath  the  hody  so  that  the 
hinder  edge  of  the  horn.s  lies  on  a  line  with  the  dorsal  surface  of  the  body ; 


'A' 


108 


riiK  lu  ri'hiti'i.iKs  oi'  Ni;\v  knoi-and. 


I    liiivo   tuiiiid   lli;it    tlu'  ;ili(limiiii;il    Imi'iis   iirc    iiluii 


VS     |R'1( 


1    li 


itallv 


wlictlu'i'  till'  ciitcrp 


tlhu'  IS  iit  rest  or  in  i 


notion.  Init  Mr.  Kdwanls  .siivs  that 


iluMi  t'l'iMliim-  tlu'v  lire  •■  elevated  at  alumt   l.")\  and  separated. 


Life  history.      I' 


le   ins 


ect    is   sinu'le  iirooded.      'I'lie   i 


ina^o  usually  ap- 


Ih 


[tears  alxtnt  the  7th  of  -Fiily,  (leeasionally  as  early  at*  the  1st  or  as  late  as 
the  l.'>th.  and  Morrison  records  on(>  taken  as  tar  north  as  the  White 
Mountains  on  .Inne  2Ii  :  geiu'rally  it  is  aiiundant  l>y  the  middle  ot' .Inly  ; 
towartl  tiie  end  of  the  month   it  is  miieh  less  eominon,  also  hadlv  torn  and 


nililied,    hut    eontinnes   until    after  the   middle   of    Aii"iist,    and   (' 


ipt: 


nil 


Geddes  says  he  has  eajttured  it  in  ( 'anada  in  .*^i'pteml)er.  The  female  lays 
her  ei^i's  the  middle  or  last  of  .lulv,  and  these  hatch  in  from  seven  to  nine 
(hiy;*.  The  first  caterpillar  >viiicli  I  obtained  hatched  about  the  Krst  of 
August,  moulted  first  on  the  14th,  ajiain  on  the  2!Uh  and  the  last  time  on 
the  I  tth  of  .''^eptomher  ;  after  which  it  remained  <|uiescent  four  days  :  others 
since  obtained  were  hatched  between  -luly  27  and  Au>j;iist  5,  and  were  very 
irrejrnlar  in  their  j>;rowtb.  backward  specimens  changinfj:  to  their  third  stage 
September  1,  and  forward  ones  to  their  fourth  .September  7.  .Mr.  Ed- 
wards records  similar  experience  ;  it  iti  very  slow  of  growth  and  passes 
the  winter  as  a  larva,  nearly  or  (piite  full  grown. 

Habits  and  flight.  The  butterflies  have  a  very  feeble,  delicate  flight, 
(lancing  la/ily  hither  and  thither  among  the  herbage,  flying  generally  but 
two  or  three  feet  above  the  ground  :  yet  when  alarmed  their  movements 
are  more  [lowerful  tiian  one  would  supjtose  possible  in  an  insect  with 
wings  of  so  delicate  a   texture. 

Desiderata.  .Vlthough  wc  know  that  this  insect  passes  the  winter  in  the 
caterpillar  state,  our  breeding  ex[)eriniout!?  hav  '  not  yet  been  extensive 
enough  or  conducted  under  sntHeiently  natural  conditions  to  show  in  just 
what  stages  of  larval  life  it  does  so  :  nor  do  we  know  anything  of  the  places 
to  which  it  re.-<urts  for  hibernation.  The  lethargic  action  of  the  eateriiillar  and 
the  irregnlaritv  of  growth  of  different  members  of  the  same  broiul  suijm'st 


tl 


le  neei 


lof 


•P 


•ated 


experiinents  to  learn  it.s  mc 


aning  or  to  what  it  leads 


The  southern  and  northwestern    limits  of  the  range  of  the  butterfly  need 
revision,  and  no  parasites  have  been  discovered  attacking  it. 


I 


LIST  or  iLLi:srit.\ri()Ss.-s.\ryii()Di:s  euhydick. 


I'l.  tU.  Ih.  10.     ttlllllM.'. 

07: 'J.    Micnipylo. 
(.'iilrrjiiUiii: 
I'l.  7M.  II).'.  1.    Ciilrrpllliinil  liiitli. 

74 :0.    Full  jrniwii  (•ali'vpillar. 
'M;',l.    llciiil.  lli-st  fUi'jic, 

10.  Hciiil.  siM'i)i\il  >liii;i'. 

11.  iri'iiil.  liflloliiL'o. 

80:10.    Siili' view,  full  i^rown  lu'iiil. 
Its,     Di'niiiil    !i|ipiMiilii!>o.       Iii'>t 
St  Hire. 


C/irnsalin. 
I'l.  s;!.  liu.  !i.    .><i(l('  viinv. 

Imni/o. 
I'l.  1.  lif.'.  10.     Male,  hotli  siirfacos. 
ll:."i.     Itiplli  siirfmi's. 
:i;t:2.     Mall'  alpclomliial  appciulaKCs, 
;ts:  4.    Xi'iinilion. 
.V.':l.    Slili'  view    of  licail  ami  ap- 
pcnilaL'rs  ('nlar;;oil.   with  ilotailsot 
till"  sinic'tiirc  of  the  logs. 
di'iiernl. 
VI  IS,  %.  (!.    l>l>lill.ulloii  in  X.  .Vmcrioa. 


SA'I'YltlNAl":     rilF.  (iKMS   NKONYMI'IIA. 


199 


NKONVMIMIA    lUl'.NKR. 


XiMjiiyriiiiliM  Iliiliii.,  \'(  iv.  lick.  ^I'linifll.  li."i  (IsKi.)      '/'iiin'.—Ori'ii.^iiiiihrintii  ln/irhi  llidiii. 

Tlifii  lii'aiiil  mill  unlilrn  liuirii'-  ^|l^ill^■ 
Ki'iiin  mil  my  lii'iirt  mi  >|ili'iii|lil  wIiil'. 
I.ikr  ('liryMilU  Irmii  l.ilr's  «  iiiicriii!.'. — 

ltiir.<l  IiI'Il'IiI  MiiiUiMiiiiuM'iii^ly.  I,ii\cl 

(iKiiM.ii  Massdv.— .1  I.ijrir  iif  I.i,ve. 


Imago  (52:  ")•  llciul  pivtiy  liir^rc  covci'imI  almvc  wllli  iilliiii  iiiiiss  of  nearly  ciiuul, 
pi'i'lty  liiiii;-.  creel  liilirs.  Fniiit  a  lilllc  tiuiiul.  a  lilllc  pi-oiiiiiiciit  ilowii  the  niidille, 
■wlici'c  it  hardy  sm'|ia-ses  tlic  fi'oiil  of  llic  eyes.  >lii;l\lly  IioUumciI  above  in  the  midillc 


)f  either  lateral  half,  a  lilllc  iiarrovei'lliaii  llie 


,  liMl  ■.oincwiial  liroadcr  tliiin  liltfh 


Mliiarclv  lei'iniiuileil  ilUovc.  execptiilit  in  the  niiilillc.  v  Iutc  a  ^leiidci'.  uarniwliis; 
liiniriii'  passes  l)el-\veeii  Ihe  antennae  i  the  lower  ediie  roninn  ,!  a  lilllc  ;<nd  hroadly  tliiek- 
rneil  in  Ihc  niidille:  vertex  tninsverse  (inadrate.  nearly  Hat.  hill  in'e<riilarly  so.  both 
in  front  and  behiinl  terininalinu  abrnplly  by  the  falliiii;  of  llii'  edijes.  both  of  ^vlliell 
arc  striiiuhl :  eyes  (iretly  larui'  tiiid  full,  nearly  eireiilar.  bnl  slii.diily  liinhcrllian  broad, 
sliirlitly  trnneale  lieliind.  scarcely  anirnlaled  above.  naUcil.  .ViilciMiac  inseHed  in  Ihc 
middle  of  a  not  very  broad,  pretty  deep  pit.  disconnect iiiu'  the  froiil  and  tlu'  occiput, 
scarcely  >eparalcd  by  tlii'  tons;m'  nf  the  fronl  and  toiicliinir  Uie^idcs  of  the  Hanks  oiit- 
Marilly:  a  Utile  loiiircr  than  Uic  abdomen,  eimiposed  of  thirly-llve  joints,  scarcely  In- 
creasinir  in  si/e  on  lii.'  middle  of  the  outer  half,  and  so  irradually  that  it  l.s  impossihlo 
to  clesiirnale  any  exai't  portion  as  a  club,  the  last  jo'.i-'.  rounded  olV  ai>icallv ;  the  cluh 
stiiililly  <-oMipresseil.  beneath  sliirliily  and  distaully  tricarinale.  I'alpi  slenii.  r.  two  and 
one-lialf  liiiu-s  Ioniser  than  Ihc  eye,  slromily  (•(••nprcssed,  llie  apii'ai  half  as  lom;  as  tlio 
middle  joint;  exceptiiiir  tlie  apical  joint.  Uilti  '  'eiiealli  >villi  very  lom;  liairs  com- 
pressed in  avi'rtical  plane. 

ri'olhoracie  lobes  enlirely  re^iMiibliiii;-  those  (d"  Cis^ia.  vi'ry  minnlc.  .appressed, 
transversely  rounded  above.  I'atairia  a  little  and  rcsjjnlarly  convex.  Hie  posterior  lobo 
very  broad,  nearly  twiie  as  loii^  a-  broad,  taperiiii;  by  tin  ••apid  roiuidiiiu  olVof  the 
Inner  odne  to  a  blmil  point.  I  lie  \\  Imle  faiiilly  falcate. 

Fore  \vii.i;s  (38:  7  I  as  in  Cissia.  linl  scarcely  so  rounded  on  Ihc  outer  biM'der:  himi 
wiuiis  as  in  Iho  same,  lint  with  the  oiier  bordi'r  consideralily  more  convex,  beiiiij  much 
mole  rounded  tliaii  llie  fore  win^s.  while  in  Cissia  Ihcy  are  similar :  the  inner  border 
dillers  also  ill  beiiiii  less  convex  near  Hie  ba-e.  .and  les>.  excised  lowardllie  tip.  No 
aiidrocoiiia. 

Fore  IciTs  exci's-ively  sm;ill.  Ihe  libiae  scarcely  iiioie  lh:iu  one-sixlh  Hie  leiii:lii  of  llie 
hind  tllilae:  tar^i  of  Hie  -.ame  leiiu;Hi  :i>  Hie  libiae.  in  Hie  J  composed  of  two  joinN. 
of  which  Hie  secoinl  i^  niiiiiile.  :iii(l  c.iiisi>t>  only  of  w  coiiic:il  proliiberiince  a  liltle 
lomrer  than  broad,  ami  imi  -oloim  :i-  ilie  brciidlh  of  the  Irnucalc  end  of  the  llrst  joint, 
and  both  joints  nnarined:  in  llie^  it  is  similai'.  but  Hie  llrst  joint  Is  liroki'ii  inlo  two. 
Hie  seeouil  less  than  onc-liidf  as  lou'.j  as  llrsl  ;  wholly  iinarined  excep.  by  lonu:  liairs 
■wliicli  diverge  lull  litlle  from  llie  lei;-.  Hind  tibiae  oiie-eiirlilli  '.oiic'ir  than  Hie  middle 
tibiae:  lev's  1  ran>\  er>i'ly  i|iiadrale  or  siibcylindrii- :  libiae  fiirni^licd  lieiii':itli  on  either 
side  with  a  lateral  row  of  deiicalc  ratlier  iufrecpient.  iniiiiili'  «piiie^,  tlie  apical  ones 
produced  to  loii^;  and  slender  spurs;  tarsi  wilii  Hie  llrst  joint  louuer  Hi:iii  Hie  ^ecoinl. 
third  and  fourlli  toucHier:  liie-e  diiiiiiii-li  slii;iitly  in  leiiuHi  In  the  order  meiitioneil, 
while  the  llfth  is  a>  ionn-  as  the  second;  joints  covered  benealli  wilii  iii;iny  niinnte 
spines.  Hie  more  con  picnoiis  of  whieli  lire  lliose  of  tin'  laleriil  rows,  Hiose  al  Hie  lip  of 
Hie  joints  belli"-  la  rile  Mind  lonircr.  Claws  small  and  rather  delicate,  strom;-ly  and  rc-r- 
iilarly  cnr\ed.  a  lilllc  <-oiii|iressed.  liiperinu:.  poinled  ;  piiionycliiii  arisimf  irom  tin'  heel 
of  the  claws,  half  as  loiiif  as  lliey.  sliiiiiHy  stmiti'i-  ;iiiil  ciirv  iiii.'  in  !iii  opposite  direetioii 
and  not  so  stronyily  ;  putt  ininute. 


I 
1 

if;: 


I'm 


i^ 


200 


Till';   lU-l'TKIil'lJIvs   OF  XKW    KXflLAXD. 


rpIxT  ni'LTiin  III'  iiialf  iiliilimiiii:il  ;ip|ii'ii(liii;rs  riilliiT  »iii:ill.  llio  lioily  a  littc  tiiiiii'l.  tlio 
liodk  .sepiinUi'd  liy  a  nulioi'  (k'cp  MiUatidii ;  hook  very  iiiucli  limuor  tliaii  tlif  Ixuly,  ciirvi'd 
coiisidi'i'ably  dowiiwanl,  sliapi-d  iiiiicli  as  In  C'issia;  latoral  appi'iiilai;i'.s  unusually  broad 
on  tlio  l)asal  half,  ticyond  tapi'i'ini;  to  a  point,  ("lasps  In'oad,  U'ss  tliau  tlirco  tiuu's  as 
lonir  as  broad,  lapi'i'iny;  aplcally.  but  not  poiuti'd,  the  upper  odtto  Ijoarinv;  just  bcforo 
the  cxtrciuity  a  lariif.  inward  dircclt'd.  depressed  lootli. 

Egg.  .Mniiisl  ;;lol)Mlar,  bul  >villi  souiewlml  Iruuc-ate  base,  tlu'  surface  luiiforndy 
reticulate,  witli  irri'.;;iilar  polyuoual  eelU  of  nearly  uniform  si/.e,  fornuui;  shallow  lenti- 
cular depressions. 

Caterpillar  at  birth.  Ili'ad  lariie.  about  twice  as  lary:e  as  any  body  sciruu'ut,  hiirher 
than  broad,  Iiroade.-'l  near  the  base,  well  rouniled  e.vcc])!  for  the  [H'escnce  of  larj;e, 
nnmuniforui  or  conical  bosses,  the  laritest  of  which  arc  at  the  sinnniit  externally,  one  on 
cither  side  directed  upward  and  outward,  while  a  siiuilar  smaller  one  Is  fomid  in  the 
nnddle  of  I'acli  cheek  ;  the  c<iroiuil  pair  irive  rise  each  to  two  simple,  short  hairs  arisi us; 
from  papillae,  the  itenal  to  a  siuirle  liair.  Triangle  lar^e.  mnch  idiiher  than  l)r()ad,  near 
the  base  with  a  transverse  ro\v  of  two  pair  of  mimite  liair->upportin4;  papillae.  Man- 
ilibles  lar:re.  clilsel-ed:rcd.  entire.  Uody  cylindrical,  uniform,  sliiihtly  tapering  poste- 
riorly, tlie  tenninal  segment  bluntly  furcate.  .Vppeu(laa;e>  conslstinu  of  ;  lender, 
delicately  clubl)ed,  iiapiilae-suppiu'ted.  moderately  short  hairs,  less  than  ..If  the 
lenfJtth  of  the  seiimcnts.  exceptiuy:  (ui  the  four  last  sesrineiits  where  tlicy  are  imetlmes 
much  lon^Lfcr;  they  are  arranirod  in  an  anterior  sulxlorsal,  a  posterior  laterodorsal 
(l)i'cominn'  supralateral  ou  tlu'  thoracic  sei^nients).  an  anterior  laterosliijnnil  and  infra- 
stiiinuital  series,  tlie  latter  doul)lc  on  the  abdominal  scirmeuts. 

Mature  caterpillar.  Head  nuissivc.  well  rounded,  de.'p,  n:i 'rower  than  the  body, 
rounded  iu  cM'ry  direction,  broader  and  ileeper  below  than  :ib'  ■  i'oader  than  hijrli, 
liiiiher  than  deep ;  the  ^nuMuit  produced  externally  ou  either  .■-ide  to  a  conical  eleva- 
tion, studded  witli  conical  papillae,  which  otherwise  arc  rather  sparsely  distributed 
over  the  head,  each  srlvinj;  rise  to  a  Hue  hair  shorter  than  itself.  ( )celli  live  in  number, 
two  attlnir»Mit  in  front,  the  lower  of  them  four  times  as  larjie  as  ai.y  of  the  others,  two 
others  formhi}:  a  row  with  the  larsje  ocellus,  eipiidistanl,  and  the  posterior  one  at  the 
an!;le  of  the  rifrht  anixlc,  connectimr  the  lowest  (jnsl  above  the  antenna)  and  the  lower 
ed!.'e  of  the  larire  one.  Uody  slender,  stoutest  in  tiu'  middle,  irently  taperluu:  in  cither 
direction  but  cspi'cialiy  posteriorly,  tlie  linal  seirmenl  terminatinii  in  closely  approxi- 
mate, siiirlitly  diveriient,  loiiii  and  slender,  conical,  not  liuely  pointed,  papillate  forks; 
alidominal  sejrments  divided  liy  transverse  sulcatlons,  wlilcli  are  fainter  l)elow  the 
middle,  into  six  subeipud  divisiiuis.  the  anterior  the  broadest,  and  the  lU'xt,  on  wliicli 
the  spiracles  occur,  a  Utile  larger  than  the  remainder;  surface  studded  rather  abun- 
dantly and  with  much  uiiifornnty  with  minute  c<jnical  papillae,  I'acli  supportiuy;  a  not 
delicate  laperiiii;  hair  of  idioul  its  own  lennth:  spiracles  elevated,  louir-oval.  subfnsl- 
form.  I.eiis  slifu'l.  stoiil.  ccuiical;  claws  exceediuu:iy  delicate.  straiu:ht.  I'roleuis  very 
short  and  siont.  lapcrinir. 

Chrysalis,  Head  and  thorax  uuicli  apprcssed  in  front  so  as  to  present  a  nearly  Hat 
surface,  at  an  aiiy;lc  of  7.">  or  le>s  with  tlic  nearly  straight  ventral  surface  i|  the  ai>'.e- 
rior  half  of  the  body.  Dorsum  of  thorax  abruptly  roinided  at  almost  riuh;  iiiijle.s, 
distinctly  carln.ite  on  the  mesothorax.  scarcely  (ontracted  at  the  metnnot'iu,.  '.iit  the 
al)  'omen  enlarjfiuj;  slijililly  on  the  lirst  three  scKmcuts  ami  then  dlminishiii;;  wwa  •  lao 
rapidity  and  rcirnlarity,  the  movable  joints  havinir  a  c(Uiical  form.  Ocellar  ti.'iM  iles 
triiroual.  uku'c  or  les.'«  promim'Ul.  the  head  about  half  llie  width  of  tin'  thorax,  which 
rapidly  narrows  toward  it.  Iiiucr  dorsal  imiricin  of  tlu'  wlnirs  develope.l  into  a  stronii 
carimi  wldch  dies  out  just  bcfcu'c  the  (Uiter  maruin,  Tonane  case  tcrndnatiuu:  some 
distance  short  of  the  wiiijrs.  Cremaster  considcral)ly  extended,  taperiii!;,  dcpresseil. 
Spiracles  ovale,  slinlitly  embossed. 


■  !■:'■: 


Tliis  ofciiiis  is  nearly  alliefl  to  Cissia;  like  it,  it  is  i)cctiliiirly  Amcriciiu 
and  i)rubiil)ly  ocrii|)ics  a  very  .similar  extent  of  territory,  altliougli  seldom 


in 


;(,).:' 


MODKS  OK   SL'SI'KXSIOX    IX   CIIllVSALTDS. 


201 


foiiml  nortli  of  tlie  fioiitlieni  United  States,  wlicre  it  liiis  two  representa- 
tives ;  one  of  these  lins  been  known  to  occur  in  cioi^e  proximity  to  New 
England. 

Tlie  I)uttcrHies  are  of  a  nearly  uniform  dark  l)rown,  the  ui)i)er  surface 
innnaculate,  exce[)ting  .sometimes  a  siil)marginal  row  of  dark  .spots  on  the 
middle  of  the  hind  wings  ;  the  under  surtacc  is  traversed  l)y  a  pair  of  dis- 
tant, darker  or  lighter,  shmder  .stripes  across  the  middle,  and.  in  addition,  in 
the  middle  of  the  outer  half  of  tiic  hind  wing,  a  series  of  longitudinally 
fusiform,  ocellate  spots  or  a  very  large  brightly  colored  spot,  apparently 
formed  b;'  a  blending  or  suffusion  of  these. 

Little  has  been  pul)Iished  concerning  the  seasons  of  these  butterflies. 
There  arc  prol)ably  at  least  two  anmml  l)roods,  and  the  winter  is  passed  in 
the  larval  state.  The  eggs  are  nearly  globular  and  reticulate.  The  cater- 
pillars are  much  like  those  of  Cissia  in  shape,  but  are  slenderer,  taper  more 
toward  the  head,  arc  longitudinally  striped  with  shades  of  green,  and  have 
a  more  distinct  coronal  tul)ercle,  .sometimes  one  as  long  as  in  Satyrodcs, 
which  it  then  strongly  resembles.  The  chrysalis  also  closely  resemble.s 
that  of  Cissia  in  shape,  but  is  .slenderer,  the  head  is  more  produced,  the 
ocellar  tubercles  project  beyond  the  front  of  the  head,  while  the  abdominal 
segments  taper  so  as  to  be  almost  conical,  and  have  no  longitudinal 
carinac. 


EXCUliSUS    v.- 


■THE  MODES   OF    SL'PSENSIOX  OF 
CIIUYSALIDS. 


Hrowiislu'll  lirst  for  Uii>  liiiUoi-|ly 
Ami  11  liright  win}^  l)y  iiinl  liv. 

lliilti'itly,  i;ocj(l-liy  ti.)  yom-  slull. 
Ami,  bn^rlit  wing's,  s\>wi\  you  wi'll. 

I{«  issKTTi. —  Cli  tin  en. 


.10 
Ik'S 

llU" 


Ian 

Lm 


^ 


With  few  exceptions,  the  caterpillars  of  butterflies  do  not  and  those 
of  moths  do  make  cocoons  or  construct  cells  in  which  to  change  to  chrvsa- 
lids,  and  the  transformations  of  tiie  former  are,  also  with  rare  cxccption.s, 
Carrie  1  out  in  the  o[)cu  air,  all)cit  often  in  cunccalmcnt.  Vet  the  silken 
shrouds  made  (witii  but  two  or  three  known  cxcc[»tions)  l)y  all  the  cater- 
pillars of  buttcrHic.x,  when  aixitit  to  assume  the  chrysalis  stage,  must  cer- 
tainly l)e  looked  u[)on  as  rcnmants  or  reminiscences  of  cocoons  winch 
become  less  and  less  marked  as  we  recede  in  structure  from  the  moths. 

Thus  the  cocoon  of  the  moth  is  usually  a  more  or  less  dense  structure, 
in  which  the  pu[)a  lies  loosely  in  a  horizontal  position  ;  or  it  is  made  partly 
of  foreign  sul)stances  connected  by  a  dose  tissue  of  silk,  answering  the 
same  end  ;  or  it  may  be  a  conipact  oval  cell  in  the  ground,  sometimes 
lined  with  silk.     The  h)west  family  of  butterflies,  the  skippers,  also  under- 


'*  JsSs 


p>- 


m 
hk 


202 


Till-:  lU'n'Kiii-i.iKs  oi-  Ni;\v  knci.ani*. 


go  their  triint'Di'Miiitiiiiis  in  a  cin'oi 
k'iivcs  and  utlitT  t'orcijiii   in:itt('i> 


iffiu'raily  niatlc  in  larj:i'  part  of  ilriod 
liiiiit.  t'raiiilc  atliiir  it  is  ti'nc,  l)nt  still 


nni|n('stional<lv  a  cocoon.      One*  or  two  otiicr  iMittcrtlics  also  make 
cocoon   wherein   to  clianyv  to  chrvsalis,  inid  tl 


rht 


icsc  lew  instances,  snch  as 


r 


uriias 


■;iiis  and  ZcLfris,  are  t'onnd  only   in  the  family   Papilionidao   which 


follows   directly    after   the  skipper- 


inifle    instance. 


lowever, 


las 


recently  been  liron^ht  to  liirht  hy  Mr.  ^\'.  II.  Kdwards  in  which  an  Erehia, 
11  species!  of  Satyrinue,  makes  what  may  i)ossil>ly  he  called  hy  ct)iirtesy  a 


"•liirht 


l)v  weavi!»ir  a  few  fjfrass  hladcs  to<fether, 


The  skippc's,  however,  do  not  lie  loosely  in  their  cocoon  as  do  the  ])npae 
of  moths,  hilt  spin  at  either  end  a  Y-shaped  shroud,  into  the  centre  of  one 
of  which  they  plunge  their  hooked  tail,  while  in  the  upper  loop  of  the  other, 
they  rest  their  body,  changing  the  form  of  the  upper  iU'uis  of  the  Y  from  a 

V  to  a  U.      It   is,    howevi'r,   often  difficult  to  distinguish  the  form  of  the 

Y  in  the  shroud  into  which  the  tail  is  jilungetl,  as  it  is  nnieh  smaller  than 
the  other,  and  otten  more  or  less  niixetl  with  the  threads  which  form  the 
end  of  tlu;  cocoon  proper.  Now  when  we  reach  the  next  family,  the 
typical  hutterHies  (  ra|)ilionidae),  the  cocoon,  save  in  the  exceptional 
instances  mentioned,  is  lost  ;  while  the  silken  attachments  of  the  chrysalis 
still  remain,  modified  to  suit  tlie  circumstances.  Instead  ot  the  Y-shaped 
hand,  wheri'in  to  plunge  the  tail,  a  carpet  of  silk  is  woven  upon  some 
branch,  into  the  midst  of  which  tlie  hooks  are  thrust,  while  the  omission 
ot'  the  stem  of  the  other  Y  leaves  a  U-shaix'd  loop  or  girt  about  the 
middle.  Sometimes  at  least,  among  the  few  instances  in  which  a  cocoon 
itself  is  spun,  the  chrysalis  within  is  still  attached  to  the  oi)jects  about 
it,  in  the  same  way  as  is  normal  to  the  otiier  members  of  the  familv. 
But  in  other  instances  the  published  notices  concerning  this  point  are  too 
vague  to  allow  detiniti  statement.  To  acoonuuodate  the  chiysalis  thus 
hung  next  a  solid  substance,  instead  of  in  the  middle  of  an  oval  ci'll,  the 
sognu'nts  of  the  abdonuni  nuist  cui've  upward  toward  the  ventral  line  (for 
the  chrysalis  lies  back  downward;,  and  tlius  the  ventral  line  becomes 
straight,  while  the  dorsal  is  strongly  arched.  This  condition  of  things  is 
perpetuated  and  often  intensified  in  the  next  higher  family,  the  gossamer- 
winged  butterflies  (Lycaenidac) .  which  ditl'er  in  this  respect  from  the  typi- 
cal butterflies  only  in  the  clo>;er  binding  of  the  girt  around  the  middle.  In 
the  highest  family,  tiie  brush-footed  Itutterfiies  (  Nymphali(hu')<  the  girt 
arounil  the  middle  is  lost  and  the  chrysalis  hangs  susijcndcd  by  the  tail 
aloni".  The  chrysalis  in  this  instiuice  usually  hangs  jierpendicular  or 
nearly  so,  but  in  a  few  instances  the  crcmaster,  or  special  deNelojjnu'nt 
of  the  last  ventral  segnu'nt  for  the  attachment  of  the  anchor-like  hooks, 
is  elongated,  and  has  hooks  attached  not  only  at  the  tij)  but  ih)wn  the 
sides,  thus  enabling  the  chrysalis  to  remain  rigidly  horizontal  or  almost 
horizontal,  although  attachcxl  only  by   the  hooks  at  the  tip  <jf  the  abdomen. 


I 


SATYltlNAK:    NKONVMl'lIA    I'lMK  ION. 


203 


We  see,  tlieret'ore,  it  ri'g'iilar  [irogTi-'s^idii  troin  the  lower  \i>  tlie  liiglicr 
liiittcrtliu.'*,  in  the  luss,  fiiv^t,  ol'tlie  ('(icddii,  next,  ot'tlie  </wt ;  and,  as  it' tlii> 
were  not  eiiongh,  some  of  the  liiichest  lintterHies  (among  the  Satyridae) 
liavi'  even  hist  the  hist   renniant  of  silk  and  fallen  to  the  jrronnd,  where. 


■itul)lile  or  in  ereviees   in  the  <;i'onn( 


tions   wi 


thont 


imn'e 


ad 


o. 


(1,  they  nndi'iji'"  their  transforniii- 
hi 


n  one   nistanee.  as  we  liavi- 


I't'ii.  the  stnlilile 

ahont  them  is  caiijfht  tou'';ther  to  form  a  sem!)hineo  of  a  eoeoon,  in  whieh, 
howe\er,    the   ehrvsalis 


fonnd  whollv    unattaelicMl,    with    its    -anterior 


end   uppermost,  a 


direct  1 


y  ojiiiosUe  posUi 


to   that   in   whieh   the   Xvm- 


phaliilae  jienerally  are  found.  Now,  as  if  to  show  that  this  susjiension  of 
the  chrysalis  by  the  tail  alone  i.s  a  stage  l)eyond  that  of  hanging  hy  tlie 
tail  and  girth,  wo  have  a  clear  [irouf  that  all  tlicn-e  Snspensi  (  Xymphalichie), 
as  l>oisdnval  happily  calls  them,  have  [lassi'd  through  the  stage  of  the 
Sueeineti  (Lycaenidae,  l'ai)ilionidae),  in  the  fact  that  the  straight  ventral 
face  of  the  abdomen,  assumed  perforce  l)v  the  Sueeineti.  when  they  left 


sun 


the  eoeoon  stage  and  hceanie  attached  to  hard  snrfaces,  still  remains  in  the 
ehrvsalis  of  most  lirnsh-footed  butterflies,  where  it  no   Ioniser  serves  anv 


:'h 


and 


ndii 


purpose :  as  clear  and  strikmg  an  nidication  that  the  Snspensi  outrank  the 
Sueeineti,  as  that  the  pupa  is  higher  than  the  larva. 

\\'hat  sort  of  arguments  were  formerly  used  l)y  a  certain  class  of  si)ccu- 
lati\e  |)hiloso|)hers  may  be  judged  from  the  following  passage  pul)lished 
fifty  odd  years  ago.  in  which  the  author  maintains  an  ojiposite  thesis  ; 


•■'I'ln' elirysalis  of  tlio  llypicalj  l)uttc'i'lly  the  in'i'-oiiiiiKMit  typi'  of  aiinnloM.' imiiiiiUs.  is 
llxi'il  witli  its  lii'iul  iipwiU'd.  as  if  it  iookeil  to  tlio  puro  renimis  of  liuavi'ii  for  tlio  eiijoy- 
iiii'iil  it  is  t"  rt'tuive  in  its  iast  and  llnai  stato  of  perfection;  l)Ut  tlie  cliry-^alis  of  tlio 
linisli-fodted  iMitterlllos,  wliose  caterpillars  are  stin;;iii,i;,  is  siispeiided  with  the  head 
ddwnwanl  to  the  earth,  thus  poiiitiiii;  to  tlie  world,  as  the  only  habitation  where  it- 
innuiiieralile  types  of  evil  are  permitted  to  reside;  or  to  that  dark  and  hotloniless 
reniipu.  where  pnuishnieni  awiiits  the  wicked  at  their  la>t  irreat  ehauiie."  (Swain-^<in. 
(teoirr.  and  elas«.  anini.,  p.  24X.     London.  1k;!."i.) 


NEON7MPHA  PHOCION.— The  Georgian  satyr. 


I'lijiili'i  jihi, 

ii.s-'Ji!»(i7!>;;). 


F;ilii'..    KiituMi 


>\>l. 


N.A.,  74  (lS(a):— Kdw..  CiUi.  nil. 
Kit)  (l.SS'i):— l-'i-eiich.  lUilt.  e:i>l.  V, 


llj:; 


\(iiiii/)iiii/iii  jilmcidii    \Ve>l\v.-Ili'W..  (Jrii.        (ISS."!). 


diiiiMi.  I.ep..  ii: 


(1S.-)1). 


h'lijitiirliiii  (irr'ddtii  Hull..  I'l'oe.  Zuol.  <ii 


L'>iiiti;<:lnii  iihuiion  Itiitl.,(.'iit!d.  S;i|yr.  Itril.       I.und.,  l.soii,  4i)s-4i)!.l  (IS(iO). 


Iiin>..;i7  (l.s(i.s|. 

Moinxln  plioridii  Selldd.,  Syst.  rev.  Allier. 
Iiiitt.,7  (ls7:il. 

I'dliiliii  iirculiil.ii.y  Siiiilli-Alili..  I.ep.  iii>. 
(in.,  1;  •J."-'J(i.  pi.  i:)(t7!i7i. 

f)iilliri<s  iiV'  oluliiti  Huisd.-lA'C'.,  \a\>.  AiuOr. 
xoiA.,  pi.  ft!.  ie_'s.  ,")-s  (ls;i;t). 

\<'i,ii>impliii  inroltitii.i  M'e.'*l\v.-irew.,  (Jen. 


Oi-i'dx  jhiihrinta  htlUH'i  IKiliii..  ."iaiiiinl. 
exot.  siiiniett..  Lop.  i,  I'ap.  i,  Xyinph.  viii, 
(ti'eiiiU>  1''..  tiliiliriiiliie  e  (lS(Mi-|!i). 

yiiiiii/iiijiliii  hiliflii  Ihiliii..  Verz.  sihniell.. 
II.")  (islll). 

I'lipiliii  - 


.  VI ;  '27,  lii: 


AIjIi..  Ui-aw .   in>.  () 


Mill. 


F  -lllecl  hy  (ilciver,   III,  N.  A,    l.ep..  I'l.  A. 


dliirii.  I,ep..  ii:  .•17."i  (ls,")I);— .Mon,,  Syii,  I,ep,       li^'.  ul;  pi.  K.  lisr.  1 :  pi.  K.  liu.  12,  iiied. 


m 


204 


TlIK    in  TTKItl'LIKS  OK    Ni;\V    KNdLAND. 


i 


gf-il' 


I.DVi'  liiiii,  or  li'aM'  him  mIoiit. 

\V(>i!i)S\V(ii!lii.  — AV'"//Y<'.s^  (Dill  lUitl<:rj}y. 

Ic'ii.  Iicllo  ro^u  viiTiriiii'lli). 
.M"<'«|iaiiilinii  dins  i"i>iiiiiasl 
— <t  Miiuali.  SI'  til  ti'  t'as 

La  n)su  lu'llo 
Loll  |>ar|iaioiii:  iOii  nic  farai, 
'I'c  licisarai. 

MillKlo.— .1/(»()'((^ 

Imago  (14  :  7).  Head  cnvi'ivd  with  hiuir  piih'  hnw  ii  hairs,  oftt'ii  witli  aii  olivaceous 
liiiiie.  iiiiii;;le(l.  espeeially  heliiiul,  witli  some  <Ui>ky  hiiirs.  Pulj)!  at  base  sonlid  wliito, 
l)e_voud.  111!  tlie  sides  and  aliove.  pale  einei'eoiis  tillered  sliixhtly  with  1)1111';  fi'iiiired  beneath 
with  a  lonii  eonipressed  mass  of  blaekisli  brown  bristles.  Hanked  on  the  Inner  side  with 
a  thin  frin;;e  of  wliitisli  In-istles  fully  as  loin;  as  they,  and  on  the  outer  sidiHyy  a  thin- 
ner, shorter  and  nneciiial  frinjie  of  similar  bristly  scales.  .Vntenuae  Intuous  and  in  larj^c 
Dart  naked,  the  upper  surface  covered  with  dark  br.iwn  scales,  more  broadly  at  the 
ni)cx  than  at  the  base  of  the  joints,  becominu:  less  and  lessnbnndant  l)eyond  the  middle, 
disappeariiiii  entirely  in  the  middle  of  tlie  apical  half,  and  edjred  both  interiorly  ami 
exter  orly  witli  whitish  scales  whicli  nearly  meet  upon  the  under  surface,  especially 
towa.'d  the  base  of  the  antennae.     Toii.u;ue  luteous  throuirhout. 

Thorax  covered  above  with  hairs  of  the  color  of  those  on  the  head,  those  on  the 
patairia  most  distinctly  tinted  with  olivaceous,  beneath  a  little  paler.  Leirs  rather  dark 
and  uniform  brown,  pretty  heavily  and  uniformly  lle<'ked  \\\X\\  pale  cinereous  scales, 
sometimes  almost  to  the  exclusion  of  the  brown  ones.  Spurs  reddisli  luteous,  deei)eiiiiij; 
toward  tip,  wliere  It  is  blackish,  but  exceptiuji  there  covered  with  cinereous  scales; 
spines  pale;  claws  reddish  luteous,  dusky  at  tip;  parouychia  luteous. 

Win^s  above  uniform  soft  dark,  or  mouse,  brown,  the  fringe  of  tlie  same  color,  but 
with  a  very  inconspicuous,  very  slender,  darker  line  in  the  middle  of  tlie  basal  two- 
thirds,  lieyond  whicli  the  frinire  is  tliimier. 

Beneath  slijrhtly  paler,  witli  a  faint  irrayish  tint,  becoiniui;  olivace(Mis  in  the  basal 
half  of  the  Willi:,  caused  by  a  sli;rlit  powdering  of  scales  and  sliort  hairs  of  tliese  colors. 
Fnri'i'-hKj.t  witli  four  faint,  transverse,  narrow,  ochreons  stripes:  two  in  tlie  middle  and 
two  next  the  margin :  the  llrst  traverses  the  cell  in  a  nearly  straight  line  from  tlie  base 
of  the  llrst  superior  subcostal  nervnle  to  midway  between  the  bases  of  the  lirst  and 
second  median  iiervules.  turns  iinvards  if  it  passes  this  point  and  stops  at  the  low- 
est median  nervule.  close  to  its  liase;  or  crosses  a  portion  of  the  interspace  below, 
opnosite  the  extreme  liase  of  tlie  same  nervule;  the  second  is  a  little  siuuoiis  ami  irreg- 
l,...r  in  direction,  passing  fnnn  tlie  sul)costal  nerviu'e,  jiist  Inyoiid  the  origin  of  tlie 
fourlii  superior  nervule,  toward  the  middle  of  the  cell,  but  bent  in  the  middle  of  the 
basal  two-tiftlis  of  the  lowest  siil)co>lal  inter-pace,  and  passing  in  a  sliglit  curve,  open- 
ing outward,  to  a  little  beyond  the  middle  of  the  siibmedian  nervule,  crosses  the  iipjier 
median  nervule  just  beyond  the  extremity  of  the  cell;  the  third  runs  parallel  to  the 
outer  margin,  and  is  distant  from  it  by  the  width  of  half  an  interspace;  the  fourth  is 
separated  from  the  margin  by  only  its  own  width;  the  two  median  stripes  are  of  about 
the  width  of  tin'  l)!i~;il  expansion  of  tlie  median  iiervure  and  the  outer  ones  a  little  nar- 
rower; the  middle  lialf  of  the  -pace  lietweeu  the  outer  ones  i-  decked  witli  gray,  which 
is  more  coiispiciioii>.  by  conlrast.  than  the  aliiio-t  ei|iially  aliiindaiit  powdering  of  the 
wing  for  some  distance  witliili  tlie  third  stripe;  just  beyoml  the  middle  of  the  upper 
median  and  subcosto-inedian  iiitersi)aces,  these  grayscales  form  a  delicate,  very  iucon- 
spicuons.  minute  ring  of  the  dlaineter  of  the  larger  stripes  fmly.  enclosing  a  fuliginous 
dot  free  of  such  scales,  which  is  almost  imperceptible  when  the  auuulns  is  absent; 
outer  inargin  edged  very  narrowly  with  a  black  line;  fringe  as  above,  llim}  iriiii/s  also 
with  four  transverse,  narrow,  ochreons  stripes,  liut  a  little  more  di-linct  and  slightly 
broader  llia.i  those  of  the  fore  -wings  and  eiiiial  in  liiviidlli;  the  tU'st  one  crosses 
tlie  wing  in  ail  irregular  sliglitly  sinuous  course;  starliiu'  from  the  tip  of  the  costal 
uervure.  it  passes  in  a  curve  opening  outward  to  tlie  llrst  divarii'alion  of  the  subcostal 
nerviire,  crosses  the  ceil  in   a  iiearlv  slraiglit  l)ut  gentlv   sinuous  cour-i'  to  the  llrst 


SATYIUNAK:    XKONY.Ml'lIA    I'IKH  K)X. 


205 


ilivariration  of   tlic   iiu'diiin   iicrviirc.   (■iinfmui-i  in   tlic 


Ircctiim   to  tli( 


■<iil)' 


iii'iliitii.anil  tlicii.iiltciiiialiiiir.  |>a- 


to\Viiril  the  middle  of  llic  fxtniiiitv  of  tlu'  iiitfi'- 


spacc,  wliicli  it  docs  not  i|'li'i'  iitlaiu ;  llic  x'roiid  iiU'iliaii  sli'ipc  |)a>-('s  fniui  a  lillli' 
hcyoiul  till'  iiilddlf  of  the  ii|i|ht  -.iilH'usial  iii'rviik'  in  a  .-traij?lit  line  to  tin-  cxtn'iiu! 
t)as('  of  the  stniliilil  porlioii  of  tlir  lowi'-l  -.idpcostal  iifrvulc,  tTceps,  atti'iiiiatcd, 
aroniid  tlio  ontor  cdm   of  tlic  ci'll.  and  -tartihit  auniii   from  tin'  cxtri'mc  liasc  of  tlic 


mi<ldli'  median  nei'vnlc  pas 


ill  a  -eai'eely  ciirvi'd  line  openinir  outward,  towaril  the 


middle  of  the  extreinitv  t<(  the  medio-snliiiu'dian  intei'spaee,  wliieli  it  fails  of  reaeli- 
iiiil,  hilt  close  to  which  it  joins  the  third  siripi,.  wldeii  i>  siil)mai'u;itial  and.  stai'liiiij; 
from  this  point,  passes  parallel  to  the  outer  maririii,  with  its  interior  border  at 
(jiiite  the  widdi  of  an  interspace  from  it,  until  it  attains  the  other  cxtrcni- 


iicarU 


ity  of  the  second  stripe:  tlu'  fourth  >tripc  exlemls  from  the  upper  siiln'ostal  ner- 
vnlc  to  the  middle  of  the  snhnu'dio-intenial  interspace,  separated  from  the  outer 
tiorder  by  only  one-half   its  own  width:  the  space   between   the   two  outer  stripes. 


exceptiua;    next   the   stripes  theuiselvt 


iibiindantly   llecked  with  pale    iiray :  the 


spaci 


between  the   two  middle  ones  siinilarlv.  but  less  abniidnntlv  tiecked,  with  the 


exception  of  four  to  six.  usually  live  spots,  one  in  eacli  of  the  interspaces  lietweeii  the 


uiiddle  subcostal  nervule  and  the  sulimedian  m  .  viire 


the 


spots  are  loiiiiitndimiUy 


ibovate,   but  variable  botli  in   form  and  leiiirth.  black,  llecked  li^iitlv  with  irregular 


iniimte  clusters  of  brilliantlv  metallic  steel-colon 


cales.and  occasioiiallv  with  a  little 


patcli  of  pale  yellow  scales ;  the  whole  siiot  is  •.liso  distinctly  and  ei|Ually  bordered  with 
pall'  yellow,   and   the   upper  and  lower  spots   are  sometime- 


hut   the  liorder  and  a  few  metallic 


•ales   n'lnaiii ;  tlie 


^inall  tliat  nothim; 
spots  ari'  situated  in  the 
iiiiddleof  the  interspaces,  oiie-ihinl  to  <ine-lialf  of  wiiose  width  they  occupy,  with  their 
exterior  cdiies  removed  from  tlie  interior  edires  of  the  third  transverse  stripe  l)y  half 
the  widtli  of  the  latter;  the  tlirce  middle  spots  are  from  two  and  a  half  to  three  times 
as  loiiy;  as  broad,  and  show  a  tciideney  to  greater  width  toward  their  liase  than  toward 
their  apex :  the  upper  spot  is  always  the  smallest  and  occasionally  almost  olisolete. 
The  outer  edsre  of  the  wiiii;  and  the  fringe  are  as  in  tlie  fore  winy. 
Abdomen  above  bluckisli  brown,  beneath  the  same,  very  heavily  llecked  with  i^rny  or 

(33  :S)  :   upper 

orLnin  a  little  arched  both  longitudinally  and  transversely  ;  hook  nearly  straiirht.  Imt  Ixiit 
downwards,  compressed  above,  expanded  and  depresseil  below,  forminii'  a  rcirular, 
slender,  lanceolate  plate,  exteiidiiiir  its  wliole  length:  \iewe(l  laterally,  the  hook  tapers 
rciiiilarly  l<i  the  sliirlilly  downward  pointed  tip.  and  is  more  llian  four  liiiu's  as  lonit  as 
hiirli  and  about  six  times  as  loMur  as  broail ;  eacli  side  of  the  cciitrnm  fiirnislu'd  at  the 
posterior  ed^'i'  with  a  pretty  larye  and  stout,  backward  directed,  eompri'ssed  lateral 
arm.  nearly  straijihl  cm  the  l)asid  half,  beyond  taperiiii:  to  a  liiu'  point  ami  bent  ■  litrhtly 
downward,  next  the  tip  cnr\ed  a  little  iiiwanl.  the  whole  as  loiiir  a-  the  hook.  Clasps 
rather  broad  at  the  iiase.  between  three  and  four  times  as  Umu  as  broad,  scarii'lv  iiar- 


tiuncd  with  yellow  like  the  hairs  at  the  extremity.     .Male  appeiidau 


rowimr  before  the  apical  third,  the  whole  sliirhtly  arched,  tlw  apex  taperimi  n 


ml 


irlv 


to  a  point,  the  upper  edu;e  beariiiii',  jiist  licfori'  Ihemidilleof  the  apical  third,  a  triaii- 
LHilar.  nearly  hori/onliil.  ilepressed.  sliirhtly  ftileate.  forward  curved.  Ilnely  point, -d 
tocith.  twice  as  loii^'  as  broad,  bcsiiles  wldcli.  the  upper  edu'c  i~  lient   over  >lii;lilly  :iiid 


u'oadly  in  tlie  same  sense  at  the  middle  of  tin'  ela- 


3Ieasiirciiiciits  in  milliinctres. 

M.Vl.KS.                             1 

IKM.M.KS. 

I.en;.'lli  of  tuiifrue,  M.T') 

.■^iindlcst. 

.Vveraire. 

10,7o 

i. 
,75 

Karj-'cst, 

."^Iliallesl. 

.Vverairc.  Karirest. 

I.eiijrlh  uf  lore  win.L's 

antemi:ie 

i(j,a 
t.__ 

111. 
7,9 

Iiind  tibiae  anil  tarsi,. 
I'lire  tibiae  and  tarsi.. 

1 

Egg  (64:  It),  (ilobular  except  for  the  triiiu'ate  base  which  takes  olf  less  tliaii  oiii'- 
teiith  tlie  height;  cells  not  varyiiiir  iniich  In  size,  their  averaire  dianu'ter  beinir  about 
.u;)  mm.,  Inil  considerably    in   form,  some  beinu:  of  nearly  ei|ual  diameter  in  I'very 


ill 


m 


[■'? 


m 


iiiK  liiri'Kiii'MKs  OK  m:\v  i:N(;i.ANit 


ilii'crl  iiiii,  \\  liilr  tin-  l:ii';;i'r  ilimiirlcr  i<(  iitlni'>.  ranly  rxcc'ciliiii:  diir  ami  :i  \i;\\(  liiiw-- 


tlic  sliorlcr,  iiiav  lie  iii  aiiv  ilircilioii :  all  arc  more  or  Ic^^  aiiiiiilar.  Imt   all   tlii>  aiiLiic 


aiv  llliil'i'  HI' 


roiiiuli'il :  till'  (l('jin'>»i(m>  ,iic  shallow  ami  who 


-IllOolll.    till' 


I'll 


walN  low  ami   roimikMl.     The  (Haii.cUM' of  tlu' cl'i;'  i- aliout  a  iniUiiiiclrc  ami  it^  I'oloi' 
pall'  ai'cc'ii. 


Caterpillar.     /■ 


(■/■>■/  .</.«/( 


(70;  m.      Head    (78:  i:.)    liili'o-tt'staci'ou- 


lh< 


'iirlaci 


broailly  iH'tiiiilatf  with  raiiit  lino  l)ut  ollu'rwisc  smooth.  Hodv  di'licatf  u'ri'iri.  altci'- 
wai'ds  i'haiiu:iii!ilodri'l(h'd  ui'i'iai.  with  loiiu;itiuliiial  wliitisli  sicjpo  dh  liilici' side  ol'  tin; 
doi'-al  line  and  aloiiir  tlic  lateral  ami  stiy:iiialal  Hue-:  le^-  and  pmleirs  ^ri'een ;  seatteivd 
hail's  white;  ranii'ed  elnlilx'd  hail's  l)laek.  nol  a  third  ;is  loni;  a-  ilie  ta|iei'inir  hairs  of 
the  lieail.  cxeept  (ni  the  la-t  seiinienl- where  they  are  h:dr;i-  lon;j  ai;ain  a-   the  head 


Leniitii.  I)  mm. ;  hrcadtli  of  head. 


(I'rincipally  alter  Kdwards.) 


Sn'iiiiil  ttldiji/.  Head  red-hl'own.  witli  two  irreen  patches  on  either  side  the  suture  in 
front;  frontal  trianirle  and  hack  of  head  deep  irrceii.  the  ocelli  emerald  ^rrccn ;  sonie- 
tiuics  the  head  i«  wholly  ^rrecn  and  the  ciu'oiial  InlpercU's  reddish;  or  a  horizontal 
lirown  hand  may  traverse  the  front,  llody  itrcen.  the  catuial  fork  faintly  red;  tlie 
iiinnerous.  line.  l)ristU'-lieariny;  iiapillnc  of  the  same  color,  exceptinu:  in  yellowish,  loiiiii- 
tmlinal  stri|)esasat  tlieprecedini:  staac ;  under  surface,  lens  and  prolc^'s  irrecu.  Leiiirth. 
II  mm.     'I'lie  follow  ilia  statics  are  very  similar,     (.\fler  Kihvards.  > 

l^((sl  Miiiji  (''4;  .'*.l- I.  Head  (78;  ill)  pea-iii'een.  the  coronal  projections,  except  their 
base,  testaceous,  the  mouth  parts  and  lower  ediie  of  triaiiirle  pale  testaceous:  papillau 
pale  irreeii  with  pale  or  hlack  line  hairs,  interspersed  sparsely  hut  uniformly  with  simi- 
lar white  papilhie ;  ocelli  emerald  iireen  in  lirown  rimt-.  IJoily  yellow  irroeu.  the 
numerous  papillai'  <>f  the  body  color  except  'u  the  lomritudinal  stripes,  where  they  havi- 
a  more  distinct  serial  arramrcincut.andare  yel'ow.  formiuu;  slender,  yellow  i-h.  lonjiitu- 
diiiid  stripes,  vi/,.,  a  sulidorsal  stripe  adjoininii  a  dorsal  stripe  of  a  deeper  ureeii  tlii'i 
usual:  a  laterid  exteniliiiir  to  the  tip-  of  the  cai.dal  fork,  a  ventrosti^matai.  and  lietweeii 
the  last  two  a  p:iir  of  Ic—  di>tiiiet  or  more  di  fused  stripe-:  caudal  fork  reddisli;  inuU'r 
.surface  with  lea- ;iud  inoleifs  areeii :  spiracles  liiilf.     Leuirth.  :!o  mm.     (From  hlowii 


specimen:' 


and  Kdwards'  ilescriptiou. 


Chrysalis  (83:  lo.i  i ).  (iret'U.  all  tlie  carinale  portions  cream  color,  tlie  vvinii  cases 
closely  irrorate  witli  the  same.  Surface  of  body,  e.xceptini.'  the  head,  with  delicate, 
i-reirnlarlv  longitudinal,  transversely  and  very  lliiely  striate.  end)osseil  vermiculatioiis 


pali'r  tiiaii  the  around.     Lenath.  IL'  mm.;  breadth  of  head. 


mm. 


of  tiiorax   and 


aliilomen.  .'il  most. 


1  l'"i'oin  dried  specimens  and  Kilwards'  di'scription. 


:..4;,:;'„i: 

'  7^  'W 
,   i  Hi: 

m 
■m 


Distribution  (18:7),  Tliis  ImiiifHv  is  strii'tly  ;i  siititlicnt  sjiwics, 
;iii(l  wdulil  lint  lie  iutfoi'iiiwd  ill  tlii.s  part  of  tlii.s  \vm'i<,  h;i(l  nut  Mr.  Kd- 
wiinl.s  I't'ccivL'il  s|K.'ciiiiciis  taken  at  .Mori'i.stown.  X,  .1.,  rondfrino' it  not. 
'.iltoo'etiii'r  iiniikt'ly  tliat  it  may  yet  uccasioiially  liv  t'uiiiKl  on  Lniio-  I^^land. 
TliL'  only  utlicr  lucalitii's  tVoni  wliicli  it  is  rcconli'd  arr  Atlantic  City, 
X.  .!..  wlicrt'  it  was  stitiii'irntly  coiiiiiKin  imt  to  hv  an  acciik'Utal  vi.'sittir 
(Aaron),  al(Uii!  tlic  creeks  in  tiic  inonntaiii  valleys  liy  the  liotindary  of 
Xortii  Carolina  and  Teiinessee  "  ('(iinnion  "  (Aaron),  Alaliiinia  ((ios.'^e), 
(ieorgia  (Aliliot),  Ap|)ala(;lii('ola  (( 'lia|inian )  and  Indian  Kiver,  Fla, 
(Wittfeld).  and   Texa.<   (Streeker). 

Food  plant.  Dr.  Clia|inian  lias  reared  the  caterpillar  in  Florida  on 
I'anicimi  sanoiiiiialc  Linn.  .Mr.  Ivlwards  had  difiiciilty  in  rai.'^ino-  it  on 
our  ordinary  grasses  and  t'oiind  that  liy  .selectinij:  one  of  the  coarser 
.specie.-*,  Dactyloteiiitim  aogyptincnin,  tli(>  caterpillar.'?  fed  more  readily,  and 
\vcri>  hcaltliicr. 


SATYKINAK:    M:(  i\ VMl'IIA    l'II()(I(t.\. 


207 


Life-history  and  habits.    \ 


vrv 


littl( 


<nn\vil  (J 


fill 


scii!<ims  lit  tins  III- 


scct.  Iiiit  tlitTc  siciiis  t(i  he  iiun'i'  tliiiii  uiic  liniod  ii  yciir.  ctTLrs  hcinjx  liiid  ill 
MPiitlici'ii  Floridii.  aocordiiiit;-  to  l'".d\v;ii'ds  t'nnii  \\'iltl'cld"s  olisci'viitions, 
ciirlv  ill  ^^lly  and  in   .Inly:   tlicsc  were   can'icd    to   iiiiiiu'"  (in  tlu'  iHirtls) 


Anii'iist  mid  iit   tlic  end  ot'  AiiLiiisI  rcspcctivflv.      AMmt  tuok   the 


I 


U'Ol'niil    Ol 


1  .linic  .").  (lussf  ill  AliiliMiiiii  1(11  .liiiic  \'2,  \\liil( 


iiirly  in 

luittcrHy 

(•(U'ding  to  Edwardn"  oliservation^i,  iIr'  cfrg  stale  lasts  about  six  days,  the 

(•atiM'iiillars  rer|niro    in   tlio  north  t'roin  one  to  two  niontlis  to  toed  up,  and 

the  chrysalis  hangs  aliout  ton  days.      It  would  seem  |irol)alile  that  the  winter 

period  itt  jmsscd  hy  the  nearly  mature  caterpillar. 

According  to  Mr.  Kdwards.  caterpillars  reared  hy  him  in  West  Virginia 
had  onlvtour  staiies  (iiKadtinij;  hut  three  times),  while  those  reared  t'orhiui 


hv  Mrs.  I'cart  in  I 


ennsvivania  passed  tour  mou 


1  f. 


.Its 


id  I 


UKl  lie  eoniparc 


par 


tl 


le 


diaineter.s  ot'  the  east  heads  of  the  two  sets  :  hut  his  figures  .seem  to  make 
it  jirohahle  that  he  overlooked  one  nionlting  in  his  own  ohservations,  it 
heintr  hiji'lilv  imiirohahle  that  in  one  moult  the  head  should  have  enlar'''ed 
its  diameter  two  and  a  lialf  times,  as  his  figures  indicate  :  while  the  dif- 
foronec  hetween  the  size  of  the  lieads  in  the  last  moulting  het'ore  jinpa- 
tion.  would,  if  this  error  had  hcen  eomniitted,  he  less  than  twelve  per  cent, 
which  the  iiii(|uestionahle  difference  of  twenty  per  cent  at  puliation  would 
make  entirely  proiiahle. 

Ahhot  savs  that  he  found  the  Inittertiv  comiiio 


(ieornia  "  in  oak  and 


]iine 


on 


the  .■'ides  of  the  liranches  of  tree.- 


Desiderata.  Thounh  the  early  sta<fes  of  this  hutterflv  are  now  dcserihcd, 
its  life  hi-^tory  and  seasons  are  almost  wholly  unknown  and  must  l)e  eluci- 
dated Ipy  southern  observers.  Nothing  is  puhii  hed  of  the  hahits  or  haunts 
of  the  insect   in  anv  part  of  its  life  hevoml  tin    iieaure  fragments  ahove  : 


I 
even  its  distribution  is  very  imperfectly  determinedj 

ac(iuainted  wit!;  the  early  stages,  we  should  have  t( 

our  least  known  liuttertlies. 


that 


were  we  not 


th 


>  consuier  this  one  o 


)f 


LIST  OF  ii.Lrs'ij;.\Ti(t\s.—  .\i:<ixyMi'nA  I'liociox. 


Vl.  1^.  IL'. 


lii>triliiition  in  Xortli  Aiiirii 


ri. 


.  Ii--11).  II. 


I'l.  lit.  li^-.  it.    <Hilliiii-. 

'.''ili^fjiil/rir. 

I'l.  'iK\'v^.  II.  Catcriiillai- at  liirth. 
74:   s,  I'J.   KullL'rounc:it('r|iilli 


TS;I."). 


II. 'a.!.  Iir>t  >ta 
III  a'l.  liiial  -III 


(/lirH-i'i/iK 
siih'  vic\ 
Lua;/!!. 


ri.  It.ii'j 


Male,  l>olIi  «iirfaops 


Mal<-al..ln 
Ni'uralioii 


il  a|i|ii'iiila,LTs. 


-i.l 


.la 


Clf    till'   Ic 


1-  vii-\v    of    lioad    ami    apin'ii. 
pnlarirc'l.  with  lU'talls  of  lliv  siriiclure 


m 

m 


*>■- 


■sV/i.  . 


208  iiiK  larrKUFLiKs  of  xkw  i;N<ii,.\M>. 


("ISSIA    nOUHLKDAY. 


f'i^i.i  Hdiil.l..  1,1-if.  Iti-il.imi>.  Aiip..!!;!  (I'<txi.       Sy«l.ii'V.  .Viii.  Unit.,  i:  (Is?-.').     (\i)t  Mc.'Mo 

Mcni»lu    Ullll..  i  ill.    Sill..   U  (|S(iS);    .S.11,1.1..         HiiliM). 

V';//'  •■—/'"/'•  '■'"'•/«■((  (.'i-inii. 

Yrt  IKC.V, 
Now,  ii-  1  sliiiiil  Icliiim  iiiDrn  liallic  iiic  lii-i;;lil. 

<  li iiiu  whicli  liiillirHy  >li(inlil  Ipcai-  my  ih'hs. — 

'I'lic  wliilr,  llif  liiipwii  (iiic,  (ir  tliiil  iiiii.T  liliic, — 
Till'  .M!ir;.'lii'rilii,  I  ilclc^lcil  sn. 

Ill  -lie  ciiiiir  —  ••  'I'lir  liiif  (lay.  llic  iriioil  S|iriii:.'  liiuo!" 
lli!ip\vNiN(i.—  The  I'Atiij  '111(1  tin:  I'liKik. 

Imago.  (52  :  '.'<  i.  Itr.-iil  (61 :  II )  pretty  liiri^e.  tliiitl.v  tiiftiMl  ahnvo  'with  a  loose  muss 
of  hail's;  front  nioih'rately  full,  nitliei'  broadly  depressed  and  sliijhtly  hollowed  above, 
protiilierant  but  not  prouiliieiitly  so  In  the  iniildle  beneath,  a  little  narrower  than  the 
eyes,  about  as  hiitli  as  broad,  ti'niiinatiim  sipiarely  aliove  at  the  base  of  tlie  antennae; 
loMer  edire  tenninatiiiir  a  very  little  aliniptly.  soniewliat  rounded.  Vertex  searcely 
tniniil.  iiioder.'itely  Ion;;,  a  sliu;ht  tnberele  In  the  middle  of  either  side,  the  posterior  edi;o 
sharply,  the  anterior  scareely.  convex  ;  upper  border  of  tlie  eye  with  a  stron;;,  rounded 
aiiaulation  o|iposite  tiie  jiosterior  liase  of  the  antennae;  eyes  pretty  larv;e.  moderately 
full,  naked,  .\iitennae  inserted  at  the  middle,  in  a  liroiid.  pretty  deep  pit.  dIseonneetliiK 
the  front  and  the  vertex,  their  bases  tonehinu;  each  other  on  one  side  an<l  the  sides  of 
the  thinks  on  the  other;  ii  very  little  longer  than  the  abdomen,  composed  of  forty-two 
or  forty-three  joints,  iiicreasiny;  a  very  llt'le  and  very  gradually  in  sl/.c  on  the  apical 
half,  rciideriim  it  ditliciilt  to  mark  out  any  deHnitc  portion  as  a  olul).  the  last  two  or 
three  joints  dimluisiiinu:  amain  and  termiuallnit  in  a  very  abrupt  cone;  transversely  cir- 
cular, the  club  scarcely  depressed,  but  sliu;litly  llatlcned  beneath  and  also  minntcly  carl- 
nate.  I'aliil  slender,  rather  more  than  twice  the  lenttth  of  the  eye,  compressed,  the 
ai)ical  nearly  two-liftlis  the  length  of  the  middle  joint;  exeeptinjj;  the  apical  joint, 
mfted  beneath  with  very  Ion;;  hairs,  compacted  in  a  vertical  plane. 

I'rothoraclc  lobes  souiew  hat  similar  to  those  of  Cereyonis.  very  minute,  the  upper 
[lortioii  Idrnilim  an  inllated  mass,  exteriorly  curving;  downward  to  a  consideralilu 
decree,  and  tapering'  to  a  dull  point,  scarcely  mori'  than  tw  ice  as  broad  a~  lilsh,  imd  but 
little  liiifher  than  ioiiir.  r!itau;ia  scarcely  I'onvex,  tlie  posterior  lobe  very  broad  and 
short,  somewiial  pyriform.  llie  tip  scarcely  falcate,  less  than  twice  as  loii;i  as  liroad, 
rapidly  and  pretty  reirularly  laperiny:.  tlie  extreme  lip  blunt. 

Fore  wiuurs  (38:  :i;  61 ;  ;i,  4)  scarcely  produced  at  the  apex,  the  costal  and  inner 
niaruiiis  beinir  of  nearly  eipial  length;  costal  margin  pretty  stronjily  arched  at  the 
base,  beyond  reituhirly  lint  very  slightly  convex ;  outer  border  regularly  tlion^rh  but 
little  convex;  inner  liorder  straiiiht.  almost  concave,  the  two  outer  aiiijles  about 
eiiually,  and  lull  sli^litly  rounded  oil',  t'oslal  ner\  lire  extraordinarily  swollen  at  the 
base,  for  a  disliinee  eipial  to  more  tlian  twice  the  widtii  of  the  cell;  tirst  superior  sub- 
costal nervule  arisiuu  either  a  little  liefore  ( <?  )  or  a  lillh'  beyond  ($)  the  ori;;ln 
of  the  tirst  Inferior  iicrviile;  second  superior  iiervnle  arising:  beyond  the  tip  of  the 
cell;  the  latter  half  as  loui;  (  ^  )  or  a  Utile  mori'  than  half  as  long  (J)  as  the  wing, 
and  twice  (?)  <>i"  two  and  a  half  times  dj )  as  lon^  as  broad;  median  nervurc 
sliirlitly  swollen  for  a  very  short  distance  at  the  base;  snbmedian  ncrvure  not 
swollen. 

Hind  wiiiirs  siiblrianu:ular;  costal  border  a  little  arched  just  beyond  the  base,  after- 
wards very  sliiflitly  convex:  outer  Ixirdcr  reitularly.  thou,;;h  but  little  convex;  inner 
border  cousideralily  convex  near  the  liase,  lieyoud  sliiiiitly  so,  and  beyond  the  abdomen 
sliiiiitiy  and  roundly  excised,  tlie  outer  lower  allele  searcely  rounded  oti'.  the  upper 
outer  ans;le  a  little  more  rounded.  Veinlet  closing!  the  cell  strikina  the  median  be- 
voiul  its  last  divarication,  and  the  suljcostal  at  the  termination  of  the  short,  ba.sal 


I 


SATYUINAK:   XKONYMl'IIA   I'lKKION. 


209 


curve  of  Its  Inst  hi-ancli;  llrit  incdiiui  iiorvuK-  orl!{limtin«  scinit'wliiu  fiirlln'r  I'l-oin  tins 
base  of  the  wliiK  tliiin  tlu'  bust'  of  tim  second  sulx'ostftl  iicrvuli'. 

Amlroconlii  (46:4)  excoiMlliiKl.v  slcmlcr,  twenty  times  us  lonf?  iis  In'oiul,  tiiperliig 
from  tlie  rounded  base  A\ltli  urent  reKuliirity  over  llie  bivsal  third,  and  tl'en  continuing 
as  a  slender  nniforni  tlircad  to  tlie  tip,  wldcli  Is  delicately  feathered  for  a  distance 
cqnal  to  tlie  Imsal  width  of  the  scale. 

Fore  leijs  exceedingly  small,  cylindrical,  the  ti!>iae  more  than  one-third  the  length  of 
the  Idnd  tibiae;  fore  tarsi  one-qiiarter  the  lenitth  of  llie  til)lae,  either  apparently  con- 
sistiiiR  of  a  single  joint,  tlio  apical  two-liftiis  of  which  tapers  consideralUy  and  in 
Avholly  unarmed  lint  for  a  ndnute  apical  pen  (.<J) ;  or  composed  of  live  Joints,  of  which 
the  lirst  is  from  two  to  three  times  longer  than  tlie  rest  tojjether,  they  decroaslnj;  in 
si/,0  re«nlarly ,  and  all  but  the  la.st  furidshed  at  the  tip,  beneatli,  with  comparatively  large, 
long  and  slender,  tapering  .spines  ($);  leg  otherwise  wholly  nnarmed  excepting  by 
long  hairs,  which  scarcely  diverge  from  the  leg;  other  legs  compressed  ;  ndddle  tibiae 
tlve-slxths  the  length  of  tlie  hind  tibiae,  botli  furnished  with  a  lateral  row  of  short, 
slender,  not  very  freiiueiil  spines  upon  the  under  surface,  the  apical  ones  produced  to 
long  and  slender  spurs.  First  joint  of  tarsi  as  long  as  the  rest  together,  these  sube(|ual ; 
joints  (Covered  profusely  beneath  with  small,  slender  spines,  the  apical  ones  of  the 
lateral  row  a  very  little  stouter  tlian  the  others;  claws  .deniler,  strongly  and  regularly 
curved,  a  little  compressed,  delicately  pointed;  pulvillus  minute,  transversely  oval; 
paronychia  consisting  of  two  fringed  meinliers,  the  upper  slender,  as  long  as  the  claw, 
straight,  tapering  in  its  apical  half  to  a  point,  the  lower  lirond  at  base,  sulitriangular, 
Incurved,  the  tip  produced  and  pointed. 

.Male  al)doniinal  appendages  :  upper  organ  rather  small,  with  tlie  sides  of  tlie  centrum 
straight  but  scarcely  compressed,  separated  from  the  hook  1-y  a  ratlier  deep  sulcatlon  j 
hook  considerably  longer  than  the  centrum,  bent  downward  a  little,  nearly  straight, 
strongly  compressed  above,  below  expanding  into  an  oval  ajipressed  leaf,  the  tip 
pointed  ;  sides  of  the  centrum  furnished  near  llie  middle  of  llieir  posterior  edge  with  a 
single,  long  and  very  slender,  sinuate,  backward  directed  appendage.  Clasps  stout 
and  bullate,  about  three  times  as  long  as  broad,  the  basal  two-thirds  broad,  but  taper- 
ing apically.  tlie  apical  third  slender,  eipial  and  hooked  at  the  tip. 

Egg.  Nearly  splieroidal.  the  height  and  width  about  eipial,  the  top  very  slijr)itiy 
depressed,  and  tlie  lower  portions  of  the  siiles  a  little  inllated.  Surface  covered  with 
reticulations,  forming  small,  irregular,  hexagonal  cells,  largest  on  the  ujiper  half,  and 
reduced  in  the  micropyle  to  a  delicate,  raised  tracery  of  lines  forming  similar  but  much 
smaller  ceils. 

Caterpillar  at  birth.  Head  subrotund,  twice  as  liroad  as  the  middle  of  the  body, 
broadest  below,  each  hemisphere  surmounted  by  a  globular  tubercle,  and  midway 
between  it  and  the  ocellar  Held  a  smaller  pyramidal  tul)ercle;  each  of  these  and  a  few 
still  smaller  papillae  support  a  simple  hair  linlf  as  long  as  tlie  width  of  tlie  liead,  the 
coronal  tubercles  witli  two;  triangle  large  and  higli.  Body  cylindrical,  slightly 
largest  in  the  mhldle.  the  last  segment  slightly  forked;  papillae  i)yramldal.  arranged 
on  the  abdominal  segments  in  laterodorsal  anterior,  supralateral  posterior,  si  igmatal 
anterior,  and  veiitrostigmatal  anterior  series,  one  to  a  segiiieiit  in  eacli  row;  on  the 
thoracic  scgmeiils  tliese  series  are  shifted  to  a  laterodorsal  anterior,  infraiateral  ante- 
rior, suprastigmatal  central,  and  iiifrasii:;matal  series,  one  to  a  segment  in  each,  except- 
ing the  Infraiateral  where  there  are  two  close  together,  tlic  hairs  In  this  case  diverging 
and  one  longer  than  the  otlier.  All  the  papillae,  including  those  of  the  llrst  thoracic 
segment,  support  almost  perfectly  straight,  but  sliglitly  curved,  dub-tipped  hairs 
(86  ;  40).  nearly  as  long  as  the  lieight  of  the  l)ody :  spiracles  lenticular. 

Mature  caterpillar.  Head  ratlier  siimll.  full,  deepest  in  middle  and  two-thirds  as 
deep  as  liigli.  well  rounded  in  every  direction  .xcept  that  it  is  angulato  aiiove  laterally, 
the  angles  slightly  iiroduced,  almost  forming  a  tubercle;  face  broadest  just  lidow  tlic 
middle,  and  narrowing  more  above  than  b.-low.  the  cheeks  very  full;  studded  every- 
where with  crowded  papillae,  which  are  larger  and  more  prominent  on  tlie  iiiiper  than 
the  lower  half,     'rrianglc  reaching  nearly  the  miildle  of  the  ui,pcr  half  of  the  head. 


210 


rilK   nflTKRFMKS  OF   NKW   KNCLAND. 


'■I 


j:f' 


very  iiiinnw  willi  ~liL'lill,v  convex  sldi-*.  iirarly  siiioidli  mi  IN  lnvcr  Imlf.  Kii>l  joint 
of  iniliMMiiic  ilr|iii'«-icl.  niiunniil'onn  ;  ■icconcl  mtv  sihhII,  lyllmlilciil.  iiliont  four  llinpt 
bn  lonu:  11^  iii'oiiii.  mill  ^larccly  a  fointli  tli<'  illanicti'i'  of  tlir  llrsi  :  tlilnl  iiilniilc.  iw  Ion;; 
as  bmail.  ami  I'lnitlin^  a  lon^  ami  dclliati'  lialr.  Uctlli  a>  in  Satynxli'^.  I.al)i'inii 
wninll.  cxro^hi'ly  thin,  alioiit  twiiT  as  broad  as  loin;,  tin'  front  ronndly  mid  loiisidrra- 
l)l(>  cnniriilnali'.  Mamlll)lrs  very  broad.  sIkhI  and  stout.  tlioiii;li  not  very  laruc.  the 
eil(rt'  stral«lil  and  clilsclli'd. 

Body  modrralt'ly  Ion;;.  ;;ciilly  fiislforiii.  lar^^ist  ratlicr  bililml  lln'  middle,  and  laper- 
In;;  more  anteriorly  tlian  |)o^teriorly.  nowhere  lony:liiiilliiall>  aiii;iilate  or  earlnate.  the 
tcnninal  seL'nieiit  iiioderately  furcate.  Kaeli  seL'iiienl  dhliliMl  by  Incisions  Into  six 
sntiei|iial.  transverse  lielts.  each  carryiiitf  a  crowded  series  of  niiniite.  excessively 
liiali.  conical  |iapiliae.  eaeli  snpiiortiiiir  a  conical  pointed  thorn  shorter  than  Itself:  the 
belt  in  advance  of  the  one  earryiiiit  the  spiracle  Is  nnicli  nion-  fully  crondi'cl  and 
broader  than  the  others.  Spiracles  exci'edini;ly  uiinute.  short,  ovni.  I.e^s  very  sliort. 
conical,  rapidly  taperins;;  claws  minute,  ari'uate.  I'roleirs  very  short,  plnnij).  and 
rounded,  armed  at  tip  witli  a  crowded  series  of  hool\lets. 

Chrysalis,  i;  muI  and  thorax  inneli  appressed  in  front  so  as  to  present  a  nearly  Mai 
surface  at  rii;lit  aim.  's  to  the  ventral  surface  of  tlie  appendages.  Dorsum  of  tiiorax 
roundly  lint,  exceptiin;  lo,  the  rapid  frontal  descent,  not  strontrly  ari'hed.  tectiform 
aiiil  carinale.  l.aterally  the  head  is  s(|uarely  aui;iilate.  parallel  to  the  ai-o  parallel 
Inner  (dorsal  i  mari:iiN  of  the  win;;  cases,  and  lielweeii  the  two  the  thorax  rapidly 
widens.  .Midoinen  lar:;e.  full,  very  stronu'ly  arched,  superiorly  depressed  lietween  a 
pair  of  siipralateral  carinae.  which  ;;row  in  elevation  posteriorly.  The  inner  (dorsal) 
mari;ins  of  t lie  win;;s  developed  into  strong  carlinie.  which  follow  but  not  so  promi- 
nently tile  outer  nnir^iu  of  the  front  wini;s.  Ton«iie  case  exposed  throuuliout  its 
leii^tii.  (remaster  lari;e.  greatly  extended,  depressed,  iinadrale.  Spiracle^  ratlier 
protubeniiil. 


118  of  .siiiiill  siityruls 

"lids  into  till'  .soiith- 

Lxrlii.sivi.'  of  tho 


;fc. 


It  is  tiiircrtiiiii  over  iiow  wide  ii  iTi,'ioii  this 
8j)rcads,  Imt  it  i.s  poctiliiif  to  Aiiici-ica  and  proliali 
eni  continent  wlieiv  nearly  iillied  genera  are  niiiii 
West  Indian  Areliipelaou.  it  is  found  over  tlie  whole  of  .Nortii  Amerieti  east 
of  the  Iiocky  Mountains,  as  far  as  southern  Cainuhi  ;  within  tlie  United 
States  it  is  I't'iiri'senti'd  liy  two  or  three  species,  hut  only  one  oeeiirs  within 
New  Kn<;land.  wlu'iv  it  is  coiiliiied  to  the  southern  ami  central  portion.s. 

The  hntterilies  are  of  a  nearly  uniform  dark  hrown,  the  outer  inaroin  of 
the  wiiio's  delicately  jieneilled  with  darker  lines,  the  upper  stirfaee.  unless 
linit'orm,  i'urnished  with  rather  lai'oe,  dark  oeeliated  spots  in  the  lower  suh- 
cootal  and  lower  median  interspaces  :  these  are  repi'ated  lii'iieatli  and  their 
nuinl)er  increased  by  other  spots,  usually  smaller,  tonnino'  a  regular  series 
eijuidistaut  from  the  outer  maro-in  ;  the  middle  of  the  tinder  surface  is 
crossed  liy  a  pair  of  distant,  dark,  nearly  straijfht  anil  (larallcl  lines;  the 
antennae  increase  so  o;radiially  in  thickness  that  it  is  ditHcult  to  state  the 
line  of  ileniai'cation  of  the  cluh  and  the  fore  Icos  arc  more  excessively 
minute  than  those  of  anv  other  New  Kntrlaiid  hiittertlv  excewtino' one. 

The  sjiccies  arc  sino;le  hrooded  and  a[)pcar  \cry  early  in  suninier,  the 
catcrjiillars  hihernatinir  when  more  than  half  o^rowii. 

The  egg's  arc  nearly  s|iherical  and  covered  with  minute  reticulations. 
The  caterpillars  tajter  toward  either  extremity  ;  the  head  is  roiindeil  and 
the  last  segment  (jf  the   hody   furnished   with  not  very  long  but  sharply 


m 


DISTHIBiriON  OK    IlIK   FAMII.IKS 


211 


conical  liorns  iiiid  tlic  wliolc  luuly  striped  with  jmlc  luiil  darker  ^'ireii.  The 
chrvHiilids,  which  Imiijr  hy  their  liindcr  extremity,  have  a  well  rouniled 
form,  thoiijjh  slightly  eoiiHtricted  in  the  middle,  and  a  [lair  of  well  marked, 
thoufrh  not  prominent,  lonj^itndinal  <arinae  on  the  alxlominal  Hej;nient»,  hy 
which  it  iei  at  once  dintinguiwlu'd  from  all  our  other  satyritU  ;  the  anterior 
extremity  in  ahrnpt,  the  head  produced  a  little,  the  hinder  extremity  rather 
rapidly  rounded  oft'  and  the  creinaster  \i)ng  and  ulender. 


EXCURSUS    VI.— THE   GEOGRAI'IIICAL  DISTRIBUTION  OF 

BUTTERFLIES. 


II  of 
lles^ 

:ut)- 

llieir 
rics 
■  i.-^ 
the 
the 
ely 

I  the 

jncj. 
and 


Till'  fi'ci-li  youiiv  Klii', . .  . 
.  .  .joyM  to  riiiinc  iilmmd  in  (ri'shutlliv, 
Tliroiif;li  tlic  widi-  ((iinimK  of  tlic  iiyric  coiifit; 
Anil,  with  mnvi'iiricd  winjtH.  oni'li'|M'rt  f  iiKiiiirc 
Of  the  ul<lf  rule  of  his  ri'iiowiu'il  sirt>. 

Si'KNSKK.— .lAKj'opoimOS. 

TnK  four  great  families  of  hutterHies  are  found  in  every  (juarter  of  the 
glohe.  All  are  represented  on  the  inhospitahle  shores  of  Lahradm'  and  in 
the  accidental  fauna  of  the  South  Sea  Islands.  They  reach  even  the  high- 
est regions  of  the  north  which  Inne  l)een  trodden  by  man  and  the  tops  of 
the  loftiest  munntains,  as  far  as  the  limit  of  perpetual  snow.  They  are, 
however,  very  unequally  represented  in  every  distinct  zoological  province, 
and  some  of  t  lie  minor  groups  are  peculiar  to  one  or  more  of  such  regions. 
The  total  numher  of  forms  now  known  cannot  be  far  from  ten  thousand, 
and  it  is  the  most  striking  featiu-e  in  their  general  distrihution  that  the 
New  World,  whose  area  is  so  much  less  extensive  than  that  of  the  Old, 
even  in  the  tropical  regions,  contains  aiiout  one-half  of  these  species. 

The  species  of  butterflies  are  very  unequally  distributed  among  the  four 
families  which  contain  them.  Thus  the  N'yinphalidiu>  embrace  nearly 
forty-two  ])er  cent  of  the  whole  number,  while  the  Papilionidae  contain 
only  about  fifteen  per  cent.  The  Lycaeuidae  are  next  most  numerous 
with  nearly  twenty-seven  per  cent,  followed  by  the  Ilesperidae  with  less  than 
seventeen  per  cent.  In  the  geographical  distriiiution  of  e\cn  the  larger 
groups  there  is  considerable  lack  of  uniformity.  Tliu-i  while  the  Euplocinae, 
which  coiiqjrise  nearly  one-fourth  of  all  the  Nymphalidae,  occiu'  in  both 
worlds  and  especially  in  the  c(iuatorial  regions,  they  are  composed  of  a  few 
major  grou|)s.  the  members  of  each  of  which  are  almost  entirely  restricted 
either  to  the  Old  or  to  the  New  \\'orl(l.  .Soutli  Ai  .erica  of  all  regions  in  the 
world  is  the  richest  in  buttei-flies,  and  it  is  distinguished  l;y  having  one 
group  of  Kujdoeinae  of  which  says  Wallace  ''not  a  single  species  is  found 
in  either  Kurope,  Asia,  Africa  nor  even  North  America  excepting  Mex 


ICO. 


rlc 


d.i 


south 


■de 


11 


le  groui) 


A  smgle  species,  However,  docs  occur  in  our  soutliern  rxmlers 

is  largely  restricted  to  the  Amazons  district  which,  we  may  remark  in  pass 


■in 


Ei'i; 

in 


212 


I'llK   BUTTKRKLIKS  OK   NKW    i:X(il,ANI). 


|.'!^ 


&: 


ing,  is  HO  prolific  in  l)iittt'rHii'.<  that,  iit*  \A'iillii<'('  siiyti.  "wi-  may  consider  it 
the  heudqtiarterfi  of  South  American  Lepid.ipteni."  Tiie  t)tlier  siilit'amilies 
of  the  N ympitaiidac  are  very  wide  spread,  and  in  general  form  the  hulk  of 
the  I)utterHy  fauna  of  temperate  regions.  The  Liliytheinae,  however,  are 
exceedingly  poverty  stricken  in  numl)er.s,  forming  less  than  three-tenths  of 
one  per  cent  of  all  the  Xyniphalidae,  l)ut  yet  are  <listril)uted  quite  around 
the  world,  thou<>h  trenerallv  confined  to  suhtropical  regions,  txtending, 
says  AVallace,  "on  all  si<les  in  an  erratic  manner,  into  \arious  remote  and 
disconnected  portions  of  the  glohe." 

The  most  striking  general  feature  in  thedistrihution  of  the  larger  groups, 
however,  is  the  almost  exclusive  restriction  of  the  sulifamily  of  licmoniinae 
to  tropical  America,  (in.ite  as  [>romincnt  a  fact  as  the  similar  limitation  of 
hununing-birds  to  the  same  re<jion.  The  stiecies  of  hnmminu-liirds  are 
the  smallest  of  their  class  and  numher  nearly  four  hundred,  or  ahout  four 
per  cent  of  the  known  birds  ;  they  are  exclusively  American,  and  more 
than  ninety  per  cent  of  them  are  confined  to  the  ti'opics.  The  Lemoniinae 
are  among  the  smallest  of  hutterHies  and  number  nearly  e.^ht  hundred 
species,  or  about  ten  per  cent  of  the  known  butterflies  ;  of  these  only  thirty 
species,  or  less  than  four-tenths  of  oiui  per  cent  of  the  family  are  found  in 
the  Old  \\'orld.  and  of  tlic  American  species  ninety-seven  per  cent  are 
confined  to  the  tropics.  Only  six  hinnming-birds,  and  similarly  lint  seven 
Lemoniinae,  are  known  within  the  limits  of  the  I'nitcd  States. 

Tlut  I^ycaeninae,  which  comprise  nearly  two-third-  of  the  n\embers  of 
the  family  of  Lycaenidue.  occin*  everywhere,  but  certain  members  of  the 
same,  such  as  the  'J'heelidi,  are  found  in  infinitely  greate'- abundance  in  the 
Xew  World,  especially  in  South  America,  than  anywhere  else.  Among 
the  Pa])ilionidae,  the  I'ierinae  have  about  the  same  numerical  relation  to 
the  Papilioninae  that  the  Lycacninae  have  to  the  Lyeaenidae.  They  arc 
about  equally  (listril)utcd  between  the  Old  antl  the  Xew  Worlds,  and  are 
well  I'cprcsentcd  in  temperate  climes,  as  well  as  in  e(|uatorial  regions. 
The  I'api'ioninac  on  the  other  hand  are  more  strictl\  ecpiatorial,  following 
this  belt  aroiuid  the  world,  Li'ss  attention  has  been  paid  to  the  IIos- 
peridae  than  to  the  other  families  and  thiir  munbcrs  are  perhaps  far  greater 
than  we  imagine.  They  swarm  in  the  tropics,  and  a  very  considerable 
mimbei-  are  found  in  teni[)erate  regions  of  America,  where  indeed  they 
form  a  \cry  marked  feature  of  the  butterfly  fauna,  which  is  by  no  means 
the  case  to  the  same  extent  in  the  Old  World.  The  highest  family,  or 
brush-footed  butterflies,  is.  as  we  have  seen,  more  numerous  than  any  of 
the  others,  and  though,  like  the  others,  it  reaches  its  maxinuim  of  develop- 
ment within  the  tropics,  its  nmnerieul  superiority  is  most  evide.it  in  temper- 
ate zones,  and  especially  in  the  north  temperate  region  of  thi'  Old  A\'orld 
where  its  numbers  equal  those  of  all  the  other  families  combined. 

Many   attempts  have   been   made  to  divide  the   world  into  zoological 


DISTKIIU'IION   OF    IIIK   I'AMIMKS. 


213 


pi'dvinct'.s  iuitl  to  show  till!  (listril)iiti(iii  of  jireiit  jfi'Diiji.-  in  eiicli  of  these. 
But  these  i;'reat  provinces  nii'ely  or  ne\i'r  inark  tlie  sepitnition  of  tiie  more 
iiuportiint  ^iroiips  of  iiniinals,  such  as  the  butlertiics  or  tlie  I^'piihiptera  as 
a  wliole,  l)ut  only  liuiit  the  ilistrihution  of  minor  jii'oups  within  tliese  j^reat 
divisions.  Tlie  liiitterHies,  liowever,  more  perhaps  than  most  otiicr  <;roups. 
empliasize  tlie  ji'iaiul  division  of  the  world  into  two  fircat  areas,  the  Ohl 
and  the  New  Worlds  ;  and  it  is  only  where,  toward  the  arctit-  regidns.  the 
great  lateral  extension  of  the  land  In-iny's  tlu'  continental  masses  into 
close  juxtaposition,  that  we  find  any  >ireat  similarity  hetween  the  butterfly 
faunas  of  these  two  vast  re<rioiis  ;  and  here  in  the  nature  of  the  ease  the 
fauna  itself  is  most  scanty.  When  wc  pass  in  the  opposite  direction 
to  the  southern  continents,  widely  sejiarated  from  each  other  by  vast 
oceans,  we  find  an  almost  total  distinctness  of  fauna,  so  that  a  voyager 
from  one  to  the  other  region  would  be  instantly  struck  by  the  (piite  diH'erent 
aspects  of  butterfly  life  in  the  one  region  and  in  the  other:  and  as  South 
America  is  connected  with  the  north  by  only  a  narrow  peninsula,  it  stands  as 
the  most  distinct  and  uni(pie  butterfly  region  of  the  world,  and  the  com- 
plete or  nearly  complete  conflnement  of  some  of  the  larger  groups  to  this 
continent  is  in  entire  conformity  with  the  physical  facts. 

rnfortmiately.  the  study  of  the  geogra]>liicaI  distribution  of  butterflies 
is  not  aided,  as  is  that  of  many  other  grouj)s  of  animals,  by  the  data  of 
paleontology,  but  must  depend  ;<tirely  u]ion  the  knowK'dgc  of  I'xisting 
forms. 


lUIM.KXiitArilY. 

Kocli,  <i.  Dif  j;t'ui;r:i|iliiMlir' vcrlirciliiiiL'  ilir  ciiroliiiiM'hf  scliincUriliiim'  in  iiinlipcli  wi'lt- 
thi'ilcn.     I,ri|i/i^,  l,s,>4. 

Spcycr,  A.  iiiul  A.  Die  )ri>ogniiilii>rlii'  vcrhrciiniiy  i|i|-  >i|iiii(ltiiliiit;f  liciiiMliliiiuls  iiiul 
ilur  Scliwi'i/.     l.tipzi^-, '2  Vdls.  iMW-lsdL'. 

Kuuli,  (;.  Die  iMilu-!iM>li:ilisclii' l,ciii(lii|iici-iii-l':iiiiiii  in  iliiriii  ziisiiiiiiiiriiliiiii};' mil  ilcr  ciiru- 
imcisclicii  iirlist  ili'll  (.Irri  liiill|ill;uilli'll  (Icl-fldc.     I.(i|]/ii.',  ISO."). 

Kii-ljy,  W.  K.  On  tlic.liin  Lcpiiloiilfi-ii  (if  llir  i'.\ir;i.|iu|iii':il  ncnilirrn  licini>ii|i(i-f  :)nlj- 
lin,  1SU7  {Vvw.  Dubl.  scm'.i. 

Kdcli.d.  Dli'  ;;p(im-:i|ilil)-clii'  vi'i'miliuiu  del- vclinicllcrlingr  iiln'l'  die  ci'ilc.  (iolliii,  18T0 
(Totci'MiMnn's  (ioofrr.  nilnli.). 

Klrl)\,  W.  V.  On  tliof;ruuiiiiiinc:il  ili>li'iliiitiiJii  m|  the  (liin'iiul  l.i|.i(|ii|ilcni  as  coniiiiirtil  w  illi 
that  of  hirils.     I.oniloii,  IST'J  (I'mc.  i.inn.  soc). 

Jloll'niunn,  !■;.    I>iu  iMiii'H'iiii  il('i'cniiipti|j!clii.nln!.'l'iilli'i.  Stiillfriirl,  lsT3  (AViiiil.  mil.  jiilii' -li.). 

Wiiliiu'c,  A.  li.    'I'ho  Ki'"!-'iMpl]|i'iil  (lislriliuliiin  of  unliniils.    New  Yorli.  \!  voN.  187(i. 

Gerhard,  II.  ICIitr  ilii'  ^coLTiipliiMlic  MilnciluiiLr  dcr  Jlacro-li'piijoptini  iiiif  dir  trdo, 
Horlln,  iss:!  I  lifi'l.  1  iitoni.  Z(il.>clii-.j 

Srliatz,  K.     I)ii'  faniilii'ii  and  ynmnig.ii  dii-  tM^'fallci-.  I, iff.  I.  J-Hlrlli,  l.s.'«f>  (  cf,  p.  7-^9). 


m 

Hi 


214 


Tin;   ItriTKUKLlKS   OK   NKW    1:N(;I-A\1). 


CZSSIA  EUR7TUS  — The  little  wood  satyr. 


I;  J? 


I;,; 


if 


[Tlif  clii'ky  ar^iiis  ((ic)..M') ;   Kuryli'i>  IpiiiUTlly 
spotted  c|iiiik('r  Imtlc 

Paiiilin  I'urtjtiis  Fill)!-.,  Sysl.  tMitoiii.,  4S7 
(1775) ;— All!).,  Draw.  ins.  (Ja.  IJril.  \\\u*.,  vi: 
"St.  tl','i*..")i-,)3. 

Kiipti/rhiiy  fiiriitiis  Itull..  I'roc.  Ziiol.  sor. 
Loiiil.,  \mi.  MV)  (IHW). 

Mi'ijislrt  eiir'ilnx  Sr{\ih\..  Sysl.  rev.  .\incr. 
butt.,  7(1872). 

Cissio  eiiri/lii.i  .SrmM..  Hull.  Hull',  -of.  iial. 
8c.,ii:'i4.)  (IsV)):  Uiitl..  ■-".•7,11-.  •J.')4  (1S«1). 

I'lipiHn  curi/tris  Kalir.,  Kiitiiiii.  >y>t.,  iii : 
157  (I7iU);— JIdlist,  Xatiirsyst.  u\>.  si'limi'lt.. 
viii:!»<Wt7.  |>l-  HHj.  ti'is.  7-.S  (I7!m). 

HipjUircliiii  I'lirijiris  JIarr.,  Ins.  iiij.  vci;.. 
3(1  od..  ;iOt>,  li-,  129  (18(i-2). 

Xeniii/mphtt  eiiri/trix  Doiilil..  Catal.  Lcp. 
Brit,  iniis.,  i:  i;i7  (1,<S44) :  — Kdw.,  (an.  cnl., 
x:  10,>108(1S7H);— Krcnrli,  l{cp.  ins.  HI.,  vii : 
156(1878):  Unit.  cast.  r.  S.,  2as.240  (1.885); — 
Middl..  Hop.  ins.  III.,  x:  !«l  (l.>*81) :  —  Coq.. 
iliid..  1.84   (I8S1);  —  Kern..  Bntt.   Mc.  (>8-70 


(llin'i>l;  little  wiiiid  satyr  (Smiddt'r) ;  si.v- 
rtly  (.May Hard).] 

(18X.U:  — .Mayn..  Hntt.  X.  K..  li-7.  pi.  2,  Hsis. 
7.7a   (lS8li). 

Sidi/nis  ciu-iithrix  (iod..  Kncycl.  nititli.,  ix: 
4(>").  4!H  (181!t);  — H()isd.-I,<'('.'.  I/p.  Amc^r. 
.^I'pl..  pi.  01,  ti^'s.  1-4  (18;i:!). 

Xi'dni/iiipliii  fiiri/tlii  :'/<  .Morr.,  ratal.  1/pp. 
\.  Anicr..  10  (1.8(J(l);  Syn.  l.cp.  N.  Amor.  73 
(l.><li2):— S.innd..('an.i'nti>ni..  ii:13it-U2,  tii(.  9 

(1.870). 

I'lipilin  I'ljiiiiiit  (ram..  I'ap.  cxot.,  ii:o5, 
llK.pl.  132.  litrs.  C.  1».  (1779). 

Si'iiniimplni  ryiitrhi  .MiMitftr..  (^'atal.i'oll.  oii- 
loni.ai'ad.,  i:40  (l.SVi). 

Moijintii  njini'liii  Hiilm..  Vcrz.  scbinclt.,  34 
(1810). 

Kifroivd  tiy  IVti\ I'r,  (iazopliylapiiiin.  pi.  3,  tij;. 
SdOOS'?);-  Alplp..l»raw.  (iray coll., Host.  soc. 
nat.  hist..  ,")4:—(i lover.  111.  N.  A.  Lep..  pi.  IW, 
liirs.  2-3;  pi.  .\..  tiir.  2.').incd. 

Tlic  biittortlics  —  liriirlit  airy  thing's  — 

From  otV  the  lilai' linils 
1  scared,  for  havinfr  on  their  wiiiL's 

The  shadows  of  the  wooils. 

Al.K'K  Ctiiv.— 7Vi(/\sf';/"s  liiity. 

Imago  (1;  8:  11:  li).  llen<l  furnislierl  with  Ion;;,  blackish  brown  linirs.  bonlorintr 
the  inner  ediie  of  the  eyes,  and  partiiilly  eiubraciiiir  the  base  of  the  nnlcnnae;  be- 
tween them  is  ii  inedi.in  row  of  ecpiaUy  Ion;;,  pale  or  dull  yellowish  hairs,  which,  behind 
the  antennae,  expainl  into  i»  transverse  row  and  are  followe<l  posteriorly  by  mingled 
vpllowish.  brownish  and  yrreeiiisli  olivnceons  hnlrs.  all  of  thoin  father  pale;  the  vye  Is 
c<li;(>d  posteriorly  almost  as  far  a.s'the  base  of  the  nntennae  with  peai'ly.  backed  cspec- 
ally  above  with  blackish.  miin;led  witli  niddy  scales.  I'alpi  pearly,  dotted  with  blnek 
externally  at  the  very  base,  with  a  distinct  black  streak  alon;;  the  nnder  |iortion  of  the 
inner  -ide.  the  superior  frinite  pearly  extiM'nally  black  internally;  the  inferior  frinan 
pearly  internally,  blaikish  i^xtcrnally :  but  next  their  ba-e  •^npcrimposed  by  shorter, 
pearly  scale-hair-,  whic-h  !;row  loiiaer  toward  the  base  of  the  palpi :  apical  joint  black- 
ish brown,  with  a  loiii;Undinal  stripe  externally  below  and  above,  the  latter  taperiiiir ; 
frimre  beneath  of  min:;led  black  ami  whili'  hairs.  Anii  imai'  abovi'  blackish  brown, 
interrupted  rather  broadly  at  the  base  of  each  joint  with  while,  less  distinct  and 
marked  above  than  on  the  sides,  externally  forndu'j  a  continuous  wliit.e  stripe;  beneath 
reddi-h  or!iln;e.brn!ideniMaapically  so  as  to  occupy  the  whole  .>f  the  oiidei-  -urface.  the 
sidoN  and  the  sides  of  the  upper  -urfacc  of  the  club,  besiile-  the  whole  of  the  apical 
three  join'-,  'ronirnc  fuseo-luleous.  tlie  udddle  of  each  maxilla  fuscon-;  paplllan 
(61:27^  Iool;.  apple-seed  sh;ipi'd.  compi'i'-sed.  so  as  to  appear  ecpial  ill  some  views, 
with  faint  indication-  of  four  or  live  rai-ed  point-  aroiiml  Ihc  apical  rim.  the  cenlrnl 
lllament  -lender.  :ind  .■!-  lom;  ;i-  the  width  of  Ihc  p;ipilla, 

Thoriix  covered  almxe  in  fninl  with  abii'idaul.  delicati' yellowi-li  and  iirei'liish  oliva- 
ceous h;iir-,  pii-ii'i-iorly  with  Ic-- profu-c  browui-h  oliv.'iccoii-  hairs;  beneath  with 
shorter,  browni-ii  yellow  an<l  sunu'tiines  pale,  sliithtly  olivaceou-  hairs.  Fore  leus  cov- 
ered with  hoary  h;iir-;  olhi'v-  pah'  bull',  the  femora  friiiLred  pretty  heavily  with  lioary 
hairs,  and  interiorly  lined  more  nr  le-- with  bluish -cale-.  Spur- and -piiu's  fiisco- 
luteon-.  the  former  -caled  nearly  to  the  tip.     Chnv-  reddl-h.  a  liltii'  dusky  at  tlie  lips. 


>;A'rYi!i.\Ai::  cissiA  Kntviis. 


215 


Wiiiir^  iilidvi'  iiriii'ly  iinirnrm  dark  bi'owii.  ^liiilitly  |):ili'r  in  llu'  5?  •      /■' 


•il 


11  little  bcyiiiiil  ilii'  iiiiilcllc  liy  an  Indi-lliii'l  —  inon'  iiiarki'd  In  llii'  9  limn  in  the  ^  — 
slljflitly  cnrviMl.  slfiiiU'i.iliwky  >lri|ii'.  at  it-;  fxd-cinitu-.  I'nrvcil  imdi'i'  sli-DiiL'ly  mitward, 
and  LTDsslii!;  till'  middle  inciliaii  iiiTvuli'  at  an  lnli'r>paci''>.  distance  from  its  l)ase:  the 
tip  of  the  cell  is  xinietlnies  indistinelly  marked  with  fiiseiiiiN;  the  onti'i' border  has  ii 
very  narrow  edirinu;  of  blaekKli  riwcons.  followi'd  alniosi  iinniediately  by  another 
similar  liiu'  and  aitain.  at  less  than  an  inlers|iaee'~  dlstan<('  from  the  outer  border,  by  a 
>li;;lilly  broader,  similarly  colored. 


cMlllv 


waviiiLT  -tripe 


about  nildwav  between  llii> 


stripe  and  the  extra-me-ial -tripe,  or  a  little  iiean'r  the  former  (^llie  Held  itself  belusjt 
often,  and  especially  In  the  ?  and  in  faded  spiM'imens.  sliu'lilly  paler  than  the  re-t  of 
tlie -wiiiK)  are  two  rmmd.  black  oeelli,  (Mie  In  the  lower  snbeo>lal.  the  other  in  the 
lower  median  interspace,  eiiclosiiiir  a  pair  of  faint,  bluish  fn-cons  dots,  one  above  tho 
other:  the  lilack  spots  are  rather  narrowly  Ijiit  ili-tinetly  edijed  with  pale  yellowish, 
renehiii};  the  sides  of  the  inlerspace:  friiiLre  nniforni  iii'.'iyish  fiiscons.  lliii'l  ii'i'iii/k 
crossed  near  th<'  middle  by  a  s||.nder.  indi-tincl .  nearly  -traiijht  stripe  of  fn-eoiis. 
pa.ssiiii;  jnst  beyond  the  lip  of  the  cell  :  the  onti'r  border  Is  marked  just  as  In  the  fore 
winu;s.  the  inner  -nlnnariiinal  stripe  peihap- a  lillle  less  wavy;  there  is  also  a  siinl  • 
hir  ocellus  In  the  lower  meillan.  whicli,  owinii  'o  the  l)readtli  of  the  interspai'e.  is  fre- 
oiieiitly  a  lltth'  traiisver-e.  and  in  the  lower  subcostal  inlerspace  an  obsolete  one; 
occasionally  there  Is  a  smaller,  obsolete  one  In  the  iippei'  subcostal  Inti'rspace:  fringe 
similar  to.  but  u;eiierally  a  very  little  paler  than,  that  of  the  fore  winjis. 

Beneath  rather  pale.!;ray-brown.  very  sliithlly  tin;red  cm  the  apical  half  with  yellow- 
ish, and  toward  the  base  almost  linpereeptlltly  with  ;;reenish;  the  stripes  of  llie  iippi^r 
siirfuco  are  repeated  beneath,  a  very  Utile  more  broadly,  those  near  the  border  in  dark 
brownish  fuscous,  the  mesial  In  dark  yellowish  brown.  /•V/Cc  ifiinj.i  with  tlie  ocelli  of 
the  upper  surface  repeated  beneath,  the  double  pupils  ti(  steel  I'olori'd  scales,  the  black 
ol'  Ihi'  same  size  as  above,  but  the  yellowish  border  twice  as  broad,  extending:,  c-pec- 
ially  in  the  upper  one.  beyond  tlie  nervnles;  In  addition  there  Is  another  Iraiisvcrse 
-tripe,  similar  and  parallel  to  the  ine-ial.   but  a  little  -leiidcrer  and  fainter,  situated 

stal  to  the   sill). 
In  a 


midway  belwei'ii  that  and  the  base,  and  extendinir  from  llie  subi 
meillan  nervule:  in  the  Interspaces  between  those  occupied  by  the  ocelli,  and 
line  with  the  latter,  is  a  small,  roundish  spdt  cij'  j;leamlii!;.  liifiil  steel  colored  scales, 
broken  in  llie  iniddle  by  the  fold  of  the  w  lui;  wliicli  passes  midway  belweeii  the  ner- 
vnles: friiure  paler  than  above.  Iliml  n-iinjn  havlnii- a -I  raiuihl.  transverse  stripe,  similar 
and  parallel  to  the  me-ial  -tripe,  and  situiited  midway  between  the  latter  and  the 
base  of  the  winu':  a  round  or  roimdisli  black  ocellus  in  iiolh  siilicoslal,  the  lower 
modian  and  \'<r  medlo-submcdian  iiiter-|iaces.  tlie  I'orrc-poniliiiiione-  opposed  to  those 
of  the  upper  -urface :  ilial  of  tlie  Iciwci-  mcdhiii  interspace  I-  lari;e>t.  and  usually 
somewlial  or  considerably  iran-ver-e:  tlial  of  tin'  lower  -ulico-tal  I-  next  in  -l/.e,  while 
tlie  other  iwo  are  -mailer  and  nearly  ei|nal.  that  cd'  the  iiiecllo-suljinedlan  occnpyiiij; 
only  the  iiiUerior  hair  of  the  Inler-pacc.  but  never  touehinu:  the  one  above  it;  while 
tlu'  upper  two  alway-  touch  ami  -ometlmes  have  Iheir  yellow  borderinir  more  or  less 
blended  :  the  oeelli  are  siniil;ir  to  tlio-e  .d'  the  tore  wlni;s,  exeepliim-  lliat  tile  steel  col- 
ored scales  form  a  siniilc  insletid  of  a  double  pupil  In  the  upper  and  lower  spots;  in 
the  siibcosto-median  and  upper  median  iiilerspaces.  on  a  line  with  the  ocelli  of  the 
other  inter-pace-.  Is  ii  pretty  hirire  s|iot  (d'  liirlit  steel  colored  scales  somewhat  scat- 
tered tow;ird  tlie  ont-ide.  anil  \;irii'd  licre  and  tliere  by  bhicklsli  scales;  the  spots 
are  broken  In  the  middle  a-  In  the  fore  wliii;-;   frin^ie  a-  In  fore  wiim-. 

.U)domen  above  blackish  brown,  enlivened  with  pale  brown  hairs;  beneath  latlier 
pale  jrraylsh  brown.  Male  appendaiics  (33;  li.  7)  :  upper  ornan  arched  a  little  louu:!- 
tudlnally;  hook  a  little  arched  at  exlrenie  base,  beyond  takinu;  the  illrection  of  the 
posterior  half  of  the  eentrnm.  ratln'r  hl^lial  the  base,  tiiperlni;  reirnhiily  alino-t  to  the 
tip.  more  than  four  limes  as  lona:  as  lilu;h  and  half  as  lousi  airain  as  tlie  eeiitruiu;  the 
Inferior  foliation  extcndliif;  from  the  middle  of  the  basal  half  nearly  to  the  lip,  rejru- 
lai'ly  ovate,  fusiform,  two  and  a  hall'tlines  loii){er  than  broad,  the  tip  minutely  hooked 
bcnonth;  lateral  arms  very  slender,  lapi'rliiij  very  sllifhtly.  Iliiely  pointed,  as  long  as 


',:\y' 


.1* 


216 


THK  HrrTEHKMKs  OF   XKW   KNdl.AND. 


I' 

Is  ?'■ 

I 


the  hook,  somi-wliiit  airluul  ami  curved  a  littk'  iuwaril.  the  apex  ilii't-cted  <lo\vii\vai'(l. 
Clasps  broad  at  the  Im.se.  three  times  as  hiiifi  as  broad,  rapidly  tapin'in};  from  just  be- 
fore the  middle  to  tlie  iiiiddio  of  tlie  outer  two-tliirds,  by  the  upward  slopiuj{  of  the 
lower  inargin,  wliile  tlie  latter  is  at  the  same  tiuie  slinlitly  arclied.  the  apical  third  not 
one-quarter  tiie  width  of  the  base,  ecpial  l)Ut  pointed  at  the  tip,  wlierc  it  is  strongly 
Incurvetl  and  armed  with  a  few  scarcely  perccplilUe  prickles ;  there  is  a  slit;ht  lateral 
inward  expansion  of  tlie  upper  cdsrc.  just  before  the  api(,'al  third  of  the  clnsp, 


MensurenieniN  in  niilliniefres. 

MALKH. 

J                      VKMAI.K.S. 

Leujith  of  lon;,'Ue  '). 

Smallest. 

Averajte. 

Iiari,'est. 

!  Smallest. 
1!). 

8. 

5..-) 

I.I 

Avera;,'e. 

Liirj,'e»t. 

Length  of  fore  \viu"'s 

IS. 

s, 

1  .'J.-! 

in.7.-i 

S.2.-) 

li. 

1  .i:> 

20.7.-) 
8.7.-) 
ii.7.'> 
l.-i") 

•iO. 
S.2.i 
II. 
1.4 

21. 

antennae 

hind  tihiiie  iim:  hir.-i. 
fore  tibiae  and  tarsi  . 

8..i 

fi..S6 

1.4 

m- 


t"';,; 


Secondary  sexual  peculiarities.     For  the  androcouia.  see  llie  ueneric  description. 

Egg  (64:  .">,  11).  Very  pale  yellowish  irrecu.  almost  wliile;  cells  lui  tiic  upper  half 
averagin;;  about  .042  nun.  in  diameter,  separated  by  raised  lines  .oom.)  mm.  in  width, 
the  surface  of  tlm  cells  perfectly  llat  and  pretty  smooth;  the  micropyle  i.s  about  .13 
mm.  in  dianicter.  and  the  average  diameter  of  tlie  cells  coinposinir  it  is  about  .01!) 
mm.;  height.  .!•  mm. .  greatest  diameter.  .88  mm. 

Caterpillar.  /•'(')•.•</  .•dai/f  (70:4).  Head  (78:2.>)  pale  greenish  castaneous.  the 
ocellar  spot  dusky;  iiiDUth  parts  pale,  hidrs  (iusky.  Ilody  pale  brown  with  a  greenish 
tinge,  tlie  dorsal,  lateral,  stigniiitai  and  suprastigiii:it:il  stripes  roseate,  or  yellowish 
brown  with  a  pinkish  hue:  siiprastigmatHi  stripe  broader  than  the  otiiers  wiiieii  are 
equal  and  slemh'r.  I,egs  and  pi'(ileg>  ooiicolorons  with  body;  spiracles  pale,  with  a  fus- 
cous annnlns :  liair^  (86  :  4o)  pule  brown,  paler  at  ciiilibed  lip.     lAMigtii  ;t.5  mm. 

Secninl  Ktiiiif  (78:  2('>).  Head  rounded  subi|mulrate.  broadest  at  upper  limit  of  eye- 
specks,  witli  tiilierdes  as  in  lirst  stage  but  proportionally  smaller ;  color  pale  watery 
brown,  narrowly  bainleil.  longitudinally  behind  and  above,  transversely  in  front,  with 
very  pale  yellowish  brown,  wliicli  is  the  colr>r  also  of  the  coronal  tubercles:  tiie  scat- 
tered tubercles  are  palii<l  and  give  rise  to  mingled  pale  and  black  hairs;  tlie  sutures 
arc  marked  in  rusl-l)r()wii.  tlie  ocelli  are  black;  laliruiii  black  edged:  mandibles  edged 
with  castaneous  deepenimr  to  lilaek;  antennae  pale  yellowisli  brown  witli  a  long  color- 
less bristle.  Uody  dull  and  ratlier  pale  green,  studded  wltli  small  pallid  tubercles 
v86:42)  of  two  sizes,  one  al)out  three  times  as  large  as  the  other,  arranged  in  trans- 
verse rows,  eacli  giving  rise  to  a  sliort.  pale  or  <lark  hair,  and  adorned  with  longitudinal 
stripe^  eorrespondiiiii  exactly  to  thosi-  of  tlie  tlrsl  stage;  vi/...  a  dorsal  dark  olive 
green  stripe  deepeniiii:  to  purplish  brown  posteriorly;  a  very  sleinier.  lateral,  reddish 
brown  line  edited  below  with  yellowish,  which  extemis  upon  the  sides  of  the  caudal 
forks,  iind  below  ^ciircely  sep;ir:ited  -.tigmatiU  and  siil),|  jirnnitid  liiinds  of  same  color, 
the  lalti'r  edged  beneath  ill  the  fold  with  yellowish,  t^andai  forks  as  long  as  the  last 
segment.     Stigmala  minute,  blackisli.     Length,  il..-)  mm  ;  breadth  of  liead.  .S.")  mm. 

Third  Ktiirfi'  (78:27).  Dill'ers  from  preceding  stage  only  in  size,  llio  length  of  tho 
caudal  horiis.  iiinl  the  slightly  inteusitlod  i-oloring  and  ontrasts  of  tiie  bands.  Length, 
s..'>  mm.  :  of  eand:il  horns.  .4  mm. :   breadth  of  body.  I.I  mm. :  of  lieail,  l..'>  mm. 

Full  rill  Ktiiiji  (74  :  l:i).  Head  i  78  :  2.s)  pallid.  Iilolejieil  with  dull  brown,  there  beinjr  a 
broad  diM'rgiiiu;  liand  <pn  either  side  of  the  triangle.  n^;ieliiiig  ii-  lii;;h  .as  il  by  its  outer 
;iiid  higlier  edge  !i  inirrow  t i';iii>ver^e  lielt  iiniling  (he  ein'onal  tubercles  and  broaden- 
ing ill  tlie  middle  bi't ween  them  ;  and  iiiiilway  between  these  two,  on  the  face,  a  nar- 
row, transverse,  zigzag  or  di!e|ily  lunate  belt,  which  encircles  tlie  nead  and  becomes 
straight  on  tlie  sides,  separated  from  it  by  a  narrow  pallid  patch;  tlio lower  portions 
of  the  sides  are  wholly  infuscated.  like  the  upjier  half  of  tho  triangle.  The  whole  head 
is  studded  witli  larger  anil  smaller,  conical,  while  tubercles,  from  each  rd'  which  springs 
a  sliorl  blai'k  Iniir;  the  moderately  large  ami  distant  coronal  tubercles  are  ferruginous; 
ocelli   liitecjii-  ed;ri'd   posteriorly  with    bhiek :  jiius   white  at  base,  blackish  I'astane- 


.SATYKINAE :   CISSIA   EUHYTUS. 


217 


oils  (in  cuttiiiK  eiliio;  iiiitoiinau  and  spinnerot  pale.  Body  dull  and  paUid  Rreeninh 
yuUow,  lioavily  tiusprlnklcd  with  liisth.  conical,  pallid  tnberclo.  each  bearing  a  short, 
brown  hair.  There  Is  a  broad,  blacl^lsh  brown  dorsal  stripe,  narro' /est  on  thoracic 
joints,  a  similar  ,  tiginatal  stripe,  bnt  discontliuious,  belnu;  made  up  entirely  of  dis- 
connected dots,  and  so  far  less  conspicuous;  a  very  faint,  pale  fernijiiuous.  lateral 
stripe,  deepeidntf  at  the  extremity  of  each  sei^nient  into  a  distinct  spot,  becoming 
blaclcish  brown  on  the  middle  scfjments;  and  a  much  broken,  siiprastij^matal.  l)lackish 
brown  stripe,  continuous  only  on  the  thoracic  sejjments,  and  there  but  partially, 
and  beyond  conspicuous  only  by  a  short  l)ar  on  the  front  of  the  scf?racnts  in  wliicli  tlio 
lateral  dots  are  distinct.  Caudal  luirus  a  little  lari;er  than  the  last  .scj.;ment.  and  like 
it  pallid  externally,  infuscated  within,  and  l)esprinkled  willi  pallid  tubercles.  Under 
surface  of  body  next  tlie  stl};inatal  fold  liesprlnkled  with  l)lacklsh  dots.  Lnjrs  of 
body  color-,  the  claw  tip  infuscated;  proleirs  very  |)ale.  plnkisli  aplcally.  Spiracles 
black,  centrally  encircled  with  pale  and  this  with  a  narrow  fuscous  rluyr  fading  out 
below.  Length  soon  after  moult,  ll.."i  nnn. ;  width  of  head,  !.•><  nnu. ;  of  body,  l.C 
imu. ;  length,  when  nearly  ready  to  cliauge,  11!  mm. ;  lireadth  of  body.  2.,">  mm. 

Last  ntuijf  {74  :  ;?.  (>,  10).  Head  (78:  2!))  .sordid  white,  heavily  mottled  with  dark  brown 
in  irregularly  margined  transverse  bands  and  l)lotches,  whlcli  are  everywhere  inter- 
rupted l)y  dots  of  the  l)asal  color;  these  dark  parts  are  especially  noticeable  as  bands 
in  a  transverse  line  uniting  the  summits  of  the  two  hemispheres,  In  a  broad  baud  sub- 
parallel  to  and  1)nt  little  distant  from  the  facial  triangle,  and  In  a  large,  triangular 
spot  occupying  the  upper  part  of  this  triangle ;  besides  these  the  other  Ijlotclies  form 
vague  longitudinal  Ijands  crossing  the  cheeks;  but  In  some  specimens  tlie  whole  front 
of  the  head  is  almost  nuiforuUy  fuscous  but  dotted  witli  sordid  while.  In  particular 
in  all  cases  the  nmnerous  papillae  are  pallid  and  give  rise  to  delicate  black  hairs, 
several  times  their  own  length;  ocelli  rnljy-black,  piceous  at  ground;  mandibles  pale 
testaceous  at  1)ase,  ranidly  changing  through  testaceous  to  Iilack  apically:  anten- 
nae aiul  other  UKnith  parts  testaceous.  Body  pallid  brown  with  a  slight  greenish 
tinge,  completely  studded  with  minute,  pallid,  conical  tubercles,  infuscated  at  the  tip 
and  bearing  reddish  testaceous  aclcular  spines  nearly  as  long  as  themselves.  The 
markings  of  the  l)ody  are :  llrst.  a  median,  blackish  stripe,  fainter  and  nearly  reduced  to 
Its  edges  on  the  thoracic  segments,  deepening  to  almost  inky  blackness  (when  most 
intense)  on  the  hinder  abdondnal  segments,  and  throughout  intensllledat  the  extremity 
of  the  scgi.ients :  second,  a  suprastlgmatal  series  of  large,  roundish,  fuscous  spots  of 
greater  or  loss  depth  of  color  just  in  front  of  the  middle  of  each  segment,  tending  to 
become  oblique  patches,  whose  hinder  edge  passes  just  over  the  spiracles;  third,  a  nar- 
row, pall-  •■,uous  lateral  s.tripeon  the  abdominal  segments,  consisting  of  a  single  arch 
to  each  segment,  margined  below  and  abo\e  with  dark  olivaceous  brown,  broadest  and 
more  uniform  Init  only  conspicuous  on  the  posterior  half  of  each  segment  below, 
almost  entirely  reduced  to  a  still  deeper  spot  at  tlie  posterior  extremity  of  each  segment 
abcvc  ,  the  whole  faintly  traceable  on  the  thoracic  segments;  fourth,  of  a  fuscous  edging 
of  the  substlgmatal  fold;  llftli,  a  narrow  fuscous  ventral  stripe,  most  distinct  on  the 
apodous  segments ;  and  sixth,  a  fuscous  lateroventral  spot  near  the  anterior  edge  of  all 
the  segments.  Caudal  horns  almost  wholly  sordid  white,  infuscated  along  the  median 
line  above.  Legs  pale  greenish ;  claws  testaceous ;  prolegs  color  of  body ;  circlet  of 
hooks  roseate  testaceous;  spiracles  black  encircled  with  pallid.  In  some  specimens, 
the  markings  ami  especially  all  but  the  dorsal  stripe  are  very  much  snbdued,  and  the 
greenish  tone  of  the  whole  Is  then  more  distinct;  but  in  all,  the  thoracic  segments  are 
more  or  less  grlseous  and  with  small  sign  of  the  markings.  Length,  21  mm. ;  breadth 
of  head,  2.(i  mm. ;  of  neck,  1.5  mm. ;  of  third  abdominal  segment,  3.75  mm. ;  length  of 
caudal  horns,  .8  mm. 

ChtvsallB  (83;  28).  Brownish  pallid,  heavily  flecked  with  grlseous,  especially  on 
the  apical  half  of  the  abdomen,  the  head,  and  the  visible  parts  of  the  hind  wings; 
move  than  usually  pallid  on  the  llrst  three  (dorsal)  abdominal  segments ;  all  the  carlnae, 
of  head,  wings,  mesothorax  and  abdomen,  white ;  whig-veins  pallid ;  cremaster  grlseous 
ou  the  .sides,  castaueuus  at  tip,  the  hooks  castaneous;  spiracles  luteo-fuscous,  with 


218 


Tin-:  nUTTKRFLIRS  OF  XKW  KXtiLAXI). 


iG 


i'i-^v 


■[•\>\ 


pallid  lipMiiKlnurisoousnrooltt.    Posterior  edirc  nf  tluMloiNiiinof  tlip  llisl  livcnlxlonilnal 
seginonls  UDtchod  hi  tin;  middle.     Leiiirtli.  lii..>  mm. ;  licialit,  "i  mm. ;  ■\vidlli,  5  iiiiii. 

Distribution  (18:8).  Thi.s  insect  ai)i)eiirs  to  he  almost  exclii!<ively 
confineil  to  the  Ignited  .'^tatc.*  east  of  tlic  j^rcat  plains,  and  nearly  every- 
where IS  spoken  of  as  al)un(l:nit.  It  occurs  a"l  ahjng  tlie  .Vthantie  coast, 
even  to  soutlicrn  Florida  where,  at  Ilaidovcr,  ^Ir.  ."^<'lnvarz  has  taken  it ; 
on  the  Gulf  side  Dr.  Ciiapinan  finds  it  [)lentiful  at  -Vpalachicola,  (losse 
records  it  from  Alal)ania,  and  .Strecker  from  Te.xas  :  it  is  profusely  ahimdant 
in  Iowa  (Allen,  Austin,  Oshorn,  Putnam),  occurs  also  rarely  in  eastern 
Kansas  (Snctw),  is  reported  fi-om  Fort  Xicthrara,  \el).  (Carpenter)  and 
is  connnon  in  A\'isc(jnsin  (Hoy).  Mr.  Ilarrinj^ton  says  it  is  not  conunon 
in  southern  Michij^an,  but  Mr.  Saunder-  (inds  it  plentiful  in  Ontario,  where 
Lowe  reports  it  in  Essex  Co.  It  occurs  elsewhere  north  of  our  border 
in  Quebec  (Fyles).  Montreal  (Caidfield),  Ottawa,  common  (Billings, 
Fletcher),  and  at  Sudltury,  north  uf  (ieorgian  l>ay  (Fletcher). 

In  New  Enirland  it  is  found  in  all  the  southern  and  middle  portions,  but 
is  absent  from  or  rare  in  the  northern.  The  most  northern  ])oints  known 
to  me  are  A\'al])ole  (Smith),  Plymouth,  conunon  (Scudder)  and  Mil- 
ford,  N.  11.  (  \\'hitney)  :  Norway.  ^Ic,  where  Mr.  Smith  found  it  in 
abundance,  Brunswick  (Packard)  and  Portland,  Me.  (Lyman).  It  does 
not  occur  in  the  White  Mountains,  althou<rh  Hill  records  it  from  the  Adi- 
rondacks,  Init  })robably  will  be  found  closo  to  their  soutlicrn  boundaries, 
and  quite  as  far  north  in  Vermont.  In  the  southern  part  of  New  Enjrland 
it  is  excccdinu'ly  abundant. 

Haunts.  The  buttcrHics  of  thi-*  species  frequent  tall  thickets  and 
irroves,  the  border  of  open  woods  and  partially  shaded  forest  roads.  ^Ir, 
Saunders  says  :  (Can.  ent.,  ii ;  13!t)  "they  dcliudit  in  the  sunjiy  openi.'igs 
found  ofttimes  in  [)artially  cleared  woods,  also  in  wooded  lanes  and  roads 
and  the  sunny  edges  of  the  forest,  where  liy  their  peculiar  jumping  flight 
they  ma\  lie  readily  recognize<l.  sometimes  singly,  at  other  times  s|)orting 
in  *:wos  and  threes"  :  to  us.  Imwevcr,  they  seem  usually  to  prefer  more  shade 
tlian    this  extract  would  seem  to  imply. 

Oviposition.  The  eggs  are  laid  singly  on  blades  of  grass,  living  or 
dead.  Oiiservation  lias  been  made  only  upon  imprisone<l  females.  Mr. 
A\'.  H.  Edwards  found  them  "laid  upon  the  grass,  nr  dropped  loosely 
ujion  the  sod  or  the  earth."  Of  fourteen  laid  for  me  by  one  individual,  only 
five  were  laiil  on  living  iiladcs,  the  remainder  upon  dead  lilades  close  to  the 
ground.  Those  iqion  the  living  blades  were  all  laid  on  the  under  surface, 
whether  prominent  as  everywhere  excepting  near  the  tip,  or  flat  as  near 
the  ti|).  They  are  slightly  attached  at  inditl'crciit  heights  from  the  ground, 
the  smaller  blades  of  grass  being  apparently  [ireferred.  The  duration  of 
the  egg  state  is  about  thirtci  n  tlays  in  the  north,  only  eight  days  in  West 
Virginia. 


•*y. 


i 


Hi' 


lU" 


SATYRIXAK :  CISSIA  ELKYTL'S. 


219 


Food  plant.  The  ciiterpil'.ar,  wliich  has  never  lieun  ol)tiiine(l  in  tlie 
open  field,  feeds  freely  uiton  any  ordinary  grass.  It  is  figured  I)y  Ahltot 
upon  Xyris  torta.  Some  eggs  were  once  laid  for  nie  on  the  under  side  of 
leaves  of  clover. 

Habits  of  the  caterpillar.  .My  first  ac(]uaintancc  witli  the  early 
stages  of  this  insect  was  through  the  late  Mr.  P.  S.  Spraguc,  who,  lii<e 
Mr.  Saunders,  whose  experience  is  related  in  the  Canadian  Entoniol  .yist, 
succeeded  in  carrying  the  cater|)iliar  only  up  to  tiie  time  of  hii)ernation. 
His  observations  show  that  while  young  tiiey  eat  only  the  edges  of  hlades 
of  grass  and  move  about  but  little,  a  character  whicii  seems  universal 
among  tiie  Satyrinae  ;  wlien  larger  tiiey  fref|uently  l)ite  oft' wiiole  blades  of 
grass  al)ove  themselves  and  devour  tiie  end  of  the  standing  i)lade  ;  marks 
of  tj-.eir  feeding  arc  seen  in  the  scattered  ti[)s  lying  on  the  ground  ;  tiiey 
feed  only  by  night,  lying  concealed  by  day  among  the  roots  of  tiie  grass, 
sometimes  on  dead  sticks,  whicii  they  mucii  resemble  ;  they  are  shy,  usually 
dropping  to  tlie  ground  at  the  least  disturbance  ;  their  movements  some- 
what resemlile  those  of  the  Geoinetrids  :  tliey  eat  meagrely  an<l  therefore 
grow  slowly,  only  attaining  the  length  of  ludf  an  inch  i)efore  cold  weather, 
wiien  they  seek  a  liiding  i)lace  and  sleep  thvough  tlic  long  winter. 

Since  tlien,  I  have  repeatedly  reared  tli^T  insect,  and  liave  sometimes 

succeeded  in  carrying  it  through  the  winter.     So,  too,  lias  Mr.   Edwards. 

He  writes  (Can.  ent.,  10:  107)  : 

Tlio  earlier  stiiijcs  were  rapidly  passed,  but  tiie  last  were  very  iinicli  proloniied. 
Wlicn  aljout  to  moult  tlie  larvae  remaiued  for  tlr">c  or  four  days  before  this  event 
motiduless,  and  as  niauv  after,  and  there  were  periods  of  several  days  between  the 
moults  wlien  they  rested  and  tool<  no  food.  .  .  .  Tiie  larva  is  slniriiish  at  all  times,  moves 
very  little  and  with  areat  delilieration.  .  ,  .  Soon  after  tlie  third  moult,  tiie  larvae  all 
ceased  feedinir.  and  some  appeared  to  lie  in  profound  letiiarjry ;  but  others,  after  rest- 
ing for  several  days  would  arouse  and  eat  a  little,  tiicn  sleep  auain  ;  Ijut  every  one,  not- 
withstanding the  let  .rgii;  eondition,  was  found  to  liave  changed  its  position  several 
times, 

INIy  experience  has  varied  sligiitly  from  tiiis,  for  I  have  found  the  cater- 
pillar sluggish  at  all  times,  and  while  the  first  moult  was  passed  in  West 
Virginia  in  a  week,  this  stage  lasted  more  than  two  weeks  in  Massachu- 
setts, and  in  three  weeks  thereafter  the  third  moult  was  passed  ;  the  fourth 
stage,  however,  is  always  very  mucii  prolonged,  being  generally  fully 
three  weeks  in  duration.  During  the  first  and  second  stage  it  feeds  both 
by  day  and  by  night,  resting  after  feeding  wherever  it  happens  to  be,  ex- 
tending its  body  along  the  blade  of  the  leaf,  sometimes  with  the  head 
uppermost,  sometimes  downward,  and  wlieu  feeding  nil)bles  only  the  edges 
of  the  grass,  as  oliserved  liy  Mr.  Sprague.  Its  movements  arc  astonish- 
ingly slow,  almost  as  difficult  to  see  as  the  motion  of  the  minute  hand  of  a 
clock.  After  the  second  stage  is  passed  it  feeds  only  liy  night,  and  rests 
only  on  the  stems  and  not  on  the  lilades,  retiring  generally  to  the  very  foot 
of  the  stalk,  and  pushing  its  way  headforemost  as  far  as  it  can  go  down  to  the 


'Mm 

l^j; 


'I- 


W 


220 


IIIK   IJUTTKIU'MKS  OF   NKW    KN'Of-AXI). 


vlv' 


base  '>f  one  of  the  l)liulcs,  tiirniiift  l)aek  to  feed  ngu'm  toward  sundown.  In 
resting,  the  caudal  horns  are  nearly  horizontal,  hut  are  a  triHe  raised. 

One  wliieli  was  overtaken  hy  winter,  after  it  ceased  to  eat  wandered 
slowly  for  scvecal  weeks — though  reniaininfif  motionless  most  of  the  time — 
in  the  search  for  a  suital)le  place  to  hibernate ;  finally  about  November  7  it 
took  a  position  near  the  base  of  a  bimdle  of  leaf-stalks  where  a  dead  blade 
from  another  cluster  overhunj^  it,  spun  a  sinjiie  thread  across  to  unite  the 
two,  and  stationed  itself  head  upward  for  the  winter.  Another  took  up 
its  station  on  the  base  of  a  blade  of  grass  about  October  20  and  remained 
here,  in  the  living  room  of  a  house  until  tJamiary  2l),  when  it  arousctl  and 
began  regularly  to  eat  by  night,  and  to  hide,  as  al)ove  described,  by  day. 

Fapation.  The  caterpillar  spins  a  web  on  a  blade  of  grass  just  where 
it  has  i)een  feeding  or  without  wandering  far,  hangs  in  a  very  strongly 
curved  position  for  tliree  days  i)efore  casting  the  larval  skin,  and  then  hangs 
as  a  chrysalis  for  about  sixteen  days  in  the  noith,  eleven  in  the  south. 

Life  history.  There  is  only  one  brood  ammally.  The  butterfly  appears 
in  the  extreme  south  of  New  Kngland  about  the  2(>tli  of  May;  in  the 
vicinity  of  Hoston  usually  at  the  close  of  the  month  or  the  very  first  of 
June;  it  remains  eonuiion  throughout  June  seldom  much  longer,  but 
occasional  specimens  may  be  taken  far  into  July ;  and  I  once  captured  a 
specimen  in  Waltliam  on  August  I^.  Mr.  !?aunders  states  that  in  Ont.ario 
it  usually  ap[)ears  about  the  lOth  or  12th  of  June,  though  sometimes  as 
early  as  the  1st.  Its  ordinary  appearance  can  hardly  be  delayed  until  the 
second  week  of  June,  but  it  may  be  that  it  varies  greatly,  according  to  the 
season,  for  Dr.  Packard  writes  that  it  appeared  one  year  at  IJrunswick, 
Me.,  as  late  as  the  '2'M  of  June.  In  the  extreme  southern  states  it  makes 
its  appearance  the  last  week  of  March,  and  continues  through  April  into 
May  (Chapman)  ;  Mr.  Sclnvarz  took  it  at  Ilaulover,  Fla.,  on  Marcli  Ifi. 

Tiic  aI)ove  account  is  sul)stantially  as  I  wrote  it  fifteen  years  agi  ,  and 
there  wouhl  be  apparently  no  occasion  to  change  it  now  for  the  vicin'ty  of 
Boston  ;  l)ut  elscwliere,  both  north  and  soutii,  frcsii  specimens  liave  been 
taken  nuicli  later  in  tiie  season.  Mr.  F.  II.  Spraguc,  in  i)articular,  writes 
me  of  his  exi)erience  in  1<S8.'),  and  lie  has  ol)served  similar  occurrences  in 
other  seasons,  tiiat  in  eastern  Massachusetts  "very  few  good  specimens 
were  met  with  after  the  middle  of  June,  and  liy  Jidy  1,  they  liad  altogether 
disappeared  with  the  exception  of  periiaps  a  dila})idatcd  one  here  and 
there";  while  "in  the  hilly  region  of  the  Connecticut  Valley  (in  central 
Massacluisetts)  fresh  specimens  of  the  male  were  taken  sparingly  from 
July  l)-10,"  not  accompanied  by  a  single  female  nor  by  any  worn  speci- 
mens, and  for  the  next  three  days  several  more  good  and  fair  specimens  of 
both  sexes  but  none  poor.  Later  than  this,  in  other  years,  faded  specimens 
were  taken  in  the  same  region  until  after  August  1.  Captain  Geddes  also 
reports  taking  the  species  in  Canada  in  September,  and  ^Ir.  Edwards  says 


m 

!  h  i'  ' 


n    ^ 


SATVitlXAK:    CISSI',    i:il!YI['S. 


221 


thiit  "tVi'sii  l)iittc'rriit'.s" .  .  .  are  Hying  liore  [\Y.  \'ii.]  in  t\\v  lull."  He  also 
rt'iiroil  one  to  iniiij^o  from  vji'^s  of  tlie  .■<aine  year,  and  I  June  done  the 
same  in  Camln'idjjje.  tiiougii  in  my  case  it  was  in  the  lion.se  and  tiie 
catcrpilhir  did  not  eliange  to  eliiysali.s  until  ( )(toher  1.]. 

The  caterpillar  is,  however,  so  very  sluggish  in  its  movenu'nts  and, 
under  favorai)le  environment,  plenty  of  t'ond  and  |iiotection  from  the 
inclemency  of  the  weather,  takes  so  long  to  undergo  it  'lianges  (normally 
hihernating  in  New  England,  to  judge  from  tiie  expeiience  in  several 
seasons,  in  the  last  larval  stage),  that  it  seems  (piite  impossible  that  the 
fresh  July  butterflies  noted  by  Mr.  Sprague  could  have  come  from  eggs  of 
the  same  seai^.:!>.  The  insect  nnist  l>e  single  broodid.  It  seems  rather 
more  prol)ai)le  that  some  caterpillars  o\-crtaken  by  the  cold  season  in 
their  penultimate  or  even  a  preceding  stage,  rcaclii'd  their  development  at 
a  correspondingly  later  pei-iod  the  following  year;  but  why  thest'  should 
appear  after  their  more  steady  companions  had  had  their  season  and  (lisa|)- 
peared  is  a  question  to  be  solved,  and  the  species  will  l)ear  a  good  deal  of 
experimental  study  before  this  can  be  determined.  It  would  seem  as  if 
tliis  July  brood  were  an  accidental  offshoi>t  trying  to  perpetuate  itself,  and 
by  the  necessities  of  the  case  breedint"'  in  and  in.  and  takinu'  like  the  alter- 
natc  brood  an  entire  year  for  the  completion  of  its  cycle. 

The  normal  continuance  of  the  species  in  New  England  af'ter  the  Hight 
of  the  May-June  buttei-flies  is  as  follows  :  the  butterfly  lays  its  eggs  in  the 
latter  half  of  June,  all  that  I  have  seen  between  .lunc  2i)  ami  2."»,  and  they 
hatch  as  aliove  stated  in  about  13  days.  The  caterpillar  grows  slowly 
to  at  least  its  penultimate  stage  and  often  nearly  to  maturity  before  hiberna- 
ting, feeds  more  or  less  in  early  spring  and  changes  to  chrysalis  in  May, 
when  the  butterflies  appear  again. 

Flight  and  posture.  This  shade-loving  butterfly  has  a  dancing  flight, 
ski[iping  iiere  and  there  with  ciU'cless  grace  and  ceaseless  moxement  about 
three  or  four  feet  above  the  ground,  disappearing  among  the  foliage  and 
anon  reappearing,  so  that  one  loves  to  stand  in  the  ([uiet  wood,  watch  its 
fanciful  movements,  and  dream  that  fairies  float  on  butterfly  wings. 

Eurytus  walks,  as  it  tlies.  by  a  su<'cession  of  spasmodic  little  starts. 
When  at  rest  upon  a  horizontal  surface  the  body  is  elevated  anteriorly  a*' 
an  angle  of  al)out  2;")°  and  the  wings  are  closed  back  to  back,  so  that  the 
inner  margin  of  the  fore  wing  just  reaches  the  upper  submarginal  spot  on  the 
superior  surface  of  the  hi  ul  wing.  The  antennae  s[tread  at  an  angle  of 
80°  and  arc  raised  at  an  angle  of  about  2")"  with  the  body ;  they  are  not 
straight,  but  curved  at  the  base  a  little  ujnvard  and  forward,  and  at  the  tip 
about  as  much  downward  and  forward  and  also  very  slightly  outward ;  the 
position  of  the  antennae  is  the  same  during  motion. 

Desidorata.  By  far  the  most  important  point  for  study  in  the  history 
<jf  this  butterfly,  nil  of  whose  stages  arc  known,  is  to  solve  the  problem  of 


"'^ 


222 


TlIK   IJLTTKKl'LIKS  OF   XKW   KNCil.AXl). 


I'? 

|i: 

!  *;  :, 


the  appciirance  in  certain  pluccji  (if  a  late  linxitl  of  ImtterHies.  Tills  lirood 
is  always  scanty  in  niinihers  (while  the  .Iiine  lirood  is  ihundant)  Init 
whether  it  is  eontined  to  special  places  or  not,  whether  it  is  ii  re<,fularly  rc- 
currinjr  or  a  chance  phenomenon  is  unknown.  ^VatchinJ>•  the  hehavior  of 
considerahle  nunihers  of  caterpillars — in  this  species  a  tedious  undertaking — 
and  perhaps  experinientinji'  on  them  under  various  favorable  and  unfavor- 
ahle  conditions ;  and  particularly  observing  the  variations  in  their  condi- 
tion at  the  a,-proacli  of  winter  may  perhaps  be  the  best  means  (jf  attacking 
the  problem.  Hut  those  who  live  in  southern  localities,  where,  in  Mr. 
Edwards"  opinion,  the  species  i>  double  brooded,  may  perhaps  l)e  in  the 
best  position  to  experiment.  The  northern  distribution  of  the  species  in 
New  ICngland  requires  to  be  determined,  and  no  [larasites  are  known. 

LIST  OF  ILLC.STUAriOXil.-VlSSlA  KUIIYTU.S. 


V\t'' 


PI 

is 

I'l 

04 

PI. 

7" 

74: 

78 

8(; 

111 

,  Hi;.  S4    Hisliiluilioii  in  Xorlli  Aiiici'K'ii. 

.  111,'..").    Pliiin. 

11.     Pjii'I  i>f.-iirl'iii'ii.'ivatlyt'liliir;.'C'tl. 
Caliriull'ir. 
,  li.i.'.  4.    Cali'i'iiiiliir  at  liirtli. 
i.n.ii,  111.    Full  LTiiuii  calriiiillar. 
1;!.    Pfmilliiiiair  >ta^'i<>f  <atir|iillai'. 
14.    F'lill  j.'i'(p\vnralcrpillai-i'iilar,;.'<Ml. 
:  2.5-2! I.  Front  view  of  head  in -ta;,'c>  i-v. 
:  40.     Dcniial  aiipcnilaL;i'  of  oati'i'iiillar, 
>t  >ta.iii'. 
42      The  >aiiic.  scfoiul  >tai.'r. 


ChriisaHs, 
PI.  S3,  li^'.  2S.    !iK\v  view. 

I'l.  1.  11;;.  s.    Mall".  I.utli  Mirfacfs. 
11:  0     Hoth  >iii'fa(v>. 
as : «.  7.    Male  alMlominal  iipiii'iulagc-i. 
as:!!.    Xciinition. 
4l>:4.     .Viiili'oi'oniiiin. 

r)2:;!.    Sido  view  of  head  ami  aiilienclagcs 
eiilaru'cil,  with  ilrtail.-  of  log  striuniirc. 
01:  .">.    N'curation.  front  wing  of  miilo. 
4.    Till'  same  of  fcnmlt". 

11.    Front  view  of  head,  ik'ntnlcil. 

27.    Paiiiila  of  toiiL'iic. 


SUBFAMILY  NYMPHALINAE. 


Kyiuiihftliniio Hate.- ;  N.vinidiale>  Fal>r.;  Xyin- 
phalides  +  riTidroinide>  +  Uildiilis  lioisd. ; 
Xyin|)lialites+.\rL'ynnites+l'eridroiiiile«  + 
Bililites  IJlaneh.-ISnillt:';  Xyiiii>li;ilidue  + 
I'eridroinidae  Iionlii.:  Xyni|ihalidi-  Herr.- 
Seh.;  Xynii>halidae+  .\i.'eroiiidae+  Kiiryte- 
lldae  l)oiihl.-We>tw.;  Xymiihiiliiui  +  Kiiry- 


telina  +  F^lymniiiia  4  Uiiiia    llerr.-ScU.; 

Xyinphalinae  4-  Klyinniinae  KIrli. 
Xajiides  +  I  tryades  +  Ilainadryades    Uorkh. ; 

Xajade.-  .'<eiidd. 
Consiiles  (par>)  +Xobile.s  llerbst. 
Splniireri  Xewin. 


Their  winjrs  with  azure,  i.'1'eeii  and  purple  ,!<lo?,<ed, 
Studded  with  eojoured  eye-      .itli  gems  emiiossed, 
Inlaid  with  pearl. and  marked  with  various  stains 
(If  livt  ly  erinisoii  throUL'h  their  dusky  veins. 

MUS,  B.\nB.VULD, 
C'hampCtres  diviiiitiSs 
Faiines,  Dryades,  sortez 
Vc  vo.s  piilsihlcs  rctraltes, 

Moi.iiiuE. 

Imago.  Butterilies  usually  of  medium  or  Inrce  size.  Head  (|Uitc  variable  in  sue. 
Front  generally  moderately  tumid,  more  or  less  proluberaiit  beneath.  Antennae  in- 
serted in  distinct  pits,  between  wbieli  the  union  of  front  ami  vertex  is  almost  always 
lower  than  the  iieliiliborinir  parts :  consisting  of  from  thirty  to  fifty  joints,  moderately 
slender,  straiirlit,  scaled,  considerably  longer  than,  sometimes  nearly  twice  as  long  as. 


TIIK  SCIIFAMII.Y    NYMrilAMNAi;. 


223 


ilif  nlxliiiiu'ii,  111'    cliiU  ili>;iiiri.  ii>imll.v  pri'iiy  lonir  iiml  imi  voi'v  iirmi'l;  palpi  riUlur 
>tiiut,  tiiftiMl  pi'i  My  lu'iivlly  with  tvaWs  iiiul  liuli'>i. 

Thonix  u>iiiill  pri'tty  >t()\it.  not  rcmipro'-ccl.  iln'  iippiT  ^nrl'iu'r'  wrll  ronmli'il,  not 
u'fiiitly  I'lcviiU'ii  aiilci'iiir  sides  of  iiu'-o-iiilclliim  ■-li;ililly  IkiUowciI.  tuirctiicr  fonn- 
iii:;  n  riL'lil  mi^rlc  ;  posti  riorlioi'ilcr  lilimtly  iiii^iil.-ilril  mi  ii  little  nioi'i'iliiiii  a  riirlil  iiii;.'U!; 
metiisciitflliim  vn-y  iiicciii-piiMii)ii>.  rui-iin'il  nl' u  ti-iiiii'iliir  piece  faeiiii:  po^leriorly,  the 
lipi'X  ol'ly  appeilfiliL.'  llliove  Ulld  I'ollinlcil  :  Illetilsitllu  well  ile\elopeil.  Iiiodenilely  tillllid. 

Koi'e  whins  Usually  produced  to  a  con-iilenihle  deifree  at  the  iipex  and  j;eiiei'ally 
uioie  or  less  eliiai'i;iiiale  iilolia  the  nilddli!  of  the  outer  horder;  seldom  pointed  at  the 
tip.  sometimes  aii;iiihiled.  Costal  iiei'viire  nsiially  teriiiiiiatim;  about  half  way  lietweeii 
the  tip  of  the  cell  and  the  onti'i'  l)ordiM';  two  superior  ^iihcostal  lU'rviiles  usiialty 
emitted  before  the  tip  of  the  n-W.  the  other  two  -.nlix'ciui'ntly  ;  llrsl  Inferior  -utieo-tal 
iier\  nil'  arisinu;  very  close  to  tlie  priiuMpal  vein ;  the  >ecoiid  at  a  varial)le  distance  lii'iow 
this,  from  the  braiicli  wliich  helps  to  close  the  cell;  dl-coidnl  cell  le--  than  half  the 
lelltlth  of  the  willli',  -oinetimi-  open,  lint  n^nally  clo-ed  a'loM'  by  stronir.  below  by  slen- 
dor  veins;  median  nervnles  ei|iiidistanl,  tlie  lirst  ari-iiiit  not  far  from  the  middle  of  the 
cell,  the  last  cnr\  inir  toAvard  the  -.iibeostal  iiervnre;  inti'rnal  nervnre  wantin:;. 

lli.id  witijis  rounded  or  anifnlated.  the  outer  border  iflen  creinilate  or  tailed;  inner 
linrder  always  alfordini;  a  ijntter  for  the  rifepthin  of  the  idiilomeii.  Costal  nervnre  tiT- 
niiiialini;  at  tlu'  upper  outer  aniile  of  the  wim;:  lower  ^nbeostal  nervnie  enrvim;  at 
Ija-e  toward  llu'  median  ;  dls<'oiilaI  ei'U  either  entirely  open,  or  closed  by  a  didicatc  vein, 
nnitiiiirthe  basal  curv  ini;  portion  of  the  la-t  -nbcoNial  ner\  iile  to  tin'  oriy:in  of  the  middle 
nipclian  nervnie.  diri'cti'd  outward  from  tin'  »nlico»tal  towiird  the  median  nervnre;  the 
l)aseof  the  last  median  nervnie  eurvin;i  toward  the  suIi<'o-.t;d  licyond  tlie  cell;  -iiti- 
median  nervnre  terminatini;  at  the  anal  aiiijle;  inicnial  nervine  tcriiiiiiatin;r  near  the 
middle  of  the  outer  half  of  tlie  inner  border. 

Kore  leifs  jrreatly  atrophied  in  tlie  male,  Ie-.»  ^o  in  ilie  feimile;  in  ijie  former  the 
tarsi  consist  of  a  nearly  or  i|Uite  nndivided  joint,  iiimrmed.  allhoimh  soin 'tiine- ter- 
minated by  a  siim:le  eonic;d  projeelion  liavini:  the  -eiiil>l;iiice  cd'  a  »pine,  but  in  reality 
foniiin;;  ii  joint;  in  the  female,  composed  of  li\e  joints,  all  but  the  la-t  fiirni-lied  :it 
the  tip  lieiieatli  witli  ;i  pair  of  short  spurs;  claw^  of  modi'rate  si/e.  falc:ite;  paroiiy- 
chiii  and  piilvillus  ii-ualiy  present. 

.M;ile  abdoiuiiiiil  appeiid;ii;i-  much  stouter  than  in  the  Satyriuae:  upper  or;;an  of  vari- 
alile  >i7.e.  never  provided  with  lateral  appeiidaires,  tlie  liool<  ami  centrum  ijenerally  of 
cMjnal  leiiirth.  Clasps  larije,  broad  mid  tumid,  seldom  taperim,'  mncli  apically.  furnished 
with  an  upper  apical  or  liasal  process,  emitted  from  tlie  edae  or  the  outer  surface,  and 
often  with  an  upward  directed,  free  or  attached  llnL'er  on  the  iiiiii'r  -ide  of  tlio  clasp. 

Egg.  I'.ilher  -.ub^^lobuhir  and  then  relieiilate  and  liiamentou«  ;  or  barri'l-shaped,  dis- 
ti'.iilly  liiiilier  tli;in  liroad  and  then  vertii-:illy  ribbed,  the  ribs  n^ii;illy  iiiirher  near  the 
summit  than  on  the  sides,  and  -ometimes  conilm^d  to  the  upper  li;ilf.  There  seem 
to  lie  no  chiiraetei~  here  not  ~liai'ed  with  otiii'r  ~iibf;imilies  id"  Nynipliiilid;ie. 

Caterpillar  at  birtli.  I'sually  riiriii>lied  with  loiii;  liiur^  ;ir|snii:  ■.hi::ly  from  a 
moderate  number  of  warts,  distrilnited  o\  er  the  iiody  in  i-e;.'iil;ir.  loiiiritiidinal  rows, 
liut  -ometinies  with  very  -hort  hairs  avi-iii;;'  from  \ery  freipieiit,  reu'iiiarly  distrilmted 
warts. 

Mature  caterpillar.  Head  fnrnislied  with  loiiu;  liair-  ari~iiin  from  siiittcri'il  wart-, 
or  with  eloiii;;ileil  -piiiiforiii  tuliercies.  Hoily  ne;irly  cyliiidric:il.  rari'ly  not  di-tini.'tiy 
moiiiliforni.  eipi;il  or  t;iperiiiir  behind,  in'  •.onietiines  in  front;  or  if  swollen  iiiiusually 
in  liny  part.  >neh  proininence  i-  re-tricled  to  -inirir  -eirments  and  is  iievi'r  nia--ed  in 
two  or  more  adjoiniiiir  -eirnienl-.  Iiody  either  ( iiifreipiently)  pilose  or  armed  aliove 
the  spinieles  with  from  three  in  -even  loimiliidiuiil  row-  of  -pine-  or  I'on-picuons 
tubcrch's,  and  liclow  the  spiracles  with  one  av  two  inlMiioual  row-  on  eitiier  shlo;  ter- 
minal segment  occasionally  liilld.  but  usually  witli  a  I.iil'c,  Imii  not  y;reatly  elevated 
posterior  median  tnl)erosity.  Roily  eitlier  -trii>ecl  loiiL'itudiiially.  or  witli  slender 
transverse  band-  nt  the  extreiiiitie-  of  the  -I'mnents.  or  blotched  uilli  small.  }i;enerally 
irreiiiihu'  iirirlvinLis.  iiaviii;;  a  tendency  to  a  linear  lonL'iliidinal  arriiiiLfenieiit. 


224 


Tin:  ItnTKHFI.IKS  iW  \K\V   i;\(;i,.\Ni>, 


m 


Chrysalis.  Ilciid  uiori'  or  los  pnniilni'iit.  iisinillv  liiild  In  riniii.  'I'lKn-nx  Ihi'kc. 
nnKnliitcil  nl  tlu'  liii>c  nf  llir  i'.|>|»  r  wiiiK"  "'"'  «illi  (iiic  iir  iiiori'  iiriiiiilncnccs  upon  tlio 
mo-othoriix  ;  the  nicillo-doiNiil  line  iiUvH.vs  niorc  or  lii-.  prominent  nciir  the  nildillf  of 
the  ini'sotlioriix :  posterior  iind  superior  ninr^in  ol"  tlie  win^s  proniimnt  or  eonslder- 
alily  tliieltened.  the  lower  snrfiiei'  neiirly  striik'til.  witli  ii  very  hroiiii  ninl  reuular 
lonititiidinnl  curve.  .Midoinen  tiiperlnir  pretty  reiruliirly  and  sipueriilly  itbont  unirorntly 
townnl  the  tip ;  liroadeNt  at  and  aliont  tlie  tliird  set;nieiit,  so  timt  the  Ixirder  of  tho 
wln^s  Is  raised  more  opposite  this  point  and  a  broad,  and  deep  or  shallow  enrve  fol- 
lows their  course  to  the  hase  i  furnished,  particularly  on  the  upper  surface,  witli  a 
itreater  or  less  nunilier  of  prouiiuenees,  I'ither  placed  -Iniily  or  iu  louuitudiual  series: 
creuia«t(r  u>u,dly  rather  louir.  at  lea--l  eipial  to  oui'  id"  the  a))dinulual  scirnieuts.  hronii 
at  base  .'iiid  tapering'  (c\ceptinu  in  Chiorippci. 

This  i.s  tlu'  must  extensive  siilitiiiiiily  ii\'  lintterHies  and  einbriiees  an  ahuottt 
inKiiite  variety  nt'  tiiniis  in  eveiv  stn<rp  of  itti  cxixtenee.  With  eoinpara- 
tively  sligiit  xai'iation  in  tlie  neiiration  of  the  \vinji:s.  their  outline  and  orna- 
uientation  present  siicii  widi'  diver.sitie.s  us  to  render  tiny  single  deseription 
iini)0H.sii)h'.  The  .same  may  l)e  said  of  the  earlier  !<tiigeei ;  and  yet  the  as- 
t-einlilage  united  tinder  this  name  is  iiiKinestionahly  natural  and  ordinarily 
iieciptcd,  I'xceptino-  that  portions  are  often  split  oH'  from  the  niiiin  hody 
hy  (litferent   naturalists. 

The  Hight  of  the  l)tittorriie.s  is  n.snally  utronjj  and  as  ti  rule  they  love  the 
!<iin  and  ari'  seen  most  aliimdantly  at  midday.  Fiilvoii.s  and  deep  hrown 
are  the  prevailino  shade.s  on  the  upper  siirfaee  of  the  wing.s,  at  least  in 
speeie.s  from  the  temi)enite  zones.  'I'hwaites,  Hpetiking  of  the  Indian 
speeies.  says   (Moore,   Lep.  Ceylon,  i:   2t!-27)  : 

Tho  strength  and  llrru  texture  of  the  wind's  of  tlie  butterflies  of  this  snl)fanilly 
enable  them  to  keep  up  an  unccasiny;  activity  d'lriiig  the  bright  hours  of  the  day. 
'I'liey  seem  to  dcliirht  in  displaying;  llu'ir  exi|Uisite  i)eauty  to  the  sun.  coiineltinu;  with 
iiiin  untiringly  while  his  face  shines  nrdently  upon  them.  Their  lllu'lit,  tiiough  so 
powerful,  is  not  observed  to  sustain  these  charmiiijf  insects  iu  one  uniform  direction, 
like  the  Kuploca's.  but  serves  rather  to  enable  liiem.  when  rambling:  in  their  frolic,  to 
make  wide  swee|)s  within  no  vi'ry  extensive  area. 

The  insect  tisually  passes  the  winter  its  a  caterpillar  or  an  imago,  and,  iu 
the  latter  ease,  is  ])v;rhaps  occasionally  iicconipanied  W  the  chrysalis  ;  in  no 
known  instance  does  the  egg  hihernale.  The  larvae  all  feed  on  ungio- 
spermons  exogens  l)nt  their  habits  difler  widely.  The  following  account  of 
the  i)upation  is  given  hy  Harris  ( Inj.  ins.  veg. )  : 

navlm:  llnished  eating,  tiie  caterpillar  wanders  about  till  it  has  discovered  a  suita- 
ble situation  in  whicli  to  pass  throiifih  its  transformations.  This  may  bo  the  underside 
of  a  branch  or  of  a  leaf,  or  any  other  horizontal  object  beneath  which  it  can  thul  suf- 
llcleut  room  for  Its  future  ojierations.  Here  it  si)ius  a  web  or  tuft  of  silk,  fastening 
it  securely  to  the  surface  beneath  which  it  is  resting;,  entangles  the  hooks  of  Its 
hindmost  feet  ai'nong  the  threads,  and  then  contracts  its  l)ody  and  lets  Uself  drop  so 
as  to  hnng  suspended  by  tho  hind  feet  alone,  the  head  and  fore  part  of  the  body  being 
curved  upwards  in  tlio  form  of  a  liook.  After  some  hours,  the  skin  over  the  bent  part 
of  the  body  's  rent,  the  fore  part  of  tlie  chrysalis  protrudes  from  the  fissure,  and  by 
a  wriggiinj;  kind  of  motion,  tho  caterpillar-skin  is  stripped  backward  till  only  the 
extremity  of  tlie  chrysalis  remains  attached  to  It.  The  chrysalis  has  now  to  release 
Itself  entirely  from  the  caterpillar-skin,  which  is  gathered  in  folds  around  Its  tall,  and 
to  make  Itself  fast  to  the  silken  tuft  Ijy  tho  minute  hooks  with  which  the  hluder 


*fV"5 


^f!' 


TIIK  SUIUAMII-V   NYMI'llAI.INAi:. 


225 


cxlrciiiity  i--  in'iiviilcd.  N'di  lm\  iiiii  llir  a^-i-liiiicr  nf  a  iriiii^MM'^r  Iimi|)  to  ■.ii|iiiiirt  Us 
liciily  uliilc  It  ilNi'iii;a!;i>>  It-  tall,  tlir  attriii|it  wmild  -rem  iiiriloii-i  In  tlw  cxtrriiu'.  If 
nut.  lin|M)«»llili'.  Witliiiiit  liaxiiiu  uitiii— x-d  tln'  ii|ii't'alii>ii,  wc  -lioiild -uiipuic  that  Iho 
hisvi't  Would  liii'vltahly  fall,  while  t'lidravoriii;; to  ac'<'oiii|iil>li  it->  ohjort.  Hut,  altli<iui;h 
unprovhlod  with  (irdliiai'v  IIiiiIih,  it  i-  not  Icl'l  without  the  iii('aii-<  to  cKtrli'iltc  llMOlt 
from  its  present  (llllleulty.  The  hinder  and  taperiiii;  part  of  the  chrysalis  consists  of 
several  rlntl-  or  senment-,so  Joined  to:;etlier  a>  to  he  eapahle  of  nioviu;;  from  >ide  to 
,side  upon  eai.h  other;  and  tln'-e  ■»upply  to  it  the  place  of  hand-,  lly  lieiuiiuii  touether 
two  of  these  riiii;-' near  the  middle  of  the  liody.  the  ehry»ali>  -ei/.cs.  In  tlie  crevice 
between  thcin.  a  porlion  of  tlie  empty  eilerplllar -l\ln.  and  eiiu;;-.  to  it  so  as  to  sup- 
p(»rt  itself  while  it  withdr.iws  it>  tail  from  the  remainder  of  the  slcin.  Ills  now 
wholly  out  of  the  skin,  to  wiiich  it  hanii-  >n.-pentlcd  by  nippin;;  toifethcr  Iho  rliiKs 
of  Its  body;  but,  as  tlio  chrysalis  Is  ninch  shorter  than  the  caterpillar.  It  Is  yet  at  some 


dlstiincc  from  the  tnft  of  >llk,  to  whidi  It  inn>t  climb  In 


re  It  can  llx  In  It  the  hooks 


of  lt>  hinder  extremity.  To  <lo  this,  it  extends  tlic  riniis  of  its  body  as  far  apart  as 
pos>iblc,  then,  beniiini.' toirelher  two  of  them  above  tiio-i;  by  which  it  Is  suspended, 
it  catciii's  hold  of  the  >kin  hi^lu'r  np.  at  the  >ame  time  letlim;  i;o  below,  and,  l)y 
repent im:  tlii>  proci'-.- willi  dillerent  rim;- in -ue<'e—.ion,  it  at  ieiii;tli  reaclie-.  the  tnft 
of  -ilk.  entannlcs  its  liook-  anion;;  tin'  thri'ads.  and  then  liani;-  -u-pended  witiiotit  fur- 
ther risk  of  fallini;.  It  lU'xi  contrives  to  di-iodu'e  the  cast  caterpillar-skin  by  whirl- 
In;;  Itself  aroiuid  repeatedly,  till  tiic  old  -kin  is  llnally  loosened  from  its  attachment 
and  falls  to  the  ;;ronii<l.  Tlie  whole  of  this  opcriition,  dllllcnlt  as  it  may  seem,  Is  per- 
fiiriiied  In  the  space  of  a  very  few  minute-,  ami  rau'Iy  doe-  the  in-cct  fail  to  accoin- 
[pH-Ii  it  -uccessfnlly  and  safely. 

The  hiitturHies  oftlii.s  siilitainily  tire  only  los^  wuUly  distrilmtod  over  tlie 
<fl(>l)e  tliim  tlie  Siityrinae.  Some  occur  t'ven  in  ili.'  i'.rctie  regiou.s,  tlioiigh 
tlie  proper  luetroiiolis  of  this  ami  indeed  every  iriiht'aiiiily  i.s  t'oiind  in  the 
troitie.s.  The  N'ew  World  is  pcrliii[)s  richer  than  the  Old  in  spccie.s  of  this 
group.  Out  of  more  than  thirteen  hundred  deserihed  fonn.s,  only  ,six  or 
seven  are  common  to  hoth  liemi!<phere.s,  and  mo.st  of  tliet-e  iieloiijf  to  the 
aretic  regions.  The  .siihfainily  ii.siially  hears  the  siiine  numerical  ratio  to 
the  whole  hiittertly  faiinii  in  the  teinpenite  zone  as  in  the  whole  world  ;  Init 
in  the  north  temperate  zone  of  the  Old  NN'orld  the  Satyrinac  as  well  as  the 
Lycaeninae  phiy  so  eonspieuous  a  [lart  as  to  overshadow  e\en  this  exten- 
sive groiii). 

Mr.  Hates,  in  his  essay  on  the  Nyniphalinae  of  the  Amazons  ( Jouni. 
cnt.,  18tj4,  175-212)  offer.-*  some  interesting  considerations  upon  their 
position  and  relations.  We  eannot  alwiiys  agree  with  him,  and  especially 
in  his  deiireciation  of  the  value  of  eharaeters  drawn  from  the  metamor- 
phoses of  these  inseets,  hut  we  take  pleasure  in  transcribing  the  following 
general  remarks  on  the  haunts  and  haliits  of  the  Amazonian  species  : 

The  early  states  of  tlie  insects  arc  much  diversitlcd,  and  it  i- the  same  with  their 
haunts  and  modes  of  lliKht.  \  certain  number  of  ;;cnera,  beion;;inu;  more  espi'cially  to 
tlie  Ar;;ynnis  and  Vanessa  ;;roup>,  sucli  as  Colaeiiis,  .Varauli-,  Kuptoieta,  .Melitaea, 
Amirtla  and  .lunonla,  are  seen  only  In  open,  -uniiy  places,  -ucli  as  weedy  plantations 
and  the  snburlis  of  towns  and  villages,  or  the  borders  of  woods.  These  are  never 
found  in  the  .shades  of  the  forest,  and  the  food-plants  of  their  larvae  are  such  as 
grow  only  in  open  somicultivatetl  places.  It  is  iutereslhiy;,  therefore,  to  lliid  that 
the  only  .Vmazonian  genera  wliicli  are  closely  related  to  tlie  Arcynnes  and  Vanessac  of 
our  own  country  are  such  tts  inhabit  a  sort  of  localities  that  liotli  rei^ions  atfonl.and 
not  the  great  tropical  forest  which  harbours  the  peculiar  forms  of  South  .Vmerica,  The 


]% 


1 


5* 


;<■ 


226 


Tin:  liirTKKri.ir.s  or  nkw  i;n(;i..\ni). 


>U'lit!ii'iii' (if  tlio  Aiiiiiznii*  arc  vrrv  >iiinl1  ur.l  iilaiiily  iiinrkiil :  iinlciil  tlicy  cannot  be 
(■iini|iiirc(l  for  si/.o  and  lii'antvof  foviii  and  niarkinir^  ^vil)l  (Mir  Knuili^li  alljalia  oi'  cinxlii, 


and.   like  tlicsc  northern  sp! 


they   fr('(in('nt  weedy   and    llowery    places   on  llio 


Ijord'i-xif  Avood>.  tlyin4;low.  and  liaviii'j-^onu'wliat  of  tlielloatinir  motion  in  tlieir  tliixlit : 
unlike  tlie  insects  of  tlie  Vanessa  gronp.  one  only  of  -wliicli  (Jnnonia  lavinia)  is  fonnil 
in  till'  Anm/.ons  reiiioii:  for  tlieso  are  irre;;nl,ir  in  tlie  motions  of  tlieir  winjis,  an<l 
settle  frc(incntly.  Kiiptoieta  heifesia,  the  only  buttertly  of  the  Aiimzmis  refiion  tliat 
lias  a  near  resemblance  to  the  Aruynncs  of  Kiirope.  inhabits  the  luidiilatlni.' meadow- 
districts  of  tl 
river,  and  is  never  seen  in  tlie  true  fores|-i|istricl>.     Tliis  specie- 


(iintry  wliicli  lie  near  tlie  middle  part  of   tlie  lo«cr  cd'irsc  of  the 


wliicli  is  about  tlie 

-lY.v  of  Ari:yn;iis  iathonia.  Hi  .  nbonl  tlie  lower  licrbaifi-  and  llowcriiii.'  Iiiishes  In  the 
same  way  as  our  Hrltish  .Vn-'yiiiics.  'I'liere  are  two  other  .Vma/.oniaii  i;cnci'a.  Anartia 
ami  Mbythiiia,  wliicli  accoiiipany  the  .Vriiynnitae  and  Vaiiessitac  in  lliclr  irrassy 
linnnts:  but  these  generally  prefer  the  innrsliy  meadows  on  the  banks  of  rhcrs. 

The  rest  of  the  Aina/oniaii  Nymplialinae  are  denizens  of  the  i;real  forest,  and  nearly 
all  of  the  liencra,  as  licfore  remarked,  are  peciiliiir  to  tropical  .\iiicrica:  lieiinr  cicalnrcs 
of  the  humid  and  luxuriant  sylvan  doiiiain  wliicli  spread-  over  all  the  river-valleys, 
and  extends  in  niosi  pari  of  '.he  rca:ion  far  up  tlie  slopes  of  the  mountains,  skirtinir 
overywlier(>  the  mariiins  of  rivulets  and  torrents,  line  only  of  these  (;enera  is  f(niiid  In 
Europe,  iiameiy.  .Xpaliira.  Iwospecies  of  wliicli.  inferior  lo  oiir  purple  Kmpcror  In  size 
and  beauty,  inlii'liit  tlie  banksof  the  .Vmazons.  If  we  except  thesielins  Krcsia.  Ihespeelos 
of  wliidi  are  no  other  than  .Melitaeae.  witli  wiii;;s  lenalhened  aftiu'  the  inanner  of  their 
iliseparalile  companions,  the  llcliconii.  and  which  liover  about  low  shrubs  in  the  -hade 
of  the  forest,  the  reinaimler  of  the  Nymphaliiiiic.  exclusive  of  the  Morphbae.  may  be 


as  respects  tlieir  habit-,  into  live  y;roiii 


I'lic  llrsl  (.•oinprises  a  series  id' 


genera  and  -| 


ieci( 


iliicii  resemble  oiir   Apalura  irl-  in  manners  and  -!yle  of  llijriil. 


These  li\c  in  the  crowns  of  the  forest-trees,  and  descend  (>"ly  to  tin-  irround  In  sunny 
lilaces  to  suck  the  moisture  from  mud.  moist  sand,  or  ordure  on  the  forc-t-palhways, 
or  the  niarsin-  of  pools  and  streams,  lint  it  is  tlie  males  almost  exilii-ivcly  that  liaxc 
this  latter  I'.diit.  the  female-  rcmainin;;  In  (he  fon-l .  where  tlieir  mate-  join  tlicni, 
afterthei-  summer  day'- -cparati(ni.  in  the  afleriio(rns  when  the  -iin  is  ;;eltinir  low. 
Tlie'nabs  in  very  many  of  these  -pccie-  are  mncli  more  brialilly  coloiired  than  the 
females,  and  appear  lo  l)e  niueli  more  niiincrons.  In  some  places,  diirin;;  tlii'  line 
season  ^.\iiku-i  to  October),  the.  asseiiililc  by  hundreds,  someliuics  lliirly  or  forty 
species  to.aellier.  of  the  nio-t  \arie(|  -liape- and  colours,  to  -port  about  in  muddy 
plaei  exposed  to  the  mornbij;  siin.  CataLrraiiimae  and  Cailillieae.  Milli  'ivcries  of  vel- 
vety criiiisoii  and  lilack.  or  -apphire  and  oriiiiy;e;  K.uuicae,  with  purple  hues  iilanclni;  in 
ilie  -uiliLdil  a-  iliey  lly :  -uallow -tailed  Tinielc-or  iiiauy  species;  silky-jjrccn  IOiiba;:es; 
blue,  white,  and  black  Mciri -taiic-.  taUed  like  the  (  haraxes  jasius  of  Kiirope.  and  many 
other  kind-  le—  con-picuoii-  in  colour  and  form,  art  all  seen  toirether.  eillier  settled  du 


the  irnuiiid  or  swiftly  llyinu'  to  and  fi'oiilx 


il.     If  the  (lav  becomes  clondv 


the  sensitive  creature-  L'laduaily  liclakc  theiii-elves  to  the  -liclter  of  the  iiciLrhliouriiiiu; 
forest.  Warm.  calm,  jilcamy  weather  -eein-  the  ukv-i  fav.iurable  to  llieir  appearance 
in  tlic  ojieii  place-,  a  few  female-  -ometime-  xeiiluriiii:  from  the  fore-l  .-it  1hc-e  limes 


>in  tlie 


ompaiiy. 


The  -ecoud  ^rroiip  is  formed  by  sucli  species  ns.  Im  inir  similar  habits  to  those  df  the 
lirsl  itroup.  never,  le'  very  seldom,  leave  the  forest.  Most  of  tiic  richly  coloured  ICpl- 
ealiae  beloiui  to  llii-  caleaory,  aud  al-o  llie  Temenes  and  oilier-.  These  have,  like 
inanv  oT  tlie   precediim:.  a   rapid  and   irrcirnlar  lliifhl,  the  iiiah  -  -etllinii  f(U'  a   few 

The  third 

I  he  llelerocliroae, 

of  wliicli  llv  about  the  lower 


llionieuts  at  a  time  on  foliage  wliere  a  ray  nt'  -luiliitl,'   pierces  liie  -hade- 


group  con-i 


st-  of  -pecies  alll.'d  to  the  IJlllcuilc-  ii(  Klll'ope.   -lii 


many  kinds  of  I'.iiliiiiris.  ilie  ryrrhoiryrae.  and  otiier- 
trees  in  tliiiined  parts  of  the  forest,  and  have  a  (loating,  partly  horizon'al.  iiiid  wlieel- 
inii  i'lglit.  If  they  are  disturbed  wlieu  settled  on  a  leaf  near  the  ;<roun(|.  they 
wheel  ronnd  in  llyliiL'  oil' and  "ietlle  on  u  hinher  plate,  and  so  on,  nnlll  they  are  out  of 
l'ea(.li.     The  fourth  gnnip,  also  shade-lover-,  are  snc!'.  as  settle  only  on  the  trunks  of 


+  - 


THK  TKIliKS    OK   NY>iPHAMNAE.  227 

trees :  tliesc  lire  the  (iyiii'eiiu'  and  Callizoiiae,  which  hohl  their  winsfs  erect  in  repose,  tiio 
Ectiniae  iimi  riuidonie,  wlioso  \vini:s  are  piirlly  open,  piirtly  closed,  wlien  tliey  settle, 
Rud  the  Ajieroiiiiic,  whieli  extend  tlieir  winsjs  llut  on  the  trunks  of  trees.  These  latter 
are  mo.st  pecuiiurly  coloured,  imil  dill'er  much  from  ail  other  Xyinpluilinae  in  taeir 
linlnts,  as  will  he  familiar  to  all  readers  of  travels  in  Urazil,  Lastly,  the  llfth  ^'roup  is 
composed  of  numerous  yjenera  and  species  closely  related  to  imr  purple  Kmperor, 
which  also  live  liabitually  in  tlu'  forest,  but  have  a  most  rapid  lliaiit,  and  settle  fru- 
queutly  on  outstretclied  lirauche.s  or  foliage.  They  are  all  bold  creatures,  not  moving 
from  their  perches  until  driven  oH',  and,  even  when  scared  away,  returning  to  them 
after  a  few  miiintes'  at)sence,  dasliiuit  meanwliile  with  arrowy  swiftness  aloni:  the 
forest-alleys.  Such  are  tlie  species  of  Ai;rias,  the  most  beautiful  genus  in  the  wliole 
subfamily:  the  I'reponae,  the  Sidirones  ami  the  I'aphiae.  of  all  of  wliich  there  are 
numerous  species  in  tlic  .Vma/.cms  region,  some  of  tiiem  extremely  connno!' 

Out  ut'  tlio  sixteen  known  fornix  of  tonsil  ljuttcrtlies,  six  he  >ag  to  this 
.•iuhtiunily,  five  of  tlieiii  from  Auiurieun  deposits. 

Tabic  iif  trilii:s  nf  yiniiiilciliiuie.  basud  on  the  c.'/;/. 

Sides  ret ii'U late,  with  lilamcnidiis  ;iri)ji'<'iiuii< Nyiiiphalidl. 

Sides  vertlrally  ribbed  abiivc,  wjtiidut  lilaiiii'iitdiis  prujectidus, 
l!ib>  extcndinj:  from  iiasc  to  si'.iumlt  of  ^idi-.. 

K^'g  jiriiadiv  diimeil  above,  till'  siimiuit  nut  greatly  iiarruwer  than  the  b;i«i':   ribs  ^'eii- 
eially  witli  ii  veiy  dircii  ripiiisc. 
IJilis  not  very  elevated,  et  about  eiiual  heiftlit  tiirougliont  theegg.. ,  ..ApatiirUU. 
Kills  slroUfily  compress,  d,  promiiiem.nnieli  biglier  on  upper  tlian  on  lower  part  of 

igg Vaiiessidi, 

Egg  rapidly  iiiinou  liiu;  in  oppcr  half,  >otliat  lliicon-^tricleil  and  subti-uni:ite  mp  i«  very 

imieh  narrower  tlian  tli"  ba^e;  rib-  h  lib  rathiT  an  n inert alii  wavy  eoiir-e 

Ai'jvynnldl. 
Vertical  rib>  v  aii'ing  on  ba.-al  lliirdor  Iwilf  of  sides Melitacitii, 

Tiible  iil'liiOen.  Iiuninl  an  the  cuteritillitv  i.tt  birth. 

Hail's  of  boilj  >lioii,  not  loiii;ei'  or  .-earcely  longer  tlian  -eLriiieiits. 

I! allied  |i:iplllae  of  body  iiieoii.pl<iioii>,  eijiial Aiiikturiili. 

ItiiiiL'i'il  papillae  of  body  eoiis|iii'iioii>.  iini'i{nal NyiiipliRliill. 

Hairs  of  body  Ion;.',  \er\  iiineii  lor  'er  than  >e;;iiioiil>. 

Course  of  ranged  iiapillae  distiiieilj  -hlfled  in  po-iilon  :il  the  .|lvi-ion  line  between  ilioraeie 

and  abiloniiiiial  M'L'iiieiil'.;  ball's  not  -pleuliieioi-'. Vanessidi, 

Course  of  ruined  papillae  not  -liilled  or  -e.neely  sliifted  in  position  tliroi.ghout :  hairs  ueii- 
crallj  -pleiillferons. 

Hair-  ilellealely  l;iperinL',  bill  -li:-:lill\  eiilarired  at  I  lie  e\i  remit  y VrvrynnliU. 

Hair-  delleaiely  laperltiu  tlirouglioul    lliiely  pointed ^leUtaeliU. 

V'kWo  nj  tribes,  hiisiil  nn  the  muturi:  i-ult  riiillnr. 

ilody  -inipl>  pilo-e.  the  iiairs  arisini;  '''i,  n  papillae  innumerable A|)atiiri<lt. 

Hoiiy  armed  witli  -pine-   ir  Inberele-,  wiui  only  -eatlered  papillae. 

Itvdv  linnelied,  fiiriii-lied  iriemilarly  with  ileiilieiilaleor-lellate  iiibereles.   .Xyiiiphallill, 
K««l>  nnifonii.  tiinii-lied  with  nnibirni  or  \ery  marlv  iiiiil'oriii  series  of  iioriiy  or  eoria- 


ecoil-  «p 


ini- 


."pincf  horny,  ai  nil  li  on  the  sides  willi  -eatlereil  needle-,  and  termlnalins;  wiiii  a  dis- 

liiiei  »n<\  inilepeiiiieiil  thorn,  sliglitly  -mailer  at  base  llian  the  api  .v  of  tlie  -piiio 

proper, 

Moine  <rf  (he  spine-  arranged  in  a  iiieilioi|or-al  row  (oeeasionally  rediiiiil  ii.  a  -iiiL'le 

spine  or  -4  mere  lentieiilar  wart.  I'oiind  only  on  the  sevenlli  or  eiirlitii  abdominal 


iiegmenf):  lateral  medle- of -pine- often  moiiiiled  on  iiroinineiit  -piniile 


A'aiieHsliU. 
Mon*  '/f  till'  spines  arranged  in  a  mediodorsal  series;    lateral  iieedli'-  of  -pines 

niuMir'.  d  "11  sli'.(iil  puplllae  only Argyuuiili. 

Spines  eorlai  1  ii;i-.  .uitted  on  tie  side-  with  crowded  needle.'*,  no  npieal  one  liolding  a 
di.stinet l\  indi  p'  intoni  position Melitueidi. 


iV' 


i. 


228 


Till-:    lilTTKUrLIKS  OK   Ni:\V   KN(iI.VNI>. 


Tiil.li'  iif  tvOii'S,  liiiaifil.  nil  l/ir  rlii'ii^iilh. 


Ilfiiil  iirojoi'tiiiL'  iiiili'|iriiilcnllv  licyimd.  und  iii>liin't  fniin.  the  tlinnix. 


]$lt>CI,f  ' 


«  u  itii  (iMIv  ;i 


-iiiirlc  liiliirclc. 


Mi'-'iiioiiiiii  with  iHi -|M'i'i:il  iiii'iliMM  |ii'Miiiiiicii('(' 

Mr«iillotlllM  with  11  |p|i)lililH'lll,  lllnliiill,  rolll|ir('s.iMt  'nlli'ivlr 


...Apiittiriill. 
.Nyiiipliiiliili. 


Base  of  wiiiir*  willi  :i  |i:iir  nl  iiilirri-li-.,  ilii'  ^rcmhl  ilircdly  I.cIdw  ihc  lii'.'ln-t  iiuint  of 


IIICHlllOllllll. 

t'n'll!;l^ll•^  loiiir.  -Inulrr.  Iiipi 


Vaiicssiili. 

('r('Miii>l<'r  -liort  iiml  >ti>iil Argyll  nidi. 


Head  toniiiiiu'  a  ~iiii.'lc  ma«»  w  iili  llic  tlior;i 


.Molitaeidi, 


I, 


k 


If" 


T'lljli-  i>l'  tn'l»'!<,  liiixfil  nil  (lie  iiii<i(/o, 

Aiitoiinal  i-luli  loiit;  and  ^l^lld('l■.  liai'dly  iiinr''  lliaii  iwi.T  a>  liroad  a«  Ilic  >talk,;;i'adiially  inci'ii.— 
.rated. 
Cliili  Willi  tlirtc  liilcriur  lariiiac:  |iiv(i)«ial  iiiTviiri'  of  hind  wiiiu's  aii>iiiir  licyoiid  the  paii- 


iiiL' of  the  <-o«lal  and -iilpi-(i>lal  iicrviin«;  Iv 


•ow«  of  >|iliie 


joint ; 


sps  of  mall'  alidoininal  apiM'iiihiL'i's  with  no  iniiiioi'  Iiiilti'. 


id.r>ide  of  la-t   tarsal 
..  .Apatiirlfli. 


(.'hill  Willi  lour  inlVi'ior  rarinae:  prerosial  niTviire  of  liiiid  u  in,i.'-ari>!ii;,'  oppo»iti-  ili    |i.iit- 
>tal  and  -iilicostal  niM'viiii's;  four  row«  of  spini--  on  under  .-ide  of  la-i  iai-,d 

.Nyiiililialidi, 


JO 


if  111. 
int :  i'i:i>p>  of  male  alMlomiiial  appeinhnre.'-  uilli  an  interior  liiiu'er. 


Anteiinal  einli  -hort  and  >lonl.  three  or  more  time-  a-  liroad  a>  the  «ialk,  more  or  le>s  aliriiptly 

iiiera»aled. 

dull  with  iliree  di»tinel  and  eoiiiplele  eariiiae;  >eeoiid  superior  »iilje«i«|;il  iiervule  of  foro 

wiiiL'  ari-im.'  liefore  the  tip  of  theeell;  two  row*  of -piiie»  on  under  >i(le  of  la-t  tarsal 

joint  (excepiin;;  \'ane«,«a,  whieh  has  four):  last  fore-tar>iil  joint  of    t  armed  wilha  pair 


)f  spur»;  male  alulominal  appenda^i«  elosely 


•aled  liv  the  terminal  se'.'meni. 


Vaiiessiili. 

Chill  with  "Illy  a  siiii-'le  eomplete  earina,  or  iione:  >eeoiid  superior  sulieo>tal  iierMile  of 
fore  wii._  arisiii;;-  at  or  lieyond,  rarely  liefore.  Ilie  lip  of  the  eell;  four  row-  of -pines  on 
iliider-ld.  "f  last  lar-al  joint:  last  fore-larsal  joint  of  »  unarmed:  male  alidoioinal  appeii- 
dailes  exiH'sed. 

(.lull  siiii»patiilale.  aliout  lu  ire  a- loiiL' as  liroad;  palpi   laru'e  and   lui-hy,  llie  la-l  joini 
extremely -horl :  tlMaeand  tarsi  elolhed  wilh  -pini's  aliovi';  upper  orL'aii- of  niali' 


alidomiiial  appeiida 


la 


ArKyiiiiidi. 


dull  ;ilji-«il  three  or  four  time-  as  Idul'  a-  broad;  p;ilpi  loiii;  and  sleiide 


eonip.i 


•t,  the 


last  jiHim  from  half  to  a  third  a-  loni.'  a-  the  middle  joint ;  tar-i  de-tltiite.  and  liliiao 
iH'urly  lie-tilule  of  -pine-  almv  :  upper  onraii  of  male  alidomiiial  appeiidie^i  -  -mall. 

Melitiieicli. 


TiniiK   AI'ATriJIDI. 


It  'y 


EMPERORS. 

Apaturide-  lioi-diival:  Apatiiridae  New  man  :       .Vi^ouaiitae  (.'r;iiiier. 

Apatiirai-  Hiiiler.  'I'h> -amiriPirm  -liip-  (par-)  l|or-lie|d. 

I'apilioiie-  ver-ie.ilores  Wiener  Vei/eiejuii--.        I'apliiaiiae  Swain-on. 

.\lio\e  the  -overeiull  o;lk.  a  -oVel'ei:.'!!  skilll-. 

(   UADIIl;. 

Imago  Head  :  dill)  of  miteiiuHo  iii'iicnilly  Inn;.'.  Inn  prelly  clcnrly  iiiiirkeil.  -liiihily 
dopi'i'-- ^.  w  illi  three  iiiferiur  and  iiUerior  <  iiriiialliiii-  mi  the  imkcci  portimi.  I'ulpl 
luoiloriumly  Mleinlcr  with  eompael  vestliuie.  tciiretlier  loriiiiny;  iieonienlly  puinted  licuk; 
teriiiiiial  joint  vory  >iiiiill. 

Thorax:  scci.inl  superior  -iilieo-ml  nerMilo  of  fore  winirssiiiiieliine-ari-in;;  hefore, 
solllelillH—  -.cai'iely  lieyoiid.  tin.'  tip  of  the  (.'I'll,  llie  liilse  iif  tile  lllinl  somelinies  eillTicil 
fur  liiuk;  eell  open  or  eloxij ;  when  closfil,  the  vein  elosili:;  il  strike-  llie  lilediuii 
iier\ lire  beyond  it- -eiond  illvarieiii ion.     I'reeo-lul  nerviini  of  liiinl  wlnas  oriicinntliiff 


NYMl'IIAI-lNAK:    IIIK    THIl'.i;   AI'AHUIDI. 


229 


ht'voiul  the  imrtimr  i)f  tln' (.'ostiil  ami  ^uhco-tiil :  <iU  opi'ii  or  vitv  foiOily  I'losod.  So 
iuiilrocoiila.  Tibiiic  aii'l  tai^i  dotitiitL'  of  spines  alio\c.  Imt  wiili  a  -.iiiirlf  row  of  spines 
III!  the  upper  portion  of  tlie  iniii'r  surfaee:  two  row-  of  -pine-  on  llie  under  -nrfaee  of 
tlie  terminal  lar-al  joint,  tlie  outer  row-  l)einit  ali-enl.  Kore  tar-i  of  female  composed 
of  live  joint-,  all  armiMi  apiejilly  willi  -imilar  -pur-;  api<'al  joint  in  male  armed  with  a 
-inirle  terminal  liool-.  or  -piiii'. 

.Vhilomeii :  appendajfos  of  male  mueli  simpler  than  in  the  other  tribes;  npper  ortjaii 
-mall,  simple,  with  a  small  I'eiitral  liook.  sometimes  notched.  Clasps  very  larue.  -imple, 
ovate,  liearim;  a  -llL'hi  appendaire  at  tlu'  tip  tiiid  without  the  interior  ilinrer. 

Egg.  Compact.  sulp:ilol)nlar.  of  nearly  e(pial  hei'rhtli  and  l)readtli.  fiinii-lied  wiih 
many  vertical  rili-  (d'  no  i;reat  elevation  and  eipial  tlirouiilumt. 

Caterpillar  at  birth.  Head  uniform,  id'  alioul  tlie  width  of  tin'  body:  the  latti'r 
co\i  rcil  with  raniri-d.  eipial  and  minute  papilhn'.  bearinu;  -imple  h.airs.  not  hmiierthan 
the  w  idth  of  tlie  liody.  or  even  the  IcMlu'th  of  the  -e^'meut-. 

Mature  caterpillar.  Ilc^ad  much  laimr  than  -nececdinu:  -enineiit.  armed  above  with 
two  or  more  stout  generally  very  i-on-picuou-  iIkuh-.  Body  cylindrical  or  sublima- 
eiform.  taperinir  toward  either  <'.\;reinily.  scnni'timc-  much  larmier  and  even  abrupt  at 
the  anterior  <ud  nf  the  abdominal  area,  the  terminal  senmeiil  ireiierally  ending'  in  a 
pair  of  taperiii';'  points,  as  in  Satyrinai':  surface  covered  only  witli  niinute  Ltranniatioiis 
arramied  with  more  or  h's-  rei;ularity.  beariiiLT  exeeediiiuly  -liort  hair-,  .\bdomimil 
-elements  divided  by  traiisver-i'  crea-i'-  into  ;;ein'rally  four,  -ometiinc-  live  -I'ctions.  of 
wliieli  tile  anterior  I-  the  lari.'e-t.  the  others  -ulieipial. 

Chrysalis.  Head  projecting;  beyond  and  di-tiin't  from  the  thorax,  lia-e  of  the 
wiiiii- with  cuily  a  single  rounde<l  tiiln'felc;  ilor-niu  of  nn-othorax  rei;Mliirly  rounded 
and  nniforiidy  eariinitc:  dorsum  of  abd<mieu  -ouutinie-  -Irouirly  cariiiatc.  -ometimes 
not.  but  without  eoiispicnou- loniritudlnai  I'arinae  lu'  lubenlc-  on  -eparate -euiuents. 
but  sometinw-  witli  a  traii-ver-e  ■arina  on  fourth  -("jmeiil  :  rrema-ler  ccMi-pieuon-. 
if  very  variatile  form. 

Tliis  is  a  -niiicwliiit  Miiiiiiialiiiis  or  ahori'imt  triiic  nt'  tlic  Nyiii|ili!ilin!i(', 
sliuw'mu'.  at  Iciist  ill  its  cai'ly  stiiu'*'^.  maiiv  marktMl  alHiiilics  to  tin'  .*siit\'i'i- 
iiiii'.  Tilt'  cLt'ii"  I'll'  itistaiii'c  dillirs  ii'uiii  tinisc  nt  ill  dtlicr  .\yiii|ili!iliiiac' 
witli  vertical  lili-.  in  tli.ii  tlic-c  rilis  arc  imt  iiicirr  i  levatcd  in  tlic  ii|i|k'1' 
tliim  ill  the  lower  litill';  llic  catcriiilliif  ;it  liiilli  i- clotluil  like  tlu'  lMi|iloe'iiii)L' 
w  itii  coiii|iiifMtiv('ly  sjiurt  hairs,  lint  ill  lite  iiajiillac  ii|miii  tlic  siirfiicc  ufe 
of  similar  cliarai'ltT  and  -izc  :  the  iiiatiii't'  c!iici|)iijar  -irikiiiLily  rcscinlili's 
tlir  Siityriinic  in  the  clothiiiiLr  •ind  •i't'iiiTitl  t'orni  oI'iIh'  liody.  and  even  lti'ii- 
LTiillv  tlioiioii  not  luiivci'sally  in  ihc  liit'iii'cntion  ot'  the  tcrinin:)!  sco'iiu'iit. 
-o  cluifiictt'ristic  ol'  tiic  Satyrinac.  'I'lio  I'lirysaji-  aL;nin  is  unlike  llial  ot 
til  N\  iiiiilmlidi.  Ill  w  jiich  the  iiiniLro  is  eeriaiidv  more  nearly  it  I  lied,  in  tlial 
it  |ni— -esses  no  'Oiisiiieimii-  di-eoiiiiiiiioiis  |iriuiiiueiiiis  -iieli  as  inlierele.s, 
iiiid  oil  tile  other  hand  sonieiinie-  has  ,i  iiiediodorsal  carina  like  the  liihy- 
thaeiiiae.  -otiici  iine- a  ti'!iii-\  i  T-e  alidoininal  eariiin  like  the  l'!ti|iloeiiiae  or 
.some  ^[('litileidi. 

Tlie  liiitterriies  are  inostlv  of  a  dtifk  eojor.  allhoiioh  dull  yellow  and 
tiiwny  tints  SIP'  uftcn  seen  on  tie  ii|i|ier  -nrlliee  ci|'  the  witii;- :  the  tmiler 
side  is  alnti't^st  ;il\v;iys  tiiale  !«ro\vn.  enli\ened  liy  darker  and  '>riirl>tef  mtirk- 
iiiir*.  which  oftL-n  take  the  toriii  of  ...enated  sjiot- :  the  w  iiiii- are  L'l'nei'ally 
.soiiu'wliat  fiiieate.  iiit}!>'iii iii"  a  stroiii;-  an<l  vio;or<>u-  tliiiht  ;  inany  of  the 
»f«'i'ie»  ui-N'  jwrtk-ttlii-rly  timd  nt  eh'vaied  jHisitiouF'  and  as  a  rule  tiro  aeeu.s- 


230 


Till-:   lUTIKinLIKS  OK    NKW   KNdl.AND. 


m' 


turned  to  tiy  liijrlu'i-  tliim  ino-it  ImtteiHics.  ('ou.-itaiit,  writinjr  ot'tlio  Euro- 
peiin  fipec'iet*  of  A|iatiirii  say.*  (Cat.  lop.  Saone-et-Loire,  iM  }  : — 

Tlii'v  soUloiii  li'iivi'  tlif  itraiid  rmiti''  ami  tlicn\rnm'>  of  lofty  fori'si>.  Far  from 
fsi'i'kini;  llowfi's  liki'  oUkt  diuriiaK.  tlii'V  aiv  parlicnlMi'ly  fomi  of  tlii'  jiiices  which 
oxmU'  from  wouihUmI  irci-,  ixcriiiu'iil  of  every  khul  and  even  pntrifyinir  (•rtr(■a^se.■•  of 
nnimaK.  <»ne  inu>t  hunt  llieni  in  the  morning:,  for  it  i- only  tlien  that  they  lower  them- 
selves sullleh'iitly  in  their  lliiiht  to  he  taken  hy  the  net. 

"Tlity  lU'vcr  iiicct."  savs  Ilawortli.  "witliotit  ii  battle,  Hyiiiir  u[i\var(ls 
all  till' wJiilc  and  (•niiiI)iitiiio- witli  each  other  a.s  iiitieh  as  |)ossii)le :  after 
which  they  will  frc(iiiciitly  retiini  to  the  ideiiticiil  f^pfig-s  from  which  they 
iisceiided."  The  Hiojit  of  I'otamis  ilia  is  (U'serihed  hy  Meyer  Diir  iis 
reseiiil)liiio'  that  of  a  hird  of  prey:  it  rises  to  the  top  of  the  hiii'hest  trees, 
swee|>s  iiiajestically  in  the  air  with  occasional  iiioveiiieiits  of  the  wings, 
allows  itself  to  descend  gradually,  tla[is  its  wings  again  as  if  spying  out 
danger  tind  then  tlies  titfiillv  htickward  and  forward  until  it  idights  ou  the 
\erv  spot  of  niuist  earth  which  it  had  left  a  few  minutes  hefore,  and  where 
it  w  ill  finally  hecome  a  sure  prey  to  its  dangerous  persecutor — the  ento- 
mologist. 

The  liuttcrtlics  arc  principally  eontiiied  to  the  hotter  regions  of  the 
glulic.  l)iit  a  fc\'  jiciictratc  tn  the  temperate  zone  ;  lioth  worlds  noiu'ish 
tlicMi.  hut  tiicre  arc  onlv  two  ur  tiu'ce  o'eiU'ra  in  Xorth  America. 

■  r^ 

The  egg  of  tiic  Ki'iopcan  Potamis  iris  is  described  as  resembling  "a 
foKsil  K(Huinn^  whicii  lias  lost  its  spines;"  biu  that  of  our  species  of  C'hlo- 
rippe  clii»*t!ly  resciiil)lcs  those  of  some  Satyrinae.  The  c;iter[tillars  at  birtii 
arc  reiMiirkink^le  for  the  lirc\  iiy  of  the  ranged  hairs  which  cover  them  : 
when  uiaitni'e  they  arc  dc\(iid  of  any  prominences  or  heavy  armature  ui)on 
the  b«««<y.  being  clothed  oidy  with  short  hairs.  l)Ut  the  head  is  usually 
erowiwd  vvitUi  conspicuous  tubercles  ;  tiie  l)ody  tapers  considerably  toward 
e'  her  «xtre»iiity  and  cause-  the  licad  to  appear  umisually  large  ;^they  live 
single  when  full  grown  (although  the  v'ggs  are  soinetinies^laid  in  masses 
and  they  arc  then  gregiirious  in  early  life)  and  often  weave  from  the  leaf  of 

till'  trei vv  hich  they  feed  a  little  nest,  in  which,  when  not    feeding,  they 

remain  coMcrulcd.  Tln-v  are  verv  slni;oisli  and  when  in  motion^  keep  the 
hciwl  in  <-..nstaut  loovt-nicttir  to  one  side  and  the  other.  Xewman"(  Illusti'. 
nat.  hist,  lirit.  i'mtt..  I'.'t )  give-  the  following  account  of  the  habits  of  the 
Kurii|ieaii  V,  iris  ; — 

A  iMirtw*!  of  till' h-af  Ik  rwnsunwil  e\  ery  day.  biil  liie  mid-rll)  i>  left  intact  :  and  the 
little  rei-Ktnre,  when  resllinc  from  it-  alinnMilary  labour-,  ellmli-  to  the  dennded  hristh- 
Wkf  tiju  of  this  mid-ril).  ami  'here  remains  perfectly  niotionlc«>.  with  thejinterior  ex- 
tBMidty  raised.  .  .  .  The  l."iiliof  \oveml)er  it  ileseended  from  the  leaf,  and,  eoverinir  with 
•■k  the  rind  of  the  l\vi:r  Immeiliately  lielow  tln' atlaelmienl  of  the  leaf,  ura-ped  till- 
wr*.  llrnily  wilh  its  cht-p'-i'-.-lreO  IhmI  il-elf  mil  at  full  leiinlh.  with  it-  horn-  porreeted 
liefore  it.aiKl  I hn- --tried  ii-elf  down  to  einliire  the  winter's  eold  and  the  wintor'- 
-toriii-  I'lii-  i-  alwav-  tlieea-e;  it-  moiliis  iiju'r'niil.i  Is  the  same  whether  in  a  stati'  of 
iiutiire  or  in  the  \  ivariiim  of  an  entomolouist.  [nstinct,  that  liifallihle  and'in-erntahle 
Biiide.  tell-  (lie  iinreasoiiiiiu  ealeridUar  that  ilohNcencf  of  the  loaf  stiilk  will] take  place 


XYMPIIAI.IXAK;  THK   TIUI'.i:  APATntlltl. 


231 


il'tir  till'  llr-l  fro-t  iiinl  ilial   ilic  )fiir  will   full   to  llu' irrmuiil ;  llif  li>af  ilr 


full,  lllll 


not  iiiuil  it-   liilliiiir  i- a  inn  tier  of  inilill'iTrnci' to  tin' ciitiTiiilliir:  nut  luilil  tMc  nilrr- 
piUar  lia-  atlacln'cl  ilM'lf  -o  lirinly  Ik  ihi'twiir  thai  ncitlii'i'  wind  nnv  rain  can  re  ■move  it. 


A  Soiitlt    Aiiicrican   species   is  (Ii's<'i'ilK'(l   liy  Miillcr  with  similar  oatin<r 
luil)its,  wliic'Ii  also  rcsi'inlilo  those  ut'  <iiir  iiati\e  Aiiaca.  Imt   tlie  speeies  of 

i'lie   elirysalids    have   a 
Tlie  insects  aiipeai'  to  lie 


ch: 


iion|i|)e.  as  will    lie  seen,  act    very  dittereiitly 


litn 


treneral  reseniiilancc 


l.lii 


to  th 


lose  ot'  the  Satvriiiac 


cominonlv  sin'fle  brooded  and  ti 


pa- 


tlie  winter,  cither,  as  stated   ahove. 


in  the  caterpillar  i^tatc  or  as  ImtterHie- 


Some  ot' the  most  showy  of  luitlertiies  licloinr  to  this  irroii]),  their 


'IM 


tor 


surfiice  ri'splendent  with  u'lossy  purple  and  liliie  rcllections,  most  strikinirly 
oxhihited  liy  the  males.  Our  own  species  have  warm  tints  Imt  are  not  ex- 
ceptionally showy.      Amoiiii'  the  south  Asiatic  species  tiici 


ai>pi 


oaris   to   mimic   another 


t  villi) 


ilialid 


eons  ii-eiiii- 


Ath 


e    IS  one    wincli 
a.  heIonLi:in<r  to 


tlie  Xymphalidi,  a  supposition  which  is  streni:lliened   l)y    fiiidiii;f  the  same 


Ath 


ivma   also   miinK' 


ked 


ith 


d  tl 


oy   other  uenera  ami  tlieretorc  |iresiimaiily  "i 


ld^ 


iro- 


tected."  The  mimicry  can  l>e  of  service  to  it,  however,  only  when  the 
winirs  are  expanded,  as  in  sailinu',  as  the  mimicry  is  confined  to  the  upper 
side.      Its  position  at  rest  is  unknown,  luit  il'  it  should  pro\c  to   rest   with 


rido 


o|»en    winff.s   while   its  coiiLiciier-  do  not,  tin 


woulil  lie  vastlv 


streno'thetied. 


Onl 


v  one  "'emis  < 


if  the  trihe 


occurs  111  eastern  .North  America 


N. 


CIILOHIIMM':    IJOISDIVAL. 


Clilnriiiiu'   l!iil«.l,.   DnnM..  l.i-l.     l.c)!.     Itril.        A|i:iinr;i  (iiar»)  AU'I'irniii. 

inn-.,  ins  (islli,  (\,,i  |iii\i.r(i|i!i  lllilni.) 

i)<ixwoiia    Ilii'r.-si-liaiil'..  I'l-udi-.   -y-i.   lip,.                              '/';//.< .—  /'''//.  ("jiilliiixi  Croiiicf. 

i:80(lsiV>). 

I.iivi'lv.  liiilil  :i-  I'liiii'l  in  -kv, 

linlidllv. 
fiM  r  iliiui  r-  limn  llilli-i  fi'ri'. 

Ill  u  :iii<l  li|ci»-nni  1 1  fur  Hut. 

'I'liv-iir  a  lilo II.  ll\  ill-  leal': 

Willi  |ini'|ili'il  iIht  \i\  I'li-y  liii^i'i'-" 

TiMiili  -'1  liriir? 

\Va-  il  a  sylpli.  lliai  lliy  «\virl  iIi-i-n 

hill  -11  ii'niii'i«-'r 
t  If  iiiiirniiiu  iiclnr-  nmnliliil  linr 


■I'll 


•ailU   fur  mil' 


<l;i\  to  -lillii 


1 1  lillli'  -lllll,  ami  lli>  -mall  Ihiii'I 
lii'iil- i|nii-Klv  "ill  aid  my  liiiL:ii'-  lliri'i', 
.Villi  IitIs  ilralli'-  siiiarl. 

V\\  llillrr.  tl  lilllr  -nil!,  ami  lii' 


ltri:;li 


I  anil  frn 


All  iimiL'r  iif  llial  lali  r  liirlli. 
Wliiii  mall.  Ilii'  ilirj-!ili-  uf  i  arlli 

l.iki'  lliir.  a  /ijiliyr'-liall  I ii 

Aiiil  kl—  ill  iiiliir,  ill 
Kmi'v  liliiiiin. 


\\ .  ami  iHiiirv 


.1.  V.  II. 


Ai'iii-  Jhnl-r. 


Imago.    IK'ad  (52  :  10)  liiriii'.  pretty  unilunnly  ninl  iliii-ily  ilntlinl  with  nut  vrrylunjj 


liair--.    1 


runt  pretty  niiifunnly  tiiniiil.  >liL'hlly  fuller  iieiieaih.all  ilie  -iile-  pretty  ubnipt. 


h 


^    1 


■'^^ 


232 


riii;  liirrKitiLiKs  ok  nkw  r,N(;LANi). 


ns  lirnad  ii>  liiiili,  a  little  narniwi'i'  tliaii  tlir  cyo;  iipiirr  fdiro  Imllowrd  in  fnnit  cif  tlio 
antennae,  I  lio  niiildie  prDtiilieoince  ilms  fonneil  well  ronncled ;  lower  eiiire  broadly 
ronndi'il.  Vertex  tnin>\er>e,  t\unid.  wi'll  ronnded  l)elilnd.  iiollowed  in  front  lieliiiid 
the  anieninie.  exlendinj;  forward  lielwi'i'ii  tliem  and  anirnlati'd;  eoinieeled  willi  tlie 
front  l)y  a  very  narrow  and  very  dee|i  channel  between  theanteiniae.  the  >iile<  of  whieli 


are  very  hi^h  and  <liMr:;e.  |)a"tially  ^nrronmlini;  the  ante 


Kyes  pretty  lar; 


full. 


.ioint>,  where  the  clnb  diujini^he^  in  >i/e.ha\e  a  peculiar  con-true- 


iiakeil.  Anteinnie  ui>crted  in  the  ndddleof  the  >innnMt,  in  very  deep,  nearly  connected 
pit>.  tlieir  interior  l)a>e>  >ciircely  M'par.ated,  tlieir  exterior  close  upon  the  inariiin  of 
tile  eyes:  nearly  twice  as  loni;  as  the  abdomen,  composed  of  forty-six  joints,  llie 
terminal  fourti'eii  of  which  expand  very  gradually  into  a  cylindrical  club,  constantly 
aui^niciilini;  in  si/e.  a  lillle  llatlened  liencalh  :inil  furnished  wiili  an  inilistim't  <'ariria  : 
till'  last  four  or 

lion,  beiim  nnn-h  broader  on  lln'  interior  than  on  tln'  exterior  siile.  thus  causi nit  them 
to  face  more  and  more  outward.  Milhout  much  all'eeliu^  llie  shape  of  the  autemia 
itself,  the  tip  id'  wliiili  is  liluully  roumled.  a  little  annnlateil  at  the  outer  lerndnal 
aiiiilo.  where  the  tip  lii's;  the  clnb  is  from  tlii"o  to  four  limes  broader  than  the  stalk  ami 
fully  four  times  as  loni;  as  liroml.  I'alpi  modv'ratcly  sliuil,  scarcely  half  as  lonj;  aiialii 
as  tlie  eye.  the  terminal  joint  \ cry  small,  scarcely  more  than  an  clifhth  the  lemrHi 
of  the  ndcldle  joint.  Ilic  lower  portion  of  the  liasal  joint  and  the  outer  half  of  the 
upper  surface  of  tin'  middle  joint  furnished  with  pri'tty  lom;  projectinir  hairs  and 
scales. 

I'rothoracie  lolics  lar^i-,  tumid,  wi'll  numded.  dinunisiiini;-  a  little  exteriorly,  aiiout 
three  tinu's  broader  tlnui  loni;  and  appari'Utly  loni;er  than  liiuh.  I'atav'hi  very  little 
convex,  broad  and  well  rounded  at  the  base,  laperiu'j;  rapidly  in  the  basal  half,  beyond 
nearly  c<inal,  curviim  siiirhiiy  ilownward.  tlie  tip  sharply  ronnded,  the  whole  fully 
three  tinu's  ;\s  Ihul'  as  liroad, 

Korc  win^s  (38:  11)  uearlv  twice  as  loni;  as  broad.  Ilu'  cosial   nnir;;in   sli;rhlly  ami 


pretty  reu;ularly  i'oum'X.  a  liltl 


ire  curved  near  the  apex,  tin'   outer  auu:le   rather 


alirupt.  the  outer  maritiu  strony;ly  siuuous.  particularly  in  tlie  niah'.  the  upper  third  — 


nboM'  the  middle  of  lower  subcostal  interspac 


lUsidcrably  produced,  its  nuiriiin 


nearly  straiyhl  timl  at  rl;rhl  aui;les  willi  the  apical  portion  of  the  costal  niar;;in  ;  lieliiml 
tills,  recedini:  with  a  well  ronnded  curve,  the  lower  third  bcinifsllahlly  convex,  the  lower 
outer  aiiijle  well  ronnded:  inner  nnir;,'in  straight.     l-'ir»t  superior  subcostal  nervule 

of  the  cell;  the 
econd  oriifinalinu:  at  an  eiiual  distance  bevoiid  the  same;  tlie  third  starlini;  at  a  little 


urisliiif  at  a  short  distance  before  the  extremity  of  the  upper  bo 


M 

less  than  iiidf  way  from  the  second  to  the  fourth:  the  fourth  at  about  two-thirds   tlio 
distance  froni  the  oriirin  of  the  lli'si  lo  the  outer  mar:;in:  cell  open. 

Mind  wiii'^s  with  the  costal  mai'LTin  sironuly  expamled  at   the  base  and  roundly  bent 
at  a  short  distance  from  it.  bevond  which  It  is  scarcely  convex,  the   outer   auifle   well 


ronnded  :  outer  luariiin  more  or  li' 


inuous.  the  whole  subcostal  rejfion  and  tlie  lower 


fourth  of  the  mar;u'in  beiiia  roundly  ami  brcmdly  prominent,  —  in  our  species  cousidera- 
lily  so.  the  latter  projection  almost  formlnira  broad  tall  ( ,i  )■  or  considerably  ami  pretty 
reirularly  rounded,  slightly  fuller  from  the  middle  subcostal  to  the  middle  median 
nervule  (^9)''"  both  a  liltle  creunlate :  inner  niari.'in  stroimly  expanded  at  the  base, 
beyond  slluhily  convex,  the  apical  fonrlli  »  little  .'iiid  roundly  emar;rinate,  the  outer 
auL'le  rounded  oil'.  Trecoslal  vein  arisiiiir  a  very  lilllc  beyond  the  divarication  of  the 
sulieosial  from  the  costal.  enr\ed  sii-cuiiily  outward:  ci'll  closed. 

Kore  li'tfs  snuill.  cylindrical,  in  llie  male  clothed,  especially  on  the  Inner  side,  with 
.some  loujr  liairs  which  do  not  project  irreatly  from  the  leu;,  the  tibiae  less  than  half 
the  lenjitli  of  the  hind  tibiae;  tarsi  either  fnlly  as  loni;  as  tlie  til)ia,  composed  of  but; 
one  taperini:  joint,  armed  at  tip  with  a  mimite  apical  thorn  [d);  or  but  little  more 
than  half  as  loii;;  as  the  liliia.  clislinctly  divided,  as  seen  without  denudation,  into  live 
joints  of  nearly  ei|Ual  diameter,  the  basal  joint  nearly  twice  as  loni;  as  all  the  rest  toj;etlier 
the  others  nearly  ei|ual,  all  furnished  iieiicath  with  a  pair  of  small,  short,  rather  slender 
apii'al  •  pill,  s  (  9  ).  Middle  and  liind  tibiae  of  eipnd  leiwth,  furnished  on  either  side 
beneath  with  n  row  of  sliort  and  slender,  scarcely  dlvergin;;,  not  very  freiiueut  .spines. 


XYMl'lIALIXAK:   THE  GKNl'S  CIILOKIPPE. 


233 


tliu  (iiilcal  piiii'  prolonjifd  into  .slcndi'i'  but  not  very  lon;i  spin-'.  Tnr.-.i  liavin;;  ilio 
bn.iiil  joint  nearly  as  long  iis  all  the  rest  toKether,  tlic  tliroc  followinif  (IciToasinu  rei;. 
nlarly  In  li'nf,'tli,  the  tiftli  as  lonu  as  the  sec4>n(l ;  the  tarsi  are  provided  beneath  wltli 
four  (the  terminal  joint  with  only  two)  rows  of  short  and  slender  small  spines,  the 
apical  ones  of  each  joint  a  little  longer  than  tin;  otliers.  flaws  of  moderate  size,  com- 
pressed, rather  slender,  stroniily  cnrveil.  Iliirly  pointed.  I'aronyclda  very  slender, 
delicate,  laperinj;,  slightly  curved,  nearly  as  lonj;  as  the  claws.  I'lilvlllus  small,  trans- 
verse, very  narrow,  witli  a  small  rounded  projection  in  front. 

Male  appendaifes  of  the  alidomen :  upper  organ  with  the  body  pretty  broadly 
rounded  laterally,  scarcely  arched  longitudinally;  hooli  depressed,  more  than  half  as 
long  as  the  body  and  nearly  half  as  broad,  separated  from  it  by  a.  broad  sulcation, 
constricted  a  little  at  the  l)ase  and  notched  at  the  tip.  Clasps  -.'entiy  and  regularly 
tumhi.  formed  of  a  tlun  vertical  plate,  directed  upward  as  well  as  l)aekward,  about 
two  and  one-half  times  as  long  as  broad,  oval  or  broadly  fusiform,  the  lowi'r  liorder 
rounded,  tlii^  upper  angulated.  arnu'd  at  the  tip  with  a  little  hook. 

Egg.  Subjilobular.  of  nearly  eipial  lieli;ht  and  l)readtli,  the  base  rounded,  except  in 
the  llattened  middle  half,  the  siunmit  very  broadly  and  regularly  convex ;  sides  from 
base  to  niicropyle  rosette  witli  nearly  equal,  not  greatly  elevated,  nor  strongly  com- 
pressed vertical  ril)s,  18-20  in  nnml)er.  connected  by  numerous  very  faint  and  delicato 
cross  linos.  Micropyle  rosette  ratlier  large,  comptsed  of  numerous  subequal.  rather 
regularly  peiitagomil  or  hexagonal  cells,  wliosc  dlanu'ter  toward  tlie  outside  Is  about 
tile  liclght  of  the  c|uadral(!  eidls  beyond,  but  diminishes  in  approai'hing  the  centre. 

Caterpillar  at  birth.  Head  smooth  and  nuuided.  wllliout  tubercles.  Body  witli 
regularly  distributed  papillae,  each  giving  rise  to  a  simple  delicate  hair  not  louifer  than 
the  segments,  the  papillae  arranged  (so  far  as  can  be  judged  from  Kdwards's  figures) 
in  the  following  nuiimer :  a  subdorsal  series  anteriorly  placed;  a  supralateral  placed 
just  beliind  the  middle;  an  infralaleral  anteriorly  placed. —  all  tliese  with  one  to  a  seg- 
ment In  eacli  row:  and  a  stignnital  series  witli  two  to  a  segment. 

Mature  caterpillar.  Head  sulxiuadrate.  strongly  appressed.  slightly  deeper  below 
than  above,  the  summit  crowned  by  a  pair  of  strongly  divergent,  ollu'rwise  erect, 
strong,  coronal  si)ines.  no  longer  than  the  height  of  the  lu'ad.  furnisheii  with  uuiuy 
stout  and  elongated  radiating  spinules.  and  the  posterior  llank  of  the  cheeks  Mith  a 
frill  of  simple,  elongated,  cnrvinir  spines.  Frontal  trlam;le  hardly  twice  a  higli  as 
basal  breadth,  scarcely  reaching  half  way  to  snnnnlt.  Ocelli  six  in  uumlier,  live 
arranged  In  a  very  sluiUow  curve,  tlie  llrsl  four  equidistant  and  approxlnnite.  tlie 
fourth  midway  between  the  lirst  and  lifth,  the  sixtli  posterior  to  tlie  fourth,  sniierlor 
to  the  llfth  and  oipildislant  from  both,  the  conncctluir  lines  forming  a  right  angle. 
Body  segments  obscurely  divided  Into  f<iur  subsegments  by  slight  jilications.  the 
anterior  l)eing  tlie  longest,  the  second  next,  the  third  and  fourth  eipial.  and  together 
sliglitly  longer  than  the  lirst.  all  abumiantly  and  >ubequally  supplied  with  very  Irregu- 
larly distributed,  larger  and  smaller,  minute,  snbconical  or  spherical  papilliie.  slightly 
more  inimerous  along  slender  supralateral  and  infrastlgmatai  lines,  tlie  larger  papillae 
nearly  half  as  large  as  the  .^(piracies,  and  each  furnished  with  a  simple  dcUcntc  hair  as 
long  as  itself. 

Chrysalis.  Strongly  com  pressed.  belngtwIceashlghasbroad.dorsHlly  carliiate,  with 
strongly  arched  al)doiMen,  and  a  distinctly  arclied,  but  not  greatly  elevated  mesonotum  ; 
anteriorly  the  dorsal  carina  termluates  witli  the  thorax,  and  is  supplemented  by  a  pair 
of  subdorsal  carinae  (as  long  as  the  space  between  thilr  lips)  wliich  run  from  the  tip 
of  the  slender,  trigonal,  iioiiited,  oci'llar  tubercles  toward,  Imt  not  to,  tlie  middle  of  the 
mesonotum.  The  Inner  edge  of  the  wing-cases  is  also  earinate,  and  the  lower  surface 
of  the  body  Ilat,  as  if  apiiressed  to  a  tlat  surface  In  hanging,  the  wings  not  being  at 
all  protuberant,  and  the  surface,  from  Ijolow  the  l)asal  wing  tubercle  to  the  cremaster, 
forming  a  single  straight  line.  Cremaster  very  remarkable,  forming  a  llattened  disk 
on  tills  same  line,  extending  beyond  the  tip  of  the  last  segment  proper  as  a  depressed, 
triangular,  pointed  protuberance,  with  strfingiy  margined  sides,  its  iiifcu'ior  surface 
marked  by  two  very  long,  parallel  and  approximate,  but  anteriorly  divergent  ridgu.-i, 


h''M 


■^-A 


%  ■ 

H 

\ 

■    n 

'  '1 

234 


riiK  nun KiM-LiKs  ov  xkw  e\(;i-axi). 


iii^-i'^ 


U4'; 


>tii(M(<(l  witli  liook-i.  liy  means  of  ^vllll•1l  tin'  I'lirv-iilis  attiiclioil  to  the  umlcr  siirfnoe 
of  niiy  objoi't  may  lio  with  its  ventral  surfaei;  parallel  to  the  plane  of  snpport,  al- 
though unfurnished  with  a  median  Klrtli. 

This  <^emi8  apiK-ars  to  I)c  confined  to  the  southern  United  States, 
^lexieo,  the  West  Indies  and  periiiips  the  western  coast  of  South  America, 
— each  liaving  its  pccidiar  species.  In  Ein'oi»e  it  is  rcphu'cd  hy  tlie  allied 
genus  I'otamis,  hut  on  the  Pacific  slope  of  North  America,  at  least 
within  the  "Jmits  of  the  United  Sti.  tes,  even  the  trilte  ajipears  to  he 
wholly  wanting.  Ir.  the  ciHtLrii  United  States  the  genus  is  re|)resentcd  l)y 
several  species,  two  of  which  seem  to  occur  side  l)y  side  in  nearly  all 
localities,  imt  oidy  one  of  which  has  lieen  found  so  near  New  En /land 
as  to  he  proj)erly  admitted  to  this  part  of  oiu"  work.  The  huttei'fiies  are 
of  mediinn  size,  their  fore  wings  somewhat  prodiu-ed  at  the  apex,  the  outer 
margin  sinuate  ;  the  outer  margin  of  the  hind  wings  is  also  siniir.te  in  the 
male  imt  rounded  in  the  female.  They  are  more  or  less  dtirl.  tawny  col- 
ored ahove,  varied  with  fuscous  and  pinkish  brown  i)elow  and  fiU'nished 
on  tiie  hind  wings  with  a  suhmarginal  series  of  rather  small,  sometimes 
ocellate  rounded  spots  ;  sometimes  a  large  spot  is  similarly  sitiuited  on  the 
lower  !iidf  of  the  fore  wing,  previous  to  which  is  a  sinuate  series  of  pale 
markings  crossing  the  middle  of  the  outer  half  <if  the  wing. 

The  sjtecies  are  single  or  doul)le  l)rooded,  sometimes  dimor)>hic  hut  not 
seasonally  dimorphic,  and  the  winter  is  jiassed  in  the  larval  state  after  the 
second  or  third  moult.  The  caterpillars  are  more  or  less  gregarious  in 
early  life,  l)Ut  afterward  live  separately  on  the  upper  surface  of  leaves  in 
slight  concealment,  made  liy  uausing  tlie  sides  of  a  leaf  or  l)unch  of  leaves 
to  curl  so  as  to  leave  them  exposed  oidy  ahove.  Sv.arms  uf  one  of  our 
species  apjjeared  in  the  southcni  states  in  1887. 

The  eggs  arc  siihgloliuiar  Imt  Hattcneil  at  hase  and  depressed  at  smnmit, 
with  numerous,  ratiier  coarse  hut  straight,  vertical  riiis,  and  are  laid  i"i 
lartrer  or  smaller  clustei's.  \arvini;'  with  tlie  species. 

T'.ie  caterpillars  at  hirth  have  a  regularly  rounded  head  without  coronal 
tuhcrdcs,  and  a  hody  of  aliout  the  same  width  with  longitialinal  serii's  of 
minute  ['-ipillae,  one  to  a  segment  in  each  of"  the  thrte  rows  on  cither  side 
aliove  the  s|iiracles.  each  emitting  a  short  hair. 

Tiie  mature  caterpillars  lia\c  a  hristljiig  jicad  much  larger  than  the  seg- 
ment hcliind  it,  with  large  and  stout  coronal  tuhcrcles,  having  coarse  long 
s])inules  and  a  frill  of  curving,  coarse  and  long  spines ;  their  liody  tapers 
either  way  from  the  middle,  and  is  shagreened  and  striped  longitudinally 
and  olili(picly.     They  feed  on  Ardisia,  ("eltis.  Uascaria.  etc. 

The  ehrysalids  are  strongly  compressed  and  dorsally  carimite,  with  a 
very  high  alKhimcn  and  lesser  luit  distinct  nu>8onotal  arch,  the  ocellar 
tuhercles  not  very  long,  trigcmal,  slender  iuul  pointed,  the  ventral  surface 
straight  and  the  ereimister  of  excessive  length,  its   ventral  ridges  armed 


THE  ANCESTRY  OF    BUTTEHFLIK.S. 


235 


throughout  with  hooks,  whicli,  with  the  rigidity  of  tlic  abilomen,  allow  it 
to  hang  in  an  oblique  position. 

Although  closely  allied  to  the  European  Potamis  (Apatura  Auct.), 
Chlorippe  is  elearly  distinct  in  every  point  of  coin|>aral)le  structure.  The 
imago  has  slenderer  antennae  with  a  shorter  and  more  abrupt  club,  slenderer 
and  briefer  palpi,  and  there  are  many  other  dirt'erences  in  the  legs  and  the 
form  and  neuration  of  the  wings.  The  mature  caterpillar  is  remarkable 
for  its  frill  of  spines  at  the  back  of  the  head,  the  far  briefer  but  nnieh  more 
bristling  coronal  tubercle  and  the  stouter  frontal  triangle,  as  well  as  in  the 
division  of  the  body  segments  into  four  and  not  five  subsegments,  the 
coarser  papillae  and  their  occasional  definite  arrangement.  The  chrysalids 
also  differ  in  their  prominent  mesonotum,  straighter  ventral  surface  and  the 
shorter  ocellar  tubercles. 

Only  one  species  is  found  in  or  near  New  England,  Mr.  Edwards  after- 
wards correcting  his  statement  that  C.  celtis  occurred  there.  The  food- 
plant  of  both,  the  hackberry,  is,  however,  found  on  the  banks  of  the 
Connecticut  at  least  as  far  north  as  Springfield,  though  rarely. 


EXCL'IiSUS  VII.—THE  ANCESTRY  OF  BUTTERFLIES; 
THE  PRIMAEVAL  FORM. 

...    nil  you  rcstlpss  lliinj^s, 
That  (luiiccniul  toiinii'V  in  llie  lielils  of  air: 
Yoii,  INyi'lu'V  i-.ostiiiaii'.  Iriiii  and  (Iclioiialr, 
With  eyc-llki,'  frei-kli's  on  your  bvonzi^il  wings; 

Your  socn-t  's  out  I    I  know  you  for  tlu'  souls 
Of  all  llghf  loves  tliat  over  caiistHl  lu'artaflic, 
Still  (lancing  suit  as  sonic  new  licauty  tolcs! 
Nor  call  you  cVr  your  tlitting  ways  forsake, 
Till  the  just  wiiKls  strip  oil' your  painted  stoics, 
And  sore  leaves  follow  in  your  clownvvard  wake. 

Edith  M.  Thomas. 


In  tiie  history  of  huiuiui  life  nothing  is  more  apparent  tliiui  tiiat  indi- 
viduals are  born  and  perish,  while  fiimilies  survive  ;  families  die  out,  while 
nations  continue  to  exist;  nations  iilso  have  their  limits,  and  mankind 
outlives  them. 

It  is  the  same  in  the  past  history  of  life  in  gcncr.d,  revetded  to  us 
in  tiic  stony  book  of  nsitiu'e.  Siiccics  come  tind  go,  while  genera  still 
maintain  their  ground;  tuid,  in  llieir  vtirious  times,  genera,  families,  and 
orders  of  aninuds  ai)i)ear  and  disappear,  while  the  groui»s  higher  than  they 
outlive  them.  From  this  it  follows  that  the  existing  members  of  any 
group  ai?  I)ut  the  merest  fniginent  of  its  true  whole;  and  yet  it  is  in 
larjfe  measui'i  from  this  fragment  that  we  must  deduce  the  true  character 
and  relations  of  the  group,  as  well  as  its  past  history.      Nowhere  is  this 


I-  !    ij 


236 


riiK  lu  rrKUKi.iKs  of  \kw  knolanm). 


!i-;' 


'  If-,  'i 
'v.  Vs. 


i-'.'i''- 


:H<-  ■ 


.c. 


iiKiio  coimpioiKnis  than  in  the  biittorHies.      There  arc  prolialilv  at  leant  ten 
th^ 


lou.xand  ■speeies  now  livnijj: :  eiinntltMH  inyriails  nuist  have  onhw  ne<l  the 
fuee  of  nature  in  pa.^t  ajre,-* ;  vet  h'fs  than  twenty  have  lieen  fiMiml  in  a 
fossiil  stiite ;  ami  tlu'-e  tu^^sil  remains  are  ho  recent  in  geiil(ij;ie  tinu,  and 
so  similar  in  strnetiire  to  existinj;  forms,  tliat  we  only  sceni  to  he  carrying 
the  present  state  of  thinjrs  a  stage  or  two  f'artlier  hack,  antl  hecomiiiL'^  no 
wiser  than  hel'ore  eoneernintr  the  ancestry  ot  llie  group.  We  need  only 
say  that  the  Lcpidoptera  as  a  whole  go  hack  to  the  ilura,  Ixit  that  no 
hntterfly  has  been  t'oinid  before  the  tertiaries.     It  is  not,  however,  with 

re   concerned,   but 
only  witii  the  highest  members  of  tiic  order,  tlie  families  of  buttcrtlies. 

Since,  then,  paleontology  refuses  her  aid.  we  nuist  look  within  the 
limits  of  the  group  itself  for  indications  of  its  past  hi-*tory.  In  the  New 
Zoolojrv.  classification  and  ancestrv  "^o  hand  in  hand  :  indeed  it  is  oidv  as 
|)resent  structure  gives  us  a  clue  to  past  history  that  it  possesses  nmch  in- 
terest :  and  habit  and  modes  of  life  have  stioh  close  connection  with  struc- 
ture that  thev  l)ear  willinir  testimonv  wher<'  forinerlv  thev  were  debii   cd  a 

lly  imperfect. 


the  ancestry  of  the   I^iCpidoptcra   as  a   whole  that 


hearing.     ( )ur  classilications  arc  only  exprt'ssions  of  confer 
attempts    to   represent    the    natural     affinities    of    animals,    an<l    natural 

onsliip,  more  or  less  remote. 


artinit 


v  1^ 


but 


lino 


ther  term   for   blood   relati 


It  is  therefore  impossible,  in  these  days,  to  consider  classiKcation  without 


assunun^f 


1" 


<tul.' 


lat  it   is  a  present  exiircssion  of  a 


i' 


Kt   hist 


CUV 


and  in  that  liifht  no  single  feature  is  wanting  in  interest.      In  tact,  nothinii 


m  n 


iiture  is  without  its  mcanin'r.  its  ci 


onnection  witli  the  past  ;  and  thongii 
in  itself  alone  we  may  despise  a  "cnseless  stu|>id  I'act,  yet  when  it  is  placed 
beside  others,  with  which  it  has   harmonious  relations,  it  l>ecoines  t'ruitful 


ni  meanm<r. 


I) 


rawni 


<X  till 


len  uiion  our 


knowledge  of  the  spi'cial  structure  of  liutterHies 
as  it  is  developed  in  this  work,  let  lis  tirst  attempt  to  draw  a   picture  of  the 


pr 


iin< 


val   buttertiv   when   it   has  so  far  advanced   in    structure   toward  the 


riiies  at  present  existing  as  to  be  fairly   buttcrHy  ■•iiid  not  moth.       This 
irigiiial    form   must   have   [losscssed  not  only  uu 


*t  of  the  features  of  th' 


st  familv,  but  al.- 


;n  a  iiiisceiit  <  nnditiou  as  it  vM-n 


ill 


or  nearlv  a 


II 


tl 


le   cliaracters    now    comnioii 


to  th 


rolil),    or    w 


lli.'l 


1    exist    under   some 


nioditied  form  in  this  or  that  oH'shoot,  such  spicial  peculiarities  being  snb- 
se<[iieiit,  more  iii(li\  idualizcd  di'vclojimcnts  of  the  anc<'stral  type.  \\'ith 
this  I'lue,  a  i-areful  study  of  the  structure  of  each  stage  will  give  a  result 
not  tar  remoM'<I  t'roiu  the  tt)llowing. 

The  egg  wa>  giiilmlar.  with  tiatteiicd  base,  its  surface  nearly  smooth, 
but  covered  with  faint  reticulations,  growing  more  minute  next  the  miero- 
pylc,  which  formed  a  series  of  a  few  kite-shaped  cells  arranged  sym- 
metrically around  a  common  centre. 

The  caterpillar  had  a  large,  smooth,  ronnded  head,  a  body  composed  of 


TIIK  AN(  KSIliV  (»1    iirriKKnjKs. 


287 


tinrti'cii    sf'iiK  iits,    iKMrlv    'i!,i)<inn  iii 


i/c,  tlic   (irit    tif  flii'iu  lii'iirini. 


L'liitiiioiid  iIdivuI  sliiclil,  tli(>  lii'-l  iliri'c  :i  pair  ut' Imniy  K'^".  tin-  .sixtli  Id  tlie 


111 


nth 


I  und  the  lust  wfj^mi'iits  u  |iiiir  nt  lli-ihy  Iol'*,  H|>inu'K'n  upon  ii 


t-  II. 


iniclci 


ill  tl 


10 


scjrnK'iit.'^  fxc«'|it  till'  lust  t\v<i,  liiit  tlioHi'  ot'  tin-  scruiid  ;iii(I  tliiril  in  ii  xfiy 
i'U(liiii('ii(ai'v  I'liiiditioii,  so  as  to  he  pliy-ioloLriiMllv  ii»t'lc>-.  Tl  ,•  siirliicf  of 
tlif  liody  \va>  covcn'd  prul'iisfly  with  liiilr  iiapillac,  tVom  carh  ot'  wh,  ii 
spriiiijf  )i  ininiite  simple  hair.  Tiic  iicvv-iioni  <'at<'r|iillar,  howt'M  r.  dil- 
t't'i'fd  pcrhaic  in  tliiM  rcspfct  from  tif  t'liil-^irown.  in  that  its  ImhK  was 
turnishfd   wilii   shtn't  liuh-sh  ipcd   hairs  arran^ird   in  liorsal,   latonulorsal. 


:in< 


I    slihsti 


i^rniatal  scrii-,  their  Ijeiii-j  two  appendaL'es  t<i  a  se^rnu'iit   in   tlio 


K 


ower  series,  and   one  to  a  se;^ineiit   in  the   olhei's. 


III   siiort.   a   loriii   of 


hyperiMetaiiiorpho.-.is  was  already  estal)lished  in  a  simple  eondilion 


soo,    too.    iiu'taniorphosis    was   eompleti 


d    the    chrysalis    a    perteet 


miininiy   with   ensheatiied   liiniis.  its  eoiilonrs  smooth,  the   lieail   rounded, 
the  ventral   outline  of  the  al)donieii  as  enr\(d   a>  the  dovsal,  and  the   lull 


rhat 


ited 


'I  was 


protected  iiy   a    sliiflit 


ant 


1  al< 


I   soeiirei 


witliin.  in  a  definite  |iosition,  \<y  atta<-lmient  ai    (he  tail  and  a  ^irt  iiroiiiul 


tl 


le  iniitdh 


The   i)ntterriv   was   lieavv-liodicd   and 


cuveret 


1    witli 


1     scales    aiK 


1  Ii 


iirs. 


The  head  was  liroad.  the  ante 


iinae 


did  not  eneroaeh  iiiion  the  eves  and  wi  rc 


niiiderateiy  loiij;'  and  chiiilu'd   just  lietore  the  tip  ;   the  einii  was  aI)oiit  threi! 
times    ioiiii-er    than    limad.     cnr\ei|    at     tht 


lase.  and  la|ierm;i'  luit  not 
hooked  at  the  tip:  tiie  toiiiine  was  aliont  as  lon^r  as  the  imdy.  with  sinipio 
inconspieiions  papillae  near  the  lip;  the  lahial  palpi  were  iaishy  and  rather 
lon;i\  the  apical  joint  smaller  than  the  others,  anrl  directed  forward. 


The  t 


ront  wimrs  were 


liiat   tl 


riaiitrnlar,   twice 


h 


hrotid. 


fh  rather  a    pointed    Jipex  :    and   the   hind    win;^s   romidcd    triaiiLTiiIar.  of 
ilioiil  <  oiial  Icnu'th  and  lireadth.      In  the  neiiratiun  dfiln    former  tin 


wi 

al> 


«lal 


d   siilicostal    veins,  with  the    ii|iper    liraiiihes  ot'  the   latter.  xNcre   elo-ely 


ero\\( 


h'd   t 


owa 


•d   the   front   edue.  at  thi' 


nuiidh 


if  whii 


h    tl 


le  costal   vein 


terminated:   the  siilieostal  \fin  ran  to  the  outer  liordir  just  lielow  the  a|iex 


if  th 


and   had   four  upper  liraiich 


les  and  one  iow( 


irancii,  lunie  o 


them  forke<l.  tlic  last  upper  iiranch   strikinir  the  trout   edire   jiist  liefore  the 
tip    of  the    winu':    the    median    had    four    e<piidi»taiit    liranehes.    the     hist 


I. 


iraiu'li  nnitniLr  liv  a  ci'oss  \ein  a  litth 


d  tl 


le   middle  ol'  thi'  win''  w  ith 


the  lowest    snheo-tal    iirani'li  ;   the    snimiedian    ran  to  the  inner  anyle  iind 


the  internal  \\: 
w'wiiS  the  siihe 


soon   Idst  in  the  meinliram 


In  til     neiiration  of  the  hind 


«tal    and    median    veil 


th 


Willi    their    la'iitirlies    oeenpiei 


.1    th 


iniddli!  and  larjfcr  part  of  the  wiiiir:  each  d  nided  into  three  hranches.  all, 
excepting  perhaps  the  Hrst  liranch  ot  the  .«iil)co~ial  \ein.  oriji'iiiating  Ix- 
yond  the  middle  of  the  open  cell :  the  costal  and  stihcostal  veins  were  eoii- 
nate  at  the   liase.  suddenly   divergiiiL'"  wlirn   they   parted,  the  »   ,'iner  just 


reacinnir  the  eos 


tlr 


stal 


inarLnn.  hiit  not    extendiiiir   lievond    it  :    tf        ihined 


lau 


am 


I  internal  were  simple  and  of  m^arly  efpial  lenirth. 


M 


288 


Tin:  HI  Ti'KKKr,ii:s  of  m;\v  KN(ii,ANi) 


i  it ..;. 


^ 


•/... 


All  the  U'g«  were  perfectly  developed,  the  tihiiic  and  tarsi  spiiu-d  helow, 
the  latter  aisn  t'iiriii.-<lu'd  with  a  pair  of  h>n<,rer  ■^pine.s  at  the  tip  and  inid<llu 
of  all  the  legs  ;  the  tarsi  were  l(»ii},'er  than  the  til)ia,  the  first  joint  as  lonj; 
as  all  the  otfiers,  and  the  last  supi>lied  at  ti|i  with  oliiws  and  pad  and 
special  hairs. 

In  e(ih>riii<,'  and  pattern  they  niijrht  have  l)een  divided  into  three  f^eneral 
types :  first,  tliose  wiiose  winj^s  were  iniift)rinly  dark  hrown,  darker 
ahovc  than  helow;  second,  those  of  similar  ap[iearance,  i)ut  more  or  less 
enlivened  in  the  nii(l<l!c  with  tawny  alxivc  and  yellow  helow,  and  havinfr, 
hesides,  minute  spot.*  hare  of  scales  near  the  centre  of  tiie  wings,  especially 
of  the  front  [lair  :  third,  chcckcrcil  species,  Itlaek  and  white  above,  hut 
helow  pale  and  sometimes  washed  with  dashes  of  hrown  and  yellow. 
When  at  rest,  the  winj's  were  fully  or  almost  fully  expanded,  and  the 
places  on  wiiieh  they  chose  to  alij^ht  were  the  upper  surface  of  leaves  or 
the  ffround.  Finally,  the  primeval  huttertly  was  sinjjle-hrooded  and 
wintered  in  the  chrysalis  state. 

Let  us  next  consider  what  modifications  of  this  assumed  ancestral  tyjic 
exist  at  the  pres"nt  day,  and  what  tiie  relations  of  ono  trihe  to  another 
tell  of  th«'ir  relati\e  age  and  importance. 

The  family  groups  into  which  hutterHics  should  he  divided  have  hecn 
variously  given  all  the  way  from  two  to  sixteen.  As  the  structure  of  the 
dificrent  stages  hecomes  hetter  known  there  is  an  increasing  proof  of  the 
intimate  comiection  of  many  of  the  groups  formerly  helioved  very  <listinet ; 
and  it  is  generally  conceded  hy  the  hetter  class  of  recent  writers  that  there 
are  only  al)out  half  a  dozen  principal  groups.  My  own  study  of  their 
structiu'c  and  transformations  leads  me  to  divide  them  primarily  into  only 
our  families,  namely  :  — 

The  Hrush-footed  hutterflies,  or  Nymphalidae. 

The  (Tossamer-winged  iiutterfiies,  or  Lycaenidae. 

The  Tyi>ical  hiittertlies,  or  Papilionidae. 

The  Skippers,  or  Ilesperidae. 

The  family  nature  of  the  last  group  has  never  heen  (piestioned  hy  any 
who  look  up(tn  the  hutterHics  as  composed  of  more  than  one  family  ; 
indeed  its  distinction  from  the  others  is  so  marked  that  some  have  con- 
sidered the  remainder  of  the  hutterHics  its  ecpiivalent  in  value;  that  is, 
they  divide  all  l)utterHies  into  i)nly  two  families.  I'nthably  these  skippers 
were  the  first  to  se[)arate  from  the  common  stock,  and  they  certainly  have 
never  developed  to  a  high  degree,  since  they  still  remain  hy  far  the  lowest 
of  all,  and  are  in  numy  points  more  closely  allied  to  some  of  the  higher  nir)ths 
than  to  any  other  hutterflies.  They  are  peculiar  for  their  rohust  body, 
hroad  head,  such  as  we  have  given  our  archaic  butterfly,  hooked  antennae, 
which  are  widely  separated  at  base,  large  eyes,  the  cornea  of  which  occupies 
the  entire  ocellar  gloi)e.  and  is  overhung  by  a  brush  of  cur  ing  unequal 


nil:  ANcKsTitv  oi   iiinKKii.iKs. 


23'J 


Imirs,  ijrcjit  lcn<;tli  of' fnii<jiic,  ainl  tlic  |)^(■^'('lll'('  of'a  iniilillf  pair  (>t'n|iiirK  on 
tlic  front  and  usually  on  tlic  liinil  loj^s,  in  tin'  t'ornicr  (lf\(|ii|ic(l  as  ii 
cnrious  foliate  nicinlnani! ;  tlii'ir  c^'f^r*  an-  itioadiy  trnncatf  h|i1u'1ti<,  .soini'- 
tinii'M  rililicd  ;  tlu'ir  ciitorpillarH  liavo  ii  larijc  luail  with  a  v<  rv  tliit'k  skull 
and  ,v  very  contracted  neck,  formed  of  tlie  tii-t  Imdy  scLrnient  aiitl  l)earinjf 
a  eoriKJoiis  shield  al)ovc  ;  their  chrysalids  are  smooth  and  nniform,  like  the 
piijjae  of  most  moths,  hut  in  riiro  instances  are  pointed  in  fitint.  In 
nearly  all  these  features  they  reseml)lc  the  |>i<'ture  we  drew  of  the  primeval 
type;  hut  in  the  hooked  antenniie,  foliate  a|)pendaire  of  the  fore  tihiae  antl 
sexual  diversity  of  the  liutterHy.  the  fre<piently  rililied  «'j|j,'s,  the  constric- 
tion of  the  neck  of  the  caterpillar,  and  in  tho  occasional  projection  ot'  the 
head  of  the  chrysalis,  and  possihly  in  the  slirouds  liy  whicli  it  is  suiijiortcd, 
they  have  departed  from  that  type,  and  most  of  tluse  peiuliarities  they 
share  with  no  other  ItutterHies.  The  other  families  appear  to  have 
diverfjed  simultaneously  from  each  other  shortly  after  their  common  sepa- 
ration from  the  skippers:  for  they  contain  many  <'liaracters  in  eonnnon 
which  distiniruish  them  from  the  skippers,  such  as  the  position 
of  the  tonj^ue,  which  is  inserted  so  he,  down  as  to  irive  the  head 
a  vertical  rather  than,  as  in  the  skippers,  a  horizontal  cast:  the  antennae 
are  inserteil  near  toi,r«'ther ;  the  tip  of  the  eliili  is  never  produced  to  a  dis- 
tinct point ;  the  eyes  have  no  distinct  ovcrhanirin^'  pencil  of  erect  liristles  ; 
and  the  hinder  pcu'tion  of  the  ocellarglolic  is  covered  with  scales,  limiting  the 
field  of  vision.  All  these,  characters  prohalily  i^aiued  hy  the  hij^her  liutterHy 
stock  after  its  separation  from  the  skippers,  arc  points  of  minor  importance 
and  indicate  i»ut  a  hrief  period  of  connuon  existence.  Similarly  it  would 
appear  as  if  the  pi'csent  families  of  Lycaenidae  and  I'apilionidae  I'cmained 
togi'ther  after  their  eonnnon  se|)aration  from  the  Nymplialidae.  for  they 
contain  several  important  cliaractei-s  in  connuon.  parlicniarly  tlii'  u.-ually 
small  head  of  the  larva  and  its  relation  to  the  liist  thoracic  sei,qnent  (least 
noticealile  hut  not  lost  in  the  Pierinae).  toi^etlicr  with  the  peculiar  mode 
of  suspension  of  the  ehrysalids.  I'ut  all  three  of  the  higher  t'amilics  nuist 
soon  liave  l)ecom<'  diflerentiati'd  and  shown  each  in  its  owr.  way  the  char- 
acti'rs  which  are  pecidiar  to  it.  Thus  in  the  imago  <>i  tlie  I'apilionidae, 
the  metatliorax  is  markedly  separated  from  the  mcsothorax.  the  trout  of  the 
head  lietween  the  I'vcs  is  as  liroad  as  high,  the  eyes  tliemscKcs  arc  prom- 
inent and  are  not  infringi'd  upon  liy  the  antcnnal  sockets ;  while  tlu; 
more  special  characteristics  of  the  two  great  groups  into  which  this  family 
is  divided  show  that  it  liccauie  disintegrated  at  an  early  tiiiu'.  though  it 
still  retains  verv  strikin;'  marks  of  its  close  aHiniiv  to  the  lowest  tvpes. 
The  diminutive  size  of  the  Lycaenidae.  the  narrowness  of  the  front  of  the 
head,  the  flatness  of  the  eyes,  the  encroachment  of  the  aritenuae  upon  their     '  ^-.. 

upper  margin,  and  tlu;  consolidation  of  the  metatliorax  with  the  mesothorax,       /  .».(  V  '^^ 
together  with  the  tiarate  character  of  the  egg,  the  more  or  less  oniseifcjrm 
structure  of  the  caterpillar,  and  the  roundeil,  short  and  compact  form  of  the 


'1 


C</'i-'*  7^ 


J 


r/'VVV. 


4 

'  v 

■'t 

•4:^k. 

!  i 

••%^M' 

}f, 

!    « 

-<~:91 

I'J^^P 

Ilivi 


F-' 


240 


TllK   ISl  rrKUKLIKS  OK   NKW   KNi.LAND. 


iS^I  T 


10 


^l 


Pi- 


'( •', 


J' 


{ 

,{,  ..lie  h-    ^ 
/' 


I*.: 


V-^ 


■  i>j  a' 


A(  , 


cliryjiitlif,  are  rliarai'tcrt*  whirli  tliis  jrri>ii|i  fliaror;  witli  no  otluTH.  litre, 
too,  we  Knd  the  ciirimL*  plu'iuimenon  ot'  jiaitial  atntpliy  in  tlic  tiout  leifs 
of  tlie  inali'.>i,  tlionjr'n  at*  a  jfencral  rule  not  MiiHicieiit  to  interfere  with  their 
use.  Wlien,  however,  we  (dine  to  the  liij;he.st  family,  the  Nyniplialitlae, 
this  atrojiliy  has  p)ne  so  tar  as.  with  rare  exceptions,  to  atl'eet  hotii  sexes 
iiiid  to  render  tlie  feet  al)sointeiy  useless  for  loeoniotion  ;  wiiile  tlie  [XMidu- 
lous  eharaeier  of  the  chrysalis,  tlie  freciuently  spinous  armature  of  the 
caterpillar,  the  alnutst  iini\ersally  rililied  surface  of  tlie  e^-^',  the  complete 
separation  ot'  tlu'  aiitennal  scrolics  from  tlie  inner  ed^es  of  tiu'  I'ye  and  the 
tumid  protlioiacic  lohcs  of  the  imujfo,  are  characters  which  are,  with  some 
rare  c\ec|  -ions,  »'oiilincd  to  this  jirou[». 

\\y  means  of  a  dia^'i.im.  I  once  attempted  to  exliihit  the  apparent  rt'la- 
tion  of  these  di'icreiit  fMiiiilies  and  their  siiiidivisioiis  to  eacii  other,  their 
position  on  the  genealogical  tree  being  suppti^cd  tc  indicate,  on  the  hasis 
of  existing  alhnilies.  the  relative  time  at  which  the  ditlc'icnt  groups  diverged 
t'roni  each  otlu'r  or  from  tiie  main  stem  ;  and  the  height  which  eacii  l>raiicli 
attained  marki'd  the  rchilivc  [lertectioii  of  the  highest  mcnihers  t)f  liiat 
group.  Hut  it  is  impos>iMc  lo  represent  this  with  any  accuracy  on  a  Hat 
surface;  for  one  may  pr.ipcrly  conci'ivc  of  a  group  only  as  a  mass,  with 
lirauehes  springing  from  a  common  central  cori',  and  the  sketch  necessarily 
in\tdved  some  errors.  Thus  the  swalhtw-tails  and  lycaenids  were  hroiighl 
at  opposite  cxtrciiiitii's  of  the  irt'c.  wiureas  thi'v  are  closely  related  to  each 
other,  and  (ii.-agrcc  with  dl  other  groups  in  the  relation  of  the  head  of  the 
caterpillar  to  the  ,>cgmciit  hchiiid  it ;  tiiis  relationship,  however,  was  t(j  a 
slight  extent  iiulicatjd  l>y  each  occupying  the  lowest  twig  of  the  brunch  on 
which  it  was  seated,  both  branches  lieing  closely  connected  at  their  base, 
'i'lu'  striking  and  uniipic  peculiarities  of  ci'rtain  grou[)s  wt're  shown  by  their 
extreme  dixcigcnce  from  the  main  stem  ;  thus  the  swallow-tails  stood  apart 
from  all  others  in  the  p(i>sc,s,-ioii  of  dorsal  osmateria  in  tlii^  cater|)illar  :  the 
lycacnid*  at  the  op[)o>itc  cxtrciiu',  in  the  oniscit'orm  nature  and  diiniiiutive 
heads  of  their  caterpillars:  the  astiiioiilcs  among  the  skippers  by  their 
close  ap|n°oacli  to  the  moths,  and  the  satyrs  or  meadow  browns  by  the 
forki'd  tail  of  their  caterpillars.  The  siiperlicial  attinity  of  this  last  grou[) 
to  the  skippers  was  also  indicated  i»y  the  directness  of  their  line  from  the 
very  base:  it  is  one  of  tlu'  most  curious  t'catures  in  the  structure  of  butter- 
flies that  some  of  its  highest  and  lowest  members  should  resemble  eiieh 
other  in  so  many  minor  points.  For  instance,  the  tone  of  coloring  and 
])attern  ».f  markings  on  the  w  ings  of  many  satyrs,  as  well  as  the  position 
and  general  nature  of  the  sixiial  marks  on  the  front  pair  of  some  males, 
find  a  close  counterpart  on  the  wings  of  some  skippers  ;  so  also   the  ehry- 


salids  of  salvrs  are  a 


UOU' 


the  simiilest,  most  rouiuled,  and  c 


ompact  in  the 


j  whole  family,  approaching   in   this   respect    the  lowest  butterflies,      \ever- 
\theles8,  in  all  the  prime  features  of  their  organization,  the  satyrs  outnmk 
neiirlv  "11  others. 


NYAIl'IIALINAR :   CIILOKIPPE  CLYTON. 


241 


CHLORZFPE  CLYTON  — The  tawny  emperor. 


Apatiirii  rli/triii  Hoirid.-LcC,  ].(■]>.  AiiilH'. 
sppl.,  '208,  pi.  rxi,  li;rs.  1-t  (ISM;;;  ;— Moit.,  Syii. 
I.cp.  N.Aiiifr.,tW  (18(Wi,— K(l\v.,Uim.  N.  A., 
ii.  Apat.  2:  [1-13],  pi.  Apiit.-.2(W7<!) ;— Kn'ticli, 
Kt'p.  ins.  111.,  vii :  l.Vi  (USTH) ;  Butt,  ciist.  \\ 
S  ,  21S-221.  tigs.  (IVOfi  (lS,S(i);--M!.Ml.,  Itcp. 
ins.  III..  \-:8!),  lii;.  15(1,S8I). 

Jhixriropa  iih/ia  (imrs)  Ilprr.-SoliaolV., 
I'roilr.  lop.,  SO  (lH(il) ;— (pars)  niimll.,  Contr. 
onl.  (Mih.,  •i-i-(U  (lHf<l). 

AjiiUiirn   hiciiiiit  (pars)   Hull.,   (at.    Kalir. 


ClILOHIl'l'K  CLYTON  CI.YTON. 

Chlnrippe  hfrsc  (car.)  di/ton  Seiidil.,  Bill!. 
Kurt",  soc.  nut.  sc,  ii ;  24H  (187")). 

A/ififio-d  ch/ton  fir.  on-llida  Kdw.  Butt.  X. 
A..ii,  Apat.  2:  [1-2]  (ISTtJ). 

I'djiiii'. .\l>li.,  Draw.  ins.  Ga.  Brit. 

mils.,  vi :  ;i2,  li^'s.  4;!-44. 

CIILOlv'I'l'K  CI.YTON  PliOSKUl'IN.V. 

Apcturiy  j)rii.ii'rj':"'i  ."^cudil.,  Trans.  Cliio. 
ai'ad.  !■ 


:tiJ2(1870). 


Lfp- 


(ISOII). 


]><i.nirupn  lierse  .Sciidd.,  Syst.  ri' 
liutt.,!*  (1S72). 

Ajialiirii  hi'rxii  Uilcy,  Trans.. St.  I.i 
SI'.,  iii :  llli^,  tii;>.  ."Mi  (lS7;t) ;  Kcp.  !•>- 
140-151).  lijis.  41-42  (1S74). 


Aiiicr. 


Jlo., 


Cliliirijijii 


cndd..  Bull.  Bull',  sue.  nat. 


I'.,  ii :  24.S  ( is7-"i) ,  liutt.,  2li2.  tl.^'>.  ls2-lKi  ^  issi ) . 
Kiiriir.'dliyfilovrr,  Ill.X.  A.  I.cp.,pl.  ;!(!,  li-. 


Clil<irij>/'i:  liirni;  (car.)  pronerpina  .SciuUI., 
Bnll.  Butr.  sue.  nat.  sc,  ii :  24H(1875). 

Aj'iitnrn  flijl'in  riir.jirnxfrpiuu  Eilw.,  Butt. 
N.  A..2,  Apat.  2:  [2-;)]  (lti7ti). 

[Xut  lluxoi'opa  idyia  Iliilin.;  nor  I'apilio 
lyiaon  Kalir. ;  nor  (proliaMy)  i'apilio  licrse 
Kal.r.]. 


8,  pi.  A,  ti-.  is.iiicd. 


ItcMcatli  the  suiiuni' 


Kroin  llo 


■  to  tlowcr  let  lliin  ll\  ; 


'Tis  all  tliat  he  wislii's  to  do. 

WoitKswoinii.— /.'  '//(('('/.St  ami  ISuttvrjhj. 

Imago  (16  :  7,  !i).  Ilond  covered  above  rather  densely  with  rather  short,  equiil,  ileli- 
eate,  pale  rnfo-lirownisli  hairs,  more  nifoiis  behind  than  in  front  of  the  aiileiinai":  eyes 
broadly  b(>r(lere<l  posteriorly  with  dirty  white  seales.  tinired.  espeeially  above  and  away 
from  the  eyes,  with  l)rowiiisli  yellow.  I'alpi  on  the  basal  lialf  and  lower  portion  of  apieal 
half,  white:  the  erect  hairs  of  tlie  upper  sitrfaeo,  e.xcepl  near  apex  of  palpi,  pale: 
sides  of  apical  three-tlfths  of  middle  joint  pale  luteo-f ulvous  •  apical  joint  thro'iifhout 
a  little  darker,  darkest  above.  .\nti'nnae  dark  brownish  fulvous  above,  fuliifinous 
towaril  the  bas'^  of  each  joint.  l)eneatli  luteo-fulMins.  the  apex  of  each  joint  on  the 
upper  outer  surface  with  a  while  spot;  basal  Iwo-lhirils  of  club  black  above,  cov- 
ered with  l)rownish  fiilvims  scales;  lienealli  like  the  lower  surface  of  the  stem; 
apical  third  of  clul)  (the  hist  six  to  eiitht  joii\ls)  very  pale  clear  yellow,  immaculate; 
toiij;ue  luteoiis. 

l>rot'<r  racic  lobes  covered  with  pale  mouse  lu'owii  hairs,  coiisideraljly  tipped  with 
rufo-broivnish  ;  thorax  covered  above  with  rufo-fulvous  and  olivaceous  hairs,  beneath 
with  shorter,  illrty  white  ones;  fore  lens  covered  with  lonjr  white  hairs,  excepting  on 


the 


er  surfai'c 


lil)iae  and  tarsi,  where  thev  are  luteo-fulvous ;  other  tiliiiie  and 


tarsi,  and  to  som,'  extent  t'.ie  anterior  portion  of  tlu'  femora,  dull,  pale  brownisli  ful- 


spiirs  rnf.i-lnteous  tipped  with  pali'  riifi 


spme: 


rufo-lnteons 


I'hiw- 


rnto- 


Inteous  at  base,  dark  rnfoils  at  tip;  parony<'liia  pale;  pulvillns  pale  fulvous. 

\Viu!?s  al)ove  dark,  more  or  less  obscure  tawny,  marked  with  l)lackish  Drown,  /•ore 
ifiH;/.s  with  two  transverse  sinuous  scries  of  more  or  less  rounded  pale  spots  on  the 
outer  half  of  the  w'  .iji ;  the  Inner  scries  consists  of  a  rather  regularly  sinuous  series  of 
six  me<llum  sized,  snbei|iial.  siibtrlaniiularspots,  their  apices  outward,  the  lower  double : 
the  upper  three  are  in  the  two  lower  subcostal  and  the  subcosto-median  interspaces  in  a 
»lii;ht  curve  opeiiinu;  inward,  at  ri:,'iit  anitles  to  the  costal  margin  and  midway  between 
the  tirst  divarication  of  the  mediiin  and  tlie  apex  o,"  the  wins;  the  next  two  are  nearer 
the  base  of  the  wiiii;.  in  the  median  interspaces,  the  lower  a  little  within  tlie  upper; 
the  lowest  is  in  the  medlo-submedian  interspace,  in  the  nilddli^  of  the  outer  three-llfths 
of  the  interspace,  its  Inner  border  on  a  line  with  the  outer  border  of  the  spot  above; 
the  outer  series  consists  of  tlvesmaller,  ipiadrate  spots,  oceiipylii;;  the  same  interspacjs 
excepting  the  medlo-sulnnedian ;  tlie  upper  one  Is  a  little  less,  llio  one  next  below  a 
little  more,  llmu  half  way  from  the  si)ots  of  the  inner  row  to  thj  outer  border;  the 


Ii 


■•■<,-. 


242 


IIIK  lil'l  TKKFI.IKS  ol'   Ninv    KXOLAXD. 


¥ 


I.  ■ 


m 


r  -■' 


liiwri'  llir 


CI-  lire  III   11 


•-li^litly  ciirv  iiii;  rnw  sultparnllt'l  lo  tlic  mitiT  lionU'i".  tlic  lower 


inid\v;iy  bctwiM'ii  tlic  ■^piit  of  tlii' iniHT  mw  iiiul  lln' outer  liorilrr;   the  ^|iots  of  liolli  of 


t)i< 


ro\v>  iirr  iioriiiiillv  iliill  wliili>h.  bin  arc  ;il\viiv>  iimn' or  loss,  iiiitl  miu'riiUv  foiislil- 


I'raljlv.  oli-ciircMl  liv  fulvous  or  rcclilisii 


ifli'ii  lo  l)i'  lii('oii>piciioiis.     Tim 


outer  limit  of  tlic  ili-(oi<liil   cc'll 


iiiiirkiil  l)v  a  ratlicr  broad,  liciit.  hlackisli  liar  and 


a  similar,  but  siraiijht.  tlioiiLili  irrciiuiar  bar  cro; 


till'  rill  jiist  abovi'  tilt'  llrsi  divari- 


cation of  till"  iiu'diaii ;  follnxvltif;  tlm  iiiiior  eildc  of  the  Inner  row  of  pale  spots  l.s  a 
fontlnnoiis  or  nearly  eontinuoiis,  rather  narrow  stripe  of  blacklsli  brown;  beyond  tlio 
Inner  row  of  pale  spot-,  ami  sonielinies  between  them  and  the  apex  of  the  eell  above 
the  iiieilian  nerviire.  the  wiiitf  i>  more  or  less  obscured  w.lli  blackish  or  brownish  fus- 
cous, deepeiiiii;;  ill  spots  of  irreater  or  less  cvti'lit.  especially  mi  either  side  of  the  pale 
spots,  approachiiii;  blai'k  ill  llu'  subcostal  iiil<  rspaces  ;  wliere  lli;lile>t — and  somespi'ci- 
nicns  show  liltb' more  than  a  siii^ht  inriixation — enlivened  by  oraniic  lawny  scales ; 
the  outer  bordi'r  i»  iiiari;iiied  with  blackish  fiiscoiis  to  the  ih'ptli  of  h'ss  than  half  an 
Interspace,  and  followed  by  a  liifhtir  stripi',  broadeiiini;  and  brijLflitcnini;  as  U  passes 
downward,  near  the  inner  bordi'r  as  broad  as  the  border,  and  nearly  as  brlirht  as  the 
base  of  the  wliiii,  Frinjri' dark  fuscous.  Interrupted  rather  narrowly  and  inconsplcn- 
oiisly  In  the  middle  of  the  Interspaces  with  white.  /////(/  iriniis  rather  more  iinlforinly 
and  extensively  tawny  than  the  forewiinrs:  the  basal  two-ihirds  are  more  or  less 
stri'iikcd  with  faint  fn«coii».  a  little  more  intense  at  its  ill»lal  limit :  In  the  middle  of 
the  oiitcM'  hall  i>{  the  wiiiiT  i-  a  series  of  si'vcii  roiiiiclisji  <iro\ii'.  purplish  black,  pretty 
larifc  spot-,  siibparallcd  to  the  outer  border  in  all  the  interspace  from  the  costal  to  the 
siibniedlaii  nervure;  the  llrst  (coiiiiliiur  from  above),  second  and  fmirtli  are  in  a  simile 
row,  and  so  arc  the  second,  llftli  and  sixth,  and  the  third,  sixth  and  seventh :  the  llrst, 
third  and  fourth  are  round:  the  second  lon;;itiiillnallv  oval,  and   the  lower  three  are 


oblhpicly  oval,  their  major  axi'«  dircctecl  towanl  the  middle  of  the 


still  inarL'in :  tin 


llr-t  and  seveiilli  are  »iiiall.  the  others  »iibei|ual.  tlii' 


iiid  iiviiallv  a  little  lliolar!.'c-t.lhc 


lU'th  in  the  niiddlc  of  I  lie  upper  median  iiili'r>p,'ice  and  oeeiipyiiiir  about  lliree-llfths  its 
wiiltli ;  thesc>pot»  arc-iirroiinded  by  a  lawny  niiiibii-.id"':rcalcror  li'.^-cxleiii .  sonielinies 
so  exteiideil  as  lo  form  a  continuous  bam  I  in  the  i  nidi  lie  of  which  the  -imts  ure  placed  ; 
the  nervilles  are.  however,  usually  dilsky ;  the  outer  border  to  fully  the  depth  of  half 

ir  occasionally  tawny   fnseons,  its  Interior  limit 
blackish   fiiscons,  in  which  case  it    is  siirmonnted  liv  a  continuous  series  of  shallow, 


an  Interspace  Is  blackish  fuscoiis 


liinati 


liiiiitiy    pale   s|iiii. 


iIl'ciI   Interi.  -iv  bv  a   faint   line  of  fusions,     in  soino 


instances  tiie  whole  upper  surface  of  the  lilinl  winiis  is  deeply  liifiiscated  with  black- 
ish brown,  linircd  inward  the  luise  witli  tawny,  but  otherwise  iiiiirorm.  c\ieptin4:  a 
sliLrhl  lawny  eiliiiiiLt  to  llie  sniiici  imes  incuiispicuously  darker e\l  ra-iuesia I  row  of  spots, 
and  siiiijii  lu'okcn  sput,  ,if  cnlnr.  inarkinit  the  liiiiit  of  ilic  otherwise  iiidistiiii.rnisliable 
outer  border  of  black.     Kriiiiie  as  in  the  fore  wiiiirs. 

I'lider  surface  of  ruc  fiiHi.i  very  pale,  dull  dirly  fulvous  at  base  as  far  as  ihe  extra- 
inoslal  row  of  sublrianirnlar  spots,  which  arc  luoie  dlstliiet  and  sliahlly  laru:cr  below 
than  above,  and  bordered  Interiiuiy  by  an  ainiosi  always  coiitlniioiis.  slender,  blackish 
fuscous  sirlpc;  the  two  bars  hi  the  cell  are  also  repealed  beneath,  ils  well  as  the  outer 


row  of  pale  -pots,  which  arc  sipinetlines  white  and  Hint  in    the   lower 


llbi 


slal    inter- 


spac 


soiiietimes   eiicircleil    with    brownish:   llie  outer  half  of  Ihe  wlin;  is    brownish. 


often,  and  especially  In  the  iueili:iii  area,  considerably  tiii;;eil  with  fcriiiiinous:  there  Isa 
siibiiiarifinal.  slender,  crunulale  sH'ipe,  more  dlsiinct  and  broader  lulow  than  above,  of 
blackish  fnsi'oiis.  smnetlnies  tlnifed  with  castaneoiis.  correspoinilii:;  lo  the  Inner  limit 
of  the  inarirlnal  band  of  upper  surface,  and  outside  of  wlilcli  the  edsre  of  the  wlnu  Is 
slluhtly  tilled,  like  the  outer  half  of  the  wliii;  above  ilie  iiieillan.  with  dull  nacrcon.s: 
Interiorly  the  snbmariiinal  siri|ie  is  followed  by  a  series  of  iisiiallv  ills,oiiiiecled  cres- 
e  color  as  the  sni|M'.  ;:eiicrally  shallnw  and  at  less  than  an  interspace's 


rllt- 


if  the 


distance  from  Ihe  iiiariii:i  of  the  vviiiir.  bin  often,  and  especially  In  the  next  to  the 
loAvcr  subcostal  and  snlieosiii-nicdian  interspaces,  hiuli  and  ananlated,  —  in  all  cases 
eiielosliiK  between  iheiiiselves  and  the  subnuiriiinal  slrljie  paler  spaces,  jicnerally  sim- 
ilar in  color  to  the  border  of  the  wiims;  nil  ibe  veins  lirownisii;  friiiy;e  inucli  as  above. 
Hind  xriiij  from  base  to  n  transverse  mesial  stripe  very  dull   browiilsli  nucreoiis,  often 


nymi'iialin'.m::  ciiLoiuri'K  cia'tox. 


243 


niDi'c  or  li'>>  ifi'iijisli ;  llu' >triiPi' i- iriiicrnlly  ciiiilimi(i\i>,  vcit  sU'iuli'i'.  lU'iirly  imhiuI, 
dark  brownish  fuscous,  oftfii  tiuy^etl  with  roildisli ;  it  starts  from  thi;  costal  ncrviiro 
and  crosses  tin-  costi>-sul)costnl  interspace  at  ri?rlit  aiiith's,  as  a  crescent  opening 
Inwards,  strilxes  tlie  upper  snhcostal  at  a  distance  from  \l>  oritlin  aliout  e(|nal  to  tlie 
widtli  of  llie  interspace  jnst  <'rosse(l,  passo  in  a  liroadlv  cnrvim;  line,  opiiunii  inwards. 


to  tlie  uppiu' median  ncri  iile  at  a  sliort  distance  from  its   oriu;in  ;  it   tlicii   passe- 


still 


nearer  tlu' origin  and  crosses  the  two  median  interspaces  in  a  slrai;j;lit    line   or   in   a 


sinuiar  curve,  nearly  or  (piite  at  riitlit  aniiies  to  llie  nervure  it  en 
tlie   lower   nu'dian    nervure  for 


then  it  follow- 


•onsideralile  distam'c  outward,  or  to  as  far  a:i;ain 
from  its  oriiiin  as  it  was  when  it  struck  it,  passes  to  the  middle  of  tlu>  sulnnedio- 
Internal  interspace,  opposite  tlie  previous  transverse  portion  of  the  stripe,  in  a  deep 
loop  wldeh  crosses  the  sidimedlan  hut  little  short  of  the  middle  of  its  outer  two- 
thirds;  from  the  middle  of  the  interspace  it  is  hent  at  ri;rht  aniiies,  strikes  the  Inter- 
md  an,!  is  then  a;;ain  (liri'iled  toward  tlie  Imse  of  the  winj;;  witliin  tills  stripe  there 
are  two  conspicuous  liiackish  fu^eous  bars,  one  coniieetinjr  the  lower  snlieostal  and 
upper  median  iicrvnh'^  alom;  the  track  of  the  iiervule  wliicli  closes  the  cell  (or  would 
close  the  cell  wercMl  closed),  the  other  transversely  crossin;;  at  least  the  upper  halt 


niid  s<mietiiiies  tlie  whole  of  the  cell,  just  within  tlie  llrsi  divaricali(Mi  of  tli( 


suIm 


stal: 


the  mesial  stripe  is  followed  exteriorly  Ijy  a  nearly  uniform  band  alioiit  an  interspace 
in  widtli,  l)Ut  with  its  outer  limit  ffeneraiiy  sliadin;;  gradually  into  the  tint  beyond, 
generally  of  a  pale  ashy  line,  but  someliiiu'.-  more  or  less  tinged  with  dull  nacreous; 
tlie  outer  lioiiler  is  marked  with  a  submar;iiiial  cremilate  >treak  and  prcsiibmarginal 
eremite  lines  similar  lo  tlioseof  till'  fore  wiiiir>.  but  more  regular  iind  uniforie  and 
with  all  the  colors  of  this  portimi  of  tlie  wiiii;  similar  to  the  fore  wiiia;  lielwei'ii  lliesc 
marking- ami  the  extra-mcvial  liaiid  is  a  Held  of  a  warm  yi'liowish  brown  lint,  (dteii 
tinged  more  or  hss  wit  h  feruginoiis,  tlie  midille  of  wliicii  is  oeenpied  by  a  traiisvi'rse 


series  of  seven  roundish  spots,  vhicli.  wlieii  fully  developed,  are  well  formed,  nearly 
ri|uai  ocelli,  oceiipyim;  every  interspace  lietween  tlie  costal  and  sub-median,  the  lower- 
most doulile  and  yet  smallest  ;  they  consist  normally  of  a  pale  blue  minute  pupil  sel  in 
black,  in  llie  iiiUldle  of  a  spot  of  the  color  of  the  Held  In  w  lilch  the  spoN  are  >itualed, 
and  iMicircled  with  yellowisli  ;;reeii  and  llieli  iiiori'  narrowly  Willi  blackish  brown,  the 
whole  seldom  occupies  more  lliaii  Iwo-llilrds  tiie  widtli  of  an  iiilersp;ice,  even  wlieii.  a- 
In  the  median  interspace-,  tile  spots  an-  olirniiiely  oval  and  in  which  case  the  pupil 
beconn's  linear;  the  liliie  scales  are  often  ob-olete;  iieiierally.  however.  Ihe-e  ocelli 
l)ei'onie  almost  eiilirely  oliscurcd  by  an  iiilerminu:liiig  of  llie  scales  and  the  partial  con- 
lluence  of  the  spots  which  then  follows,  in  w  iiicli  case  they  seem  to  form  only  a  deeper, 
more  fernglnous  band  within  the  darker  area,  with  the  sjiots  nsnally  partially  limited, 
freiiuently  with  I'aliil  traces  of  the  pupil,  which  Is  llieu  oftenest  pale  or  even  whitish, 
and  uiencraliy  olilii|inly  linear  in  all  the  interspaces:  llie  veins  are  diisky  and  the  fringe 
similar  to  llnil  id'  the  upper  surface. 

.Midomcn  above  blacki-h,  coveridwilh  brow  ii  iiiid  law  ny  scilo;  below  pale  griseoii-. 
Maleatidominai  iippviidaiic-  (33  :  in.  loa)  :  hook  of  upper  organ,  siiarply  coii-.tricli'd  at 
the  base,  notched  in  the  iiiMdle  of  the  lip  half  way  down  to  the  constiictiou.  the  sides 
of  the  notidi  parallel  to  its  bottom,  narrowly  separated,  thus  forming  two  lobes,  very 
broadly  rounded  at  the  outer  hinder  angle,  curved  sligliily  downward,  and,  especially 
near  the  tip,  inclined  sllirhlly  toward  the  opposite  lobe;  cla-ps  two  ;inil  one-fourtli  I  line- 
as  long  as  broad,  the  free  upper  edsrc  a  little  wiivy.  armed  at  Hie  lip  willi  a  slender,  taper- 
ing, tliiely  pointed,  regularly  and  eoiisideiably  inciirveil  hook,  as  long  as  the  lobes  of 
the  hook  of  the  upper  organ. 


Moaonremcnts  In  inilllnu't«rf). 

MAI.K8. 

FKMAt.KS. 

Len);th  of  tongue,  10  mm. 

Snuillest' 
"2:.. 

t  • 

3. 

Average, 

Largest. 

Sniiillesl. 
:u,5 

0.2 
4. 

Average, 

l.aixesi. 

Lenirlli  uf  wiics 

•J.-i..-) 
l.V 

4. 

•28. 

8.75 
4.8 

1 

1 
i 

iinleimiie 

hind  tlMiie  and  tarA<i.. 
fore  tlhiiie  imd  liirsl.. 

J 


Iv;.' 


■r<'  ' 


'I.  <l 


DescrlI.ed  frem  I   '  1 


Si  ■' 


244 


Till-;  iirri'KiirLiK.s  of  ni:w  kxcland. 


The  hIhivc  (Ic-ii'iipt ion  N  ili'iiAvii  lip  from  s|ipciiiii'iis  of  f.  c.  clylon  iiloni',  tlip  form 
proMTpiim  lint  luniiii;  vol  Iiccii  fniiiid  cm  tluM'onlliiPs  (if  N'.w  Kiii:liiiul.  It  iliit'crs  from 
till' ciiliiT  form  by  all  iiifiiscutioii  of  tlu'  upper  surfaeo  ami  partieiilarly  of  the  hind 
wiii;:s. 

Egg  64  Ml.  7  riUeyi'Uowislnvlilte.witlitliesiilesnlmost  straiirlit  In  the  middle  half, 
rouiidiii;;  ahriiplly  to  the  snininit  so  as  to  lie  almost  sliouldered,  the  summit  therefore 
very  broad  ami  only  sli-rhtly  convex.  Vertical  ribs  about  tw.-nty  in  number,  rathi-r 
coarse  and  rounded,  not  irivatly  elevated,  tlie  cro>s  lines  strai;;lit  and  obscure,  fonninj? 
cells  about  four  limes  as  liroad  a-  loiiir  in  Hie  inidille  <if  the  ei;;r.  Hie  surface  within 
rather  I'oarsely  linl  very  slialioAvly  pnmtate  or  siilirii;riiiose.  .Micropyie  rosette  about 
.1,")  mm.  in  diameter,  the  outer  cells  snbe(|ual  witii  stout  wails,  iirowiiij;  rapidly 
smaller  within,  where  they  are  all  oval,  those  of  llie  iiiuerniost  row,  about  a  dozen  in 
nnmlier.  witli  the  lon;;er  axis  about  ,ol."i  mm,  in  len;j;tli,  slcnderi'st  at  inner  end,  and 
all  radialin:;  from  a  central  circular  cell  about  ,iiO,"i  mm.  In  diameter:  all  the  Interior 
cells  with  far  more  (lelicate  walls  than  tlie  outer.  Height  of  e;;;:,  .1!  mm.;  breadth, 
,,')4  mm. 

Caterpillar.  /•Vi'.<?  slmji.  Head  (87:7a)  piceoii-,  the  iiiontli  parl^  dull  ea>taneous. 
Body  wliite,  the  last  two  seiiiiienis  willi  tin'  superior  projections  fuscous;  h:i~  and 
liroleiis  wliite,  the  last  joint  of  Hie  formi'V  faintly  fnscoiis;  hairs  pellucid;  sii^rmata 
ai>parently  eoncolorons  witli  liody,     Lciiirlli,  !.,">  iiiiii, 

Scmiitl.  sl(i(ji'.  Head  (87;  7b)  pale  yellowish  f;reen,  marked  with  brown  specks,  the 
ocelli  ami  niandibh's  brown,  llody  pale  irreeii.  with  a  slendrr,  ihirsal,  dark  f,'rcen  line, 
and  tlirei-  pairs  of  dark  irreen  lon^ritiidinal  stripes,  tlie  niiddle,  lateral  stripi' Iiroadest 
and  most  conspicuous:  Iniirs  white:  Icirs  and  prolcirs  pale  arceii,  I.emrtli  :!.2  iiiiii. 
(^ After  Kdwards  and  Kiley.) 

Thirilxt'iiji-.  Ilciid  (87:  7e)  and  lis  piipilliU'  pale  livid  i:reen,  llecki'd  abundantly  ;in(l 
very  minutely  with  brown  at  the  aiilerior  liasi'  of  the  coronal  tiiberilcs.  tlie  middle  of 
tlie  suminit.  tlie  ocellar  lleld.  the  fi'oiit:il  triaiiL'le  iiiid  the  iiioutl.  parts,  Itody  ureeii  with 
broad,  siiiidorsal,  white  bands  and  eipial.  snprastiiimatal  and  inrrastii;malal,  wliito 
stripes;  each  of  the  conical  papillae,  everywhere  profusely  scattered  over  tlie  liody, 
supports  a  pelluciil  or  white  liair  twice  i!s  own  len;rtli;  anal  protnbcraiices  whitish. 
Lesrs  and  prolcirs  eoncolorons  with  tlie  body,     Lemrtli,  ".(i  mm, 

Fniirth  utiiiji'.  ,\ecordin:i  to  liiley  this  does  not  ililler  from  tlie  preccdim;  except  lliat 
the  head  (97  :  7d)  bcconies  irreener.  tlie  papillae  of  "le  body  more  <'onspienoiis  and  the 
inedio-dorsal  dark  stripe  proportionally  narrower, 

L'litt  sliiiji  (74  :  L'o).  Head  (87  ;  7e)  very  pale  irrei  .  .  Ill  two  rather  broad,  curved, 
Tvliite  stripes  down  the  face,  passin;:  abovi' to  either  side  of  the  proiniiieiit  tiilierclc; 
the  latter  pale  lemon  fj;reen,  sometimes  markeil  more  or  less  willi  black  in  fniiit;  Its 
spinules  like  the  others  of  the  head  pale,  wliilisli  :,'reeii ;  Iniirs  of  liead  wiiiti!;  ocelli 
and  niandililcs  black;  oilier  month  parts  uhiii'. 

liody  striped  in  L'lven,  yellow  ami  wliite  in  continiions  and  cipial  iiiiiuls  from  head  to 
tail.  .\  nicdi;in  bluish  irrceii  line;  next  it  the  ^vllok•  ilorsiil  surr;ice  white,  tiii:xed  on 
the  interior  half  with  yellow;  Hie  division  <ir  the  while  ami  vellowisii  whilf  uiarked 
liy  a  very  faint,  line,  lirokeii.  iriveiiisii  line,  sometimes  olisolele;  an  iiifralateral,  rather 
broad,  dark  ;;reen  band.  Ih'cked  aloii;;  the  middle  Willi  conllneiil  white  dots;  a  sn- 
prasti;imalal  white  band  of  nearly  eimal  width  tintred  slitfhtly  witli  yi'iiow  ;  a  similar, 
but  liicht  ^irecn,  sti^'inatal  baud  with  a  faint,  white  line  riiniiini;  aloiij;  the  miildle;  and 
a  snbsti:.'inatal  band  wholly  like  the  snprasti:rnialal ;  benealh  very  pale  irreen ;  tuber- 
cles while  with  wliite  hairs:  sli:rni!il;i  and  proiejis  very  pale  •rreeii ;  cai!dal  iioriis 
piile  lireeii,  liut  wliite  from  the  tiiliereles  which  completely  cover  them.  I.v:;s  pale 
1,'reen  tiii;;ed  willi  yellow.  l,eii:,'tli  of  whole  body.  ;(7  mm.  ;  width  at  llrsl  thoracic  sv^- 
nii-iit.  ;t.7."  mm.  :  al  third  aliilominal  sey;meiit.  il.,"i  mm,  ;  at  last  abdominal  se.iriiU'iit,  '2.1) 
mm.  :  leiiu;lli  of  caudal  horns,  [>  mm. 

Chrysalis  (83  ;  I,"i-17),  Color  above  in  general  pale  ;;rass  rreeii ;  below,  very  pale  pea 
Hl'eeii.  the  dividiii;;;  line  between  the  two  beini;  u  narrow,  yeUow  stripe  followhif;  the 
posterior  edi;e  of  the  wiiifj  cases  to  the  abdomen,  where  it  forms  ii  less  distinct  infra- 


.NYMl'HAI.INAi;     t  III.UUIH'K   (I.YIt)N. 


245 


8tl;,Miintal  slriiio:  a  similav.  iiairnw,  jfUow  siriiu'  iinirl>  ■  llii'  ml  Ire  iloiNal  nvst.  lic^iMiiii- 
liiu  |ial(' on  till' ilidfax  ai\il  fadiii;,' (lilt  In  froni  "f  mmi  pale  nlittisli  stripes,  iionicivd 
llllriloily  >Vltli '-'Vci'ii.  wliii'li  follow  llii'  rlilifis  from  the  occllar  tulnTrliw  towjinl  tlio 
mlililU' of  the  mi'-oiii'ptmii ;  ii  similar  Irulu'lit.  ol)ll(|iii'.  pale  strlpi'  lionlcrod  Intcrlorl.v 
Willi  uit'i'ii  crossi's  till'  sr<'oii(lahi|omliiiil  -riimciit  pariillcl  lo  lln  posicrior  liordcrs dI'  ihc 
nioonoliim.  and  similar  hiil  much  faiiilcr  and  iiinrcolplii|ni'  ■iiipi-.  cross  the  aliiloininal 
scfiiiicnts  lichiml  this,  nndwa.v  hclwccn  tlu>  iiifrasiii;matal  stripe  iind  ilu'  ilorsal  eresi ; 
the  dorsal  surface  of  the  abiloineii  and  to  a  certain  e\lent  of  the  iliorax  is  mottled  ir- 
reftnlarly  and  di'lieately  with  yellow ;  the  lateral  liases  of  the  teeth  marking'  tile  anterior 
limit  of  I  he  dorsal  crest  <m  the  ;!d— sth  abdominal  seu'iiuMils  are  niarkcd  by  a  black  dot ; 
cti^nmta  very  pah'  yellow:  ereninstral hooks  very  pnle  horn-color.  l.enLith.  2:1. .">  inni. ; 
lici;!ht  at  thiril  abdominal  sc'.'menl,  ID  mm.  ;  at  thorax.  7.. "i  mm.:  breadth  m^ar  tip  of 
■wlmrs,  7.M  mm. ;  t;reatest  bre:idlh  at  base  of  wiiiL's,  7..i  mm.  :  at  the  ocell;ir  inbcrcli's 
3.  mm. :  h'li'rth  of  latti'r,  1.1  mm.:  distance  from  llieir  lips  to  c|iirs:il  spine  n(  iliircl 
abilomiii;d  -emiieiit,  I4..">  mm. 


Distribution  (19:  1).    This  i,s  one  o 


ftl 


iiian  tiiiiiia.  its  prujicr  hoini!  lu-iiiif  in 


If  ( 
the 


iiarnctcrisiic  nicinhcrs  oI'iIk! 
suiitlicni  riiitcd  .'states  cast 
of  tlie  (ireat  Plaiin  ;  Imt  it  oxteiidr*  lu'vund  its  iioitlicin  iMiiindarics.  rcncliiii<f 
aij  far  as"  Iowa  (New  Jt'fl'crsoii.  Allen  ;  I )('siniiiiics,  Austin ;  Ames,  Os- 
born)  unil  even  Wiseunsiii  "rather  rare"  (Hoy)  in  tlie  nnrtliwest.  and  in 
the  nortlu'iust  to  soiitlieni  New  York  (Hrooklyn.  Meyer:  N'ewlnncrli.  Kd- 
wards).  It  is  I'oiind  as  Car  west  as  Kansas  (Snow)  and  soiilhern  'I'e.xas 
(Aaron ).  and  seeni.s  to  l)e  more  aluindant  in  tlie  .Mississi|)|ii  \'allcv  than 
east  of  tlie  Alleirhanies,  Al  'lot  eallino-  it  rare  in  (ieoroia.  and  {•Idwanl.s 
hnvin^f  ne\cr  seen  the  litittcrHy  in  Hiolit  in  West  \  ii-oinia.  ;ilili(Mioh  lie  has 
found  the  hirvae. 

Its  oeeasioiiiil  oeenrri'iiee  in  southeastern  Xew  York  is  its  onl\'  elaiiii  to 
1)C  looked  on  a.s  a  |i(issi!)le  New  Knglnnd  in.sect. 

Oviposition.  Aeeo-diiio'  to  Uiley  and  I'ldwards  the  eoo-s  .,|.,,  |,,i,|  ,,u 
the  tinder  side  of  leaM's  in  liir^e,  dense  patches  (64:7)  of  troin  less  than 
two  hundred  to  five  hiindri'd,  in  two  or  nfteiier  three,  sometimes  even  four 
or  five  tier.s. 

Food  plant.  'I'he  only  iilant  known  iijion  which  the  l;ir\  a  li\(s  i.s  the 
ha(  kherry,  Celtis,  a  o'eiiiis  of  the  I'rtieaeeae,  feedino  indiseriminaiciy  iipoii 
all  the  forniH  found  where  it  oeeiirs,  Imt  especially  upon  ('.  oeeidentalis. 
Boi.sduval  iiiul  Leeoiite  state  that  it  H  eds  on  many  speeies  of  I'riiniis  and 
oil  other  trees  of  the  same  family  (Rosaeeae),  Init  this  is  |prolialily  a  e(Uii- 
plete  error,  as  Edwards  and  niyseU'  h;\\r  lieeii  iiiuilile  to  induce  them 
to  I'iit  them.  ( )ne,  however,  tiiat  i  raised  ate  frccK  .  in  its  third  stao-c,  of 
Aristolochia,  a  mueh  more  nearly  allied  hut  liy  no  iiicans  closely  related 
plant. 

Habits  of  the  caterpillar.  'I'he  caterpillars,  when  ready  to  hatch, 
hite  a  narrow  channel  almost  eompletely  around  the  coo-  at  the  upper 
shoulder,  and  lii'tino-  up  the  lid  thiisi  formed,  liki.  a  reversed  saucer,  escape 
without  further  devoiiriiio;  the  coo.       fhey   arc  jrre.oarioiis  diirino'  the  first 


'i-'i 


246 


riiK  m  rn;i!i-Liivs  ok  nkw  kxclanu. 


If,    " 

ha:. 


■■}y^ 


■■."■>it 


i;-:' 


tlirro  stiifjcs,  "f'ci'iliiijr  sidi'  Ity  Mv,  catinj^  ■  leaf"  t'roni  tlie  tip  downwiirtl, 
uut  leaviiifj;  tlie  .stouter  ril)s.  Siiinn'm;;  a  tla<  .1  whcrover  tlicy  go,  they 
ufVcii,  in  travuiliii;f  t'nini  loaf  to  h-at',  imikc  ((uito  a  patlnvay  of  silk  ;  and  if 
tlie  l)rancli  l)c  siiddcnly  janvd,  they  will  (\vo[)  and  iianj^  Mn8|)cndod  in  mid- 
air, and  after  reassurance  clinil)  m[i  a^'ain  with  tlic  tlioraeie  le<fs"  (HiU'v). 
In  thus  feedinj;  ttijj^ellu'r  they  etini|)K'teiy  eoneeai  tiie  h'at',  aeeonhn;;;  to 
Edwards*,  hut  tlo  not,  as  in  inimy  gre<rarious  hwvae.  "rest  with  lieadsi  all 
turned  tlie  same  way  and  Ixxlies  in  line  and  parallel  .  .  .  I>ut  form  an  ir- 
rejrular  mass,  the  heads  mostly  onlside  and  fronliujj;  in  every  direetion.  ' 
They  often  assume  a  very  odd  position,  first  noted  hy  Kdwards,  in  which 
there  is  a  sinuous  liend  in  the  middle  of  the  body,  the  front  half  being 
thro\\  u  by  half  its  width  to  the  rijiht  or  h'fl  of  the  liiudi'r  end,  l)ut  l)Otli 
straiiflit    and   parri.iel  :   tiiev   even   mav   have   this  position  when    Kxed   for 


chanj^e  of  skin.      'I'luy  also  fre(piently  rest  with  the  head  bent  over  so  that 
the  front   lies  Hat   upon  the  surface  of  rest,  and  thereliy  hiuu'h  a  little  the 


second  thoracic  scL,nuent  ;   if  is  in  tins  position,  ai'cor 


this 


■din'f  to  Mr.  Kdwards 


that  thcv  hi! 


icriiate 


.Mr.  IvKvards  found  his  lar\a 


c  lecdiii^  priuci 


at 


lij^ht.  but    mine    fed   e(pially    by    nijilil    or  day.      lie  also  states  that   they 


refer  the  thickest  lea\( 


ind  Mr.  IJilcv  adds  that   lliev   select   the   lower 


u'ani'lie: 


■  roiii    tile    I'ar 


licst    Sti 


till'   surface   ot'  the  leaf  about  and 


beneath  tlu'se  !ar\ae  was  kept  th(Uoujilily  clean,  but  just  outside  the  iiroup 
was  a  ina.«s  ot'  excrcuu'Mt  in  a  pretty  rciriilar  ridn'c."  formed  al  a  certain 
active  cleaii>iiiL;'  period.  *'\\'lici)  a  bit  ol' fiass  was  ciu'ouutercd  by  [suiiiej 
ally  tli'puted  to  act  as  scavenjicrs,  it  was  seized  by  the 


Willi  seemcil  esiicei 


maiKiiDies 


bit 


d  I 


of  tl 
struel 


le  catcriiillai 


IV  ;i  suai)  I 


If 


.he  tV 


I1.-S  was  thrown 


It  least  two  leiiiiths 


d    it 


it  fell  short,  citiier  one  of  the  larvae  on  which  it 
f  the  scavenixers,  and  was  a^aiii 


>i'    It    was   met    bv  one  o 


san- 


suapped  oH'.  uulil  .  .  the  obuo.xiiiiis  tliiii;^'  was  gotten  rid  of.  .  .  .  Th 
itaiy  \Mirk  could  only  lia\e  been  necessary  wiicn  tiie  larvae  «er<'  in  con- 
Hucment.  as  in  natiiri  they  w-iiid  have  rested  on  the  under  side  of  the 
leaf"   (  Edwards). 

After  the  third  moult,  the  caterpillars  scatter  and  li\e  iii(le|)endently  ; 
some  which  1  li;id  ciawle<l  to  se|iarate  terminal  leaves  oi'  twigs  where  they 
took  up  their  permaueut  abode,  returuiiig  to  the  leaf  after  excursions  up  the 


stalk 


or  food,  resting  always  upon  the  iipjier  surt 


Aft 


er  a    lime,  ai 


imren 


tlv  1 


IV   reiiea 


ted 


zi/.zaggiugs  at  every  return,  the  sides  of  the  leaf  or 
leaf-cluster  were  I  ironght  toward  each  other  to  forma  kind  of  trough,  80 
tliat  the  cater|)illar  w 


IS  m  view  on 


Iv  f 


roni  aliovi 


One,  when  removing 


to  new  (piarters.  made  .'it  once  ot' several  leaves  a  sort  of  open  bower  which 
concealed  it  well,  though  not  completely.  The  skin  ciwt  at  each  moult  is 
devoured. 

Life-history.     Thanks  to  .Messrs.  Hiley  and  Edwards  the  history  of  this 
butleiHy    is  tolerai)ly  well  known.      The  caterpillars    winter    when  half 


m 


XYMl'IIALINAK:   llir.OKU'l'K  CI.VKIN. 


247 


irriiwn.  niiirkcil  ifcncriilly  liy  tlic  tliinl  inoiill  :  tlicy  cliistiT  upon  tlic  leaves 
and  fall  witli  tliem  ti>  tlie  i,n'(iiiii(|,  and  in  spring'  make  their  way  apiiii 
t'rtini  tlie  ji'ronnd  t(i  the  tree  :  the  caterpillars  Ipeeimie  I'lill  yi'nwn  hy  the 
end  of  May  iuid  later  in  West  \'iiirinia,  hanjj;  in  chrysalis  tiir  ahcmt  ten 
days,  and  appear  on  the  winj;  in  .Inne,  the  inah's  earliest  :  or.  lieinLT  de- 
layed hy  slower  growth,  sonm  may  not  appear  hefore  tluly  :  the  ej^ys  are 
laid  early  in  tluly,  hatch  in  ei<;ht  or  nine  days  and  the  lar\  ae  feed  in  conipanv 
until  the  lime  for  hiiternation  arrives,  when,  hnddled  toircther  in  companies 
ot' live  or  more  on  a  leaf  whose  sinl'acc  they  ha\e  covered  with  silk  and 
therehv  curled   somewhat,   thcv  chann'c  with   the    leaf  to   a    lirownish   or 


vinous  CO 


lor  and  drop  with  it  to  the  earth  :  or  in  Mr.  lOdwanls's  opini 


on. 


who  thinks  that  such  larvae  perish,  they  may  hide  in  the  ample  crevices  of 
the  rouji'h  iiark  of  the  hackherry.  .Mr.  lOdwards  l>eli<'\es  there  is  oid\  one 
hrood  in  West  Xirijinia.  Mr.  Hilcy  speaks  ot'  no  difl'crence  lictwi'en  the 
seasons  of  this  species  and  (".  celtis,  which  feeds  upon  the  same  plant,  is 
very  fVc<|Ucntly  fiamd  upon  the  samt-  tree,  and  is  douhle  lirooded.  'i'hat 
our  species  is  douhle  hrooded   also  on   the  .\tlaiiti> ast    is  evident   fronj 


the  (lata   i,ri\('n 


furtl 


ler  sol 


ith.  in  (icorii'ia,  hv  AMmt.  who 


tlics  taken  liy  him  May  1  and  afj;ain  Septcmhcr  .">. 


1  h 


ive  also  seen 


(Is   hulter- 
fresh 


exan   siiecnneiif 


taken  Se|iteml(er  It  and  10,  so  that  it  is  certain  that  if 
simple  hrooded  in  West  X'ii'u'inia  and  .Mis.-onri,  it  is  donlile  hrooded  near 
the  (iidf. 

Habits,  flight,  etc-  Tlie  Imtterdy  is  found  in  tin-  vicinity  of  swamps, 
accordiiiii;  to  .Milmt.  while  .Mr.  Dury  has  taken  it  "  sonu'tiines  on  trees 
from  which  there  w iis  an  exudation  of  sap.  and  sometimes  on  rotten  ap|iles  ; 
lull  in  most  cases  it  is  to  he  .seen  in  the  woods"  (  I'MwaivN).  Its  move- 
ments are  said  to  he  less  lively  than  lliosc  ot'  its  companion  ('.  celt  is, 
which  is  dcscrihed  as  exccedintily  alert  and  rollcss.  dartiuL;'  from  one 
ohjecl  to  another  so  swiftly  that  the  eye  can  .-''arccly  follow  it. 

It  is  a  dimorphic  spi'cies,  the  dimorphism  all'cctinu'  hoth  sexes  and  lieinji; 
so  tar  as  known  independent  of  season  :  this  was  proved  hy  Mr.  Kdwardd, 
who  raised,  in  West  \'iri:inia.  Iruni  one  set  o|'  winicriin:'  caterpillars,  four 
males  and  four  t'einalcs  o|  the  fdiiii  cl\  ion.  and  ciiilit  males  and  li\et'emales 
of  the  form  proseipina.  .Ml  were  raised  from  euii's  I'onnd  in  the  open 
air,  presiimahly  those  t'ouiid  hy  him  duly  l-ii.  ( )ii  accoiiiil  ot' this  dimor- 
phism,  Mr.  Kdwards  exposed  some  ehrysiilids  to  .-eveiccold.  hut  as  the  ex- 
periment was  tried  when  ihcy  were  less  than  six  liours  old  it  only  resnlti'd 
ill  death. 

Enemies.  <  *nt  often  lumchcs  of' egus  f(am(l  in  Missouri  hy  Mr.  Hiley, 
eifiht  proveil  ti  he  more  or  less  inlested  with  a  minute  Chalcid,  'l'elenonui.s 
rileyi,  one  Hv  to  each  i'iSiX-  "  Ihe  ejrg  thus  infcsteil  hecomes  |iiiri)lisli,  so 
as  readily  to  he  distinjfiiished  from  the  sound  ones,  and  even  when  empty, 
an  egg  that  has  hoen  parasitizetl  is  easily  recognized  hy  the  crown  being 


m^r 


V 


•  'i 


I" 


248 


TIIK    nrTTKHKMKS  OK    XEW  KNVU.AXD. 


pert'onitod  iiiMtoiul  nf  V\^'u•^\  ii|»,"  ('lml(>i.><  ovata  Say  (88:  14-15)  has  al^o 
been  lired  in  Septeniiier  fiDni  clirvsalids  t'unnd  l>y  Mr.  Hilev  in  South  Caro- 
lina; and  Linmeria  tiifritiva  hy  Munch.  The  dcstructinu  of  life  durinir 
the  winter  from  iiatural  causen  and  niaraudinj;  inject ivoroun  creatures  nnixt 
be  cnorniou".  .Mifs  Murtfeldt  found  a  younjr  Celtis  (»n  her  lawn,  where  "in 
many  ea^es  tlu?  entire  uniler  s(n'faees  of  certain  leave."  would  Ik;  covered 
with  the  tiny  larMte,  stretched  side  l>y  side  in  rank  after  rank  from  tip  to 
base,"  yet  the  folloAvin^''  s|)rinn'  nhe  was  able  to  find  on  the  tree  but  three 
or  four  ni'Mi'ly  fidl  i.'rown  caterpillars.  *' Considering  the  vast  mnnbers 
that  xM-rc  i>n  the  tree  the  previous  autumn,  one  is  almost  ap|ialled  at  the 
waste  ot"  life  |)crmitlcd  by  Nature." 

Desiderata.  The  most  interestin<^  and  im|)ortant  rpiestions  eoneernin,<; 
this  species  relate  to  to  its  lite  history  and  its  dimorpliism.  It,s  behavior 
at  difb'rcut  latitudes  needs  invcstiiration  to  show  tiie  relation  between  its 
history  in  the  northern  part  of  its  raufi;!',  where  it  is  app.arentiy  single 
brooded,  and  in  flic  southern,  where,  unless  the  butteiHy  hibernates  (ns  is 
bitrhly  impriibai)lc),  it  is  certainly  doultlc  brooded.  The  ilid'erence  ot 
the  bchavioi'  in  ilitlercnt  itroods  of  caterpillars  raised  by  .Mr.  Kdwards 
niav  lie  accounted  for  when  tiiis  is  clearly  understood.      'Phis  knowle<ljre 


leeomcs  of  irrcalcr   miportancc   in   its   n 


lati 


to  the   dimorph 


iism   o 


f  tl 


le 


Iiiittcrtlv.  wliicli  nppcars  to  i)e  (piite  independent  of  season  in  the  north  :  and 
if  wc  have  lici'e  only  a  siiijile  iirood,  it  will  lii'  difhciilt  to  eorellate  this 
dimorphism  with  that  (almost  exactly  parallel  so  far  as  the  ert'ect  produced) 
which  is  found  in  the  iliffoiientic  species  of  I'olyffonia  :  so  that  here  is  an 
ample  field  fur  study,  where  c.xperinientation  also  may  have  full  scope  ; 
some  southern  lepidoptcrist  in  one  of  the  larircr  cities,  where  ice  is  artifi- 
oiallv  iiroiliiced,  ou<rht  to  ai)ply  himself  to  the  problem.     There  are  also 


other  point 


liicli  need  elucidation  ;  the  northern  limit  ot' the  rani'e  of  the 


butterfly  :  its  i ccnrrcnc*!  aipoiit  New  York  ;  the  lenjrlh  of  time  in  which 
the  liiitterHy  rei  lains  in  Hight  ( throufrli"iit  duly  in  Iowa)  ;  the  history  ot 
its  v<<;if  panisile  !  a  satisfactory  reason  for  its  rarity  as  compared  to  C. 
celtis;  aiul  the  mode  and  plai'c  of  hibernation  of  the  caterpillar. 


LIST  dh'  ILLUsrilATKiSS.-cllUHtU'l'K  il.VToX. 


IM.  (H,  IIk.  "■     (iilnllMl. 

7.     A  ^lll^l^'^  ot  ci;.''  (Hi  a  leaf. 
*  'iifi  riiilliir. 
ri.  71,  I'll.'.  'Jll-     l''iill  ;.'niwii.  ii)l(iiii|. 

S7:7.  a-f.    Krunl  \irw  (jI  lirail  in  staitcs 
i-v. 

t'lir;i.-''iU«. 
I'l.  S;!.  tig.  1.').     Side  vii'W.  roldicd. 
10.    Oillllm', -Ml  view. 
17.    OllllliU'.  Jorsiil  \k'\v. 


Iiii'iijii. 
I'l.  ill,  7.    Mall',  iippfi-  sui'fiu'c,  with  outlhiL' 
of  wiii^s  of  fi'iiialc. 

It.     Male,  iiMili'i-  -iirfari'i 
;Ki:  Ki,  10  a.     .Male  al'iloniliial  appGnUiM^CHt 
;iti:ll.     Nciiialioii. 

!Vi :  111.  .''^iili'  \  ii'U  of  licail  ami  appiiidiigc.'' 
cnlaiu'i'il.  Willi  detail  of  llu'  stimiuri' o. 
till'  1(",'>. 

(ii  lll'litl, 

I'l.  Ill,  llg.  1.    Kisliiliiilioiiiii  Noiih  .ViniTiia. 
S.S:  11-1.').    C'liitk'is  ovutti,  u  pariDsitu. 


XYMI'IIALIXAK:   TIIK  TUIHK   NYMrHALIDI. 


249 


TRIHK  NYMPHALIDI. 


WHITB  ADMIRALS. 


N)ni|ilialicll(|mrs)Sli'|)li.;  Xyiiiiplmlidacniip. : 

Xyiiipliiilitao  Kiir. ;  NyniiliiilMcM  Klrli. 
Afhontor*  (rp^<tr.)  Horlist,  S.iiilil. 
Mnicnlliilcs  Itiitl.:  I,iiiipnitii|:ii<  Kiiriii. 


Nc|itiiliii'  N'l'wm. 

*'iii'iiiiciiliitai'  (pars)  (iufii. 

I'apllioiit's  iMHculalD-fascinti  W'ion.  Vorz. 


.    .    .    TIlMll    , 

Tlic  stale  of  li(>rsi'>,  ami  tln' 
Wliicli  licasls  woiilil  iiiii'.'li  a 

Sii  \KKsi'i;.M!i:. 


IcNt  (Iriiik 
:iM<M  pii.Mlo. 

Wilitfrcl  waiiilirtr  finiii  ilovcr  iiuailuwa  Mwcrt, 
WliiTi'  all  ilay  luiij:  liciicalli  a  miii'IIm;.'  *V.\ 
Yoii  ilriilunl  ilic  wiiil-llinvi'i-i'  ciip^  of  liDiii'v  ilrv 

And  liranl  llic  droH-y  wimU  llH'ii-  lovis  ii'in'at, 

What  idle  /r|diyr  \\  liispcriiif;  dcrcll 
liar*  Won  your  lu'aft  ami  IcniplPil  yon  to  lly 
Unto  this  noisy  town  ami  vainly  iiry 

Into  till'  M'riTts  of  tills  linsy  sirrrt  t 

To  nir  your  niioxpcitccl  prcsi'iicc  Iniiurs 

A  tiioiiijlLi  of  fra;;iaiit  pastnifs,  Imd-.  and  tlowcrs, 
And  «l. .  py  lirooks,  anil  fattli"  in  Hip  fidd; 
Or,  watcliim;  as  you  soar  on  trenildiiig  wiiiirs, 
I  tiiiiilv  for  tliosr  who  toil  lliroii^'h  wcarv  lioiirs 
Villi  are  a  type  of  tlirlr  iiiiccrtaiii  u'oid. 

SiiKiiMAX.— .1  lintti'riti/in  Wall  Street. 

Imago.  Head;  clitl)  iif  iiutciiiiai'  very  Iciii;.  so  ^'radiially  iiU'rcasiii!;  in  si/.c  us  to 
render  llie  lU'terniiiiatioii  of  lis  oriu:in  clillli  tilt,  eylindrieal  or  a  little  depressed,  Willi 
four  inferior  ciiriiiatioiis.  Palpi  slender,  with  eoiiipact.  reciiiiilieiit  scales ;  teniiiiial 
joint  scarcely  one-tlftli  the  leniith  of  the  middle  joint. 

Thorax:  llrst  and  second  .superior  snbcostal  nervnles  of  fore  wiiin  arisiii;;  lieforo 
the  tip  of  the  cell;  the  third  and  fourth  beyond;  cell  closed;  median  iierviire  con- 
nected opposite  its  last  divarication  willi  tlie  vein  dosiiiii  the  cell,  rrecoslal  lU'rvure 
of  hind  wina;  oriirinatini;  opposite  the  divarication  of  tlie  snlicostal  from  the  costal 
nervure;  cell  open.  No  aiidroeonia.  Five  joints  to  the  fore-tarsi  in  female:  apical 
joint  of  male  tenninatiilf;  in  a  sini;le  median  spine:  the  other  joints  with  spurs  in  liairs, 
lint  no  spines;  other  tibiae  and  tarsi  destitute  of  spines  above,  but  with  the  upper  por- 
tion of  the  inner  surface  crowded  with  iri-egularly  disposed  spines;  four  rows  of 
spines  on  the  under  surface  of  the  terminal  joint  of  tarsi. 

Alidoinen  :  iiialc  appendages;  upper  organ  about  as  large  as  the  lower,  bearing  a  single 
pointed,  curved  hook.  Clasps  large,  tapering  considerably  on  the  outer  half,  the  upper 
process  apical  and  spiny,  llie  interior  linger  oriitinatiiiir  near  the  base  of  the  inferior 
edge,  directed  upward  and  surpassing  t'w  superior  edge  of  the  clasp. 

Egg.  niobnlnr.  Ilattened  at  basi  and  sliglillj  de)ire«sed  al  apex,  the  whole  siirfaii- 
covereil  with  pretty  large  hexagonal  cells,  ltlll(lll|t'll  ^'S  abrupt  elevated  walls,  emitling 
at  the  angle:;  prim'inent  tilamenls. 

Caterpillar  at  birth.  I'apillae  of  the  body  conspiciioiis,  some  larirer  than  others, 
till'  hairs  sliort .  slender,  tapering  and  incouspiciioiis. 

Mature  caterpillar,  liody  iiiu'i|iiall\  deM'lnped.  In  lug  hunched  on  the  second  and 
third  thoracic,  and  to  a  less  degree  on  the  ei^lilli  and  ninth  abdominal  segments;  cov- 
ered with  minute,  hairless  papillae,  and  with  a  laterodor-al  row  of  largir  com|)onnd 
warts  of  greatly  iinei|nal  size,  some  or  all,  and  especially  those  of  the  second  thoracic 
segment,  ileveloped  as  long  tiiberciilale  spiiu's,  the  others  formiiiii  a  raised  crown  of 
tliickly  crowded,  short,  pointed  wartlets. 

Chrysalis.  Ilcail  projecting  beyond,  and  distinct  from  the  tliniiix.  Dase  of  the 
wing-cases  with  but  a  single  iiibercle;  dorsum  of  niesolhorax  regularly  rounded,  carl- 
nate;  dorsum  of  abdomen  carinate.  but  on  the  second  segment  excessively  cle\;ited,  so 
as  to  form  a  .strongly  compressed,  rounded  promineme:  eremaster  stout,  moderately 
long. 


i   s 


250 


'I  hi;   ItlTTKlil  I.IKS  OF   Xi:\V    KX(il,ANI). 


:>      111, 


l"^^; 


Tlio  insects  of  tlu!)  i^roup,  wliifli  iiicliuk'fi  noiiie  of  our  hiomI  cK'irant 
liiittfrHic.x,  art'  ratluT  above  tin- avcriirt' nize,  am!  iKniully  <liirk  and  liistroiiM, 
with  tttroiifily  contrasted  white  and  iiietallic  inaikinjfM,  tlie  hitler  onlinarily 
green  or  hluo  in  tint,  tlie  wlilte  uoually  in  the  form  of  liroad  transverse  stripes 
across  hoth  winj^s  ;  the  winjrs  are  a  litth'  eli>n;x'ite.  luit  ronnih-d.  and  tlie 
insects  have  a  stron''  and  often  loftv  flight.  Mrs.  Hush  thus  descrihos 
(Anur.  nat.,  xv  :  l.')l)  tiie  fliglit  and  haiiits  i-f  otu- little  known  C'aliforniaii 
Najas  hredowi. 

"  They  ari'  wiirriors.  iinil  -ici'iii  to  liavf  a  i!i«)il  ileal  of  i-liaractor.  Tlirv  aliijlitoil  on 
tlio  white  or  l)lack  ()ak»  lilj;li  almve,  and  with  the  appearaiiee  of  "Miiiir  on  the  alert, 
waited  till  a  larite  yellow  rMpilio  eaiiie  in  siahl.  when  It  was  ehasi  .1  away.  .  .  .  They 
were  shy  of  li^lit  colors.  When  1  had  on  a  liirht-colored  dress,  1  eonld  not  aet  near 
one,  bnt  with  n  brown  dress,  they  would  Hli;;ht  on  il  and  a))ont  my  feet.  Throwini; 
small  |iel)lil(>s.  chips  or  rneks  at  them  seemed  to  enrnije  tlieni.  and  thoy  wimld  follow 
anythhiK  tlirown  at  them  liai  k  to  the  itronncl." 

Like  most  hutterflies.  the  Xymi>halidi  are  |irinci|)ally  found  in  warm  cli- 
mates;  their  nietro|iolis  is  in  and  altoiit  the  Kast  Indian  archi|)eiaf.">.  hut 
they  are  moderately  represented  in  the  temperate  zones,  and  are,  in  f^en- 
ernl,  far  more  altimdant  in  the  OM  Worhl  than  in  the  New  ;  two  irenera. 


at  1 


east,  oeciu-  in  .Vorlh  America. 


The  ejjjjs  mi'  plnhular  and  deeply  pitted,  the  wtills  of  the  pits  snnnoiinted 
nt  (heir  junction  hy  not  very  sliort,  slender,  fleshy  filaments  ;  they  are  laid 
singly  at  the  extreme  tips  of  leaves.  The  larva  is  very  peculiar,  haviufr 
several  of  the  seonicnts  conspiciioiislv  arched  or  swollen,  iind  hoth  the 
hotly  and  head  covered  with  iine(pially  distrihuted  eompoinid  tuhercles  : 
otherwise  it  is  nearly  cylindrical :  it  is  solitsiry  in  hahit,  feeding  jirineipally 
on  Oaprifoliaceae  or  allied  plants  in  the  Old  World,  or  on  Hetulaceae  or 
their  neighlxirs  in  the  \ew  ;  and  so  far  as 
as  a  caterpillar,  constructing  for  itself  a  nest  from  a  I'olled  up  leaf,  to  which. 


we  know,  alwavs 


hil 


n'ruatinji 


for  tl 


le    wmter. 


Tl 


u'  chrv- 


generally  when  .aliout   half  grown,    it   retire 

salis  is  furnished    with   a   pecidiar.   coin|)ressed.  dorsal  projection  im   the 

itiihi 


itl 


ahdomv'u  :    anil   usually  has  i-atlicr   conspicuous   ocellar  proimiu'nces 


\h 


hut 


otherwise  it  is  not  angulateil.  These  insects  ari;  usually  doulile-hroodod. 
or  partly  single  and  partly  donhle.  A  single  genus  occtirs  in  easti'rn  North 
America. 


0 


■  I-  V;-,-. 

II-  »  '■ 


IJASILAHCIIIA    SCl'DDKH. 

l!:isiliiriliia  .'^cndil.,  !sy>l.  rev.  .Vnier.  I!nlt.,8       I.inienili«  pars  Aael. 

(I.hT'J).  X.)t('allianiral'Or.-r.es.  ISIO. 

Calli:iniraHiilil\.,Vcrz.liik.Siliiiictt.,:ls(|sl(l).  I'l/pc—I'diu'lio  iiHt'Jiiun.f  h'uhr. 

Hay  linUerllies,  a  da//lin^  train 
In  iriild  i'liil  purple  drest. 

Vv.CK.—Nonntiilp. 

Imago  (52  :'.»).  nea<l  lartje.  densely  covereil  with  short  hairs,  witli  a  slight  tuft  around 
the  base  of  tiii'  antennae.  Front  moderately  full,  sll^litly  hollowed  aljove,  considerably 
protuljcrant  in  the  middle  below,  narrower  than  thceyus,  distiijctly  broader  than  high. 


NYMI'IIAI.INAK:   TIIK  (iKNlS   HASILAKCHIA. 


251 


till'  luiililli' (iT  tlic  iipixT  borilfi' proji'ctlna  ns  n  iinrniw  toiiaiU' Imckwai'illiftwci'ii  Uii" 
milcniiac,  tin-  Iowit  cilm'  coiivi-x,  not  vrn  ,(lirii|(l.  Vrrlcx  very  tiiiniil  -iitialnhiilar, 
rlftliitf  J""''  i>l">vi'  llic  l(!Vi'l  of  till-  cvi's,  iilnMil  ii>  broiiil  ii-i  Iciiiii,  lirimilly  cimim'x  liutli  in 
front  mill  bcliind:  iii'piT  Imnlcr  of  ilir  i'yi>  ii.iiiully  iiiii;iiliilcil  c(p|)(i>|tc  tin- iiiiildli' of 
the  poslrriiir  liillf  of  the  vertex.  Kves  linwe,  full,  linked,  .\iileiiiiiie  inverted  i"  the 
iiiiddU!  of  tlir  iiiilerior  Imlf  of  the  lieiid  m  a  deep,  hriiad  pil,  separated  fniin  eaelioi^er 
by  11  slender  extension  nl'  the  front ;  nearly  lialf  as  loiii;  a^aiii  us  the  abdomen,  con- 
posed  of  from  forty  to  forty-tlireu  Joints,  the  last  f.  iirteenor  llfteeii  anidiially  e\- 
pandlii!!  into  a  nearly  uniform  elnb,  scarcely  twice  as  tldck  as  the  stalk  llu;  last  Joint 
atirnplly  coiiii'iil  with  a  sliirlilly  produced  tip.  traii-.vi'rsely  circnlar.  the  club  a  little 
dcjii'essed.  furnished  on  its  lower  inner  face  witli  four  i'i|iiidi-taiit  cariiialioiis.  some 
of  wliicli  run  i|nitc,  others  nearly,  to  the  very  li;i«e  of  the  aiit'imae.  I'alpl  coinpact, 
niodei'iiti'ly  stont.  aliont   half  as  lom;  airaln  as  the  the  apical  joint  scarci^ly  oiie- 

liflh   the  leiiiilli  of  the  piimltimate ;  lica\lly  bitt  coi)i|iactly  scalccl  and  fiiriil«hed  with 


liort,  III 


arlv  rccninlient  hairs,  with 


lew  loiiiier  more  erect  ones  on  the  oilier  half  of 


the  iipiier  surface  of  the  middle  joiiu  I'apiltae  crowded,  ed>{c  outward,  on  outer  eil;ie 
of  aiiical  llftli  of  ton;;ne,  apple-seed  shaped.  apjH' ^seil  ami  slightly  arcuate,  tajierlni; 
miM'c  ncntly  towardba^e,  ajdcally  roiimlitl.  Imi  iritncnte.  and  cup-shaped  at  tip.  the 
rim  entire:  the  cn|i  bcariiiir  a  Nlcnder,  lilniilly  puintcd  central  tilaineiit. 

rrotiioracic  lolics  pntly  lari;e.  tuniid.  r.il)irorin.  nearly  as  loni:  as  hiuli  anil  nearly 
three  times  as  broad  a>  Imu;.  sliifhtly  appi.^sed.  well  round'  i.  Tataiila  Imt  little  (!im- 
vex,  nearly  four  times  as  loin;  a^^  Inoad  veil  rounded '4!  nase,  taiierinu;  ifcnlly  over 
the  basal  two-thirds,  apical  third  taperini:  lorc  slowly  to  u  very  bluntly  pointed  apex 
and  bent  oiilwanl  at  a  sli;;ht  an;;|e;  the  whole  of  t lie  exterior  maririn  and  the  basal 
half  of  the  interior  slightly  raised, 

>iil)lrian^nilar,  three-iiuarters  a-  lonir  a'.'aiu  as  liroad,  the  co«tiil 


Kore  wiiiy;- 


(38; 


lioi'dcr  broadly  and  pretty  rcifiilaily  bowed,  a  little  more  oii'v  cd  on  theajiical  than  on  the 
basal  half:  anterior  third  of  tlic  outer  bopler  ■.ti'oiiirly  ,iiid  re:.'iilarly  convex,  the  apex 
well  rounded,  the  lower  IW'  I lilrils  very  slii:lii ly  and  nirularly  concave;  inner  border 
straiirht,  the  aiiulc  rounded  oil'.  First  superior  siibco-tal  iierMile  emitted  beyond  the 
midilleof  the  outer  half  "f  the  U|iper  mai';;lii  of  the  cell:  the  second  shortly  liefure  the 
tip  of  the  cell;  the  second  inferior  nervnle  arisins;  one-tliinl  way  down  the  cell;  the 
latter  a  little  more  than  one-third  the  Iciurth  of  the  wini;  and  two  and  a  lialf  times 
li)n;:er  than  broad.  Median  nervure  coniiocted  op|>osite  its  last  divarication  with  the 
vein  closing;  tlie  cell. 

Hind  win::-:  costal  iiorder  pretty  >trons;ly  convex  at  the  base,  beymid  scarcely 
bowed  oilier  Isirder  pretty  r<  :;nlarly  and  ^iroimly  rounded,  n>ually  produced  sonie- 
wliat  cf  i.r  sometimes  only  and  to  a  lrlHiii;t  extent  (,  $  )  In  the  u|>|)er  imdiaii  Inter- 
space; liotii  ailirles  so  rounded  that  they  are  Inconspicuous:  whole  iiiaru;iii  more  or 
less  creniilate:  inner  liordur  pretty  stromrly  convex  at  the  base,  beyond  straij;lit  or 
nearly  straight  to  the  tip  of  the  internal  ncrvuiv.  Just  beyond  which  it  Is  a  little 
•  inarsiinate;  the  Internal  area  jiuttereil  as  far  is  the  snbmedian  nervure,  from  the  base 
lo  the  middle  of  the  same,  thence  to  the  eniari.'iiiatioii  of  the  inner  border.  I'recoslal 
ner-.ure  bent  outward,  oriiiliiatlnji  opposite  the  divarication  of  tlic  subcostal  from  the 
costal;  cell  entirely  open. 

Kore  lens  small,  cyllnilrical,  the  tibiae  scarcely  half  the  Iciiirth  of  the  hind  tiliiae; 
tarsi  about  thrc'-tlfths  (<J)  or  th.'ec-fourths  (J)  the  length  of  the  tibiae:  either  sim- 
ple, the  joints  scarcely  discernible,  very  bluntly  rounded  at  tip  (J);  or,  distinctly 
llve-Jolnted,  the  llrst  three-llfths  the  length  of  tho  entire  tarsus,  the  others  decreasing 
slightly  and  regularly  in  size;  the  llrst  three  armed  at  the  tip  on  the  under  surface 
with  a  pair  of  minute,  very  slender  siilnes;  apical  joint  ovate,  bluntly  pointed,  termi- 
nated by  a  minute,  short,  central  spine  (?).  The  whole  le^  is  furnished  with 
laterally  spreadins  hairs,  much  more  abnndant  in  the  male  than  in  the  female.  Miildlu 
and  hind  tibiae  of  about  equal  lenatli,  furnished  on  either  side  beneath  with  a  row  of 
rather  short,  slender  spines,  and  on  the  upper  portion  of  the  Inner  surface  with  niany 
other.s,  irregularly  disposed;  spurs  long  and  very  slender.    Basal  Joint  of  tarsi  fully  as 


r'T 


.: '  ■'  :;'  >■ 


7r-.  *,:■ 


w'-ffi'K^! 


4v  %m^^i 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


1.0 


I.I 


11.25 


IM    11115 


14 


1^ 


12.0 


1.8 


U    11.6 


5< 


// 


/- 


4J*     .4'3 


Lrf" 


<. 


^ 


'm 


^ 


/a 


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0 


7 


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Photographic 

Sciences 

Corporation 


23  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  NY.  14580 

(716)  872-4503 


kjf 


T    ^ 


252 


TIIH    lilTTKHl-l.lKS  OF   NEW  KNCiLAND. 


jPR  ;■,;'. 


loiiu  as  nil  till'  otlit'is  toiri'tlior.  while  llicy  arc  noarly  ciiual  ainonir  tliciiisclvos.  and  all 
avc  arnicil  bi'iiuath  -vvitli  four  rows  of  spiiio  similar  to  those  of  the  tihiae,  the  terminal 
OIK'S  of  the  outer  row  on  each  joint  sliirlitly  lonjior  and  a  very  little  enrvcd.  Claws 
rather  delieate,  very  strongly  curved,  a  very  little  eoiiipressed.  Ilnely  |)ointed.  I'arimy- 
eliia  very  slonder,  rijual.  slightly  curved,  nearly  as  Ions;  as  the  claws.  Pulvillus  sith- 
slobose,  the  oxtremity  much  broader  thiiii  hifrh. 

Male  abdominal  appendajres :  ui)por  or;;aii :  body  pretty  broad  anil  stont,  fjently 
arched  ul)ovc  both  loiiiritudinally  and  transversely;  hook  as  huiij;  as  the  body,  curved 
a  little  downward,  broad  at  the  base,  rapidly  narrowiiiLr  and  dcpri'ssed  on  the  basal 
half,  slightly  compressed  on  the  apical  half,  pointed  and  more  strongly  compressed 
at  the  tip.  Clasps  pretty  stout,  broad  and  nearly  ecpial  on  the  basal  half,  beyond  nar- 
rowing pretty  rapidly,  nearly  three  times  as  long  as  broad;  the  interior  linger  free 
only  In  its  upper  half  and  extending  beyond  the  upper  edge  of  the  clasp,  although  this 
is  more  or  less  prominent  at  the  same  point,  as  is  the  lower  edge  at  the  base  of  the 
linger;  the  apex  of  the  clasp  not  pointed,  but  armed  with  a  few  teeth. 

Egg.  Xi'arly  spherical,  but  a  little  broader  than  high,  broadly  llattened  at  base,  the 
apex  slightly  deinessed.  Surface  broken  iij)  into  pretty  large,  hexagonal  cells,  having 
very  high  and  very  thin  Malls,  which  are  furnished  at  every  angle  with  a  long  and 
slender,  laperiiig.  outward  projecting,  delicate  spine  or  still'  lllainent.  Micropyle 
small,  formed  of  miiinle.  ronmlisli.  angular  cells  of  irregular  shape,  bounded  by  heavy 
rounded  walls. 

Caterpillar  at  birth.  Head  nniforin,  unprovided  with  prominences,  uniformly 
rounded,  a  little  and  narrowly  excise-' in  the  ndddle  of  the  summit,  rather  ,s(|uarely 
docked  below,  rather  broader  than  high,  broadest  a  little  above  the  ocelli,  above  ra])- 
idly  narrowing  in  a  broad  curve,  furnished  with  a  very  few,  very  short,  bristly  liairs, 
thickened  at  tlie  tip  and  seated  oil  iiiiiiule  warts,  mostly  occurring  around  the  outer 
hinder  edge:  triangle  liigher  than  broad,  reaching  very  nearly  half-way  up  the  front. 
The  fcnir  ocelli  of  the  .'rout  row  arramred  in  a  pretty  convex  series  at  ei|iial  distances 
apart.  I.abrntn  but  little  excised  in  front,  Hody  uniform  in  size,  (luadrato-cyliiidrical 
or  a  little  llattened  above  and  on  sides,  the  second  thoracic  segment  slightly  the 
largest,  all  studded  with  iiniiierous  little  paiiillae.  the  subdorsal  ones  of  the  second 
thoracic  and  seventh  abdominal  segments  barely  larger  than  the  rest,  but  not  elevated 
at  base  as  in  tlu^  mature  larva :  the  papillae  are  stellate  and  disposed  in  both  transverse 
and  longitudinal  >erie.-.  th.e  transverse  series  corre>poiidiiig  to  the  following  siibdivi- 
~!oii>  of  the  segments;  each  x'ginent  is  dee|dy  cut  by  a  transverse  incision  in  the 
middle  and  aiiotlu'r  les>  deep  ill  the  middle  of  the  hinder  half:  each  of  tliCM'  hinder 
subsegmeius  bears  a  transverse  series  of  simple  i)npillae.  while  the  front  half  has 
series  of  larger  papillae  which  become  conical  niaiiimae  in  the  laterodorsal  region,  and 
esiiecially  ->n  the  second  ami  third  thoracic  and  seventh  abdominal  segments. 

Mature  caterpillar,  Head  moderately  large,  each  hemisphere  well  rounded,  at 
maturity  >''parattMl  rrcuii  tlie  other  at  the  suture  by  a  broad  and  ratlu  r  deep  cliannel; 
ami  produced  at  the  summit  into  a  ratlier  liigli  arel'.  flattened  behind,  deepest  beneath, 
the  >ides  scarcely  rounded,  broadest  <ivei'  the  whole  lower  half,  tapering  upward, 
taller  than  broad  ;  the  triangle  very  small,  taller  tl  in  broad,  reaching  about  one-third  up 
the  head,  suture  (d'  division  starting  fnmi  the  middle  of  the  frimt.  its  two  arms  diverg- 
ing at  once  at  nearly  riglu  angles  until  they  are  very  nearly  as  widely  separated  as  the 
base  of  the  triangle,  toward  which  they  then  turn  In  a  slightly  sinuous  course.  The 
whide  head  is  profusely  and  distinctly  punctured  and  covcreil  with  frenueiit,  large, 
Clinical  tuberclo.  plump  but  hiL'lier  than  broail  and  curving  a  little  downward  on 
the  front,  forward  on  the  >ides  and  summit;  at  maturity  those  of  the  posterior  eilge 
nf  the  head  are  larger  and  slenderer  than  the  others,  and  the  uppermost  ones  support 
little  ones  on  their  sides,  liut  none  are  so  great  as  one  on  the  anterior  summit  of 
each  hemisphere,  where  it  grows  larger  more  rapidly  than  the  others,  and  finally 
becomes  a  very  large,  heavy,  compound,  warty,  club-shaped  tnlierde;  all  of  these 
tubercles  emit  a  very  short,  delicate  hair.  Antennae  having  the  first  joint  broad  and 
mammiform,  tlie  second  stout  but  as  long  as  broad,  thcthlrtl  much  smaller,  cylindrical. 


(f;:^ 


ir'iwfw^.'  .'t^.-^--  ■'Trs:^tf,\-^"~r^.%  ^'"-3^t"^r';^'^■"HKjSh"S•>!.^i■?l"ik?.*l^? 


NY^IPIIAUNAK:  TIIK   (iHXI'S   I!Asn.AI!(  MIA. 


;).j 


MlUiircly  (KicUi'il.  abdiit  llircc  times  as  lomr  as  bi'dail  and  licariiiir  at  its  outer  I'Xtri'iiiily 
a   rmirlli   exeiu'ilinuly   iiiiiiiile  ji)iiit.  less   than   Iwiee  as   lon'i  as  lii-oail,   cylindrical, 


si|na 


I'ely  doekcMl :  the  tliinl  jdiiit  also  emit- 


line 


onir  liaii'  from   tlieapex;  oc-elli.  at 


loast  in  ihe  adult,  live  in  nnmlier.  fonr  of  Ihcm  ;irranired  in  a  broad,  re<:nlar  curve,  its 
convexity  forward  and  a  very  little  dowmvard.  the  npiier  lliree  at  eipial  distaiwes, 
se|iarated  from  each  other  by  less  than  their  own  width,  iie  fourlli  farther  from  tlu^ 
third  than  the  latter  is  from  the  I'rsl,  tic  tiftli  bi'tween.  lichind.  and  at  ei|ual  di-lan<'e 
I'rom,  the  third  and  fourth;  '  liey  are  of  about  ei{n.'il  si/.e.  I.abruMi  c|Ultt'  ~mali, 
nenrly  twice  as  broad  ns  Ion;;,  in  front  excised  very  deeply  at  riirht  aiiy;les,  the  ontci- 
eil^e  well  rounded.  Mainlibles  very  snniU  but  rather  stont.  the  edm'  s(|Uare  anil 
exteriorly  smootli.  interiorly  corrn^raleil.  Maxillary  pidpi  four-joiutcd.  the  pemdtimatu 
loni; 


than  broad,  cylindrical,  rounded  at  tip:  liie  la»t  minute,  liemi^pheric 


Tip  of 


spiimcrel  loni.  conical. 

iJody  snbcylindrical.  with  tin'  dorsum  depressed  a  little,  and  the  sjilo  >liihtly  com- 
pressed and  slopin;i:  nne(|ual,  the  llrst  thoracic  seu:nient  bein^  ifnatly  constricted, 
much  smaller  than  tue  head,  the  othi'r  thoracic  se^nuMits  tumid  both  above  and  on  tbi" 
shies,  larger  than  the  others,  which  do  not  taper,  the  last  abdominal  scirnu'nt  a  little 
clonu;atcd  and  hunched  posteriorly  above;  the  dors;nn  of  the  second  abdominal  sej;- 
luent  is  also  broadly  hnnched  and  lunnd,  as  is  also  to  a  less  decree  the  (^i^hth  abdominal 
seitment.  The  body  is  fnruished  conspieuou--ly  with  a  latemdorsal  row  of  conipouinl 
tubercles,  one  in  the  middle  of  each  scirnu'iit  behiml  the  llrst  tiior.".cic  (generally  ele- 
vated to  a  greater  or  l"ss  extent  on  mammiforin  protuberances)  even  on  the  setriMcnts 
which  are  mit  specially  tumid,  but  unc'iually  developed,  beiuir  ipiite  sundl  and -essile 
on  the  tlilnl  thoracis'  anillhe  llrst  aitil  third  to  sixthalvloininal  sey;menls.  ■.preadiu^out 
into  a  coV(Uia  of  couical  bhmt  waitlets.  larirer.  more  spreadinir.  and  madi'  np  of  more 
numerous  (^and  very  numerous)  conical  spinelcts.  but  still  sessile,  on  the  third  tiiora<'ic 


and  second   and 


ruth  al)doniiual   seirmcnts;  on  the  ei'j-lilh  abdondual  sc;;ment  it  is 


still  larger,  clubbeil-shaped,  sessile,  on  the  uintli  al)donnnal  a  little  smaller  ami  longer, 
clnb-sliaped  on  a  vi'ry  short  ix'dicel  while  on  tlie  second  thoracic  it  is  developed  as  a 
movable,  hum'.  lU'arly  ecpial,  coarsely  tubercul.-itcd.  heavy  spine,  louirer  than  the  diam- 
eter of  tlu' body,  and  present inir  a  most  strikinir  appearance,  iiardly  iri  be  iiaralleicd 
ainoutr  buttcrlly  caterpillars.     Uetween  these   lateroilorsal  rows  the  ilorsnm   is    fur- 


nished with  from  12-111  minute  conical  warts 


■acli 


iment.  eacli  yivinii  rKe  ti 


very  short,  liair,  arranu;cd  in  transverse  rows,  mostly  on  the  po~l(  rior  portion  of  the  seir- 
meiit  and  lU'ver  placed  an  the  dorsal  line.  'I'he  sides  of  each  scjineut  M'e  furnished 
with  about  as  many  more  similar  ones,  and  also  with  a  row  of  suprastiirmcl.'d.  central, 
small,  low.  hemispherical  warts,  one  to  a  scirmeiit.  each  beariuif  little  raiseii  points,  and 
an  infrasliuniatal  row  i\\'  sindlar  but  laru'cr  tubi^riulous  warts:  tln^  basiil  lold  of  tho 
leiis  ami  pr<deus  ;.re  aNo  idinmlauily  supplied  xvitli  little  warls.     Spiracles  pii'tty  larii'c. 


obovate.     I.esrs  not  very  lony;.  moderately  stonl.  the  joiut« 


rlv 


ipi'riuL     Hit  sui 


cessively  snniUer,  each  sliy:htly  broader  than  lonu;  claw  very  sm;di. -U'  .liirhlly 

curved.  I'roleirs  very  short  and  stout,  friitned  externally  at  tip  witli  :■  .w  of  closely 
set.  sundl.  elouiralcd  warts,  ciich  beariuif  a  hmn'  hair.  Ilooklels  vei'v  small,  sleiidi^r. 
I'ompresscd.  strouirly  curved,  closely  set.  fonninL:  about  three-;"ourtlis  of  a  circh'.  open 
oulwiirds.  from  ;;o-:l."i  in  nnndienm  the  ventral  leus,  ari'iimied  in  a  siuirle  row. 

The  tubercles  of  the  body  become  more  proudneully  developed    from  staue  to  slau'c. 
just    as   those  of   the   head   been  described   as   doiui;-.      In  thi'  -.leond  :ind  third  stages 


the   ncarlv   uniform   character  of    the   armature  of 


lr>t   ~t:iu'c    is    retaiiu'd.    the 


whole  body  bristliivir  with  transverse  rows  of  thickly  crowdiHl    raised   points,  ivhieh 
afterwards  cither  disappear  or  cliaim<'  to  mimite  wartlets. 

Chrysalis.  Viewed  frmn  above,  head  and  prothorax  taperiui;-  liul  sli^litly:  occllar 
l>ronuuences  contluniu,!i'  the  bo<ly-cnrve,  ridired  raiiier  heav  ily  on  the  l;iter!il  and  lower 
margins,  the  lower  maririn  roundly  and  rather  deeply  excised  In  the  middle  third ;  infe- 
rior face  of  the  head  a  little  hollowed  (U'  sunken  :  on  a  side  view  the  ocellar  proiniuein,'e.s 
are  strai;;ht  and  hori/.ontal  on  the  inferior  border,  broadly  curved,  and  below  pcrpendlc- 
nlar,  on  the  anterior  border.     Mesouotum  hiL'li.  pretty  sirmiuly  and  rei;'ulaiiy  anduMl.  but 


■i'j 


ilr  -.a; 


■y). 


\ih 


254 


TIIK  HLTTEKFLIES  OV  NKW   KNdLANl). 


foi'  tlic  inciliiin  ciiriMiitidii,  wliicli  N  ilisliiict  t  ii-oiiijliimt  but  proiniiifiit  behind.  Kdiru-i 
of  wiiii;s  icrt'iitly  I'lcvntcd  and  tluckcncd  tliroualmut.  First  to  tlio  scvcntli  .sci;nionts  of 
atidoincn  witli  a  distinct  median  eai'ina,  tiie  lu'oininencp  of  tlie  second  seunient  very 
lii;;li,  appresseii  at  base  anteriorly,  on  a  side  view  very  slronnly  arelied  ami  vejy  re;;n- 
liirly  roiuided.  on  an  end  view  sloped  like  llie  roof  of  a  lionse,  at  an  an«;leof  alont  4.')  ', 
a  little  piiu'lied  at  snnnnit  ;  eiaiitli  abdondnal  senmeni  having:  its  anterior  border  a  little 
thickened  and  raised  between  the  subdorsal  reurions,  and  boarinuf  centrally  a  [lair  of 
low.  ronndcd,  laterodorsal  warts.  I'reanal  l)Utton  consistlnjf  of  coarse,  {rrooved, 
sli;;litly  cnrvin:r,  loiiiritiidinnl,  lateroventral  ridu'es,  each  terniinatinjj;  anteriorly,  where 
they  approximate  sli^'litly.  in  a  smo(-tli.  ronnded,  ant<'riorly  <lireeted.  cylindrical.  iMpnil 
c,nl)ercle  lonirer  than  broad;  tlie  space  l)etween  the  ridges  is  tnnnd  with  a  posterior, 
ventral,  linear  depression.  Creniaster  viewed  fnnn  abov,'  wry  slont,  as  Ion;;  as  the 
two  previous  segments.  lon,:;er  than  l)road.  tapering  a  little  with  a  lateral  and  ternunal, 
continnons.  coarse,  eipial.  corrnj;ate(l  ridjre.  those  of  the  two  sides  parallel :  viewed 
from  tile  side  it  is  twice  as  loiii;  as  l)road.  nearly  eipnil.  expandinir  a  Utile  at  the  tip; 
area  of  liooklets  s<inare  with  lateral  prolongations  at  each  corner,  hniirest  on  the  ven- 
tral ones.  Anal  booklets  not  \ cry  lonjr.  tlie  basal  half  straiijht,  the  apical  cnrvin^ 
stronu;ly,  bent  at  ri;,'lil  anyies  lint  well  ronn<lcil  and  enlariiinj;  considerably  then 
diminishing;  rapidly  to  a  point  wliidi  is  so  mnch  cnrved  as  to  be  directed  toward  the 
stem.  Uody  transversi-ly  an<l  ratlier  delicately  striated,  distinctly  on  the  thii'd  to  tlio 
seventli  abdondnid  seiiinents.  less  distinctly  and  rather  more  coarsely  (ni  tlie  thoracic 
sey:nu'nts;  liasal  and  teniiinal  abdominal  segments,  ■■specially  the  latter,  somewhat  cor- 
rnuated.  the  prominence  of  tlie  sec<ind  se;:iiienl  principally  smooth. 

Tills  irciius,  iiicliidiiio-  at  Icnst  five  specicH.  is  |iL'ciiliiir  to  N'ortli  AiiR'ricii 
and  ooctirf*  evcrvwlicre,  oxcept  soiitli  of  tlie  I'liited  State.-,  on  tlie  extreme 
Pacific  .slope*  and  in  the  t'lirtlicriiiost  arctie  rej^ions.  Tliree  or  four  species 
occur  in  the  .sontherii  half  of  the  continent,  another  inhahit.s  the  north,  iind 
one,  so  far  ii.s  known.  i.s  resti'ictcd  to  the  Kocky  Mountains.  One  sjiecie.'^ 
only  is  found  throiiohout  Xew  Kno'land,  another  in  the  southern  j;ortion,  and 
a  third  occupies  the  northern  half  or  more.  On  the  extreme  I'iieifie  coast, 
as  in  Eiiro[)e,  the  group  is  alnio-st  everywhere  replaced  hy  the  very  closely 
allicd  genus  Najas. 

The  hutterHies  of  Uasilarchia  are  moderately  large  in  .size  nnd  differ 
greatly  in  iippearance,  sinie  two  s|)ecies,  or  even  three,  according  to  Douhle- 
day  and  ^\'allace.  mimic  in  attire  ImtterHies  of  vc'-y  <liiierent  groups  ;  init 
in  all  their  earlier  stages  the  three  Xew  Kngland  species  rcsemhle  each 
other  so  intimately  tiiat  even  one  well  iiecpiainted  with  them  can  with  ditti- 
eulty  distingnisli  tiic  se|)ariite  forms.  Owing  to  this  great  vtiriety  among 
the  lintterfiies  it  is  ;iittieidt  to  give  tiny  genertil  description  of  t'.'.eir  colora- 
tiomd  pattern  ;  hut  the  normal  types  are  a  deep,  dark,  rich  purple  or  hlue 
lilack.  with  a  very  hioiid.  common,  extra-mesial  white  han;!,  Iiroken  iiy 
dark  nerviiles,  and  followed  exteriorly  on  the  hind  and  sometimes  also  on 
the  front  wings  hy  small  reddish  spots,  tind  these  iigain  hy  a  common  suh- 
margi'ial  series  of  pali'  idnisli  or  whitish  liinules  or  sjiots — all  the  marginal 
markings  heing  larger  henoath  tlnin  ahove ;  midway  between  the  extra- 
mesial  hand  and  the  apex  of  the  fore  wings  is  a  second  short,  transverse 


*t»ne  species  reaches  it  luir  our  northern  boundary, 


NYMl'HALINAK:  TIIF,   (IKXUS   BASILAKCHIA. 


25;-, 


Land  of  wliite  spotis ;  the  l)ii.>jiil  |M)rtii)ii  nt'tlie  wiiiff.s  licncatli  and  es|t('t'ially 
ot'tlie  hind  winj^s  is  marked  with  ('h)udt'd('<iltmri'd  spots.  They  ditfir  t'niiii 
linttorHics  of  the  jrcnus  Xajas  mainly  in  tlic  broader  mesial  hand  (which 
is  jfenorally  ahsent  from  astyanax  and  wholly  wanting'  in  arehi|i|)iis)  and 
in  the  marginal  markings. 

The  eggs  are  very  enrious,  lieing  nearly  glolinlar,  covered  with  high 
walled,  hexagonal  cells,  from  each  angle  of  whicii  arises  a  rather  long, 
i<titt',  tapering  filament.  According  to  Danhe  and  (iiirtner,  those  of  the 
European  genera  Linienitis  and  Nymphalis  are  similar. 

The  larvae  are  e.\ceedingly  grotescpie  in  appearance  and  present  at  the 
same  time  a  very  threatening  aspect  ;  the  heail  is  sin'nionnted  hy  a  jiair  of 
warty  glol)idar  tubercles,  and  the  fore  part  of  the  body  is  considerably 
hunched  and  tnbercnlated,  bearing,  on  the  middle  thoracic  segment,  a  long, 
stout,  clubbed  horn,  bristling  witii  short  iiarbs  ;  the  hinder  segments  of  the 
abdomen  are  also  hunched  and  tnbercnlated,  and  the  whole  body  is  so 
strangely  and  irregidarly  mottled  with  cream  color  and  various  shades  of 
green  as  to  add  greatly  to  the  fantastic  eHect.  They  may  be  distinguished 
i'rom  the  caterpillars  of  Najas  by  the  contraction  of  the  first  thoracic  seg- 
ment, the  absence  of  profusely  distributed  minute  papillae  over  the  body, 
and  the  reduction  of  all  the  tubercles  of  the  thii-d  thoracic  and  second,  sev- 
enth and  eighth  abdominal  segments,  the  latter  less  marked  in  the;  southern 
1).  eros  than  in  our  other  sjtecics. 

The  caterpillars  of  astyanax  and  archip])U8  resemble  each  other  most 
sti'ikingly,  and  pi'obably  in  theii-  earlier  stages  it  would  l)e  almost  imjiossi- 
ble  to  distinguish  them.  The  best  points  of  difference  will  be;  found  in  the 
smnmit  tubercles  of  the  head,  and  the  elongated  spinous  tubercles  of  the 
second  thoracic  segment.  The  former  is  almost  globular  in  astyanax,  no 
higher  than  broad,  and  irregularly  enciicled  near  thi'  sunnnit  with  a  few 
very  small  eonically  raised  points  which  also  are  no  higher  than  broad.  In 
arehippns  it  is  higlier  than  bi-oad,  the  sides  straight,  scarcely  swollen,  and 
licar  larger  conical  pointed  warts  higher  than  broad.  The  thoracic  spines 
of  astyanax  are  nuich  shorter  than  those  of  arehippns,  but  of  aliont  ecpial 
size;  they  are  more  closely  studded  with  tubercles,  th<'re  being  scarcely 
any  spot  unfurnished  with  them,  while  many  of  the  tubercles  of  the  spine 
of  archip])us  ari'  distant  from  each  other  by  more  than  their  own  diameter, 
the  tubercles  themselves  stouter  and  shorter,  being  seldom  longer  than 
liroad,  while  in  arehippns  they  are  usually  eonsidei'ably  longer,  and  often 
yiore  than  twice  as  long.      See,  however.  Can.  ent.,  iii  :  .")2,  117. 

The  above  |)aragraph  was  written  many  years  ago.  sin<'e  whicii  time  I 
have  l)een  unal)le  to  examine  n»ore  caterpillars  of  astyanax,  but  many  of 
artheniis,  which  agrees  lietter  with  it  than  with  arehippns,  and  may  inva- 
riably i)e  distinguished  from  the  latter  i)y  the  characters  given  in  the  table 
beyond.  Unfortunately  I  have  not  been  able  to  make  any  direct  compari- 
sons between  artheniis  and  astyanax. 


'•'    / 


-1 

J  ^ 

5,r 


'I: 


256 


TIIK   HUTTKRII.IKS  OF   NEW  EXdLAXD. 


The  juvenili!  cat(!i|)illiirs  dirtcr  from  tliosc  fully  jfrown  iii  having  a  smooth 
head  and  uniforndy  cylindrical  l)ody,  ciilKjuadratu  in  cross  section,  studded 
with  numerous,  equal,  stellate,  regularly  disposed  warts. 

The  chrysalids  are  also  of  a  j)eeuliur  shape,  having  the  anterior  half  of 
the  body  curved,  the  head  thrust  forward  and  downward  and  the  thorax 
considerably  arched,  while  the  ahdctnieu  scarcely  ta[»ers  except  at  the 
bluntly  rounded  extremity,  and  bears,  on  the  second  segment,  si  strongly 
compressed  dorsal  projection,  oddly  resembling  a  "Roman"  nose.  It 
apjtears  to  be  slenderer  than  the  chrysalis  of  Xajas. 

The  species  of  Hasilarchia  differ  from  each  other  in  the  chrysalis  state 
again  very  slightly,  and  can  with  difficulty  be  distinguished  ;  an  examination 
of  a  considerable  number  of  specimens  shows  me  that  there  is  considerable 
variation  in  the  same  species  in  the  form  of  the  dorsal  tuiierde  of  the  sec- 
ond abdominal  segment ;  its  anterior  curve  is  perha[)s  a  little  more  pro- 
duced in  archippus  than  in  the  other  tpecies.  In  archippus  the  basal 
wing  tul)ercle  is  produced  to  a  minute,  conical,  pointed  wart  directed  out- 
ward ;  in  arthcmis  it  is  somewhat  jjointed  but  directed  a  little  backward  ; 
while  in  astyanax  it  is  rounded  off  or  |)artially  supi)ressed.  Viewed  from 
above  th(>  porti(;ii  of  the  crcmaster  lying  within  the  marginal  ridge  is 
U'uch  longer  than  i)road  in  archippus,  while  in  the  other  species  it  is 
nearly  s(juare.  Astyanax  is  perhaps  a  little  stouter  than  the  other  species, 
and  more  constricted  at  the  metathorax  on  a  dorsal  as[iect  than  either  of 
the  other  two.  See  also  Uiley,  Can.  ent.  iii  •  52,  117,  and  Lintncr,  Proc. 
Ent.  soc.  I'hil.  iii :  (!;5. 

The  species  are  noruudly  nudtiple  l)rooded,  the  larva  of  the  last  brood 
and  sometimes  of  tlic  preceding,  when  in  its  second  or  third  stage  (some- 
times in  the  fourth),  constructing  for  itself  a  hil)ernaculum  out  of  a  leaf  and 
wintering  therein  ;  it  (piits  this  in  the  sjjring  before  the  leaves  are  fairly 
out  and  the  earliest  i)utterflies  appear,  in  Xew  England,  in  tlune.  A  sec- 
ond brood  in  August  is  usually  less  abundant  than  the  [)receding,  so  that 
then  the  insects  [)roi)ai)ly  have  a  history  similar  to  that  of  Nymi)hali8,  as 
given  below. 

As  before  stated,  some  species  of  this  genus,  when  in  their  perfect  state, 

are    i)elieved    to    mimic   the  coloration  and  design    of  other    butterflies. 

I)ouble(hiy  was  the  first  to  point  out  this  curious  resemblance  (Gen.  diurn. 

Le[).,  ii :  275)  ;   H.  astyanax,  he  says  : 

Is  ri'uiiu'kiiljU'  for  I'lithvly  wiintiiiji;  the  wliito  fasciao  so  elmnictoristic  of  lliu  ;toiiiis, 
ln!  upper  surfiK  (.'  of  llio  wings  beiiiii  black,  tUo  cxtrumitius  covoroil  witli  blui;  scalos^ 
with  sL-vcral  >iiil)api('al  rows  of  l)lii<:li  Imiiilos;  on  tlie  under  side  it  is  (glossed  wltli 
purple,  anil  el  "fanlly  ornauu'nted  with  l)ri,iflit  orange  spots  at  tiuj  l)ase  anil  l)e.vond  tlio 
niiddh'  of  tlie  wings.  It  l)ears.  in  faet,  a  singularly  strong  analogy  in  its  colours  to  the 
Norlii  .\Mierican  I'apilio  phiienor,  whilst  tlie  allied  spticies,  L.  disippi's,  (I',  archippus 
Cramer)  l)ears  an  eipiaily  strong  auah)gy  to  Dauais  archippus  [plexippus]  in  i'sdark 
orange-red  colour,  witli  a  l)laek  l)or(k'r  to  all  the  wings,  spotted  with  white. 

This  subject  is  fully  discussed  elsewhere  in  this  work. 


!S:Wi*^  *^*:'^?^>?"J.  ^'^-;"-V 


NYMI'IIALIXAE:  THE  OEXUS  HASFLARCIIIA. 


JiOl 


The  butterrties  of  tlii.s  •^eiiii.'^,  iiu'liidinj^  some  of  our  .ihowiost  forms — tlie 
very  queens  of  l)iittcrfly  society — nhnv  their  depraved  taste  in  a  fou(hicss 
for  tlie  ordure  of  animals  fallen  in  the  road.  Tlwir  Hijjht  is  lofty  and  sail- 
injr  and  they  arc  usually  wary  and  easily  alarmed.  When  resting  in  the 
eun  and  espeeially  when  upon  the  leaves  of  trees  they  often  remain  a  long 
while  with  hroadly  expanded  wings.  When  in  the  shade  their  wings  are 
folded  l)ack  to  l)aek,  and  the  antennae  are  spread  at  an  angle  of  about  (JO" ; 
the  latter  are  very  nearly  straight,  but  sliglitly  bent,  with  a  l)roa(l  eurve 
at  about  the  middle,  so  as  to  bring  the  tips  a  little  nearer  togetlur. 
"When  walking,  anil  oeeasionally  when  at  rest,  they  feel  the  surface 
before  them,  sometimes  with  l)oth  anteimae  together,  sometimes  alter- 
nately. 

There  is  no  American  genus  of  butterHies,  the  hal)its  of  wJiich  in  the 
earlier  stages  are  more  interesting  than  those  of  liasilarciiia.  The  eggs  are 
laid  u[)on  the  extreme  ti;>  of  acuminate  leaves  (tlu;  allied  familitjs  of  (.Jupn- 
liferae.  Hetulaceae  and  Sali(!aceae  are  the  favorite  food  ])lants  of  the  larva), 
and  the  little  caterpillar  devours  first  that  end  of  the  leaf,  sparing 
the  midrib,  to  which  it  always  retires  after  a  meal.  The  fiu'ther  jx-rfor- 
manccs  of  the  creature  have  been  so  well  told  by  Mr.  Kdwards.  that  I 
give  his  account  of  them  in  an  abbreviated  form  (Mutt.  \.  Am.,  ii). 
The  end  of  the  ril)  is  no  sooner  laid  bare  than  it  is  coated  and  wound  with 
silk,  of  the  use  of  which  these  catei'pillars  are  exceptionally  free,  and  to  thif 
extremity  are  fixed  bits  of  bitten  leaf  as  small  as  grains  of  powder ;  at 
first  there  are  but  two  or  three  in  line,  but  the  number  .'s  afterwards 
increased,  and  they  |irobably  serv ;  to  stiffen  the  perch  and  prevent  its 
curling  as  the  rib  dries.  "'It  is  constantly  strengthened  by  additions  of 
silk,  the  larva  almost  invariably,  as  it  goes  back  and  forth  from  its  feeding 
ground,  adding  threads  and  patching  the  weak  places."  When  not  feeding 
the  eater[»illar  always  oceu]»ies  this  perch,  the  head  outward;  "  its  usual 
attitude  is  a  twist,  the  ventral  legs  clasping,  but  the  anterior  half  of  the 
body  is  i)ent  down  liv  the  side  of,  and  somewhat  under,  the  perch."  It 
has  the  curious  habit  of  aecuuuilating  little  scraps  of  leaf  at  the  base  and 
under  side  of  the  perch  into  an  open  packet,  and  this  is  moved  as  the  leaf 
is  eaten,  so  as  always  to  be  close  to  the  cut  etlge  of  the  leaf.  This  edge,  in 
narrow  leaves,  and  at  first  in  broader  ones,  is  ke[tt  nearly  yquare  by 
eating  first  on  one  and  then  on  the  ojiposite  side  of  the  leaf.  Occasionally 
a  eanal  is  eaten  from  the  edge  of  the  leaf,  [)arallel  to  the  eaten  edge  all 


the  way  to  the  midrib  ;  as  the  bit  of  leaf  thus  left 


unsu})ported  begins  to 


droop,  guys  arc  spun  from  it  to  the  solid  leaf  on  the  opposite  side  of  the 
canal  and  to  the  midrib  ;  it  is  then  eaten  away  from  the  leaf,  and  the 
triangular  bit  remaining  falls  hanging  by  its  threads  and  swings  to  the 
base  of  the  perch  or  is  pulled  there  by  attaching  suecessively  shorter 
threads.     The  packet  is  left  behind  and  not   increased  after  the  second 


;'.'»  ^l 


^W' 


m 


258 


rilK   I5L TTKHFIJKS  OF   NKW    KNCil-ANI). 


eitape  is  pii.sswl,  and  tlie  caterpillar  no  Innfrcr  frequents  tlic  ])ereli,  wliicli 
has  l)ee(}ine  too  weak  tor  its  weij^lit  ;  it  now  prefers  the  footstalk  of  leaves 
or  twifTs. 

But  if  the  |)roper  season  has  now  arrived,  it  hej^ins  hv  this  time  to  eon- 
sti'ui't  its  winter  (piarters,  of  which  Kdwards  lias  in  the  same  place  <!;iven 
a  very  full  account,  U|)on  which  I  will  draw  freely.  In  most  cases  the 
cater[)illar  finds  that  the  hit  of  leaf  on  which  it  is  then  resting  will  answer 
its  pur|)oses  and  is  already  of  the  proper  shape  and  size,  l)iit  not  infre- 
quently it  attacks  a  new  leaf,  which  it  docs  hy  cutting  channels  down  the 
lobes  very  nuieh  as  we  shoidd  use  a  pair  of  scissors,  to  remove  the  superHu- 
0U8  portions,  leaving  finally  a  fiddle-shaped  piece  at  the  hase.  This  is 
then  smeared  with  silk  on  the  upper  surface,  the  edges  brought  as  nearly 
together  as  possible,  the  interstices  thoroughly  covered  with  silk,  and  the 
cylinder  resulting  is  fo  uid  exactly  to  fit  the  caterpillar's  body,  now 
shrunken  somewhat  from  its  severe  labors ;  the  leaf  stalk  is  attached 
very  firndy  to  the  stem  by  threads  [)assingvcry  many  times  entirely  around 
it,  and  the  hibernaculum  is  ready  for  occui)ancy. 

The  (caterpillars  are  not  only  grotesque  in  apiiearance,  but  in  ]iai)it ; 
they  move  about  with  little  starts,  very  lu<licrous  to  observe ;  they  often 
rest,  when  sulking,  witii  their  front  |)arts  strongly  arched,  the  front  of  the 
head  resting  on  the  leaf,  the  tips  of  the  thoracic  tubercles  just  touching  the 
same,  and  the  tail  aloft ;  at  other  times  they  rest  the  side  of  the  head  on 
the  leaf,  or  by  the  side  of  the  stem  on  which  they  are  resting,  as  if  weary 


of  th 


rid. 


In  order  to  call  attention  to  [)oinis  in  the  history  of  our  own  species 
which  resi'uible  the  histories  and  habits  of  the  allied  Euroiiean  genera  of 
this  group.  I  will  add  a  brief  notice  of  them,  (riirtner  writes  of  Xyinphalis 
aeeris  (Stett.  entom.  zeit.,  xxi :  2!M)-7)  : — 

As  soon  as  it  leaves  tlie  esrsr-  it  boii'ms  to  eiu  lliroiigli  the  leaf  [of  Oi'oiuis  vermis] 
InteniUy  as  far  as  tl.e  niidril).  wliicli.  toitetlier  willi  llie  ti|)  of  the  leaf,  it  leaves 
uiitoiielied :  at  its  next  meal  it  attacks  tlie  opposite  side  of  tlie  leaf,  and  so  on  alter- 
nately, trnidnally  approaehiiiir  the  liiise;  after  eaeli  meal  it  erawls  over  the  niitoiielipd 
niidril)  to  the  very  tip  of  tlie  leaf,  whore  it  takes  as'esta.  its  head  directed  ontward ; 
and  tlms  it  continues  tiironj;li  three  stajies.  After  the  third  moult,  liowever,  it  ehnnges 
altoijether  hoth  its  restiiiyr  plaeo  and  niaiincr  of  life;  it  now  attacks  *he  leaf  at  the 
Imse,  no  longer  catiiiir  toward  the  midrib  in  re^rnlar  furrows,  hut  hllluy;  out  u:i'eat  niof- 
scls,  penetrating  deep  down  on  lioth  sides,  so  tliat  tlie  leaf  is  weakeiu'd  and  lianjrs 
downward,  held  in  place  by  only  a  few  tllaiiiciits,  or  liy  tlie  threads  of  silk  spnii  by  tlie 
eaterpiliar;  it  tlien  (piits  tliis  leaf  for  anotiier,  wliieli  it  eats  in  the  saim^  manner, 
until  at  last  the  tree  is  fnrnisiieil  only  with  daiiirliiif;  dea<l  leaves,  in  one  of  v.lileli  tlie 
eaterpiliar  hiliornatos.  These  wiiiterins;  larvae  jrivi^  out  buttertlies  in  the  sprin;;  and 
the  Ciiirs  laid  liy  tliem  hateli  in  eight  days;  in  tiftecn  or  twenty  days  the  larvae  are  all 
grown,  but  less  than  half  ehanire  to  chrysnllds  and  disclose  butterflies  in  August:  the 
others  stop  eating  and  liibernate  together  with  the  larvae  produced  from  eggs  laid  by 
the  August  liutterllies;  ami  in  tlie  following  siiriiig  lioth  produce  tnittertlies  at  the 
same  time ! 


NYMI'IIALINAK :   TUV.  GEM'S    nASILAUCHIA. 


259 


The  l)ut  ci'Mv  appears,  therefore,  to  l)e  at  tlio  same  time  hoth  snij;le  and 
doul)lc  brooded.  Dr.  Hrever's  account  of  Liiiienitis  silnlhi  is  as  foUows 
(Aim.  Soc.  ent.  Heljf.,  v:  <)2-<)H)  : — 


Till'  viiix  i^  liiiil  Ileal'  tlic  tip  of  hoiicysiicklo  [LimiciTiiJ  Iciivos ;  two  lire  rarely  placoil 
oil  one  anil  tlie  same  leiil".  and  tin;  leaves  of  small  plants  are  prefiu'red  by  the  female. 
The  little  eaterpiihir  makes  its  llrst  attack  on  tin;  leaf  on  one  side  of  the  tip,  and  eats  very 
modenilely.  so  tliat  the  leaf  on  which  it  was  liorii  answers  all  its  needs  until  aiitnmii.  by 
whielilimc^  it  i-  n'diiced  to  two  small  Haps  next  the  pi^dieel.  'Po  hibernate,  tiie  cater- 
pillar takes  \ip  its  station  on  tliis  pedicel,  and  pulls  the  two  iol)es  of  the  leaf  over  it-elf 
to  form  a  small  tnlie.  'I'lie  pedicels  whicli  sci've  tlie  purpose  of  this  siielter  do  not  fall 
diirinir  the  winter,  and  coilectin;;  tliem  in  tiie  spriij;  is  llie  ipiickest  way  of  olitaiiiini; 
tlie  caterpillar.  'I'lie  latter  is  of  a  dirty  yellow  color,  iinicli  contracted,  and  armed  witli 
prickly  in'oinlneiices.  In  early  sprlu;;  it  ipiits  its  shelter,  cats  something,  changes  its 
skin,  assnmiiiir  the  livery  in  which  it  is  well  known.  Iiecoines  voracious,  ijrows  rapidly 
and  conceals  itself  closely  on  the  plant. 

Accordiiio'  to  Meyer  Diir,  fi'oni  two  to  four  caterpillars  of  this  specie,* 
iire  usually  found  on  a  plant,  and  the  iiuttertly  Hies  in  .Inly.  Hoisduvid 
states  th  it  there  is  sometimes  a  second  lirood  in  Scptemhcr. 

Of  another  species  of  Linu-nitis,  L.  Camilla,  IJoisdiival  siiys  that  the 
c<;{j,  which  ho  compares  to  a  chestnut  hiu'r,  is  laid  sino'ly  on  the  iipjier 
surface  of  h.'aves.  and  that  such  catcrjiillars  as  hatch  in  .Septemher,  ptiss 
the  winter  without  moult  inu',  under  ii  little  weh  spiui  at  the  liifnrcation  of  a 
twig. 

Accordino' to  Dorfmeister  (Verhandl.  zfnd.-lmt.  vcr.  W'ien,  iv  :  4s;i- 
48(>),  the  food  of  Xajas  [)o[)uli,  ii  European  insect  the  most  netirly  allied 
to  ours,  is  the  aspen,  Pojiulus  tremida.  The  habits  of  the  youno-  lai'va 
are  described  as  precisely  similar  to  those  of  Xymphalis,  except  that  the 
midrib  of  the  leaf  is  carefidly  covered  with  silk,  a  i)rceaution  which  such  a 
mode  of  life  would  iipjiear  to  render  indispensable,  smd  which  is  found  in 
IJasilarchiu.  The  moment  a  meal  is  finished,  or  the  caterjiillar  is  dis- 
tiu'bed,  it  travels  back  over  its  siken  bridge,  spinning  as  its  goes,  tuid  takes 
up  its  position  at  the  tip.  It  invariably  remains  upon  the  letif  where  it 
wtis  born  until  after  the  first  or  second  moidt.  It  constructs  the  same 
packet  of  riffraff  as  Basilarchiii.  The  species  of  this  genus  are  all  single 
brooded  and  hibernate  as  early  as  the  seventh  of  August,  after  the  second 
or  tlurd  moult,  constructing  a  hibernaeiilum  somewhat  similar  to  that  made 
by  the  C!>ter[)illars  of  Hasilarchia,  of  ti  bit  of  leaf  rolled  into  ti  cylinder 
and  fastened  by  its  longer  axis  flat  upon  a  twig.  Specimens  observed 
by  Dorfmeister  continued  to  cat  for  ii  week  or  two  sifter  they  had  taken  u[) 
their  new  residence,  returning  to  it  after  every  meal.  One  s})ecinien  was 
still  in  winter  quarters  on  the  8e\enteenth  of  May,  but  wiis  found  in  the 
pupal  state  on  the  fifth  of  June,  and  disclosed  the  butterfly  on  the 
seventeenth.  It  would  be  interesting  to  learn  if  this  is  the  kind  of  hiber- 
naculuin  made  by  our  Californian  Xajas. 


260 


IIIK  1!L  TTKKKLIKS  OF  XKW   KNdl.AXI). 


EXCURSUS  VIII.—TIIE  MEANS  EMPLOYED  BY  BUTTE RFIJES 
OF  THE  GEXUS  BASILARCIIIA  FOR  THE  PER- 
PETUATION OF  THE  SPECIES. 


^ii:      ' 


.  .  ,  imtiirc  never  Iciiils 

Tin'  Slll!llll'>l   M'l'll|ll('  (if  llfl-  CXCclll'llCl', 

Hut,  like  a  tlirifly  trodiliss,  she  detei  niliie.i 
Herself  llie  f,'loiv  iif  ii  enililor, 
Both  thanks  anil  use. 

Sii A KKsi'KA III-;.— .)/<■'(.•(»;•" yiic  Measure. 


w  ■■ 


.t: 
■■>• 


Tick  power  of  reproiliiction  eoncedod,  the  universal  instinct  for  self- 
preservation  is  tlie  fiinditnu'ntal  iind  coiitrolliiiji'  piiiu'iple  l)y  wliicli  the 
perpetiuition  of  iiny  i<in<l  ofiininiiil  is  suecessfiiUy  reiielied.  Tlie  iincon- 
trolliildo  niateniid  instinct  of  self-sacrifice  existing  in  some  aninitds  silone 
overmasters  it,  tind  tiiis  exists  only  in  the  liighcr  aniniiils,  which,  coin- 
])ared  with  tlic  gretit  nniss,  are  l)iit  few  in  ntnnl)er  :  tind  is  then  in  most 
cases  ciillcd  into  ])liiy  only  when  the  cretitiur's  life-work  is  netirly  finished. 
No  sncii  instinct  oectirs  among  hnttcrHies,  nor  is  in  any  way  likely  to  he 
found,  so  that  '•  self-preservation"  and  "  perpetuiition  of  the  species"  are 
here,  at  least  timnigh  all  lait  the  closing  days  of  life,  practically  eqiiivtilent 
terms.  The  *'  struggle  for  existence  "  in  the  species  and  in  the  indiviihial 
are  largely  convcrtilde  terms. 

This  struggle  is  the  perpettitil  inheritinice  of  tlie  individual.  The  in- 
dividual iidierits  alike  its  strtictiire  iind  its  hal)its  of  life,  whi^-h  latter  are 
very  Itirgely,  periiaps  iilmost  al)soIiitely,  de[)endent  on  its  structure  ;  its 
tastes  iind  its  propensities,  its  fciirs  and  its  devices  to  circumvent  its 
enemies  ;  till  its  instini'ts,  which  tire  to  ii  great  extent,  possibly  wholly, 
the  entiiilment  of  ancestral  liiil)its  ;  its  very  attitudes,  whether  iit  rest  or  in 
motion.  Its  advantages  and  its  disadvantages  are  thus  alike  its  legticv  ; 
so  too  the  peculiar  mciins  it  employs  to  diseinl)arrass  itself  of  these  tlisad- 
vantasifes.  Tliis  is  esncciallv  and  more  inmiediatelv  true  of  the  insect  in 
its  earlier  stagi's,  where  freedom  t(j  cliange  tlie  inunediiite  surroundings  is 
exceedingly  limited  or  altogether  impossihle,  except  so  tiir  as  tiiere  is  fore- 
sight, or  an  instinct  marvellously  akin  to  foresight,  on  the  part  of  the 
creature  in  tin  antecedent  sttige. 

It  is  of  more  than  usual  interest  to  study  the  means  of  self-preservation 
in  the  gemis  Basilarchia,  since  there  is  hardly  another  genus  of  onr  hutter- 
riies  where  throughout  its  entire  life  the  insect  is  tippiircntly  so  exj)08ed  to 
its  enemies.  They  are  till,  of  their  kind,  conspicuous  objects  even  to  onr 
didl  eyes,  iind  more  than  thiit  they  are,  with  the  exception  of  the  chrysalis, 
always  found  in  unusually  eonsi)icuous  situations.  How  then  do  they 
luiiniige  to  esciipe  their  keen  sighted  foes,  the  birds ;  or  their  Wiikeful, 
indefiitigiilde,  persistent  enemies  among  the  insect  tribes, — ichneumons, 
ants,  wasps,  Hies,  mitesj  and  spiders? 


I'HOIKi 'I'lVK    l>i:VI(  i:s   IN    l!.\SII..M{(  IIIA. 


m 


Take  first  flic  ffr^j-Htajrc  Knci'v  one  wlio  lias  att('in|)t('<l  fii  rear  Imttci'- 
Hit's  kiinws  what  imiiicnsc  (Icstnictinii  tails  to  the  Iiit  id'  any  sjiccifs  at  tliis 
Ktajfo  ot'  it.s  life.  Ants  ami  spiders  look  mi  tlicni  as  (Iclicacics  niadc  tor 
tlu'ir  (li'lcctation,  and  tlicrc  is  a  whole  ;ridii[i  of  tiny  Hynien(i|)tera,  almost 
too  small  to  lireatlie.  one  vvould  think,  iiicri!  specks,  which  livt'  solely 
upon  insects'  ejr;.fs,  piereini^  them  witii  their  eirjf-darts,  their  proireny 
liviiiff  imprisoned  and  l'eediii<r  on  the  e.iiiteiits  until  they  liaxc  run  the 
cycle  of  tlieir  cliaiif^es.  Some  attack  whole  liatelies  of  e^ifs,  laying''  one 
t<'ix  ill  each,  so  that  one  iiariiijite  mav  destroy  the  entire  hrood  of  one 
hutterfiy  :  others  lay  their  all  in  one  or  two  cfjj,'s.  and  it  is  to  this  class 
that  those  hcloiif:;  which  stiiiir  the  i'ltijJs  of  Masilarchia.  llow  does  IJasilar- 
cliia  escajie  this  danger?  In  the  first  place,  the  mother  rarely  lays  more 
than  one,  ejxjj;  in  one  sjiot  or  even  on  one  hush,  tlioiii;h  as  many  as  a  dozen 
or  two  may  occasionally  l»e  found,  where  the  Imtterfiy's  iiiimixrs  are  ji'reat 
and  they  are  growinf>'  as  it  were  iiiiprndent.  Theii  it  must  he 
remenilicred  first  that, — to  jiidffc  from  the  latest  researches — these  parasitic 
flies  must  ho,  guided  less  liy  vision  tliaii  hy  touch  :  and  sccoikI.  that  most 
insect  eggs  are  laid  on  the  hroader  ^)arts  of  the  leaf  on  which  tlii'  young 
will  feed  ;  it  is  here  that  the  parasite  will  range  in  quest  of  |ircy  ;  Itut  the 
eggs  of  I'asilarcliia  are  rarely  fi)un(l  except  at  the  extreme  tips  of  leaves, 
and  in  addition  the  leaves  of  the  food-plaiils  coneerne(l  art-  all  acuminate, 
some  to  an  excessive  uxtt.'tit,  as  in  some  of  the  |)oplars  and  hirehes.  When 
the  parasite  has,  however,  found  an  v^ix,  it  may  \\('ll  he  incpiired  whether 
slie  would  not  l)e  deceived  liy  it.  It  differs  from  the  eggs  of  all  our  other 
Initterriies,  in  that  it  is  hesprinklcd  with  little  fiexilile  filaments,  for  all  tlic 
world  like  the  hairs  of  some  leaves.  ( )r  if  the  clothing  of  the  eggs  did 
not  deceive,  she  might  even  then  find  it  difficult  of  attack,  for  miiinte  as 
these  ])ariisites  are.  less  than  half  a  millimetre  long,  their  hodies  would 
extend  across  at  least  three  of  the  polygonal  cells  which  regularly  stud 
the  surface  of  the  viS'^,  and  which  send  fortli  these  little  filaments  at  every 
angle,  so  that  poor  hewildered  madame  must  struggle  through  a  weary 
<'liapparal  hefore  she  can  attain  the  harrt'ii  grounds  at  the  summit  and  find 
a  spot  to  readily  insert  her  sting.  ^'et  that  she  succeeds  is  only  too  evi- 
ilont  to  the  collector;  the  larger  jiart  of  the  eggs  ohtaincd  in  the  open  field 
which  have  fallen  into  my  hands  have  hceii  parasitized. 

This  is  its  hut  too  partial  defence  against  its  special  eneiiii(>s.  I'ut  how 
ahont  those  wandering  huceancers,  the  ants,  mites,  and  s[)idcrs?  TheHC 
lahor  under  the  same  visual  defects  as  the  direct  parasites,  or  sometimes 
greater  ones  ;  ami  th(>  position  of  the  <'gg,  remote  from  their  usual  hunting 
ground,  must  serve  as  no  inconsiderahle  protection  ;  how  great,  there  are 
hardly  means  of  measurement.  Their  greatest  protection  from  these 
savages,  which  cannot  fiy  Ijut  must  wander  ceaselessly  ahout  on  foot  in 
search  of  prey  with  sutanie  energy,  is  iindouhtedly  hi  the  fewness  of  their 


I: 


^m^.' 


'V- 


>  -  * 


'in.  m 


ill 


26-2 


TIIK    l!l   ITKIM'IJKs  (»1     NKU    i;\(;i,.\M» 


l^t  "'1 


■•:,s' 


ninnlicr  <iii  niic  |)liint.  'I'lic  >|ii(I('i'  tliat  liiiil.-  two  v^iir.  ol'  a  ila-tilarcliiii  in 
one  (lay  inii.'^t  l)i'  an  cxci  llciil  liiintcr. 

lvs<'a[)t'(l  at  lawt  tVnni  tlit'sc  (lanj.'crs,  whifli  only  hit^tcd  at  tlic  nni.'^t  ten 
(lays,  t'lf  catcritillar  crawl.s  t'ortli  t'nmi  its  prison  ami  Ix'jiins  its  active  life. 
It  is  a  scr;i\vny  JMicclcss  lookinir  tliiiijf.  all  covurcd  witii  warts,  and  losd 
than  any  "tlicr  newly  Imrn  calcriiillar,  would  t<oeni  a  tempting  morsel  even 
lo  an  iclnicinnon  or  a  spider.  Vet  Ixitli  make  liavoc  with  it  at  this  time. 
To  a  wandering'  ielnienmon  eontact  with  an  empty  ejiji-shell  would  proli- 
al)ly  mean,  as  a  re>nlt  of  il>  inherited  wisdom,  that  some  nice  younj^ 
i'titer|iillar  was  ahont,  and  the  neijihhorhood  would  lie  all  the  more 
thoron^hly  ransaeked.  Caterpillars  de\diirin<i'  their  ei;;;'->hells,  and  so 
not  lea\  inji'  this  ••  s<'enl  "  liehind  them,  would  ot'tenest  I'seape,  and  iiy  de- 
grees this  hahit  would  he  perpetuati'd  and  fixed  ;  ami  so  it  is  here  :  almost 
invarialdy  tiie  eaterpillar  hastens  to  d<'>troy  its  t'ormer  |iris<)n  walls,  which 
it  de\onrs  to  the  \ery  Kase.  too  closely  j;lued  to  the  leal'  to  lie  eaten; 
prolialily  it  iireathes  more  t'ri'cly  when  that  is  done. 

r>u!  where  (Ioe>  il  now  find  itselt"/  Its  food  at  it,-  wvy  feet. — yi's  ;  hut 
in  the  most  exposed  position  possihie.  Atop  the  I'xtreme  tip  of  one  of  the 
ontmo>t  leaM's  of  a  spi'ay  that  projects  most  freely  into  the  sun  and  air, 
jn>l  where  il  can  most  easily  he  seen  hy  tlu'  passer  hy  ;  this  seems  to  he 
the  case  nine  iime>  out  ol'  leu.  It  is.  howe\ei'.  prohaMy  the  safest  place 
from  the  prow  linL;'  spiders  :  lint  sm'cly  not  from  its  llyiui;'  enemies.  What 
does  it  do''  Hetreat  down  the  leaf'  That  would  he  only  tu  exehanjfe  one 
danjri'r  for  another,  and  on  its  way  to  a  presumed  place  of  safety  it  woidd 
lie  more  sure  of  detection,  heeause  a  movinji'  ohiect  in  nature  is  idwavs 
most  easily  notice(I.  No.  it  eats  the  nearest  hit  of  leaf  down  to  hut  not 
inclndinji'  the  midrih.  fir>t  on  one  side  and  then  on  the  other,  and  then 
retires  to  near  the  tip  of  the  niidril).  to  diji'cst  it  ;  suhsecjuent  meals  it 
takes  in  the  same  way,  movinji'  with  exeessi\e  deliheration  alonji  its  nar- 
row piith  and  rt'tirin>>-  always  to  the  same  spot.  On  tin-  perch  it  cannot 
he  seen  from  lielow.  and  from  the  sides  and  ahove  seems  almost  or  wholly 
il  |iiirt  of  the  denuded  midrih  to  which  it  clinj;s  :  more  particularly  when 
the  lea\es  are  in  motion  hy  the  wind,  as  they  usually  are  on  the  trees 
on  which  it  f'l'cds,  partii'ularly  in  the  case  of  the  aspen. 

That  this  mod(^  of  life  is  on  the  w  hole  an  advantajic  to  it  is  rendered 
prohahle  from  tiie  fact  that  there  are  two  cases  known,  in  which  it  is 
followed  very  closely  hy  caterpillars  of  a  moth  ( Xotodonta)  ,  feeding  on 
the  very  same  plant  as  species  of  hutterHies  with  this  haliit  (one  in  Kurojio 
and  one  in  America)  :  while  the  caterpillars  of  Basilarchia  employ  a 
fiM'ther  device,  the  actual  import  of  which  has  heen  a  puzzle.  Very  soon 
after  hirth,  when  it  has  eaten  hut  a  very  iaw  swaths  down  the  leaf,  the 
little  fellow  constructs  a  snndl  and  loose  packet  from  minute  hits  of  leaf 
and  other  rejectamenta,  loosely  fastene<l  to  one  another  and  to  the  midrib. 


PROTKCTIVr.   DKVICKS   IN    ItASII.AKCIIIA 


263 


fl(»»*c  111  lint  scurccly  tniM'liinjr  tlit'  ciitcn  ((iLrt'iif  tlicicaf;  iiinl  iis  t'a.-t  m?*  (lie 
It'itt' is  eaten,  it  renidves  tliis  |iaeket  (eiintiniially  added  to  nntil  it  liccimu's 
almiit  as  liiir  as  a  small  pea),  f'artlier  and  t'artliei'  duvvn  the  niidrili  away 
tVoui  its  ])en'li,  always  Uee|iinjf  it  neai'  tlie  eaten  edi;'e.  It  sliunld  lie  noted 
that  it  is  so  loosely  attached,  the  hits  ol'  leaf  at  all  jiossilile  anfrles,  that  it 
is  moved  liy  the  least  hi'eath.  Meanwhile  the  caterpillar  has  heen  jfrowinjj 
larjjer  and  more  coiispicnons  and  thus  in  liTcater  peril  from  its  enemies. 
There  are  two  possihle  services  that  this  odd  packet  may  Hinder.  A 
spider  wanderinjf  over  the  leaf  and  oliscrxinii'  its  motion  may  seize  it  and 
thinking  it  has  a  prize  hnrry  away  with  it  and  leave  its  architect  nnharmed. 
This  seems  to  me  rather  a  strained  sii;;;i'estion,  for  a  wandering'  spider 
woiiltl  prohahly  proceed  to  investigate  it  on  the  spot.  Another  expla- 
nation setsms  more  |»rolialile.  It  shoidd  he  rememliered  that  the  leaves 
preferred  hy  the^c  creatnrcs  as  t'ood  are  mostly  such  as  are  easily  shaken 
liy  the  wind,  and  as  the  caterpillar  moves  with  the  leal'  and  with  all  the 
siirrouiidinff  leaves  (in  a  continnal  Hntterinj;  in  the  case  of  the  tremldinff 
aspen,  and  to  a  less  degree  in  the  other  food-plants)  this  of  itself  is  a 
protection  to  it,  as  it  woidd  more  readily  esca|ii'  oliservalion  as  an  ohject 
distinct  from  the  leaves,  all  lieing  in  motion  together:  lint  on  the  nmre 
stahle  leaves,  like  the  willow  and  especially  the  Hosaceae  and  the  oaks,  the 
motion  in  a  feelile  wind  would  )iot  he  siitticient  to  lie  si'r\  iccalilc.  and  hero 
at  least  the  packet  comes  into  play.  ,\n  ohject  in  motion  among  others  at 
rest  is  a  most  notieealile  thing,  a  fact  well  recognized  among  animals,  as  a 
hiist  of  them  show  when  they  fear  lieing  seen,  'i'liis  packet  attached  liy 
loose  silken  threads  mo\'es.  as  stated,  with  a  lircath  ol'uind  and  so  would 
(list I'liit  iithiil liiii  from  its  architect  near  liy.  wiio  has  taken  pains  to  place 
it  at  the  farthest  remove  from  his  perch,  while  still  ( to  a\(iid  undesiralile 
steps)  on  his  daily  track.  If  this  lie  reallv  its  oliject.  it  is  surely  one  of 
the  oddest  devices  in  nature. 

The  species  of  Hasilarchia  all  pass  the  winter  w'lilc  in  the  caterpillar 
state  and  hut  partly  grown.  The  caterpillar  has  moidleil  at  least  once  -^ 
(devouring  its  cast-otl'  clothing.  I»y  the  way,  doulitlcss  that  it  mav  not 
attract  attention)  and  has  to  prepare  against  the  inclement  season.  This 
it  does  in  a  very  shrewd  way.  which  is  all  the  more  remarkahle  hecause  no 
trace  or  send)!ance  of  it  is  seen  in  catcrpillai's  of  the  liroods  that  attain 
their  entire  growth  in  the  same  season.  When  the  proper  time  ap[)roaclies, 
warned  thei'cto  possihly  liy  tlu!  dryness  of  its  food,  or  liy  the  cooler  nights, 
the  caterpillar  constructs  a  little  ni'st.  sometimes  from  the  still  nntinished 
leaf  on  which  it  was  lioi-n,  sometimes  from  one  which  it  prepares  specially  ^ 
at  greater  pains  ;  this  is  done  hy  eating  away  or  hiting  oil'  the  unncces-arv 
parts,  and  'eaving  on  either  side  of  the  hase  of  the  leaf  little  flaps  just 
large  enough,  when  drawn  together,  hottom  siile  up  and  meeting  ahove.  to 
form  a  cylinder  into  which  it  can  sipieeze  :  a  projecting  shelf  is  also  left 


m-' 


26  i 


T'lK  HLTTEUFMKS  OF   NKW    KXGLAM). 


■;:?![•■ 


m, 


•*■ 


y:^^-' " 


^i::M^ 


w-^ 


bcyoiul  the  openiiij;,  on  wliicli  it  iiwiy  t<taii(l  wlion  ready  to  eiawl  in,  and 
upon  wliieli  it  may  itack  out  in  the  ispring  ;  the  wiiole  of  the  inttido  and 
the  upper  surfaee  of  tlie  shelf  iu-e  then  plastered  over  with  a  dense  eoatinjj 
of  brown  silk  and  the  tla[)s  thawn  tofrcther  ;  more  than  that,  with  stranjjest 
orcsi<fht,  the  petiole  oi"  tiie  leaf  is  thorouj^hly  fastened  to  the  stem  Ity 
numl)erless  threads  passed  carefully  and  tiji'litiy  around  l)otli ;  into  this 
cylinder  it  then  erawls  head  foremost,  completely  fillin<j  the  cavity,  closin*; 
the  lievelled  hinder  openin<>'  with  the  slopinjj;  tul»erculate  and  siiarpened 
terminal  seyi.ieiUs.  sin-''  to  find  itself  thei'c  when  the  Ion"'  niji'lit  of  winter 
is  [lassed.  \o,  iu>t  (piite  sure,  for  wasps  or  some  t)ther  stronji'  predaccous 
insects  will  tear  tiiis  fine  castle  open  anil  desti'oy  its  siiifile  oeeu[)ant. 
A\'hetli(r  it  is  an  additional  safcuiiard  or  not.  it  is  an  instructive  fact  that, 
at  least  where  tlu  winters  arc  most  severe,  nearly  all  these  hihernacula  are 
made  out  of  leaves  so  near  the  j^round  that  the  snow  eovers  them  with  its 
warmiiifj:  mantle  ;  and  what  is  moi'e,  in  certain  cases  they  so  closely  resem- 
ble th  •  winter  l)uds  and  l)urstinu'  leaves  of  tiie  new  year  that  they  nuist 
sometimes  deceive  their  [trowiing  foes  of  the  early  s|>ring. 

Sliortly  after  it  appears  again  in  tiie  spring  and  has  fed  on  the  teiuler 
liuds  and  just  opening  leaves,  it  moults  again,  usually  upon  the  shelf'  of 
its  liilpernaciduni.  but  no  longer  devours  its  skin,  as  it  (piits  tiie  immediate 
neigliborliodd.  It  now  changes  its  livery  as  well  and  is  a  most  extraordi- 
lU'ry  looking  object,  withal  very  conspicuous.  Dark  and  light  green  and 
cream  color  strivi'  for  the  mastery  and  leave  it  streaked  and  blotched  so 
that  it  bears  no  inconsiderable  reseniblance,  in  color  at  least,  to  the  droii- 
pings  of  sonic  birds,  a  cireiinistanee  which  doubtless  serves  it  as  some  sort 
of  protection.  Its  body  is  liiuiiped  and  rlie  bosses  bear  tubercles  which 
give  it  a  somewhat  repulsive  aspect :  especially  a  pair  a  little  behind  the 
head  are  raised  aloft  thickly  studded  with  promiiKMices,  the  ctl'ect  of  which 
is  lieig!!»"ncd  by  the  creature's  habit  of  arching  this  part  of  the  body, 
beialing  its  head  to  the  ground  and  raising  ali-ft  its  hinder  part,  also 
studded  with  rougiiened  [irocesses.  .Mi.ogether  it  is  a  rather  hideous  beast. 
Then  too,  if  disturbed.  It  raises  the  front  half  of  its  body  from  the  ground 
and  uses  it  as  a  kind  of  whi[  -lash,  throwing  it  to  one  side  and  the  other 
with  great  violence.  When  it  walks,  it  moves  with  a  slow  and  cautious 
tread,  its  nead  trembling  as  if  it  had  the  [lal.sy.  Ail  this  is  doubtless  to 
inspire  fear  to  such  enemies  as  might  be  tempted  to  attack  it,  but  to  how 
nuicli  avail  we  can  hardly  tell.  It  is  certainly  attacked  in  considerable 
numbers  by  a  parasitic  hynienopteron,  the  young  of  which  live  within  ou 
the  juices  of  the  body  and  escajie  from  the  chrysalis  when  that  is  formed. 

The  chrysalis,  helpless  thing,  probably  hangs  (piite  ex[)osed  upon  the 
stem  of  the  plant  which  has  given  the  caterpillar  nourishment.  We  know 
it  almost  entirelv  from  those  raised  in  confinement.  It  has  an  odiUy 
slnqted  form,  with  a  great  projection  on  the  back  like  a  Uoniau  nose,  ami 


I'UOTix'Tivr-:  dkvicks  in  basil aiuhia. 


265 


is  of  ii  (lark  green  or  grccnisli  brown  color  varied  witli  eroani  color,  and 
smooth  as  if  varnished.  This  makes  it  a|)[)car  like  a  hangin<f  himi)  of 
bird  dung,  and  so  again  must  often  prevent  its  being  i)icked  off  and 
devoured  by  some  hungry  bird. 

Wlien  one  that  has  at  last  esca[)cd  all  the  perils  of  its  youth  finally 
reaches  its  full  devclo|)ment,  it  is  even  more  conspicuous  and  expo-<Hl  than 
before.  Although  now  ui)on  the  wing  and  no  doubt  often  able  to  escape 
a  pursuer  by  some  quick  movement,  its  natural  Hight  is  not  swift,  and  its 
ordinary  movements  on  tl;c  wing  arc  a  few  (piick  Huttcrs  followed  by  a 
sailing  motion  which  is  most  favoralilc  to  ca[)ture.  Its  colors  dittcr  of 
course  in  the  ditfercnt  kinds,  and  they  may  in  this  particular  be  divided 
into  two  classes.  One  affects  a  d"cp  ricli  black-blue  or  blackisii  purple, 
and  is  variegated  with  light  bliu'  and  white,  the  latter  partly  in  the  form  of 
bands,  on  some  forming  a  liroad  bow  across  both  wings,  rendering  them 
most  consi>icuous  and  striking  objects.  Tlicy  arc,  too,  of  a  pretty  large 
size,  and  as  they  Hy  mostly  in  the  ncighl)orh()o(l  of  co[)ses  or  along  shaded 
roadsides  or  forest  roads,  they  seem  to  render  themsclvc.';  by  the  contrasting 
back-ground  as  c(Uis[iicuous  as  [)ossible  Another  class  is  of  an  orange 
brown  color  of  greater  or  less  dc[)th,  while  the  veins  arc  black,  and  a  black 
stripe,  sometimes  accom|)anicd  by  wiiite  dots,  crosses  the  wings.  I'hcse 
tly  in  more  open  places,  more  fully  ex[)oscd  to  the  sun  and  arc  scarcely 
less  cons]»icuous  than  tiieir  fellows.  All  tiiese  l)UtterHies  livi'  a  consider- 
able time,  and  indeed  the  eggs  do  not  mature  in  the  bodies  of  the  females 
until  they  have  lieen  a  fortnight  on  the  wing  ;  and  then  they  d(j  not  lay  all 
their  eggs  at  once,  or  even  witiiin  a  i't^w  days,  liut  prolong  the  operation 
over  many  days  or  even  several  weeks.  To  de|)osit  all  her  eggs  therefore, 
which  is  the  province  of  co.u'sc  of  the  female,  she  nmst  Hy  amid  all  the 
dangers  her  consj)icuous  colors  offer  for  about  a  month,  a  considerably 
longer  time  than  the  average  of  butterflies.  Previous  to  egg-laying  at 
least,  much  of  her  time  is  spent  u[)on  the  ground  in  company  with  her 
fellows,  often  in  great  flocks,  engi'osscd  in  sucking  up  moisture  from  the 
damp  earth,  from  decaying  fruits  or  the  droppings  of  beasts  ;  and  so  nuist 
become  a  conspicuous  and  easy  prey  to  her  enemies. 

What  then  is  to  become  of  this  saving  remnant  of  the  trii)e''  IIo\v 
escape  from  the  dangers  which  it  seems  to  invite?  For  the  individual 
there  would  seem  to  i)e  nothing  but  chance  ;  l)ut  the  nundjer  of  eggs  laid 
tmder  the  most  favorable  circumstances  or  chances  is  very  considerable ; 
and  if  only  a  pair  of  these  finally  reaches  maturity  and  is  able  to  fulfil  its 
functions,  the  number  of  individuals  of  the  s|)ecics  is  maintained.  It 
would  seem,  however,  as  if  even  this  chance  were  small  and  as  if  still 
further  protection  were  needed.  And  one  further  protection  seems  to  i)e 
afforded  in  some  species  in  a  |)eculiarity  of  their  life  history.  Apparently 
the  species  of  Basilarchia  are,  at  least  in  New  Kngland,  normally  single 


^y.  :.,:V 


I  iff.  ■ 


266 


TIIK  BUTTKKFLIKS  OF  NKW  i:X(;LAXI). 


t'   'i-*:! 


brooded  :  hut  in  not  infrequent  cases,  doubtless  more  frequent  in  uoutlicrn 
tliiin  in  nortliern  parts,  a  second  or  supidenientary  brood  is  ronned  in  one 
season  :  as  tlie  butterfly  lays  eggs  for  some  time,  and  all  the  females  are 
not  oorn  at  once,  the  earliest  progeny  of  the  earliest  females  may  not  in- 
frequently be  able  to  matiu'e  in  the  same  season  in  time  for  the  production 
of  a  second  brood.  This  would  seem  to  be  a  provision  on  the  part  of  nature 
to  give  the  species  a  better  chance.  That  they  need  it  is  perhaps  evi- 
denced by  the  fact  that  the  black-veined  orange  species  which  are  almost 
universally  more  n(unerous  in  individuals  than  the  others,  have,  in  regions 
where  one  brood  is  the  normal  condition  of  their  fellows,  always  two  broods. 
But  this  is  not  the  only  advantage  the  black-veined  orange  species  have, 
so  that  we  cannot  fairly  ascril)c  their  greater  numbers  to  this  alone.  Their' 
very  colors  are  an  advantage  to  them,  for  in  them  they  minuc  species 
of  Euploeinae,  which  possess  a  taste  and  perhaps  an  odor  oftensive  to 
birds  and  other  insectivorous  animals  ;  the  mimicry  is  very  striking  indeed, 
and  is  tiie  more  remarkal)le  from  tiie  fact  that  the  northern  species  resembles 
the  only  species  of  Euploeinae  found  in  the  region  it  inhabits,  while  the 
southern  species  as  well  as  the  southernmost  examples  of  the  northern 
si>ecies,  resemlile  another  which  is  more  comuKm  in  ilie  region  thoy  inhabit. 
It  is  indeed  possil)le  that  one  of  the  normally  colored  species  of  Hasilar- 
chia,  one  that  has  least  conspicuously  contrasted  colors,  though  resplendent 
with  blue  and  green,  is  specially  protected  by  the  variou.s  other  devices  we 
have  recounted  ;  for  certainly  it  is  itself  mimicked  by  one  sex  of  a  butterfly 
of  another  very  distinct  group,  viz  :  Semnopsychc  diana. 


:..':■' 


:m 


h  "■. 


Talile  ofspeciea  of  Buslhnvliia,  hnsed  on  the,  egr/. 

Height  of  pgi(  about  fivo-sixtbi<  the  width arch Ippiis. 

Height  of  egg  s-eurcely  less  thiiii  wiilDi astyanax, 

'Faille  of  species,  hu.ifd  on  the  mtiturc  cnterpi/lar. 

Tlie  minute,  smooth,  leiiiieiiliir   wiii'ts  very  iiifrecjuent,  not  more   tlian    twenty  aliove    tlie 
spirai'les  on  any  segment. 
Coronal  tulierele  of  head  erowneil  with  ilistiiiet  dentleulations  interrupting  tlie  eontoiir 
al)ove;  prineiiml  tulterele  posterior  to  it  dcntlele-shapeil,  many  times  Idgher  than  broad, 

independent archlppus. 

Coronal  tubercle  of  head  rather  regularly  rounded  at  summit,  but  crowned  with  raised 
points;  principal  tuben'le  posterior  lo  it  tundd.  but  little  higher  than  broad,  eompound, 

and  at  base  closely  uniteil  to  the  coronal  tulaMvIe artlieillisi 

The  minute,  smooth,  lenticular  warts  tolerably  common astyanax. 

Tiihle  ofupecies,  baseil  on  the  chrysalis, 

Cremaster,  viewed  from  above,  twice  as  long  as  Its  apical  width archlppus- 

Cremaster,  viewed  from  above,  lesstlnin  twice  as  long  as  its  apiiuU  width. 

nasal  wing  tubercle  roundecl  oil"  or  i)artially  suppressed astyanax. 

Basal  wing  tubercle  produced  to  a  minute  point  directed  backward artheinlg. 


m^ 


NYMPIIALINAK ;    BASILARCIIIA   ARCHIPPUS. 


267 


I 


II 


Tahle  of  spacien,  based  on  the  imago. 

Gruiiiul  color  of  wings  orani^o archtppiis. 

Grouiiil  color  of  wings  bjaclv. 

Wing:i  witliout  any  whi ic  Ijo w astyaiiax, 

Winjfs  witli  a  very  broau,  -onspiciious,  common,  wliito  how artlieinis. 

(A^'ings  with  a  narrow  unci  faint,  lilnisli  white  bow proserpina.) 

BASILARCHIA  ARCHIPPUS  — The  viceroy. 

[The  viceroy  (Scndtler) ;  Disippe  liiitterfiy  (Harris) ;  Disippns  Imttcniy  (IJilry) ;  ^itripc-footc^^ 
llnienitp  (Emmons);  Misippus  Imtterfly  (Fitcli) ;  tlie  darli  veinlet  (Uoss);  die  handed  ml 
Imttcrlly  (Maynard);  viceroy  l)ntterlly  (Packard).] 

Xj/tiijilinlh    (liKi/ijiu.s    nuisd.-LeC, 


rainlio  arc'iippHS  Cram  ,  I'ap.  exot.,  i:  24, 
ll.  IG,  tigs.  A  B.  (1W0). 

Li)neititis  crc'iipjius  Bntl.,  C'atal.  Fahr. 
Lep.,(iO-Cl  (l*/j). 

hasilarch'.'t  nrehipputi  Scudd..  Bull.  Bull'. 
soc.  nat.  sc,  ii ;  250  (1H75) :  Butt..  100-104,  112, 
133,  tigs.  2,  8.1,  86(1881). 

Anoaiii  iiirliijipe  Iltihii.,  Vcrz.  schmett.,  10 
(181(i). 

I'lipilUi  misippiix  Kal)r.,  .Syst.  cnlom.,  4M 
(1775) ;— llcrhst,  Xa.iirsyst.  ins.  schmett.,  vii: 
30-31.  pi.  l.W,  tigs.  3-4  (1794);— Ahh.,  Draw, 
ins.  Ga.  Brit,  imis.,  vi :  23,  tigs,  22-23;  xvl ;  24, 
tah.  4;  Draw.  ins.  (ia.  Geniler  Coll.  Host.  soc. 
nat.  hist.,  15. 

XijrnplKtli.i  misippus  God..  Kncycl.  m(5lh., 
i.\:  17."),  188,  sot)  (181'J). 

Limenills  !:iisipjiHs  Harr.,  Ilitclic.  Ucp., 
.500  (18,33);  I'roc.  Bost.  soc.  nat.  hist.,  vii:  IS'J- 
190  (1800) ;— Fitch,  3d  i{c|).  noxious  ins.  N.  Y.. 
01-02  (18.5!));— Paclv.,  Guide  ins.,  2(il-202,  tig. 
ISO  (1800) ;  — Mead,  Can.  ent.,  iv;  21(1-217 
(1872). 

Nymplialis  Oisijipe  God.,  Kncycl.  miJth.,  ix  : 
340,303-304  (1819) ;— Harr.,  Ins."  inj.  veg.,  .3d 
od..  281-2.82,  tig.  109  (1802). 

Limetiitis  disippe  ili5ni5tr,,  Catal.  coll. 
entoni.  Acad.,  i:  33  (1855). 

Basikirch  ia  disippe  Scudd.,  Syst.  rev.  Anicr. 
butt.,  8  (1872). 


\mir.  sept..  204-205;  pi.  .55,  tigs.  1-4  (18.33);— 
Morr.,  8yn.  1-ep.  N.  Amer.,(;5.0G  (1802). 

IJiaeiiitis  disipiiii.i  Wcstw.-Hew.,  Gen. 
diurn.  I.cp..  ii :  270  (18.50) ;— Kinm.,  Agric.  X. 
York.,  v:  202-203,  pi.  47,  rtgs.  1-2  (18r4)  ;— 
Lintn..  I'roc.  Kntoin,  soc.  I'hilad.,  iii:  63 
(1804);— 8aund..  Ian  ent.,  i:  94-95  (1809);— 
Kil.,  Can.  cut.,  iii:  52-53.117-118  (1871);  Rep. 
ins.  Missouri,  iii:  I,5;i-1.5",  tigs.  OS-71  (1871);— 
French,  Rep.  io^-  lll->  vii:  1,54  (1878);  Butt, 
east.  r.  S.,  210-213,  tigs,  ,59-02  (l.sso) ;— Edw,, 
Can.  cut.,  xi :  224-228  (1^70) ;  xii :  2.50-251,  tig. 
24h);  (1880);  Butt.  \.  Am.,  ii :  IJmenitisl: 
[12-17]  (1870);— Middl,,  Rep.  ii'.s.  III.,  x:  .S.S, 
tig,  14  a-d  (18,81);— Co(|.,  iliid.,  102,  tig,  59 
(1S81);— Fern.,  Butt.  Me.,  O.V07  (1884);— 
Sainid.,  Ins.  inj.  fruits,  1(W-171,  tigs.  17.8-181 
(1883) ;  —  Mayn,,  Butt.  N.  K.,  0.  pi.  2,  tigs.  0, 
9a  (1880) ;— Soule.  I'syche,  v :  14,  1:1  (18.88). 

I'ajiilio  jaiHuicensis  iiiiiwf  iliii,  Hist,  ius., 
1.39  (1710). 

Figured  by  IVtiver,  Gazopliyl.,  i,  pi,  15,  lig, 
0  (ca,  1700);— Glover,  III.  X.  .V.Kcp.,  pi.  l.tig. 
9  (2  tigs.);  pl.22,  tig.  15  (2tig.  hihern.);  pi.  .34> 
ligs.  1,8;  pi.  100,  tig.  20(2 Hg. hihern. )  ;  pi, 108. 
tig.  7;  pi.  .\.,  tig.  11,  ined. 

[Not  Papilio  misippus  Linn.] 


Go  sip  the  rose's  fragrant  dew, 

Tlie  lily's  lioney'd  cupex|)lore. 
From  tlo'wer  to  ll'ower  the  sciiiM'h  renew. 

And  ritli'  all  the  wuoilhine's  store: 
And  let  me  trace  thy  vagrant  lliglil. 

Thy  moments,  too,  of  short  repose. 
Anil  mark  tliee  then  with  fresh  delight 

Thy  golden  pinions  ope  and  close. 

Tlie  lliittvrfli/s  BirtUilaij. 

Truly,  she  nnikes  a  very  good 
report  o' the  worm  ;  but  he  that  will  helievi'  all 
that  they  say,  shall  never  he  saved  by  half  that 
they  do :"  but'this  is  most  fallible,  the  worm's  an 
odd  worm. 

Sii.\KK.'>i'KAUE.— ^iHtoH*/  aiul  Cleopatvo. 

Imago  (1:5;  11 :  4).  Head  velvety  l)lacl{,  tinged  aljove  in  the  least  possible  dejrree 
with  olivaceous ;  a  pair  of  small,  wldte.  triaustular  spots  on  the  hinder  niarjiin  of  tlie 
head  and  a  pair  of  vvliite  dots  next  the  oyo,  each  set  opposite  tlie  base  of  the  antennae ; 
a  larger,  fusiform,  narrow,  white  spot  behind  each  eye,     .Vntenn.ie  black,  the  basal 


f. 


■hv- 


•■■■pi 

•.¥."';■  5'". 


i-'^,i.'i'>v 


\w 


§ 


-..1 


268 


TlIK   lilTTKKl-LIKS  OK   NEW    KXCiLAN'D. 


■yt''4 


joints  fiiiiitly  luimiliitcd  at  tip  witli  castaiu'ous.  tin-  apical  lialf  of  tlic  cliil)  faintly  and 
narrowly  annnlatcd  at  tip  ■with  fi'mitfinous,  tlu;  last  joint  (  9  ^  '"'  t'n'  last  tliree  joints 
((J)  tinitcd  decidedly  with  l)ri)ilit  ferrnjiinons.  I'al))!  black,  the  sides,  exceptinsj  the 
Ijasal  Iniif  of  the  l)asal  joint,  covered  with  white  scales,  between  which  appear  a  few 
l)lack  hairs.  Ton^tue  l)laek.  Its  tip  fusco-luteous;  papillae  (61 :  28)  as  lonj;  as  the  width 
of  one  maxilla.  conii)aratively  slender,  fonr  times  as  lon^  as  l)road ;  apical  tllament  of 
similar  shape,  slifjhtiy  sliortcr  than  wi<itli  of  papilla. 

Thorax  black,  siifjhlly  tinned  witli  olivaecons;  lieneath.  at  the  extreme  iiase  of  the 
costal  l)order  of  eacli  wini;  a  wliite  dot.  and  at  tlie  l)ase  of  IIk^  wiinr  itself  a  short, 
slender,  ionf^itndinal.  white  streak;  on  tiie  ndddle  of  the  sides  of  the  middli^  and  liind 
coxae  a  pretty  larfie,  white  spot,  the  anterior  roundish,  tlie  posterior  ol)li(|Ueand  oval; 
tips  of  these  coxae  wliite;  femora  black;  rest  of  lej,'s  blackisii  brown,  tlie  tips  of  the 
middle  and  hind  tarsi  edited  above  witli  white,  whole  exterior  surface  of  tlie  f<)retll)lao 
and  tarsi  white;  spurs  and  claws  dark  reddish;  spines  l)lack. 

Win;;s  ai)ove  varying  in  color  from  a  dull  yellow  orange,  tinired  slij;htly  with  lirown, 
to  a  cinnamoneons  oranije.  or  even,  in  tlie  southern  states,  to  a  dark  cinnainou ;  the 
veins  are  ail  edj;ed  with  lilack.  Ffifi-  ti^iiKj.s  liaviim  tlie  costal  maririn  siijfhtly  less 
bowed  than  in  our  otlier  species,  and  tlie  middle  of  tlie  outer  margin  sli;riit|y  less  con- 
cave. Third  superior  subcostal  iK'rvule  oriuinatinji  midway  between  the  base  of  the 
second,  and  the  centre  of  the  interspace  enclosed  between  the  terminal  branches; 
origin  of  the  fourth  superior  subcostal  nervule  less  than  half  way  from  the  orljiin  of 
the  third  to  the  tip  of  the  wing.  The  whole  costal  border,  as  far  as  the  suI)costal 
ncM'vure  and  the  outer  border,  more  broadly  than  the  width  of  an  interspaci!.  margined 
with  black;  inner  licu'der  similarly  margined  as  far  as  the  submedian  ncrvui'e;  a  large, 
triangnlar.  black  patch  depends  fronifhe  cosla)  margin  half  way  between  the  extremity 
of  the  cell  and  the  apex  id'  the  wing,  and  sends  downward  as  far  as  the  upper  median 
nervule  a  black  stripe,  which  strikes  the  outer  black  border  in  the  middle  of  the  lower 
median  interspace;  tliere  is  also  a  small,  black  spot  next  the  under  edge  of  the  sub- 
costal nervure  at  about  the  middle  of  the  outer  half  of  the  cell,  sometimes  white  i)u- 
Ijilled;  there  is  a  subniarginal  row  of  moderate  si/ad,  (luadrnto,  occasionally  lunr.'ato, 
white  spots,  one  in  each  interspace,  the  lowermost  df)nble.  distant  from  the  outer 
liorder  by  a  little  less  than  the  wi<ltli  of  an  interspace;  occashuially.  midway  between 
these  and  the  margin  a  few  scallei'ed  white  scales;  the  liase  of  the  npperof  the  broad 
subcostal  interspaces  is  lllied  with  a  patch  of  whiLo  and  the  interspace  below  has 
sometimes  a  dot  at  the  extreme  base;  the  lower  two  subcostal  intersjiaees,  and  sonic- 
times  the  one  next  to  them,  have  roundish,  white  s|)ots  in  the  interior  half  of  the 
subapieal  lilack  patch,  the  edgi's  of  which  are  powdery;  the  limit  of  the  discoidal 
cell  is  soinetiuies  indicated  by  an  Inconspicuous  linn  of  brown  scales;  fringe  black, 
su(l<lenly  and  rather  broadly  interrupted  with  white  In  ti.e  interspaces.  Outer  margin 
of  tlie  liiiiil-ii'iiiii.i  alike  in  both  sexes.  sti'i>n^;ly  and  regularly  ronn<led.  but  not  so 
stnuigly  as  in  the  other  species,  thus  resemliliiiLr  .Uiosia  wliicli  it  mimics  in  color;  the 
border  is  l)nt  faintly  crenulate.  Klrsl  median  nervule  originating  at  the  >iiiiie  distance 
from  till'  base  as  the  last  subcostal  ;iervule.  Outer  border  margiiie<l  with  black  as 
liriradly  as  on  the  fore  wings,  and,  as  there,  with  a  ■•iiliii'arginal  row  of  white  spots  or 
Innules.  and  oeeasloually  a  second  faint  row  id'  scattered  scales:  n  narrow,  somewhat 
arcuate,  median,  black  stripe,  sometimes  reduced  to  a  faint  line  on  one  or  two  iuter- 
-paces,  sometimes  broader  than  tlie  black  edgeil  veins,  crosses  the  wing  from  the 
middle  (d'  the  outer  two-thirds  of  tlie  costal  border,  where  It  is  broadest,  to  the  sub- 
median  vein,  juslwllliin  the  black  bordering  of  tlie  outer  margin;  friiiire  as  on  fm'e 
wings. 

Beneath  resembling  the  uiiper  surfaei'.  but  paler  jiiid  with  the  same  lilaek  markings; 
the  white  sjiots  also  are  all  repeated,  their  edges  often  varied  with  bluish  white  scales, 
the  subniarginal  rows  more  <listinctly  lunulate  and  the  outer  series  nearly  as  distinct 
as  the  inner:  the  costal  and  sulieostal  veins  i>{  fore-wimjs.  between  the  suliapical  black 
spot  and  tne  outer  limit  of  tlie  cell,  more  or  lesH  washed  with  white,  as  occasionally 
hi'ppeiis  above;  and  the  median  stripe  of  the  hind  ii^uiim  is  sometimes  jiartly  boi-dered 


XYMlMI.VI.INAi::    n.V.SII.ARCIIIA   AIJC  IIIl'I'l  S. 


260 


intcridiiy  witli  iiiilistiiict  ■\vliitp  spots,  tlifinsrlvcs  mai'irinrd  interiorly  willi  lilink: 
tlicrc  is  also  occHsioimlly  a  faint,  wliltisli  spot  at  tlio  iliviiricatioii  of  (lie  costal  anil 
sulH'ostal  norvnros  of  tlio  hind  ■winiis ;  friiijje  of  both  winjjs  as  above. 

Abdoninii  blaekish.  annnlated  beneatli.  at  tlie  sequent  tips,  ^vith -white  and  fnrnished 
with  anarrow.  lateral  line  of  white,  broadeiiinir  on  llie  last  »eirnienl.  Mideappemlaifos 
(33:  II,  12)  :  nppcr  orijan ;  hook  straiu;hl  on  its  basid  narrowinir  half.  l)eyond  enrvini: 
considerably  and  inereasinu; slightly  in  heiirht  haU'Avay  to  the  tip.  then  narniwini:  rai)idly 
by  the  slopin;;  of  the  upper  ed;:e  only.  llieape.\  nior<' attenuated  than  in  llie  other  speeies. 
Clasps  diU'eriu;;  much  nion'  from  the  other  species  than  these  from  each  other,  beiiii; 
two  and  a  half  times  lonici'r  than  l)road.  from  beyond  tlie  inferior  proniineuee  taperiusr 
rapidly  and  pr.'tty  rejrularly  with  broadly  sinuous  martfins.  the  apex  bearinjr  a  few. 
small,  uneciual  teeth,  one  of  thorn  i)rolon,!red  into  a  Ion;;,  slender,  slightly  tapi'rlnjr, 
[lointed  process,  curving  very  slronirly  downward  and  sliu:hlly  inward,  half  as  lonir  as 
the  breadth  of  the  clasp;  interior  lltiL'er  very  stont  and  lapcrinLt  "U  the  ba«al  half, 
directed  upward  and  backward;  beyond  free,  nearly  eipial.  sli^rjiily  curved,  ilirected 
upward,  beset  with  minute  i)rickles.  rounded  at  tlie  li))  and  exlcndiuir  l)y  lialf  its  lensrtli 
al)i)ve  the  clasp,  which  luis  but  little  expansion  of  tlii'  upper  ed^i'  to  unanl  it. 


Mcnsurenients  in  nilllinietrps. 

MAI.E.S. 

1                      FEMAI.KS. 

Lengtliof  toiisue  10-12.5 

Smallest. 

.Xverajie. 

(iiir^resl. 

Smallest 

33. 

1.5. 

;        S.25 

il    ;i. 

.Vvera^'c. 

Largest . 

Length  of  fore  \vinj;s 

antountie 

hinil  tibiae  and  tarsi... 
fore  tibiae  and  tar.si  .. 

;ii. 

1.'). 

H.2.') 
3.2.1 

3.-).-) 

10..') 

.S..-) 

3.') 

30.5 
lO.j 

!S.7.") 

3.75 

;«).5 

10. 
!».25 

1        ^- 

.30.5 
10. 

!t.25 

4. 

DeseriliiMl  from  7  ^   59. 


■„>.,  • ,(,.. 


Suffused  variety.  B.  a.  i'ski  doixhiii'ims  (ab. /).«('»''i,(/<i/'//i/ih.s' Streek.  Cat.  Anier. 
Macrolep..  143;  Can.  cut.,  iv  :  210).  [n  the  collect  ion  of  Mr.  '1'.  I..  .Mead,  now  owned  by 
Dr.  W.  .1.  Holland,  is  a  sutl'nsed  specimen  of  tliisbutterlly.  which  lacks  all  niarkinsrs  above 
t'.xceptinji;  the  dark  vc'ins  and  borders,  and.  on  the  fore  wlnjis.  a  slijjlil  Indication  of  the 
prenplcal  triauiile.  blurred  and  diminished  in  si/e;  the  only  white  marks  are  on  the 
outer  border,  in  tlie  lowest  subcostal  interspace  and  bi>li)W  it.  where  on  tlie  fore  winus 
they  are  larire  and  blurred:  ,'ind  on  the  hind  wiuirs  blurred  al-o.  but  of  the  natural  si/e. 
'rhe  nndiM'  surfaci'  of  the  wiuijs  is  sinMlar  to  tlie  upper,  but  theapex  of  the  fore  wiiiij;s 
is  paler  anil  there  is  a  faint  indicatiou  of  the  while  spots  whicli  uonunlly  border  the 
transverse  black  stripe  of  tlie  hind  win;;s;  on  the  same  wiuirs.  the  white  niai'kiui:>.  of 
the  marj^ins  are  peculiar,  for  tliey  border  interiorly  the  whole  of  the  black  martriu :  on 
the  fore  winsrs  they  border  nearly  the  whole  muritin  in  the  same  way  and  form  rather 
larjie  poM-dery  lumiles;  the  outer  line  of  white  of  the  nornml  winsr  is  faintly  mark(>d  as 
a  nearly  continuous  line.     It  was  taken  in  the  Cat.skills. 

Mr.  Sirecker  says  he  l):is  an  example  from  llolyoke.  Mass.  (Chase)  '•which  diU'ers 
from  the  above  ill  the  total  obsolescence  of  ail  while  liiniiles  in  maririns  of  both  sur- 
faces; .  .  .  the  mesial  line  of  secondaries  is  very  faintly  \i-.ible.  .  .  Il  was  a  male." 

For  notice  of  liybrids  between  this  species  and  the  others,  see  them. 

Egg  (64:  13).  Surface  smooth,  covered  with  deep  cells,  the  lloor  of  which  is  con- 
cave, the  walls  very  thin  and  elevated.  formln.u;i|uite  reijular  lieNairons.  the  \erlical  sides 
of  which  are  usually  lonirer  than  the  others,  tin.'  loiifiltiidinal  dianieter  of  one  of  the  cells 
in  the  middle  of  the  sides  beinir  .  15  mm.,  and  the  transverse  dianiet;r.  .12  mm. :  the 
cells  are  smaller  at  the  very  bottom  of  the  vjii;  from  each  anirle  of  the  walls  projects 
an  erect.  (Itdicale.  tapering;  lllament  or  spine.  .1  mm.  lonir.  .uo7  mm.  broad  at  base, 
taperin;;.  truncate  at  tip:  tills  amatiire  covers  every  part  of  the  exposed  portion  of 
the  ejjj;.  exceptin;:  the  micropyle.  to  such  a  deijrree  that  it  would  seem  as  if  it  would 


interfere  below  with  the  proper  attnclmient  of  the  eu 


Micropyle  (67:i>)  .127  mm.  ir 


ilianieter;  and  the  irrcfinlar  colls  composlnir  it  from  .012.'<  to  .017  mm.  in  diamoler.  the 
smaller  cells  being  nearest  the  centre.  Color  when  laid  of  a  (h^'p  irrcen.  exactly  that 
of  the  nppcr  surface  of  the  leaf  on  >\  lilch  it  is  placed  ;  afti'rwards  il  becomes  translu- 
cent; spines  pellucid  ;  helL'hl  (not  iin'luiliiis;  spine~).  .,s.s  mm.  ;  breadth,  1.04  mm. 


wt.i  m:j^ 


f  ^-^ 

'.''!*,? 


-^H" 


i>4 


ti;  I'; 


270 


THE  BL TTKUFLIKS  OF   NEW   EXfiLAXD. 


i!     t 


1  *  >\ 


;i  ' 


[^     , 


H15:1 


Caterpillar.  First  xioiji'  (70:7).  Hi'ad  (78:  :!1)  ri'i.'uluriiU(l.'*mo()tli,  ycUinvishhmwii, 
dusted  with  brown,  witlia  fi'w  scatterpdliitpou.s,  sciircoly  elevated  papillae,  oaclifiiviiig 
rise  to  a  short,  yellowish  hair;  oeelli  ))lack;  most  of  iiiouth  parts  eastaiieous;  labriiin 
and  l)asal  joint  of  aiiteiiimewlntisli;  rostof  aiiteiuiae  fiisuoiis.  Uody  slif^htly  lif^hter  than 
the  liead,  of  a  dull  olivaceous  tint,  more  or  less  infuseuted,  sometimes  heavily  lilotclied 
with  hlaek  laterally,  paler  or  more  yellowish  on  tlie  fifth,  and  darker  or  duskier  on  the 
seeoml  and  third  alxiondnal  segments,  sometimes  also  on  tlie  thoracic  and  si.xth  and 
seventii  al'dominal  sef;meiits;  the  tenninal  segment  pale;  l)eneath  the  lM)dy  is  purplish 
brown,  th  lejis  and  prologs  eoucolorous,  the  claws  of  the  former  piceons;  surface  of 
body  decidedly  l)ut  very  delicatply  sliagn^ened,  the  larger  papillae  (86  :  .IH)  tipped  with 
fuscous.    Lengtli  of  Ixidy,  2.7.">-;t.7.">  mm. ;  lircadth  of  same,  ,,"i-.()  una. ;  of  head,  .7  mm. 

Scciind  Mdijr.  Head  (78 :  ;i2)  irregular  and  tul)ereulate,  mostly  dark  l)r<)wn,  including 
the  tul)ercles,  l)ut  willi  a  broad  frontal  and  lateral  stripe  pale  orwldte;  moutii  parts 
blackish.  Hody  with  more  contrasted  color-  tlian  before,  mostly  l)lackisli  lioth  aliove  and 
Ix'low,  excepting  the  dorsal  surfaces  of  tlie  liftli  ami  posterior  part  <d'  I'onrtli  al)doniinal 
segments,  wldcli  are  paie  inteons,  and  excepting  also  tiie  comiiound  tnliercles.  wiiieh 
are  dark  olivaceous  brown ;  the  innumeralile  and  now  irreg'ilar  iiapillae  (86  :  .">!)) ,  whether 
of  liody  or  tuliercles.are  eitiier  of  the  hitter  color  or  lutecus  or  some  sliadel)etween  the 
two.  and  tlie  short  hairs  emitted  l)y  tliem  are  fuscous;  on  the  liftli  abdominal  segment 
the  wartlets  are  all  Inteous.  Tiie  legs  and  prolegs  are  of  the  color  of  tlic  liody  and 
tlu^  spiracles  are  piceons  with  a  fuscous  aureola.  Lengtli  of  body,  5  mm. ;  l)readtli  of 
same,  .7  mm. :  of  heail,  .s  mm. 

In  tills  stage  tlie  lioily  is  completely  roughened  witli  closely  set  tubercles,  particu- 
larly l)ofore  it  has  extended  the  iiiteguments  of  tlie  body  by  feeding. 

Thii-il  nliKjr.  Head  (78  :  :i:t)  lilackish  fuscous,  striped  witli  paler  colors  as  in  tlie  pre- 
vious stage,  the  tuliereles  browiiisli  yellow;  niolitli  parts  black.  Uody  blackisli  fuscons 
spotted  and  streaked  witii  velvety  black :  on  the  tiioracic  segnents  and  the  sides  of 
tlie  anteriin'  alidominal  segments  indistinctly  tinged  witli  dirty  brownisii  yellow;  more 
distinctly  in  a  streak  upon  tlie  sides  of  tlie  other  abdoniimil  segments,  liroadeiiiiig 
jioslcrioriy  on  llie  seventii  to  the  niiitli  segments.  The  posterior  lialf  of  the  fourtli 
aliiloiiiiiiiil  segiiieiit  and  the  wliole  of  the  liftli  segment  above  the  spiracles,  excepting 
a  small  patch  in  the  lower  posterior  corner  of  the  latter,  wliilish.  Principal  tulieruies 
black,  besi't  with  brownish  yellow  warts;  other  tubercU^s  brownisii  yellow  orwhitisli, 
tlie  latter  occurring  on  llie  paler  |iarts.  A  delicate,  pale,  ventral  line  along  tlie  whole 
body;  spiracles  black,  surrounded  witli  iiale  yellow;  legs  and  prolegs  black.  Length, 
7.7.")  mm.;  lireadth  of  liody,  1.2.")  mm. ;  breadth  of  head.  1.;).")  mm. ;  length  of  thoracic 
tubercles,  1  mm. :  lengtli  of  tube.'cles  of  ninth  abiloniinal  segment,  .7.5  mm. 

Fiiurtli  st(i(jc  (78 :  iU).  In  this  stage  it  has  assumed  all  the  general  appearance  of  the 
adult,  both  in  coloration  and  in  tlie  general  proportion  of  tiie  liumiis  and  tubercles  to  the 
body,  lint  tliey  are  all  of  a  smaller  size,  and  the  larger  tubercles  of  a  slightly  ditl'erent 
shape.  Tlie  liody  is  now  not  nearly  so  closely  beset  witli  tubercles  as  before.  Length 
of  body.  20  mm.  :  breailtli.  :!.7.")  mm. :  length  of  tubercle  of  second  tiioracic  segment, 
I!  mm. 

r,,i.il  Mmji-  (74:  I'.i,  22.  21).  Head  (78  :  ;!.">)  reihiish  or  purplisii  brown,  eacli  side  with 
two  longitudinal  yellowish  brown  streaks  uniting  in  a  curve  just  aliove  the  ba.so  of  the 
antennae;  tubercles  mostly  reddisli  brown,  often  a  little  darker  tlian  tiie  head,  those 
of  the  hinder  edge  pale;  tlie  large  tnlicrcle  of  summit  reddish  lirown,  snrronnded  by 
paler  ones;  it  is  iiiglier  than  broad,  the  sid-js  not  swollen,  thougli  ciftcn  appearing  so 
by  the  crowded  wartlets,  apparently  larger  at  sumniit  tlian  at  base,  crowned  with  pretty 
large,  conical,  pointed  wartlets,  which  materially  increase  in  size,  and  in  front  of  them 
two  circular,  smooth  warts  larger  than  the  otiiers ;  base  of  antennae  pale,  second  joint 
infuscated,  tliird  pale  yellowish  lirown;  ocelli  liiack;  mandlliles  blackiih;  other  mouth 
jiarts  dusky  or  reddisli  fuscous.  Thoriicie  segments  dull,  dirty,  brownish  yellow  or 
clayey  brown,  obscured  siigiitly  and  mottled  witli  fuscous,  anil,  especially  the  first 
segment,  with  small,  blackisli  daslies;  rest  of  tlie  body  very  dark  brownish  olivaceous 
or  dark  reddisli,  tinged  in  some  iilaces  willi  brownish   yellow,   oecasioually   ruuiiiug 


] 


# 


NYMPIIALIXAE:    I!AS1I,A1H'IIIA   ArvCIIMMTS. 


271 


into  l)liick;  upon  the  llftli  iibdnininal  soirnu'iil  inicl  the  jiiistcrini' piirt  of  t'lc  fourtli, 
t'xlc'iKliii!;  also  fonviu'il  mid  niK'kwai'il  hi  Ixviiul  strciiks  (pvcrn  pai'l  of  the  dorTiiiin 
of  lh(!  tliinl  and  sixth  ahchmihial  sciriiu'iits.  is  a  iaru;!'.  saildlf->lia|i(Mi  spot  of  ii  dirty, 
dull  ei'crtiii  color,  irciicfally  tiii^ifii  sliiilitly  witli  u'i'ccmIsIi  ;  the  iiiaiimiifonii  elevation 
of  till!  second  abdominal  seirmeiit  dnll,  olivaceous  limwu ;  jiwl  aliove  and  belniul  the 
spiracles  of  the  tliird,  fourtii  and  sixtii  alidonilnai  se;,'nienls  thei'e  is  a  short.  ol)li(iue 
patcli  of  velvety  l)lack ;  tlie  lnfi'asti;;inalal  fold  of  liie  al)doniinal  si'yiinents  is  ed;{cd 
above  with  white,  passinif  upward  a  little  beliind  eacli  spiracle,  and  on  tlie  ninth 
sojinient  t)roadeninj;  into  a  spot;  elongated,  '.ulx'rculated  spine  of  tlie  second  thoracic 
scsrnient  dark  malioirany  brown,  senile  of  tlie  tnliercles  upon  it.  especially  tlu'  apical 
ones,  tipped  witli  pale:  it  is  pretty  abundantly  supplied  with  loiiii  and  hirire,  conical, 
curviiiii  tulicrdes,  liiu;lier  than  broad ;  tlie  minute  warts  of  tlu^  body  mostly  dnll,  sti'el 
liliie.  but  also  yellowisli  ami  purplish:  spirai'les  slate  color,  edircd  narrowly  with  lilack; 
leirs  biackisli  at  i)ase.  ticyond  yellowish  brown  or  testaceous;  prolcu-  dirty  oliviiceous 
in'  yellowish  In-own. 

S(nne  specimens  taken  on  willow  (tliose  forniins  tlie  basis  of  the  above  description 
were,  I  Iielleve,  all  taken  <mi  poplar,  thouj^h  fed  in  part  on  willow  after  capture) 
Were  dolicatis  olivaceous  trreeii  almost  tlinniitliout,  witli  scarcely  any  dark,  olivaceous 
tints  and  none  very  dark:  the  laterodorsal  tul)eri:les  of  tiie  second  alidominai  sejrmeiit 
were  (bill,  l)rownisli  yellow  ;  the  infrastlLtniatal  litiiid  and  the  siiddle  as  in  the  others; 
lint  the  licad  was  pale  olivaceous  irreeii,  Lciiirtii  of  liody,  2."-.'iii  mm. ;  breadth  of  body, 
4-,")  mm.;  of  lumd,  7  mm.:  lens^th  of  tlioracic  tnliercles,  1-1..")  imn. :  of  terminal 
aiidoiniiml  tubercles,  1-1.2,")  mm. 

Chryoalls  (83  ;  lM-20}.  Head,  win^js  niid  the  aiipcnda^res  in  front  varyini;  from  lilack- 
Isli  areen  to  very  dark  yellowish  brown,  the  logs,  touirueiii  d  antennae  witli  a;;roeiiisli 
tinjfe;  thorax  varyin;;  from  brownish  salmon  niucli  mottled  with  plumbeous  to  inky 
olivaeeons  tin^^ed  with  dnll  yellowish  ;  the  mesothorax  is  darker  alonij;  the  nieiliaii  line 
and  oil  the  middle  of  either  side  is  a  lilack  dot;  iii.'Xt  the  w'.in;s  on  the  sides  of  tiie  first 
to  tile  fourth  alidominai  sej;meiits  and  of  tin' anterior  part  of  liie  llftli.  and  sonu'tlines  of 
the  metatiiorax,  salmon  nacreous,  often  a  little  olisciire;  diu'sal  tubercle  of  thesecinul 
seifiiient,  toj;etlier  with  a  broad  streak  adjoliiiim'  the  wli<ile  of  the  nacreous  baud 
beyond  the  anterior  edije  of  the  tulierele,  lilackisii  lirown ;  rest  of  the  abdomen 
whitish  or  very  pale  salmon  colored,  becloudeil  more  or  less  with  fnscons  (or  witli 
a  mottlinit  of  black  and  white  made  up  in  irreat  part  of  interlaeiny;  streaks,  the  black 
prcdomimitlng)  in  dorsal,  lateral  and  broad  subvcntrai  liaiids,  the  dorsal  band  often 
narrow  and  deeper  in  tint,  tlie  siiiivcntral  closely  approximated  to  its  neishlior: 
eiiilith  and  succeedinur  seiimeiits  lilackisii  lirown.  often  tinsred  witli  yellowisii.  and 
cinittinj;  little  tongues  of  the  same  color  upon  the  seventh  seifun'iit.  fadiui;  into  the 
longitudinal  liamls.  Spiracles  of  the  color  of  tlie  liody  willi  black  lips.  Leugtii.  Xo. 
1,  24.");  No.  2,  17.7.');  No.  ■!,  22;  breadth  near  tip  of  wiiiL's.  No.  1.  .><.,-);  at  head, 
Xo.  1,  3;  No.  2,  2..");  No.  ;1.  2.(1 ;  iieigiit  at  alidoininal  tulierele.  No.  I,  lo.2.">;  No.  2,  7..); 
No.  it,  8.">;  at  tiuirax.  No.  I.  7.."i;  No.  2.  .">.."■>;  No.  i'l.ii.L'.l;  liei^'hl  of  iilidominal  tuber- 
cle. No.  1.  2.ii;  No.  2,  1.7."i;  No.  ;l.  2 — all  In  mm. 


i.      i 


Distribution  (19 :  2) .  T]w  sjiL'cii'.s  is  t'mmd  uxor  nearly  the  wIkiIc  of  the 
United  State,'?  as  far  west  as  tlie  Siena  \e\!  da.  and  lia.s  lieen  fmmd  spar- 
ingly e\en  t(j  the  Paelfie  eiiast  near  our  iiortliern  liomidaries  (Uritish 
Colinnbia  and  Oregon,  —  Edwards).  It  is  rire  in  the  e.xtreiue  west,  and 
I  have  not  notieed  its  oeenrrence  in  (.'oloradu,  Arizona  or  New  Mexico, 
though  it  has  been  found  in  southwestern  M'v<iniing  liy  Osten  Saeken,  in 
eentral  Utah  by  Putnam,  and  near  Truekee,  Xevada  Ity  .Me(ilashiui.  To 
the  south  it  appears  to  reach  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  though  how  far  it  jiene- 
trates  the  peninsular  of   Florida,  where  iin   tdlied   form  exists,  I  do   not 


'm 


I  '^^^:i| 


?i' 


TIIH   liirrKI'l'LIKS  ()!•    NKW    i;X(;LANI). 


know.  The  nortlit  riiimi!<t  l(K•aIitie^^  troin  which  it  hii,-*  Itocii  rc'iiortcd  are 
C'row"^  \o.st  and  ("alj^itiy,  \.  W .  T.  ((icddcH)  and  Moose,  Hudson 
Bay,  one  s[»ocinien  {\Veir).  Kdwards  ways  it  leaclios  Ir.titude  .t2°.  East- 
ward it  lias  been  taken  at  Ottawa  ( Hillinjis,  Fietelier),  Montreal  (Caul- 
field),  on  the  St.  I^awrcnee  V\r>  miles  ahove  (^uelje^'  (IJowles)  and  in 
Nova  Scotia  (.Fones). 

Within  New  Knji'and  it  (jccurs  ai)undantly  in  the  south,  more  sparingly 
in  the  north,  althoufiii  found  in  the  very  heart  of  the  Wliite  Mountains. 
The  northernmost  points  from  which  specimens  are  recorded  are  M(»unt 
Desert  Island  ( Scudder) ,  Oroiio  (Kernald),  Waterville  (Ilamlin),  Ilailo- 
well  ( Miss  Wadswortli)  and  Xorway,  Me.  (Smith);  Franconia,  Wing 
Koad  and  the  (ilcn.  White  Mountains,  X.  II.  (Morrison,  Scudder), 
Siidliury  (Sciiddi'r)  and  Stowe,  \'t.  (Miss  Soule). 

Haunts.  Tlie  l)utterHy  is  found  in  open  country  in  fields  and  meadows, 
especially  in  low  grounds,  and  hovers  fondly  over  lilos.^oms  of  tjie  golden 
rod  (Solidagci).      In  Iowa,  Mr.  .Mien  found  it  in  o[)en  groves. 

Oviposition.  The  female  alwiiys  chooses  tlie  terminal  leaves  of  a  twig 
for  till'  deposit  of  iier  eggs,  and  even  the  tip  of  the  leaf.  They  are  usually 
laid  on  the  upper  surface,  and  it  is  very  rare  to  find  more  than  a  single  egg 
on  a  leaf,  though  Uiley  ri'cord.--  an  instance  of  three  together  and  says  that 
he  lias  found  them  on  hotli  sides  of  the  tip  of  the  leaf,  hase  to  h.ise  ;  I 
I'uve  ne\er  seen  such  a  case,  and  witii  hardly  an  exception  have  foiuul 
t  icm  laid  singly,  and  in  nearly  nine  eases  out  of  ten,  on  the  u|>per  side  at 
tile  very  extremity;  out  of  twenty-twi/  collected  in  om;  day,  ti\ '3  were 
found  on  the  lower,  the  others  on  the  U[)per  surface.      Miss  Soule  records 


(Psycl 


le  v 


U). 


similar  case  of  more  than  one  eii'if  to  a  leaf 


'One 


leaf  had  four 


s  ;  one  at  the  tij),  two  on  one  edge  near  the  tip,  and  one 
on  the  other  edge  near  the  tip.  Another  leaf  had  two  ;  one  on  the  tip, 
the  other  near  it.  The  third  leaf  had  three  irregularly  i)laced  near  the 
tip."  All  these,  with  the  possible  exception  of  one  of  the  first  four,  Miss 
Soule  saw  laid.  Afterwards  four  eggs  were  found  on  a  willow  leaf,  two  on 
each  side  of  the  tip.      The  liuttei'Hy  was  exce[)tionally  abundant. 


">l)eeun( 


US  h 


i\e  been  recei 


\i'd  bv  me  from   .Misses  (iuild  and   Miu'tfeldt. 


The  duration  of  the  egg  varies  from  four  to  eight  davs.  Of  two  laid 
within  five  minutes  of  each  other  on  August  Ith  at  noon,  one  hatched  at 
nine  o'clock  on  the  JSth,  the  other  in  the  nijiht  of  the    lOth-llth.      All  of 


the 


seen  laid   by  ^liss  Soule,   hatched    within  twenty-four  hours  of 


eacii  otiiei 


th 


Food  plant.  Salicaceae  form  the  favorite  food  of  this  caterpillar. 
Mr.  Lintner  writes  that  he  has  taken  it  on  six  or  eight  si)eeie8  of  Salix ; 
among  the  plants  of  this  family  upon  which  it  lives  are  golden  willow, 
i)lack  willow  (S.  nigra  Marsh.),  the  long-beaked  willow  (S.  livida,  var. 
occidentalis),  and  silky  leaved  willow  (.S.  serieea  Marsh. ) .     Of  Poiiulus, 


NVMPHALIN'AK  :   llASILAUCIIIA   AIt(  HIl'PUS. 


273 


tin;  Imlin  (if  ;iiK'ii(l  (P.  liiilsiunit'cra,  Ij..  Mir.  caiiiliciins  Ait. ).  !i.'*|ion  (P. 
tR'iimli)i(lc.s  .Miclix.),  cotton  wood  (P.  inonilifiTU  Ait.),  smd  Ijonil)iinly 
poplar  (  P.  (lilatata  Ait.).  Popiilu-^  .^fciiis  to  liavo  a  jrreater  attraction  tlian 
Saiix,  tiioiiii'li  liy  no  means,  it  aj)pcars  to  nic,  to  such  an  extent  as 
^Ir.  Ivlwaids  finils  in  iiis  experience.      lie  wi-itcs  : 

At  f'(iiill)iii':ili,  tlic  liii'viK!  .  .  .  feed  (in  will.iw  iiiid  no  iispcii  •;niw>  in  this  part  of 
tlie  sliitc  [W.  Va.J.  In  llic  ('!it>l\ill>.  Ixitli  -willnu-s  imd  a>pcns  aliotnid,  mid  tliere 
tills  spccit's  prcfoi'H  to  feud  on  tlic  liiUcr.  1  liavu  oftoii  found  lliolr  cases  on  younjf 
iispcns  late  in  tin;  fall,  but  never  on  -vvillow.  tlumifli  willow  wduld  ho  used  If  tliere  was 
no  choice.  Ill  IMTfp,  I  hroiight  several  small  aspens  tii  t^oallmi'u'li  •  •  •  and  since  that 
time  I  llnd  many  larvae.  .  .  feedini;  on  the  leaves;  lint  on  the  willnws  near  liy.  on 
whieli  I  liad  been  ae(!usl'imed  to  llnd  them.  I  rarely  have  met  iine.  Mere  was  a  case 
where  perhaps  for  Inn'dri  Is  of  iteiierallons  neither  calerpilhir  nor  biitterily  conld  have 
seen  an  aspen,  but  tl.  inoiiient  one  was  produced,  tlif  bnlterlly  knew  what  would  suit 
the  cater|iilliir  best,  ami  deserted  the  willov.'  "  (Itntt ,  X.  .\..  il.). 

IJoisdnval  and  LeConte  Ktate  tiiat  it  is  found  on  several  species  of 
Pruuiis,  \vliicli  is  partially  \crified  liy  A\'alsli,  who  say  it  fe('ds  occa- 
sionally on  plum,  and  Saunders  adds  cherry  to  the  list.  Mr.  IJntner  has 
also  taken  it  on  apjilc,  iind  Ahliot  fioiircs  it  on  Chrysiohalamis  ohlongi- 
folius  Michx.,  a  rosaceous  shruli  of  the  pine  harrens  of  (Jeorjfia.  Kirt- 
land  even  asserts  that  it  is  foiuid  on  several  species  of  oak  ami  specifies 
i^.  nilira  L.  Possihiy  the  close  resonihlance  hetween  the  different  cater- 
pillars of  this  i,ccniis  may  have  misled  some  of  these  oliservers.  especiallv 
in  tiie  case  of  oak.  Kiley  states  that  s[)ecimens  transferred  from  golden  to 
black  willow  hecomc  much  dai'ker  in  color. 

Habits  of  the  caterpillar.  On  hatching,  the  caterpillar  eats  its  way 
out  of  one  side  of  tlic  egg  leaving  the  sinnmit  intact,  hut,  under  natural 
conditions,  liefore  attacking  tiie  leaf  dcvoiu's  the  shell  to  the  very  liase.  It 
now  eats  first  the  apical  leaves  (81:7),  and  then  those  next  in  order, 
omitting  none  in  its  passage  down  the  stem,  so  that,  as  Lintner  says,  its 
jiosition  may  lie  "at  once  revealed  hy  the  twig  upon  which  it  had  fed  .  .  . 
[heing]  entirely  defoliated  from  its  tiji  ahout  eighteen  inches  downward,  leav- 
ing only  the  ftiotstalks  remaining."     It   is  solitary  in  its  hahits,  although 


INIr.  Lintner  has  foimd  as  many  as  five  specimens  on  one  small  hush  of 
P.  trcnmloides,  and  I  once  discovered  fourteen  eggs  on  one  poplar.  It 
moves  ahout,  jiarticularly  in  early  life,  with  a  spasmodic  motion  and  when 
distiulicd,  snaps  its  head  upward  re[)catcdly. 

I  once  rested  a  leaf,  on  which  a  larva  had  just  changed  its  skin  for  the 
first  time,  u[ton  another  in  such  a  way  that  the  eaten  ti[)  of  the  first  just 
touched  the  last ;  the  caterpillar  which  was  eating  its  old  skin  with  its  tail 
toward  the  tip  of  the  leaf,  seemed  at  once  to  hccome  aware  of  this  and 
showed  iinmistakahle  signs  of  temper,  lashing  its  head  to  one  side  and  the 
other,  dashing  it  while  doing  so  against  the  leaf  and  finally  arching  its 
body  and  remaining  immovable  as  if  moody.  It  was  a  long  while  before  it 
would  resume  its  semi-cannibalistic  feast. 


.  J- 


S^ 


I  nil 


/ 


- 

»  ( 

r 

1 

1 


M'IIII.UJI.Il«Ji.iU.J«JtJili!W!!i 


274 


iiii-;  iirTTr.itn.ir.s  ok  ni:\v  knuland. 


i'-^t: 


f: 


1;,f; 


:i'^-- 


^■;,' 


In  till'  saiiic  wiiy  when  ti)iicli(!il  l>y  anotlicr  catcrpillai'  it  jfucs  into  a  fury 
of  rajic  tliriiwinj,'  tlu;  wlmlc  tVniit  Iialf  of  its  liody  violoiitly  to  one  side  ami 
till'  otluT  and  tlicn  causintr  tlic  licad  to  trcuililc  vertically.  If  two,  walk- 
inu'  toward  oacli  otiicr,  ini'ct  and  toiicli,  the  I'H'eet  is  ludicnais  in  the 
extreme,  as  they  .>tand  and  swin^f  their  heads  aiiont,  often  strikinj^  eaeh 
other  violently  in  the  operation.  This  is  done  as  soon  at  least  us  after  the 
first  niiadt.  Later  in  life  it  manifests  its  ilis|ilea>Mre  liy  nnivinjf  its  liead 
in  a  circle  around  the  li'af  on  \vlii<'h  it  rests,  iicconipr.nyiiijr  the  movement 
liy  little  spasmodic  rccoilinji'  starts,  makin<r  tiie  leaf  trt'mlile. 

I'ndi'r  natural  circumstances,  thi'  caterpillar  appears  to  feed  almost 
entirely  l>y  ninht.  t'or  durinj;-  the  day  one  almost  invariahly  finds  it  takinfif 
its  siesta,  while  shortly  after  dark  it  is  usually  fiamd  either  feedinjr  or 
nioviuLT  toward  its  feedin^i'  place  ;  hut  in  confinement  it  will  i'eed  (piite  as 
nuieli  hy  day  as  liy  ni^ht.  It  nevei'  remains  upon  its  feedinj;  jfroinid  when 
its  appi'tite  is  satiatecl,  hut  retires  either  to  the  untouched  midi'ili  of  the 
leaf  where  the  sides  have  heen  eaten  away  (81  :H)  or,  when  larjjer,  to  a 
twig' ;  in  either  case  it  .stops  when  it  has  reaclu'd  its  favorite  spot  and  rests 
imnii'vahle,  heading  away  from  its  food  ;  ap|)etite  retm-ning,  it  wheels 
al)out,  hurries  to  its  old  feeding  s[)ot,  and  its  meal  finished,  retires  again 
to  its  ai'cu>tonied  station  tor  a  new  siesta. 

As  the  first  tolerably  full  account  of  the  hihernating  haliits  of  this  cater- 
pillar were  gi\cn  hy  liiley,  I  copy  the  account  of  their  hahits  as  given  in 
liis  third  Missouri  Keport,  an  account  liased  on  an  articde  on  Imitative 
Butrcrriies,  hy  Messrs.  Walsh  and  IJiley  ("the  greater  part  of  it  written 
l)y  yiv.  >Valsir'),  wliich  had  appeared  earlier. 

Tlu!  liu'viu'  i)f  tlic  iiutiniiiiiil  l)ro()(l  whoa  al)oiit  onc-fonrlh  or  onc-tliinl  jrrowa, 
liuilil  U)v  tluMiisolvcs  (MU'iiiiw  little  Ikuisps,  in  wliicli  tlioy  pas-  tlic  wiiUcr.  l"ir-t  and 
fort'niost — with  wisp  fdrctlion^lit.  and  heini;  woU  juvarc  tluMiiirli  its  natural  instincts, 
that  the  leaf  which  it  has  sclcctod  for  its  house  will  fall  to  the  irronnd  whoa  the  cold 
weatliei' sets  in,  unless  it  takes  niensuros  to  prevent  this — the  larva  fastens  the  stem 
of  the  leaf  with  silken  cables  securely  to  the  twiji  from  which  it  itrows.  It  then 
irnaws  oil'  the  liliide  of  the  leaf  at  it-  tip  end,  leavini;  little  else  but  the  midrib. 
Finally  it  roll-  th<'  rcmainiusr  part  of  the  blade  of  the  leaf  into  a  cylinder,  -ewina; 
tlie  ediie-  tou;ethei'  witli  -ilk.  Tile  l(a-al  portion  of  the  cylinder  is  of  course  tapered 
to  a  point,  as  the  ed;je-  of  the  leaf  are  merely  drawn  together,  not  overlapped; 
ami  invarialily  the  lower  -iile  of  the  leaf  forms  tlu^  oul-ide  of  the  house,  so  as  to  have 
it-  i>rojectinir  midrll)  nut  of  tlii>  way  of  the  larva,  as  it  reposes  snugly  in  the  inside. 
The  whole  when  tini-hed  has  -oniewhat  the  appearance  of  the  leaf  of  a  nilniatinv  pitcher 
plant  (Sarracenia),  its  leuitth  beinj;  .'iO-.G'>  inch.,  aad  its  diameter  .11-. H  inch.  .  .  . 
The  blade  oa  tla^  tip  piece  i-  -fimetimes  irnawed  oil"  rlitht  down  to  the  rib;  at 
other-  it  is  left  alaio-t  a-  broad  a-  the  tube.  Sometimes  it  is  bent  over  the 
orltlce;  at  othia-s  not.  'I'liey  are  also  much  more  irregidar  and  uiiLraiuly  Mhen  made 
from  broad  leaves  -ucli  as  tli 
narrow 


)f  the  -iher  pojilar.  than  when  made  froia  the  more 
PS  of  the  willow.     The-e  autumual  larvat'  have  also  another  peculiar  habit 


not  heretofore  recorded,  ami  Avideh  was  tirst  pointed  oiu  to  me  by  Mr.  .T.  A.  Lintner.  of 


Albanv,  \.  Y. 


T1"'V  exhibit  a  tendeacv  to  build  from  tlio  time  thev  are  bora,  and  will 


always  pat  the  leave-  from  the  side,  irnawinit  larsre  holes  and  cutting  alons  the  sides 
of  the  inibrib.      They  commence  at  the  tip   ami  as  they  work  downwards   toward 


XVMI'HAI.INAK:    li.\SII.AI!(  IIIA    AlK  illl'I'I'S, 


275 


Tlicr 


c  if<  no 


transformation 


(ordinarily  ul)out 
ami  by  no  nici 


till!   Im>c.   Iliiv   ((illcct  tlio  il(>l)ri>  into  a  little  limicli,  uliicli  tlicv   I'li-tiii   witli  »llk 

to  the  iiiiilril).     Wlii'ii  tliL'  lillifniiiciiliflii  i>  lliil>lic(l  t'lc  -I'rnw  i»  iPiTfi'i'lly  >mo<>lli  ami 

tlie  wlioU-  iiislclf  is  llm'<l  with  >ilk.     Tlu!  larva,  aftiT  comiplelinir  its  wnvls.  loiiiposo.s 

Itsi'lf  I'or  the  wliiliT.  witli  the  tail  ti>\varils  the  orillcc.     Here  il  rciiiaiiis  till  the  riitkliis 

HI!!  Ill  bloom  llic  ii(!\t  sprln;;.  wlicii  It  retreats  from  it«  hoiis,.  uinl  eoMiiiieuees  Ceeiliii;;. 

Xol  llie  least  woiiilerriil  piirt  ill' I  lie  |ilieiioiiieiioii  is,  ijiai   it  is  mily  tlie  aiitiimiial  lirooil  'j    3'1l(»< 

of  lar\ae  llial  I'onii  |iitcher-lil<e  hoiisi-s  to  live  in  linrimi  the  i.ic'lemeiil  season  of  llic   . 

vear.  the  summer  liri>oil  haviny:  no  oeeasiou  to  slielter  tlienisi>h  cs  Wmn  tin-  cold.  ^ 

I  am  iiiilcliti'd  to  Mis.s  (iiiild  and  to  Mi'ssr.-!.  LiiitiU'i'.  Snnhdrn  and 
Troinrlnt  tor  many  sjn'cimcns  of  tlii^  liir\ii,  tiiid  to  Messrs.  Mmci'v.  Mark. 
Slmtc.  Smitii  iind  Troiivt'lot  tor  cln'y.salid.-i. 

Life  history.  Fn  Now  Kno-land,  tlii.<  is  at  K'a-t  a  doiililc  liioodt'il 
insect,  tlioiij,di  it  is  moif  tiian  likely  that  it  is  tri|(k' iiioiHU'd  in  the  southern 
stations  and  |irol)id>le  that  ti  third  siippk'iuciilary  hrnod  will  he  t'oimd 
everywhere.  It  stiirts  the  year  in  its  hirval  hilieriiiicnliim  as  a  eaterjiilkir 
ordinarily  Jn  its  second^  sta^'e.  hut  not  at  all  infrequently  in  its  tirst.  iind 
rarely  in  its  third  sttioc.  To  eseape  from  its  ntirrow  winter  (jniirters  it 
nnist  retreat  haekwards.  tind  whim  it  does  this  it  is  to  Hnd  only  the  hiirstiiijif 
ciitkins.  and  as  yet  no  h'ttves  of  its  fooil  phiiit  :  n|Miii  these  it  hreid<s  its 
loiio-  fast,  iiml  e\en  sometimes  atttiins  nearly  hidf  its  or(i\vt!u  luit  in  May 
heeomes  fidl  fed  ii|ion  the  tender  leaves.  The  Imtteiilies  a|p[iear  early  in 
.lime,  usually  l>y  the  ."jth  or  Hth.  in  the  latitude  of  lioston,  the  earliest 
date  reeorded  heino-  May  .'il,  when  Mr.  Lintner  litis  taken  sjieeimens  near 
Alhany,  X.  Y.  I  iiini'  tilso  found  the  Itu'va  netirly  full  orown  tit  Xew 
iJritiiin.  Conn.,  on  May  I.").  IJiit  they  nirely  heeume  iiluimliint  Iiefore 
the  middle  of  .liim.',  and  e(intinne  to  emerge  from  the  chrysalis  .iiitil  the 
end  of  the  month.  I'tiirinj^  tid<es  plticy  at  once  (Mr.  Lintner  records  ii 
case  June  7),  and  e<r<!;i?  arc  laid  in  tihoiit  ti  fortnight  tifter  the  first 
iijtpearance  of  hiittertlies,  the  earliest  known  to  me  heing  indictited  hy 
recently  liiitched  eaterpilhirs  in  the  lirst  sttige  tis  well  :is  eggs  founil 
June  26,  when  the  hntterHies  had  heen  flying  tit  tlnit  season  tihont  three 
weeks.  In  the  north  they  ordintirily  apjiear  ti  week  or  ten  diiys  hiter  thtin 
ahout  Boston,  the  etirliest  dates  know  n  to  me  heino-  June  0,  at  Ilallowell, 
]\Ie.  (Miss  Wadsworth),  and  ,Iime  11,  at  AVing  Road,  X.  II.  (Scndder). 
and  I  have  tdso  found  inidly  battered  females  tit  Frtmeonia,  X.  II..  on 
June  27,  which  must  litne  bcin  out  ti  fortnight.  It  is  therefore  ti  little 
earlier  than  \\.  tirthemis,  having  apparently  a  little  the  sttirt  of  it  iu  the 
ciirlier  provender  provided  by  iiiiturc  for  the  use  of  the  hibernating  eater- 
pilhirs. Kggs  arc  certtunly  Itdd  in  Jtine,  for  I  have  found  catci'iiilliirs  in 
their  first  stage  durinu;  the  last  week  of  June  tit  Plvmotith,  X'.  II. 


■•■■«' 


i 


276 


llli:  111  TTr.UKMKS  oi-    M.\v    i;N(il,AM>. 


'JW'' 


w 


(spcMkiiiir  ill  tlii-<  |)iiriiLri"ii|ili  <••'  tlic  liititiidc  nf  IJo-itiin  dulv).  L't'iuTsiUy 
take  just  iiliniit  oiu'  iiiontli  iit  tliis  season  of  tlic  year,  ami  tlic  sfcond 
hrootl  of  l)titt('iHif.x  makes  its  a|t|)eaniiiec  in  Massaelnisetts.  after  al)oiit  ten 
(seven  to  ten)  days  in  chrysalis*  hyaliont  tlie  miililie  of  .Inly — sonietinieH 
as  early  as  the  lUth  of  the  month,  tlyiiitr.  therefore,  for  a  fortnight  or  more 
in  company  with  many  individnals  ot'  tiie  first  lirood,  and  conlinninir  to 
cnicrii'e  from  the  chrysidis  dnrinj;  the  whole  of  .Inly,  and  certaiidv  a  part 
of  Aniriist.  '|"he  first  ami  second  lirood  connniiii^liiiir,  and  the  females  of 
the  second  lieinji  ready  to  lay  their  eirjrs  liy  the  time  the  females  of  the 
first  have  closed  thi'ir  laliors,  tlu;  InitterHy  may  he  fonnd  in  almost  orfpiito 
every  stajfe  thron<^hont  .Inly  and  Aiiiiiist.  This  renders  the  precise nppear- 
anci'  of  a  third  hrood  uncertain  :  that  there  is  such  a  hrood,  the  siirht  of 
plenty  of  tVcsli  females  layini:'  their  first  t'^'^'s  (as  proved  hy  their  ahimd- 
ance  in  the  ahdomen)  at  the  Ncry  iMid  of  Aufjnst  and  early  in  Septend)er, 
alinndantly  shows  :  tor  it'  the  third  hrood,  nndertfoinj;  its  transfm'nnitiiMis 
in  the  hottest  season,  follows  only  as  ra|iidly  on  the  secinid,  as  the  second 
on  the  first,  the  first  lintterflies  of  this  hrood  should  appear  early  in  An^nist 
and  lie  r;'ady  to  lay  cLr.u's  shoi'lly  after  the  middle  of  the  month  ;  ji'ood 
specimens  fit  f'oi-  tiie  caliinet  may  still  lie  olitained  in  the  second  week  in 
Scptendier,  and  eii'^-layini;'  continues  at  least  into  the  tiiird  week  an<l 
proliaMy  throuirlunit  tin-  month.  The  femali's  will  sonii'limes  he  f'ou'ul 
flyinjL;'  witli  only  tattered  renmants  of  winiis  (61:  2'>). 

In  tlii^  White  ^lountain  district,  the  second  lirood  is  not  nsnallv  seen 
luitil  nciu'  the  end  of  .Inly  ;  and  thereafter,  as  in  the  south,  fresh  spi'cimens 
may  lie  foimd  the  rest  of  the  season,  or  until  at  least  the  middle  of  Auffust. 
The  earliest  luitterfiies  of  this  hrood  mav  in  some  years  lie  ahk;  to  lav  ejrjr.s 
liy  the  first  week  in  Aui;ust,  and  a  third  lirood,  or  a  fraji'ment  of  it,  a  sup- 
plementary lirood,  appear  eai'ly  in  Scptemlici- :  whether  there  Wduld  then 
Ih'  time  for  the  de\'eIopmcnt  of  tlu'  eu'u's  within  and  withont  the  liody  of  the 
parent,  and  the  irrowth  of  the  larva  past  its  first  moidt  (the  latter  only  a 
couple  of  days),  may  perhaps  he  (pii'stioned,  lint  in  favoralile  seasons  and 
in  protei'te<l  localities  in  the  lower  levels  it  seems  in  no  way  impossililc. 
Butterflies  may  lie  found  throughout  Septemher,  including,  I  lielieve,  a 
certain  nnnilier  of  fresh  specimens,  though  my  notes  are  not  snHiciently 
e.\[ilicit  on  this  point.  I  have  found  plenty  of  eggs  and  catei[)illars  in  their 
earliest  stages  at  IMymouth  on  Septendier  7. 

In  the  south  the  ninnher  of  broods  must  ho  greater,  lint  our  data  are 
vcrv  meagre  ;  they  fly  as  early  as  the  latter  half  of  .March,  and  hecome 
numerous  early  in  April  aliout  .\])palaeliicola  (Chapman).  They  are 
fonnd  again  in  the  latter  half  of  May  and  early  in  .lime,  and  there  must 
he  at  least  three  liroods  after  that.       Alihot   raised  one   from   chrvsalis  on 


*Mr.  J?illiniiS,  lit'  Ottawa,  says  lio  has  liad  aliils  of  iillier  lititlcillics,  llici'o  may  liavo  liopii 
>li(M'iiiic'ii«  in  I'lirysalis  fur  uiily  five  days,  Ijut  sunii'lliinir  pi'diliai-  al.ijiil  his  lirix'illnij;  ciijje. 
as  he  iconls  iiniaily  lirief  piTJoils  for  ihi-ys-       Sec  also  iimler  Ai;lais  inilherti. 


XY.MI'IIAI.INAK:    li.\s||,Al!<  111  A    AlH  lill'I'l  S 


.1  I 


tii'TH.-.r 


7.      Ft-<  mcitlc  (if 


|iiis-im;j;  111!'  winter.  linucM'r.  i-  tin'  ■'.••iiic  in 


y\\^. 


jtonri  iinil  in  Wet  \'ir;iiniii  ih  in  tlic  mn'tli :  only  Mr.  Ktlwin'iU  snys  ilial 
tlii'V  iilwiiv-^  icMi'li  tlirjr  .x('C(>n<I  and  ■i<ini('tinii'>  ilicir  iliii'il  Miijfc  liftiirc 
liil)ci'ii:itii)n,  ;niil  lie  lui^  t'oniiil  liitin  cximkccI  ih  liiic  u-  (  (rtulu  i  1:.'.  It  is 
n'iiiiis  tiiinii'  lliiil  \\f  liml  in  llic  ciitiriiilliirs  ut'  the  lir^l  liidud  nci  tcnilcnry 


it    CI 


wlialcNcr  to  ciinsiiiict  liilpcrnai'iil 
altiTiiatc  uTiiciiiti 


I  :   licri'  \\i'  lia\c  an  iii>tiiiit   iiilu  ritcW   liv 


nii-^  :   cti' ciiily  wiicii   tlic   niuliliy  cliill-  ur  tiic  (ioifratiii^r 
tood  indicate  the  cominjf  i>t' an  iint'ricndiy  sca-on. 

It  is  liardly  |)i'nl)aldc  tliat  tlie  Imtlertly  ever  liilu'i'iiates  ;  Imt  Mr.  Lintncr 


reCDi'ds  (iiic  liiiltcrth-  as  ^ecn  uii 


Mav  >>  at  Scoliaric.  New  Vurk.    It' A 


iiixia 


plexipiais  \v('r(' iicil  iiiislakcii  tin- this  >|M'ci(s.  as  Mr.  [Jiiliur  liiinsclt' thinks 
piissiiile,  SI)  early  an  a|(|)aritiiin  wnidd  -iirely  iiidirale  liiat  the  insect  had 
wintered  either  in  the  chrysiijis  ur  iiiia;^u  -late. 

Habits,  flight,  etc-  Tlii-  lunieitly  is  \cry  timd  of  the  jniees  ut'  apples 
drvint;'  in  t!ie  sun  and  ot'  oxcr-riin'  t'riiit.  .lac'k  has  iiotii(<l  it  alinlilliiu'  on 
leaves  eiirleil  l>y  plant  lice  ami  driiikiiiu'  llie  sweets  exiidiiii:'  t'roin  the  ear- 
iineles  of  the  .\pliides. 

The  Hijiht  of  this  inittcrlK'  is  rather  ieisiirelv  and  saiJinL;' ;  it  moves  irreii;- 
nlarly  from  place  to  [)Iaee,  oeeasionally  retiii'iiiiiL;'  to  the  same  .spots. 

When  at  rest,  the  hody  is  raised  at  an  aiij;Ie  of  from  .'Hi'  to  ;i.")',  the 
winu's  are  closely  compressed,  the  tip  of  the  fore  winu's  placed  ahove  the 
middle  of  the  ahdomeii  and  s ncejilcd  liy  the  hinder  pair  as  to  Iea\e  un- 
covered only  six  of  the  siiiniiarLiinnl  row  of  spots.  'I'lie  antennae  are  nearly 
sti'aiiiht,  having  an  almost  inipia'ceptihle  liend  in  the  middle  hy  wiiicli  the 
tips  arc  slin'htly  iijiproxiinaled  :  when  the  insi'ct  is  on  a  hori/ontal  plane, 
they  are  raised  .at  an  aiiu'lc  of  alioiit  1.")'  with  the  body  and  spread  ;iliout 
"0^  :  hut  when  liie  insect  is  in  a  p('r|ieiidiciilai'  position,  the  head  (low  ii- 
ward,  tlic  divarication  is  only  ahoiit  !.'>  ,  and  tiie  aiitciiiial  ti[is  alioiit  lo 
mm.  apart. 

Mimicry.  There  exists  amonu'  North  American  hiitterHies  no  more 
complete  mimicry  than  is  >how  n  hy  the  ima^o  of  this  species  for  that  of 
Anosia.  How  close  it  is  will  appear  at  once  iiy  comparinii'  the  (iiturcs  of  the 
two  upon  our  fir>t  plate:  and  how  t'ar  it  has  (lc[)artcd  I'roiii  its  ancestral 
pattern  and  colors  may  lie  iiil'crred  on  a  comparison  of  liiiure  .")  with  the  tii:- 
iires  of  the  other  form-  ol'  the  Licniis  on  I'l.atc  2,  tiu'urcs  .'>,  .n  and  H.  'I'he 
grountl  tint,  wliicii  is  almost  identical  in  the  other  forms  ot'  IJ.asilarchia,  has 
chaiiifed  com[ileteIy  from  a  hlue  l)Iack  to  tiie  deep  orann'c,  charitcteristic  ol' 
•Vnosia  ;  this  has  apparently  lieen  hrcaiiiht  ahoiit  hy  a  complete  siifl'usion 
(and  perfect  tran-l'creiiee  to  the  upper  surface,  as  well)  of  tlie  oranure  spots 
which  are  found  only  at  the  liase  and  near  the  outer  mar^'in  of  the  other 
siJC'cies,  and  which  are  iisiudly  wholly  distinct,  or  eoiiHiient  oidy  near  the 
ti[)  of  the  fore  win;^s.  In  the  pattern  of  the  markinji's  we  find  the  nearest 
approach  to  the  form  proserjiina,  which,  as  a  liyhrid  of  the  other  two  Xew 
England  species,  may  possihly  indicate  more  clearly  than  cither  of  them  the 


^ 


'^ 


sEi'i  -  ''W: 'I'J 


i? 


*  '^  *  »*H 


5  .  '* 


■J   fe./' 


j.auutj.Luu'JJ.tJ,..j||g'i»ia 


i  ■ 

:'*■■■' . 


278 


iiiK  iu-m;Ki'Lii>  oi'  NKW  i;n(;lani). 


ft' 


•.,  J; 


: .  X 


f.  ;  ■ 


toriii  IVdiii  v'lifli  Ixitli  wi'iv  dcriNcd  ;  at  Iciist  tlic  (■(»iir-<o  ot'  tlio  tnmsvi'ivc 
s!tri|)C  of  uiir  [Ji'i'sc'iit  spccii's,  wliicli  tlioiiuli  l)lii('k,  iiK'ludo.s  .•"Oiue  white 
spots*  in  the  t'orc  wiiiji',  and  is  interiorly  niiirii'ined  with  wiiite  on  tiie  under 
surt'iU'e  ut' tlie  hind  wiii^s.  more  nearly  accords  witli  that  of  proseri)ina  than 
with  either  of  its  parent  species  :  this  sti'ipe  on  the  iiind  wi'ijr  finds  no 
counterpart  in  Ano>ia  ;  luit  on  tiie  fore  winii'.  hy  its  expansion  toward  the 
eostal  niaruiu  and  its  enclosure  then'  of  some  small  white  spots,  heiji'litens 
the  reseniMance  to  the  apex  of  the  winu'  in  Anosia.  further  aided  hy  the 
paleness  of  the  marginal  lunules  in  all  the  winffs.  The  Itutlertly  is  found 
over  very  lU'arly  tlie  same  ai'ea  as  Anosia,  and  where  the  darker  niahoyany- 
colured  and  also  "protected"  Kuploeid  species  of 'I'asitia  eomes  in.  this  liut- 


terflv  takes  mi  a  ma 


and 


Iiouanv  hue, 


also   nnmetic  species,  1>.  eros 


which  is 


-till 


iiore   Marked  in  the  alliec 


.1 


which  supplants  it  further   south  where 


ht  t( 


Tiisitia  lierenice  has  fuller  sway. 

Experimants  and  endurance.     A  ciirysalis  of  this  species.  Iironj;' 
me  pierced  tlirou;:li  \\itli  a  larue  insect  pin  when  aiioiit  four  days  old.  uavt 
out  the  l)utterli\-  as  usual  (or  \vould  ha\c  done  so  it' it  could)  as  if  I'litiirlv 


matfected  li\   the 


iim. 


'file  head  case  was  tiirown  off  in  the  usual  manner, 


mil  one  fore  wini;'  was  extricated  and  fully  di'velopcd. 

."^oiiie  ex|ieriiiients  on  the  action   of  this  liutterily  when  the  antennae  arc 


cut  off  near  tl 
hotli,  will    lie 


>und  r( 


or  the  eyes  liliiuK'd   li\'  a  layer   ol'  thick   pinnient,  or 
'cor<leil  liv  Mr.   L.  'i'roiuclot  in  the  .Vmerican  natur- 


alist, xi  :  i;i;)-i. 

Mr.    Ivhvards   has 
suhmittiui;'  the  ehrv^a 


record   sniiie   ohservatiims  i,n  the  result  of 


lids  1 


o  extreme  cold  (  I'sveli 


171).    He  found  that 


iiojectcil  to  a  tempcratun 


~r  ii 


lev  were    I'illtci 


1.       I 


n  another  expen- 


iiieiit  one  was  ii 


ilaced  ' 


w  lien  six  liours  olil  in  a  temperature  o 


f  IH^  tor  fonrteeii 


day: 
The 
after 


second  w  lieu  twehe  hours  old  in  the  same  temperature  for  ten  days 


Inst  [I 


diieed 
il  f 


I  mate   in   si'ven  (tav,- 


removal  trom  tlie  ice 


tli< 


Moth 


the 
■alii 


Hike  111  CO 


d  a    t 
lor  al 


eiiiale  m   six  diivs 


)ove  and  lielow 


iliovedark.  rcsemliliiii;' southern  Danais  arcliip|ius.      In  the  male  the  hlaek 


mesial  hand  on  hind  win' 


IS  W|{ 


ler  tl 


lan  iisua 


Hit  in  the  female  tl 


lis 


hand  is  extraordinary,   nearly  three  times  as  wide  as  iisu  1. 
in   liotli.  the   hind   winy  is  ^ery  liiilit.  a    f 
ijuite   unlike  any   . 


iwn  eol(U'.  witl 


no 


fill 


Beneath, 
\<nis  tint, 


.   wt'stern  or  southern    example,  thoujrh   resemhling 
Catskill  exiimples.  except  that  these  have  a  tint  of  fulvous." 
Enemies.     This  hutterfly  is  ii  martyr  to  at  least  half  a  dozen  hymenop- 


tei'oiis   parasite- 


tl 


le   caterpillar  i 


)f  the  suminer  hi'ood  is  attacked  in  'nvat 


niiiers   hy   an    unknown    parasite    (the   spec 


linens  a 


re  lost)  which  after- 


warils  eiiier; 


from  the  chrvsalis.  the  ehrvsalis  itself  reniaininjf  intact  tl 


irouirli 


tl 


le  autumn  and  winter 


indeed  it  is  not  until  late  in  the  f'ollewing  s[)ring 
(hetore  the  suminer  hrood  of  caterpillars  a[)[)ears.  however)    that   the   '''i- 

*Tliis  fonii  (lUirlcl<ii>i«),  i-iil.-u  foiiiiil  in  Wiv       even  Ijccii  ivpurtcil  Iroiii  Dakotii  (Ilciirt  Klvur' 
Mi>«lssiiiiil  Valliy  fur  tn  llio  north,  iiml  has       Alloii).  far  lieyoiul  the  limits  uf  the  Tasitla. 


I*,',; 

hi 


NYMI'IIAF.IXAK:    MASII.AIU  IIIA   AI!(  IlllMMS. 


279 


prisoned  Hyiu('iii)|)t('rii  iniikc  tlicir  t'sciipc.  <  )iii' .Iimc  2.")  I  \v;is  cxiiinininii 
a  \viiit('r('(l  clirysiilis  liivcn  iiic  liv  Mr.  L,  'rruiivclut.  when  it  siuidciily  iicii'aii 
to  -iwnnii  with  tiii's(>  little  parasites.  Fnstantly  upon  eiiieriri'iji'  tVoiii  little 
iioles  wliieli  tliey  liad  liitteii  out  near  the  tips  ol'  the  w  inLTs,  thi'V  heyan  to 
pair,  the  males  awaitini;'  the  I'eniales  at  the  edi^'e  ol  the  openinu;.  'i'hey 
)-an  rapidly  upon  and  alioiit  the  chrysalis  and  niadt'  short,  hoppinjr  llij,dits 
ot'a  little  more  than  a  centinieti'c  in  distanee.  All  lint  two  s|)eeinu'ns  were 
seoureil  and  I  was  surprised  to  Hnd  the  proportion  of  males  to  females  less 
than  n\w  to  six,  th,'  total  lunnher  lieinii'  17  males  and  Ins  females.  All 
had  emeru'eil  within  half  an  hour  of  the  appearance  ot'  the  pii  neer. 

The  winterinii'  eaterpillai'  is  also  attacked  hy  Apanteles  limenitidis,  a 
larjxer  hymeimpterous  jiarasite,  which  stinirs  a  sinule  lar\a  while  very 
young,  eniei'jj;inn'  from  its  host  while  it  is  in  the  second  stau'c  and  spinning 
its  cocoon  hesido  the  lar\a  upon  the  silk  which  had  alliirded  it  a  foothold. 
One  may  somotimes  Hnd  these  cocoons  on  the  eaten  leaves  just  hefore  the 
time  for  the  caterpillar  to  sei'k  wintt'r  ipiarters.  Linmeria  limenitidis 
(88:5)  and  Ichneumon  caliginosus,  also  among  the  larger  forms,  are 
further  enemies  of  the  oatcr|iillar,  and  iviley  states  that  he  has  often 
noticed  the  eggs  of  one  of  the  Tachiniil  Hies  "t'astencd  tran^Mrsdy  on  the 
hack  ot' the  neck  of  the  larva."  though  none  has  e\cr  liecn  reared.  Xoristhis 
all;  the  egg  iilso  has  its  perils.  .Mi<s  ( iuild  diseo\ercd  late  in  .lidy  one 
or  two  specimens  of  a  leaden  hue,  which  upon  examination  proved  lo  he 
empty,  the  parasites  having  escapecl  through  an  almost  impi'rceptihk'  hole 
in  the  hottom  of  the  egg;  within  was  a  sort  of  hardi'ued.  gnnuny  nicins  of 
caked  yelk,  covered  over  with  a  thin  layer  of  spun  silk,  hut  no  pellicles 
of  chrysalids  could  he  seen,  Mr.  IJilcv  has  since  licen  more  tortuiiate, 
ha\ing  ohtaineil  a  para.-ilc  and  docrilied  it  umler  the  name  of  Tricho- 
grauuna  minntum.  ( )nr  ol'  aliont  two  hundred  eggs  ot'  this  huttertly  oh- 
tained  in  a  single  spot  fully  one-half  were  parasitizcil,  from  four  to  six  Hies 
esca|)ing  from  each  egg.  I  ha\c  <incc  found  oiliei's  late  in  .lune  similarly 
attacked,  which  helong  to  a  second  species  (»f  the  >ame  genus.  T.  minutissi- 
nnim.  I  have  also  more  than  once  t'ouml  the  base  of  an  eaten  viSiX-  on  an 
untouched  leaf,  showing  the  presciu'c  prolinMv  of  spiders  which  had 
siiatclu'd  away  tlu'  little  cater|iillar  licfori    h<  second  nu'al. 

Desiderata.  It  is  essential  to  note  the  comparati\e  ahiindance  or  ah- 
sence  of  this  insect  in  I'vcry  possiMe  northern  locality  in  orilcr  to  deti'rmine 
its  exact  limit  ;  to  record  also  the  exact  time  at  which  the  caterpillar  leaves 
its  hiliernaculum  on  each  kind  of  tree:  how  many  tiine>  the  lai'Mi  moults 
hefore  constructing  its  w  intei-  residence  and  whether  the  stage  is  iinariahly 
the  same  :  whether  the  siunmer  caterpillars  c\cr  hiliernate  after  the  manner 
of  Xymphalis  :  how  commoidy  it  winters  in  the  imago  state  and  whether 
sueii  liihernation  is  common  to  hoth  sexes  :  ami  finally  in  what  features  the 
riieht  of  this  hutterllv  differs  f'rom  that  of  its  conveners. 


li: 


u.s#; 


^4- 


mil 


'^^A. 


.;i^:.- 

■Mi, 

!■■ 

ii|l' 

ipi-- 

••i!l: 


280  Tin:  liiTTKin-LiKs  ok  ni;\v  i:n(;laxi). 

LIST  OF  ILLl'STllATloS.'i.-llASILAncillA  AUCllll'l'L'S. 


ri.  64, 11:,'.  l:).    Culond. 
{)T:!t.    Mioi-oiiylc. 

I'l.  TO.  liL'.  7.    Ciilcriiilliir  ul  ImiMIi. 

7-l:r.i,'24.    Full  li^(>^•.  11  c'litii-pillais. 

'li.    Oiilliiic  .-howiiiu'  Mtliuiili  . 
78:IJl-3r).  Fruiil  view  i.f  lnnU  in -tiiji- i-\ . 
81:7.8.    Lciivi'S  a-  ciiti'ii  \<\    \\w   vuiiii^ 
i'iilcr[iilliir. 
8G:.'i8.     Di-niiul  :i|i1i(Iii1:i,l;i.' 1)1   IhmIv.  iii>l 

S.t!l,L'C. 


Chriixiili!'. 
ri.  S).  liu.  l--.    (iiitliiir.  (l()i->iil  \ii'«. 
111.     Ollllillc,  siilr  vii'W. 
■Ji.     (.'ulurcl,  >iilr  \  icw. 

l'\.  1.  lit:,  'i.     Male,  liolli  siii'lacr-. 
11 :  4.     r.ulli  >iirl';iri>. 
;il!:ll.  I'J.     Mair  alMliiiiiliial  a|ilii'inl;i.;i-. 
01: '.'.■).    Outline   •■!    ninths  dl   a    lialld'cd 
>|ii'ciiiii'ii. 
•J-.     I'apilla  (if  luiiuiic. 


tiriii  I'll/. 

r)!.i.    liiTiiial  ai>|ii/iitla;-v  ut  liudv .  sec-       ri.  111.  liu.  "J.    l»i>tialiulinii  in  Xnrlli  .ViniTica. 
oiiil  slaiif.  8"':."i.     |jiiiiiii|-ia  liiiicii;iiili-,a  |ial-a.>ite. 

BASILARCHIA  ASTYANAX.— The  rei  spotted  purple. 

[liiil  ^iMiiicil  piiriplr  (<iii-Mi:  IV, 1  ^puiiiMl  inirpli' I'liili'illv  (I'ai-lianli;  'ii-aULr  >|mjI1ci1  Imt- 
torlly  (l!(i>>*);  liliu-l.aii.lcl  biillirllv  (Mayuanl);  Kpln-iiuii  lniiicrHy  (llanl-i;  I'r-iiia  l.iittfr- 
lly  (Saiiiiclcr,-);  wilili'luTry  liiiiciiili-,  ;^(iusi'liciTy  1/iiltrrlly  (  Kimiik'Ii-).] 

li-.  l(i:  ;'.ii.  li-'.  17:  xvl:  S'..  tali,  o;— 


Falii-..  Sv>t.  ciiluiii.,  447       \i: 


J'llllilili    ID'I'IIIII 

(177."i). 

LiiKfUilis  iislildiiii.i-  liilll.,  Calal.  Fal>f. 
LP|>.,t:»  (lS(i!l). 

Jlii.-iiliiiTlii"  iiftjldKii.f  .St'luUI.,  S\>t.  rev. 
AiiuT.  I)lilt.,8(ls71). 

I'ii/,l/i<i  fji/irsti'iii  St()ir,Sii|iiil.Cr;nii..  r:ilp. 
cxol..  l:JI,pl.i">,  tv^>-  1.  la  (Fill). 


Siiiiili-.M.li..   l.i|i.   ill-.    <.a.,  i:   I'J-Si.   pi.  in 
UT'.iTi. 

.\:hii/'li'i/in  iir^iilii  (iiMl,.  lOiicycl.  liii'tli..  ix: 
DDT.  :.Mi-:M  (iNlMj;— lii)i.Ml.-l,cC.,  I.Op.  .Viin!r. 
Mpl..  llili-:;nl,  pi  .-i:;,  li-s.  1-1  (IsD:!);— Mul-i'.. 
Svii.  1,1'p.  N.  AiiiiT..nl-(i."i(ls(y). 


L 


Hiiinitia    Cs", 


III  \V(st\\.-lIi'\v.,(ii'ii.iliurn. 


Siijiix  Im-lihlii   iiilirstina   'Iiiliii..    Saiiiiiil.       Ffp..  il :  •J7<i  (I8.")ii) ;— Fiiilii.,  Ai;fii'.  N.  Yurk, 
2\»\.  scliinrtt..  i.  I.t'p.   i.  I'.ip.  i.  .V.Miipli.  v.       \  :  -jn;!,  p|.  ;):),  !!.;■>.  l-->  ( |s.")l);— llarr..  Kiituiii. 

(■(inv>p.,  'J7IW77.  jil.  4,  li.:;-.  l."i  (IN(i!»);— Itil-, 
(an.  ml.,  iii:  .V.'-."):i,  liu-.  21.  117-llM  (1S71);— 
Miail.  (an.  int.,  \\  :  2lil--JI7  (1S7-J) ;— FrciicU, 
l!rp.  iii>.  111.,  vii:  l.")l  (l^7.s):  Uiitl.fast.  F.  S., 


Naiiiilfs  C.  turliiiliic  li.  li-s.  W2  (IsiKi-l'J;. 


'I.  iiiOlli 


yiiiii/'li"/'"  ii'lii^ii'iii  (i'"l.,  Kiiey 
i.\:  17,  4-M;1,  Mi>l  (IM!!);— llan-.,lii-.  inj.  vcu. 
M  (d..'js:i  (isilj). 


l.iiainUis  eiihi:Miiin  Uair..  llilrlic.    Itrp.,      •J(.i(i-2ii7.  liir.  ."iS  (l.ssil) ;— .Mi.lill.,  Ucp.  "is-  I"-: 


u'jO(ls:!;i), 
Villi  iiitii 


lilirstti 


lllllH 


x  :  .s7  (is-il);— (■(ii|.,iliiil.,  lia  (issl);— Saiiiid., 
\'i  r/.       Ins.  Iiij.  Iruit.  L'17--J1n.  IIu.  •2->o  ( lss:i) ;— Mayn., 


schinctt..;)s  (IsKi). 


ili'llu)   iirr 


ul.ii  Fiilir.,  Fiituni.  >y>l..  iii : 


liiilt.  N.  i:..  !Mi).  pi.  1.  Ilirs.  lU.  KJa  (188IJ). 
Fiiiuicd  liy  (iloviT,  111.  X.  A.  I.cp..  [il 


.SD  (17',i:)):— Alili..  l>rau.  ill-,  (ia.  lirit.  iiiiis..       lit:.  8;  pi.  ill.  li^-.  ii:!;  pi.  A,  IIl'.  12,  ini'i 


If  I 


1-1'  lliiiii.  ()  liiittrrlh 


And  p(iiM>d  my  purple  winu'-  to  -py 
The  >»('Olr-t  llcjwi  r-  that  live  ami  ilie, 

I  would  nut  ua-te  my  -tieiiuili  mi  llmse. 
As  tliipii.— till'  siimmei'  li:(tli  a  elu-e, 
And  piinsies  liluimi  nut  in  tlie  snows. 

l!l!c)\VM.\li.—  W'isiliiin  i 


uiijiini 


IM. 


Imago  (2  :  ."<).  Ileiid  liliickisli  brown:  on  the  postefior  bonier,  just  buliiiid  tlie  b.isc 
ill  eaeli  iinteiiiiil.  ;i  minute  Ifianmihu'  -wliite  pateli.  the  a'lex  direeteil  roi'wai'tl;  eye.s  bor- 
ilered  posteriorly  \villi  while,  rather  broiully  below,  iiiirrowiii.y;  to  ii  point  iiliove,  eoia- 
iiR'iifinii  lielow  jiist  where  the  liase  of  the  tibia  of  the  relraeted  fore  le?rs  strikes  tUi.' 
eye,  tenniimtiiiir  above  a  littU:  beneath  the  superior  triaiiiruhir  siiot.  .\iit('iiiiac  uniform 
bhiekish  brown  thronjthout.  the  minute  termiiuil  joint  of  the  club  dull  orange  lutuous, 
the  sui'eoedins'  f'jnr  or  live  joints  more  or  less  tlnaed  with  the  same,  e.speclally  beneath. 
Fiilpi  bhiekish  brown:  a  broad  inediau  line  of  white  seales,  narrowlii;r  above,  lines  the 
inner  side  to  the  very  tlii;  the  outer  up|)er  half  of  the  basal  joint  is  while,  ami  a  very 


h  ;■■ 


XYMI'IIALINAK :   BASILAUCIIIA   ASTYANAX. 


281 


brond,  conspicuous  Iwind  of  white  scnlos.  niiiTowor  on  tlm  terminal  joint,  runs  alons 
tlie  outer  anterior  liordor  of  tlie  two  terminal  joints,  extending;  to  tlio  very  tip ;  all  of 
tliese  wliitc  portions  have  black  hairs  scattered  an'oni;  them.  Tongue  black ;  papillae 
(61 :  ;i;t,  i'l^)  as  lonjT  as  the  width  of  one  nnixilla.  comparatively  stout,  aliont  tliree  times 
as  lonj?  as  broad,  tlie  apical  lllanient  nearly  cylindrical,  al)out  half  as  lonj?  as  widtli  of 
papilla. 

Tlu)rax  blackish  l)rown  aljove  and  l)olow,  sometimes,  especially  beneath,  witli  an 
olivaceous  tinse;  on  tlie  sides  t)eneatli,  next  tlie  base  of  all  the  wings,  a  minute  white 
spot,  situated  l)otween  the  origin  of  the  costal  and  snijcostal  nervnres;  a  sliort,  slen- 
der, loiigitiulinal,  white  streak  next  the  insertion  of  the  n.edian.  Middle  and  hind 
coxae  witl;  a  very  large  patch  of  soft,  pale,  liluish  gray  hairs  ov(^r  dark  l)rown  ones; 
middle  and  hind  troclumters  wliite;  under  surface  of  femora  witli a  few  i)ale  scales; 
fore  tibiae  and  tarsi  wlute  anteriorly,  blackisii  l)rowu  posti^riorly ;  middle  and  hind 
tiljiae  and  tarsi  l)iackisli  brown,  tarsi  a  little  paler  l)eneatli:  -pines  l)lack:  claws  dull 
dark  Inteous.  reddisli  at  tip. 

Wings  al)ove  velvety  indigo  black,  witli  a  lustre  varying  from  dark  rich  iinrplisU 
l)lue  to  dark  olive  green,  tiie  apical  third  of  fore  wings — usually  (?)  or  to  a  less  extent 
if  at  all  ((J) — tinged  with  dull  slate  lirown.  Furn  viiifjn  entirely  resembling  in  foriii 
those  of  B.  nrtiieinis,  l)ntdill'eringfrom  those  of  R.  arcliippus  in  tlieir  more  curved  costal 
and  outer  margin.  Third  superior  sulicostal  nervuli!  arising  midway  lietiveeu  the  second 
and  fourtli  supeiior  braiiclies;  the  fourtli  at  nearly  three-quarters  the  distance  from 
tlie  origin  of  tli('  second  to  the  tip  of  the  wing.  .\  sulnnargiual  row  of  iioary  lilne  or 
greenish  spots,  one  in  eacli  lutersiiace,  smaller  and  iisr.ally  paler  above,  becoming 
transverse  luuules  l)elow;  midway  lietween  tliese  and  Iheliorder,  usually  more  conspic- 
uous oil  llie  lower  than  on  the  up|)er  lialt  of  tiic  wing,  there  is  a  powdering  of  similar 
scales, occasionally  olisolete,  in  Irai'sverse  streaks;  following  close  upon  the  sulnnar- 
ginal  row.  in  tlic  two  lower  sulicostal  and  in  the  median  interspaces,  is  a  series  of 
rusty  or  tawny,  rouudisli  spots,  sometimes  largo  and  distinct,  sometimes  olisolete;  at 
tlie  origin  of  the  fourtli  sulicostal  nervule  there  is  a  minute,  sometinies  ol)soletu  wliite 
spot,  and  aljove  and  below  it,  in  llie  adjoining  interspaces,  are  large,  triangular  wliite 
patches,  togetlier  forming  a  row  parallel  to  tliat  next  llie  margin ;  on  tlie  costal  liorder, 
about  three-ll fills  the  distance  from  llie  l)ase.  tiicre  is  occasionally,  especially  in  the 
female,  a  long  powdery  white  dash,  following  llie  costal  l)o;'der,  but  not  attaining  tlie 
costal  edge.  In  tlie  lowest  two  interspaces,  in  almost  direct  continuation  willi  tlu. 
row  of  reddish  spots,  but  a  little  further  inward,  is  a  transverse  series  of  noary  blue 
or  green  patches,  sometimes  indicated  by  a  slight  touch  in  the  interspace  next  succeed- 
ing, and  sometimes  continued  as  a  narrow  and  ordinarily  very  faint  band  of  similar 
spots,  parallel  to  the  outer  border  and  connecting  directly  witli  the  suliapical  row  of 
white  spots  just  inentloned ;  occasionally,  especially  in  tlie  female,  a  slender  transverse 
streak  of  rusty  scales  marks  the  extremity  of  the  cell.  Kringe  black  and  white  in 
nearly  e<|ual  alternate  patches,  the  white  ratlier  more  prominent,  the  black  at  tlic  nervure 
tips,  the  white  of  the  medio-subinedian  Interspace  divided  by  black.  JIi}id  ifhujn  wholly 
resembling  those  of  H.  artliemis.  lint  ditlering  from  those  of  H.  arcliippns  in  having  the 
outer  border  pretty  strongly  crennlate,  more  strongly  arched,  and  either  slightly  (?) 
or  pretty  conspicuously  (jj)  produced  at  the  npiier  median  interspace.  First  median 
nervure  originating  fartlier  from  the  base  of  the  wing  tlian  tlie  last  subcostal  nervule. 
A  double  submarginalrowof  large,  liroad,  pale  blue  or  pale  green  lunules,  very  distinctly 
separated  by  the  nerviires,  and  one  rew  as  distinctly  from  the  other,  the  inner  row  a 
little  the  larger:  following  these  is  as  liroad  a  belt  of  velvety  black,  narrowing  at  each 
end,  and  especially  beh)w;  then  a  licit,  of  variable  width,  of  inile  purplish  blue,  or 
pale  olivaceous  green  spots,  distinctly  separated  by  the  black  ncrvnres;  usually  they 
are  s(|uarlsU  and  as  broad  as  long,  sometimes  reduced  to  mere  transverse  stripes,  liut 
sometimes,  on  the  contrary,  have  their  interior  border  Inconspicuous  or  unrecognizable 
by  the  greater  or  loss  sulHisloii  of  the  adjoining  parts  of  the  wing  with  the  same  color 
— to  some  extent  almost  to  the  base;  occasionally  they  are  marked  along  their  exterior 
border  with  a  row  of  small,  rusty,  roundi.sh  spots ;  area  next  the  Inner  border  dark 
slate  gray ;  fringe  as  on  the  fore  wings. 


S 


\W-I-    ..'3- 


.1 

'Ah 


:  t'.   .»? 


282 


THE  BUTTKKFLIES  OF  NEW  ENGLAND. 


':%'' 


m 


BciipaUi,  tlie  -wina-i  are  dark  lustrous  purplisli  1)lufi,  iioncrally  tlnjiod  .stroiifrly  In  part 
with  iiroenisli,  cspeeially  in  tlio  cell,  ol)scnre(i  in  places,  and  especially  in  the  inter- 
spaces of  the  hind  wings,  with  tints  varying  from  dark  <)liva(UM)us  brown  thronjj;h  ilin>;y 
snutl'  color  to  obscure  tawny  or  even  dull  oranije,  decked  with  dark  brown,  most  dis- 
tinctly in  the  female;  the  nervures  .always  blue  black.  Fitc  imujK :  The  whitish  streak 
near  the  nuddle  of  the  costal  maririn  of  the  upper  surface  is  repeated  beneath,  and  the 
apex  of  the  wins;  from  the  middle  of  this  to  the  middle  of  the  central  median  nervnlo 
and  extendinjr  us  far  as  the  snlmiarjiinal  markings  is  olivaceous  slate  brown,  enlivened 
with  a  few  tawny  atoms.  In  the  centre  of  the  cell  is  a  ronndish,  at  the  extremity  of 
the  cell  a  long,  transverse,  bright  reddish,  orange  spot,  broadly  encircled  with  velvety 
black;  on  either  side  of  the  tirst,  bordering  the  subcostal  nervuro,  is  a  small  delicate 
pale  blue  patch,  the  outer  tlie  smaller;  there  is  a  submarginal,  ilonl)le  row  of  pale  blue 
transverse  stripes,  a  pair  in  each  interspace,  the  inner  row  more  curved  and  sliglitly 
paler,  the  outer  sliglitly  broken  in  the  middle  of  eai^li  interspace;  these  are  followed 
interiorly  by  a  row  of  (piadrate,  pale,  rusty  orange  sjMits  in  the  median  and  most  of 
the  subcostal  interspaces,  correspoiuling  to  those  sometimes  appearing  above;  and 
these  again,  on  the  upper  half  of  tlie  wing,  by  some  nue(|ual  whitish  spots,  correspond- 
ing again  to  those  ou  the  \ipper  surface  and  often,  as  tlu're,  extending  faintly  on  the 
lower  interspaees;  there  is  a  streak  of  dnll  orange  on  tlu^  costal  margin  next  the  base 
of  the  wing;  fringe  as  above.  Tlie  A/hi;  iri'iiy.s' have  tin'ee  little  patches  of  scattered 
bine  scales  at  the  base  of  tin;  wing,  one  enclosed  in  the  (!urvo  of  tlie  precostal  nervnre, 
one  at  the  divarication  of  the  costal  and  subcostal  nervures,  and  one  at  the  liase  of  the 
cell;  costal  margin  at  base  broadly  bordered  witli  reddish  orange;  three  large,  round- 
ish, brisrht  reddisli  orange  spots,  bordered  rather  l)roadly  with  velvety  black  in  tlic 
basal  portion  of  the  wing.  viz.  :  one ol)li(|ue oval  spot  at  the  base  of  the  costo-subcostal 
interspace  next  the  bine  spot;  one  ronndish,  or  transversely  oval,  slightly  larger  spot 
at  the  base  of  the  cell  just  beyond  the  blue  spot;  and  an  otiliqiie,  transverse,  (piadrate 
spot  ill  the  cell,  separated  from  the  preceding  by  a  considerable  space,  more  or  less 
lilled  with  l)luisli  or  greenish  scales.  Tliere  is  a  double  row  of  submarginal  bluish 
spots  next  the  outer  lionler,  similar  to  those  of  tlie  fore  wings,  only  of  eipial  depth 
of  tint;  these  are  followed  by  a  regular  row  of  nearly  eipial.  roundish  or  semicircular, 
orange  spots,  the  lower  one  transverse,  borilered  very  l)roa<lly  below,  to  a  les.^  extent 
above,  with  velvety  black ;  upon  the  upper  black  margin  of  these  spots  is  seated  a 
collection  of  somewhat  scattered,  rather  pale  blue  or  greenish  blue  scales  witli  some 
inieriiiingled  blackisli  scales ;  f rimio  as  on  the  njiper  surface. 

Abdomen  abo\  e  blue  lilaek:  on  the  si<les  the  sanie.  with  a  slender,  median,  wliito 
line;  below  tlie  same  also,  the  middle  half  of  tlu>  segments  edged  posteriorly  with 
white,  narrowlv  in  the  female,  broadly  anil  sonietimes  coalesceiit  in  the  male.     Appen- 


dages of  the  male  (33  :  1."))  :  uppi 


organ;  liook  regiilarlv  and  gently  curved  through- 


out, ecinal  in  height  until  the  tip  is  reached,  which  tapers  rapidly  to  a  point  .and  is 
excised  beneath.  Clasps  very  nearly  three  times  as  long  as  broad,  beyond  tlie  promi- 
nenee  of  the  lower  edge  tapering  rather  rapidly  and  regularly  to  a  sinnewliat  broad, 
rounded  apex,  but  with  a  prominent  extension  of  tlie  upper  border' a  little  before  the 
niidille  of  the  free  portlmi;  this  extension  Is  twic  as  long  as  high,  one-luilf  as  long  as 
the  bri'adth  of  the  clasp;  a|iex  of  clasj)  not  one-third  so  broad  as  tlie  base  and  with 
tin-  apical  portion  of  lower  edge  ariiic(l  with  six  or  eight  small  pointed  spines  ;  Interior 
linger  nuicli  as  in  U.  arclilpi)us  but  not  so  roughly  bi^set  with  prickles,  a  little  pointed 
at  the  tip,  and  the  extremity  mostly  hidden  by  tlie  proiiiineiice  of  the  uppjr  edge  of  tlio 
clasp. 


Measurements  in  luilllnielers.   [ 

MALES. 

KK.MAI,E.S. 

Length  of  tongue,  11.6         |  Smallest. 

Average.;  Largest. 

37.5      1      40.5 
10.76    1      10.5 
10.              11. 
3.5              4.25 

J  Smallest. 

1    !W.5 

1    l-t' 
1      H.25 
!      3.75 

Average. 

44. 
18.75 
10.75 
4.75 

Largest. 

48. 

riiitniinno 16.5 

19.5 

hind  tihiaeuiiil  VmA..         !•. 
fore  tibiae  and  tarsi..         ;).") 

12. 
5.75 

I  SVf'  I  " 


Dcserllied  from  243  115. 


NYMPHALINAK :    BASILARCIIIA  ASTYAXAX 


283 


Dimorphic  forms,  etc.  For  the  form  proricrpiiiii,  see  the  next  section,  wlicre  it  is 
Uisciissed  as  a  liybrid  between  this  species  and  B.  nrtlieniis. 

Tliat  hybrids  l)et\veen  this  species  and  B.  arcliippusalso  occur  is  rendered  pr(il>able 
t)y  tlie  remarks  of  Mr.  Mead  ((Jan.  ent.,  iv  :217),  wlio  found  an  astyanax  on  wliose  upper 
surface tlie  l)lue  was  supplanted  by  fulvous  "except  in  tlu'  nnirixinal  lunules,  wliicli  are 
white  with  a  faint  l)l.iish  tiuije ,"  and  also  of  Grey  (Il)id. ,  xi :  17),  who  says  he  possesses 
"a  nielanitic  form  of  disippus  [arcliippusj  with  ail  the  markiuKs  of  Ursula  [astyanax] 
on  tlie  under  surface." 

Egg  (64  :  12).  Surface  smooth,  with  deep  cells  of  a  rounded  ovate  form,  but  auiju- 
lated  and  of  the  same  size  as  in  tlie  prevu)Us  species;  tlie  thread-like  lllaments  are  sim- 
ilar to  thosi!  of  tliat  species,  but  are  siiijhtly  curved  at  tip  and  are  longer  near  tiie 
summit  of  the  ejjf;  than  on  the  sides,  beiiii;  .1  mm.  loni^  at  the  summit,  and  aliout  .00 
mm.  lonij  on  tiie  sides.  Microi)y!e,  .lol  mm.  in  diameter.  Color  when  laid,  shiiliiii;, 
brijilit  yellowisii  jireeu,  afterwards  becoming;  biackisli  in  tlio  middle  and  ;;reen  and 
yellow  on  opposite  sides.     IIeif;lit  exclusive  of  spines,  1. 12  mm. ;  width,  l.ls  mm. 

Caterpillar.  Tliinl  stiuje.  Head  paler  brown  than  tlie  body,  heart-sliajied  above, 
be.iet  around  tiie  sides  with  little  tubercles.  Body  l)rowii  above,  whitish  lieneatii, 
witii  an  olilouj;,  triauiiuiar,  wiiitisii  jiatch  on  tiie  l)ack  of  tlie  fourth  to  seventli  abdo- 
minal seirments;  two  little  i)iackish  tnljercles  beset  witli  very  sliort  spines  on  the  top 
of  the  second  thoracic  segment.     Leii;;tli,  15  mm.     (.\fter  Harris.) 

Fiinrth  Mnijf.  Tlie  tulierdes  iiave  now  liecome  elou-tatetl ;  tlie  top  of  the  second  tho- 
racic seiiineut  lias  become  dlslinctly  pale  or  whitisli,  and  the  wliite  patch  on  the  liack 
is  larjrer;  there  is  a  wiiitisli  elonjiated  triaiiifle  extendiu;;  aloiii;  the  sides  of  the  hinder 
extremity,  from  the  iiindmosl  feet  to  tlie  side  above  tiie  penultimate  feet;  tiiere  arc 
obloiif;  tubercles  or  elevations  in  pairs  on  tiie  top  of  tiie  third  thoracic,  second,  seventli 
and  eljiiitii  abdominal  s(;,i;ments.     Leni;tli,  ;!2  iiim.     (.\fter  Harris.) 

Last  star/c  (74:17,  21,  2.")).  Head  (78-.;!0)  b.-ownish  red,  witii  a  moderately  broad, 
obscure,  pale,  llesh-colored  baud,  passiii};  down  tlie  front  on  eitlier  side  of  the  middle, 
tlie  punctures  paler;  tubercles  of  the  outer  edije  pale,  tlie  others  partakiuj;  in  ireii- 
eral  of  tlie  color  of  the  rei^iou  they  are  in,  the  larije  one  on  tiie  snniinit  of  each 
iiemisplu're,  wliicli  in  this  species  is  very  nearly  splicrical  witii  small  prnjectlous, 
dark  brown;  a  few  verysliort,  erect,  pah^  hairs  on  the  front  of  the  head.  Basal  joint 
of  antennae  pale  luteous,  second  joint  dark  castaneous ;   ocelli  black. 

Body  smooth.  First  tiionicic  scf^meut  very  pale,  dull  inirpiisii,  marked  sli<;litly  witii 
blackish;  prominent  parts  of  the  second  and  third  thoracic  sej^ments  paler,  between 
them  often  mottled  witli  paler  purplish,  livid  and  blackish,  at  otiier  times  like  tlie  parts 
al)out,  but  obscured  a  little  with  dull  purplish  brown;  llrst  to  third  abdominal  seg- 
ments dark  reddish  brown,  the  llrst  tinged  wllli  olivaceous,  the  sides  of  ail  three  witli 
a  narrow,  whitish,  snbstijj;inatal  liand,  sometimes  linked  very  slii^titly  with  purpiisli, 
sometimes  very  distinct  or  lively  in  color,  occasionally  of  a  creamy  tint;  the  tiiird 
abdominal  segment  lias  a  sulidorsal,  pale  purplish,  bent  line,  the  angle  outwards;  the 
fourth  is  marked  above  with  very  dull,  pale  pnrpiisli,  the  llfth  and  the  dorsum  of  the 
sixtti  of  the  same  color, tlit^  latter  marked  with  fuscous;  the  rest  of  the  liftli  and  tlic 
seventh  and  eiglitli  abdominal  segments  dark  reddish  brown,  tinged  and  streaked  faintly 
with  olivaceous;  from  the  seventli  segment  backward  there  is  a  narrow,  wliitisli. 
snbstigniatal  tiaud.  broadening  between  the  eiglitli  and  nintli  segments;  the  hinder 
part  of  the  body  is  blackish  fuscous;  elongated  tubercles  of  seond  thoracic  segment 
(86  Mill)  biackisli  In'owii,  cylindrical,  almost  the  whole  surface  stnilded  as  closely  as 
possible  with  conical  pointed  warts,  usually  aiioiit  as  hmg  as  broad,  directed  a  little 
towards  its  apex,  and  at  their  til)  curving  in  the  same  direction,  giving  the  tubercle 
a  greatly  tliickened  apiiearaiice.  The  tubercles  are  directed  outward  at  right  angles 
to  eacli  other,  l)ut  are  not  inclined  forward  or  backward.  The  other  laterodorsal 
tul)orclcs  are  usually  white  or  wliitisli.  The  minute  warts  scattered  over  tlie  body 
are  smooth,  hairless,  and  usually  shining  steel  blue,  those  upon  the  dorsum  occa- 
•sioually  colorless,  and  those  below  the  stigmata  (sometimes)  partaking  of  the  color  of 
the  surface  on  which  they  occur.    Spiracles  brown,  encircled  with  black.    Leg.s  ratlier 


284 


THE  BUTTERFLIES  OF  NEW  ENGLAND. 


U-'i ' 


'^, 


It:' 

I 


pnlc  ri'ddisli  l)ro-\vn.  Proleirs  brmviilsh  fnsicoii.s,  clothed  with  fine,  not  lona;,  dowmvnrd 
dirootod  hairs;  tlie  tiil)oiTii's  of  the  tip  wliite.  Lpiiijtli,  lU  iiiin;  Icnjitli  of  tlioraric 
tubercle.  5  mm. ;  tij)  of  tiionicic  tidjoreles  8  mm.  apart ;  base  of  tlioracic  tul)ercles  4  mm. 
apart;  Ijreacitli  of  Ijody,  ^Lrreatest,  ').'>  mm.,  least,  ;!..'>  mm. ;  breadtli  of  hea<i.  4  mm. 

Chrysalis  (83:  12,  l;!).  Head,  Minf;s  and  tlie  appendages  in  front,  pale,  i)rownisii, 
sldnintj  yellow,  the  nppendasres  often  paler,  tlie  posterior  edires  of  tiie  winiis  a  little 
darlicr;  summit  of  liead  l)luisli  wiiito;  tiiorax  nalo,  discolored  liirs,  the  proiiotum  with 
a  oair  of  silvery  wliite  spots ;  <lorsal  tubercle  of  second  al)don\inal  soiiment,  dark  l)roMn  ; 
ou  eitiiersideof  ita  l)road,  fuscous  I)and.  sul)paral1elto  tlielxirderof  tlie  win j;s,  extends 
from  the  middle  of  tlie  llrst  seijment,  wliere  tlie  two  unite,  to  tiie  middle  of  the 
fourth  seirmeiit.  where  tliey  are  moi-e  widely  separale<l  tlian  tlie  ',,idtli  of  the  tui)er- 
cle;  between  this  liand  and  the  winirs  the  alidomen  is  occupied  hy  a  liroador,  obliipie, 
nacreous  liand;  rest  of  the  alidomen  to  tlie  seventh  se<;iiUMit  inclusive,  creaiii-eolored ; 
the  seventh  sej;nient  has  a  dorsal  ai.,1  lateral  pat(Oi  of  dark  yellowish  brown,  and  tlier* 
is  a  broken  dorsal  line  of  the  same  (^xtendinir  forward  nearly  to  the  s^reat  tulierele; 
beneath,  the  tlfth  to  scventii  abdominal  seitments  am  obscure  fu.scous,  with  a  cream- 
colored  ventral  stripe:  terminal  seiiineiits  and  cremaster  dark  yellowish  brown; 
the  eij?Iith  seameiit  has  a  cream-colored  patch  at  the  spiracles.  Siiiracies  horn-colored 
witli  white  lips.  Leni,'tli,  2;t..")  mm.;  heittht  at  thorax.  7  mm.;  lieii,'lit  at  abdominal 
tubeivle.  10  mm.:  lireadth  of  abdomen  ">  mm.;  near  tip  of  winj;s,  i)  mm.;  at  base 
of  wings,  y  linn. ;  at  liead,  .'1.5  mm. 

Distribution  (19:  ;5).  Tlie  range  of  this  Inittcrfly  i.s  similar  to  that  of 
the  preceding  .species  (archipjiiis)  though  less  extensive  ;  its  lioiuularies  are 
the  Atlantie  coast  on  the  east,  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  on  the  south,  the  ^lissis- 
sippi  valley  on  the  west,  and  about  the  4;5d  parallel  of  latitude  on  the 
north.  Messrs.  Allen  and  Austin  found  few  specimens  in  Iowa,  and 
Mr.  Parker  says  it  is  rare  at  Grinnell :  it  has  been  taken  at  Ames 
(Osborn),  and  Davenpovt  (Putnam),  in  the  same  state.  It  occurs  also 
in  eastern  Nebraska  (Dodge),  and  eastern  Kansas  (Snow),  and  in  a 
varietal  form  (arizonensis,  which  may  prove  distinct)  in  Arizona  and  Xew 
^lexico.  Strecker  says  it  is  even  found  in  ^NFexico.  Mr.  Hiley  did  not 
find  it  abimdant  in  eastern  Missouri ;  on  the  north  it  is  fount!  tit  Heloit 
(ChamberUn),  tmd  is  "common"  at  Kticine,  Wise.  (Hoy),  but  "not 
common"  in  sotithern  Michigan  (Harrington  Cook),  "  frequently  seen " 
in  nortiiern  Illinois  iind  Indiana  ( \Vorthington),  where  ^Nfr.  Boutell  has 
foinid  it  at  Evanston  ;  "  occasionally  fount]  in  a  few  localities  "  at  Cleve- 
land, Ohio  (Kirkpatrick)*,  "found  oceasionidly"  about  Lontlon  (Saun- 
tlers),  and  at  Essex  County,  Out.  (Lowe),  the  only  known  localities  in 
Canada.  It  has  been  taken  in  twenty  counties  in  Pennsylvania  (Conradi), 
at  Staten  Islantl  (Davis),  imd  in  New  York  at  Kochester,  "not  conunon" 
(Btuiker),  near  Albany  (Lintncr,  (iray),  and  at  West  Farms,  N.  Y. 
(Angus). 

It  is  tolerably  abundant  in  the  southern  portion  tif  Xew  England,  tol- 
erably conunon  in  the  central  Connecticut  valley,  tind  occurs  about  as  far 
orth  as  the  annual  isotherm  of   45°,  the  northernmost  points  rectirdcd 

*Kirtl!iiul,  probably,  however,  speakiiif:  of  species.  He  eolleeteil  In  -oiilliern,  as  well  ns 
the  whole  of  tjhio,  calls  it  an  "  aliUiKluiit "'       in  northern  tJliio, 


XYiMl'HAIJXAK :    nASn.AKCIHA  ASI'VAXAX. 


285 


hciiifT  Diihlin  (Fiixon),  Siincook  "two  or  throe"  (TliMxtcr),  nnd  Milfonl, 
X.  II.,  "c'oniinon"  (Whitney).  iindWillianititown.  Mush.,  not  rare  (  Scnd- 
(ler).  Mr.  Lvniaii,  wlio  took  Hpeeiniens  al)OMi  Portland.  Me.,  whicli  lie 
once  considered  astyanax,  now  looks  on  them  as  proserjiina. 

Stoir  in  hi.s  first  illustration  of  the  liiitterHy  reports  it  from  Africa  I 

OvipOBition.  The  eg>^s  are  laid  on  the  upper  surface  of  leaves  at  the 
very  tip,  after  the  manner  of  the  jjenus.  I  am  indebted  for  specimens  tu 
Miss  Guild  and  Messrs.  Anj^us  and  Emery. 

Food  plant-  Tlie  caterpillar  is  polypha<^ous.  livin<j  on  the  leaves  of 
several  families  of  exogenous  plants,  very  diverse  in  structure.  It  ap[)ears 
to  1)0  particularlv  addicted  to  Uosaceae,  havinif  heen  found  feedin"-  or 
laying  eggs  on  plum,  wild  cherry  (Ahhot.  Kdwards),  hawthorn,  apple 
(Harris,  Kdwards,  Dinnnock,  Lintner,  Jack),  pear  (Angus,  Miss  (luild), 
and  quince  ;  it  was  also  found  hy  Ahhot  on  gooseherry  ((irossulaceae), 
and  on  Vaccineum  stnmincum  (Ericaceae):  while  among  the  apetalous 
families,  the  Cupuliferae  are  represented  hy  the  hornl)eam  (Carpinus  ameri- 
eana),  and  Mie  scruhoak  ((Jtiercus  ilicifolia),  on  which  Harris  and  Lintner 
found  it;  and  the  Salicaceae  Iiy  willow  (Ai>l)ot.  Kirtland.  Kdwards, 
Mundt,  Jack),  |)()plar  (on  which  an  enclosed  female  lay  for  me),  and 
aspen  ( Kdwards). 

Habits  of  the  caterpillar.  AN'hilc  feeding,  it  usts  upon  the  upper 
surface  of  the  leaf,  eating  the  edges  from  the  apex  to  the  Idisc.  invariably 
returning  to  the  same  spot  at  each  meal  until  all  is  devoured  excepting  the 
hasal  half  of  the  midrii),  when  it  passes  to  the  adjoining  leaf. 

.Vfter  eating,  the  caterpillar  •■  ai.ues  a  very  peculiar  posture,  which  the 
contour  of  the  body  renders  still  more  grotesipic  ;  the  anterior  half  of  the 
body  is  strongly  arche<l,  the  ujjper  portion  of  the  front  of  the  head  just 
toucliing  the  ground  ;  the  thoracic  horns  are  thus  tlu'own  menacingly  for- 
ward and  all  the  true  legs  and  the  anterior  pair  of  prolegs  are  raised  above 
the  ground  :  nor  is  this  all,  for  the  hinder  extremity  is  also  raised,  the 
prolegs  of  the  sixth  abdominal  segment  barely  touching  the  ground,  and 
the  parts  behind  lifted  high  in  the  air  and  thiMist  hoiMzontally  backward,  so 
that  tiie  tubercles  of  the  eighth  and  ninth  abdominal  segments  are  i)rought 
on  a  level  with  the  anterior  liinich  :   while  the  anal  [)rok'gs  are  so  retracted 


K'd. 


i  to  1)0  nearly  concea 
Life  history.      'Ihe  history  of  this  species,  as  I  translate  the  facts, 
lar  to  that  of  15.  arthemis.      It  is  partly  single,  partly  double  b 


IS 


sum 


ded, 

the  half-grown  caterpillars  hibermiting.  These  probaiily  resume  feeding 
as  soon  as  the  loaves  of  their  food-plant  begin  to  burst,  i)ut  they  feed 
slowly;  Dr.  Harris  once  found  one,  apparently  in  its  third  stage  ("  not 
more  than  .(5  of  an  inch  long'")  as  late  as  June  17  ;  it  was  '*  very  slug- 
gish, ate  very  little  and  grew  slowly,"  not  changing  to  chrysalis  until 
.July  h.     The  caterpillars  change  in  .June  and  July,  the  pupal  state  con- 


V.. 


V'/ti'A 


■?r3W^ 


286 


TIIK  UUTTKKFF.IKS  OF  NKW  KNCiLAXI). 


r  -i'; 


tinning  ten  or  twelve  day.s,*  and  tiio  I)Utti'rHief<  appi'iir  in  the  .-iontliernniost 
parts  of  \ew  Knjjland  (and  prol)ai)ly  in  the  (.'onneetient  valley),  from  the 
."Jtii  to  the  lOtli  of  finne,  thongli  on'.'-  in  limited  nnmhers  ;  in  the  latitf 'e 
of  Moston  they  neldom  aj)[)ear  hefore  tlio  iHth  or  20th,  althongh  sinj^le 
tipecimenH  have  heen  seen  hy  the  li'iii  or  i,"-!>,  and  they  do  not  become 
abundant  before  the  eh)!!e  of  the  month.  The  'mtterHieti  continue  to 
enierj^e  from  the  chrysalis  until  nearly  the  middle  of  iJidy  and  arc  stili  seen 
in  early  Auf,'nst.  The  eg<;s  are  laid  in  .Inly,  at  least  as  early  as  the  lOth 
and  some  at  least  of  the  l)nttert1it's  produced  from  them  are  on  the  winj;^ 
long  before  the  middle  of  August,  seldom  a[)pearing  al)oiit  Hoston  before 
the  20th.  liut  in  the  Councctiiiil  \ alley  a  week  or  more  earlier,  and  Hying 
tlirough  the  month  of  Septend)er.  Owing  perhaps  to  the  attacks  of  para- 
sites which  persecute  oidy  the  summer  brood  of  cater|)illars,  or  more 
prol)ably  to  the  peculiarity  of  its  history,  which  seems  to  be  similar  to  that 
given  l)y  Giirtner  for  Xymplialisaceris  (i.  e.  that  some  of  the  August  cater- 
[)illars  grow  to  matin'ity  tiic  same  year,  while  others  grow  more  slowly  and 
hibernate  wiien  half  grown,  the  spring  brood  of  butterflies  being  thus  made 
up  from  both  bnjods  of  the  previous  year's  caterpillars — see  under  Basi- 
larchia)  this  second  l)ro()d  is  t'onsidcral)ly  less  abundant  than  the  first  and 
docs  not  last  so  long,  specimens  of  the  earlier  generation  being  seen  even 
after  tiie  appearance  of  the  second  brood,  while  of  the  latter  all  have  dis- 
appeared early  in  ()ctoi)er:  these  lay  their  eggs  at  the  very  I'lid  of  August 
and  in  .September,  and  the  caterpillars  hibernate  after  the  first  or  second 
moult. 

Dr.  Harris  is  (piite  mistaKcu  in  saying  (Ins.  inj.  veget.,  ;5d  ed.,  2H;^), 
that  "the  caterpillars  of  the  last  brood  remain  in  the  chrysalis  state 
throughout  the  winter  and  are  changeil  to  butterflies  in  the  months  of 
April  and  May  following ;"  the  second  l)rood  of  caterpillars  would  not 
have  time  to  reach  the  chrysalis  state  before  the  advent  of  cold  weather  and 
there  are  no  memoranda  of  capture  of  the  butterfly  in  those  early  months 
junong  Dr.  Harris's  manuscripts;  if  they  were  so  taken  they  were  proba- 
bly butterflies  w'hieh  had  hibernated  as  such,  like  the  possible  single  instance 
Mr.  Lintner  records  for  B.  archip[)us.t  This  is  rendered  the  more  proba- 
ble from  the  fact  that  Dr.  Chapman  has  taken  a  single  specimen  in  Florida 
as  early  as  February  20,  while  the  earliest  bred  by  Abbot  were  disclosed 
on  April  12.  There  are  j)robably  two  broods  in  the  south  previous  to  the 
late  summer  bntod,  the  first  appearing  before  the  middle  of  April  and 
histing  until  after  the  appearance  of  the  second  brood,  which  seems  to  be 
more  abundant  than  the  first ;  it  api)ear8  early  in  June  and  continues  to 
emerge  from  the  chrysalis  until  nearly  the  List  of  July,  and  to  fly  through 


*Iii  tlic  soiitlicni  .sliiti.'.s,  ac'coiding  to  Ab- 
bot, from  seven  to  iiiiio  days, 
tit  WHS  tloiibtlcas  subscqiit'iitly  to  writing 


this  oxtnict  that  Dr.  Harris  became  familiar 
with  the  hiboriiaeiila  of  the  species  of  Basilar- 
ehiii;  cf.  bis  Kiitom.  corrosp. 


NYMPIIAMN'AE :    nASH.AUCIIIA   ASTYAXAX. 


287 


Aii<ru.'<t ;  siicli  at  loiist  is  the  liistorv  ii.-i  it  iipiioars  from  the  few  data  fomul 
aiiioiiLT  till'  notes  of  Dr.  ('Iia|iiiian,  Aldiot  and  (idssc. 

Habits,  flight,  etc.  Tiic  ImttiTtiy  i.-  addicted  to  voads,  cspocialiy 
.such  lit*  are  partiaiiv  sliadcd,  to  f'ori'st  |iatiis,  nnd  warm  sandy  places  l)or- 
dcrinfr  on  woods,  thus  comliinin^  to  a  certain  dejiree  tlie  lialiits  o{'  arciiip- 
ptis  and  artlu'inis  ;  "secluded  nooks  in  tlie  margins  of  woodlands."  says 
^[aynard.  More  than  either  of  its  New  Knyland  congeners,  it  is  extraor- 
dinarily attra<'ted  hy  diinir,  the  jnices  of  which  would  seem  to  afford  a 
straiiixe  satisfaction  to  so  mairnificent  a  hiittertly.  Kxci'pt  while  eatinf^,  it 
is  shy  and  ditfienlt  to  secure.  Dodyc  relates  (Can.  ent.,  vi :  ll.i),  that 
"upon  more  than  one  occasion,  liy  wetting  my  fingers  with  apple  jnice, 
and  holding  them  near  an  lu'sula  as  it  sat  upon  a  leaf  ahove  me,  1  have 
induced  it  to  le;  \e  its  perch  and  alight  on  my  hand,  where  it  would  remain 
until  the  last  drop  was  sucked  up."  Harris  notices  that  it  is  persecuted  hy 
Papilio  puly.xenes.  Its  Hight  is  similai-  to  that  of  the  pri'ceding  species 
hut  still  more  lofty  and  grand,  more  leisurely  and  sweeping,  or.  as  Ma\nard 
characterizes  it,  "strong"  and  "  well-assiu'cd."  When  at  rest  in  the 
shade  the  wings  arc  i)laccd  hack  to  hack,  the  hody  usiudly  raised  at  an 
angle  of  ahout  1.5°  to  2(1°,  and  the  antennae,  extended  in  the  sa;ne  plane 
with  the  hody,  are  spread  at  an  angle  of  ahout  .").")°,  heing  alicut  K!  mm. 
apart  at  the  tip  :  viewed  from  ahovo,  the  antennae  are  curved  a  very  little 
in  the  middle. 

Mimicry.  In  remarks  under  the  genus  T  have  quoted  T)onl)leday's 
comment  on  the  "singularly  strong  analogy"  which  the  colors  of  this  hut- 
tcrtly  have  to  those  of  Laertias  philenor.  and  others  hav;-  mentioned  it  as 
a  possil)lo  case  of  mimicry.  Apart  even  from  the  \''ry  ditlerent  form  of 
the  wings  in  these  two  species,  their  markings  do  nut  seem  to  me  to  have 
anv  strikiuiT  resemlilance.  and  I  sliould  he  loth  to  look  oi.  it  as  anvthiny 
hut  the  weakest  possilile  form  of  mimicry,  a  possihlc  first  stage  toward  it. 
l)Ut  on  the  other  hand  there  is  certainlv  a  verv  surijris'njr  resemi)lance 
hetween  the  females  of  IJasilarchia  astyanax  and  .*^enmopsychc  diana,  and 
in  this  case  there  can  he  no  doul)t  that  the  latti'r  is  the  mimiekei-,  since  it 
oiitains  its  resemlilance  hy  de|iarting  from  tlu'  ground  color  not  only  of 
the  opposite  sex,  hut  that  pi'evailing  in  hoth  sexes  in  the  whole  trihe  of 
Argynnidi  to  which  it  hclongs.  .Moreo\er,  !>.  astyanax  oceiu's  wherever 
S.  (liami  is  foiuid. 

Experiments  with  cold.  ]\Ir.  Edwards  "placed  one  chrysalis  at  four 
hoiu's  old  on  the  ice  i,nd  kept  it  there  thirteen  [  V]  days.  Fi'om  this  canu; 
a  large  female  after  nine  days,  or  at  the  period  usual  for  this  species.  This 
shows  some  jx  etdiarities  which  may  or  may  not  have  hcen  owing  to  the 
exposure.  ,  .  .  The  hlack  hand  [preceding  the  suhmarginal  spots  on  hind 
wing]  is  narrowed  to  one-half  that  of  any  other  in  my  collection,  and 
instead  of  heing  uninterru[tted,  it  is  crossed  next  costal  margin  iiy  three  of 


i 

3ii,  -^'">- 

i 


288 


TIIK   UUTTEUFLIKS  OF  XKW   EX(iLAXl). 


IliJiif 


■,14''" 


''1;     -t 


tliu  tlist'iil  spots  .  .  .  whicli  l)t(()iiic'  tMinHiiiint  witli  tlif  rfiilmiiirjjiiuil  Njiots  " 
(Cim.  ent.,  !<?,  i'M\).  This  would  sccin  to  lie  more  like;  sutl'iision  pure 
uiul  siiniilo  thiin  the  sliglitost  approiicli  towiiril  any  other  exi«*tin<r  form  in 
the  <j;(!miH. 

Enemies.  Tlie  hite  Mr.  C  A.  Sluirtletl'  olitained  ii  nmall  <,n-eeii  and 
bronze  cludeid  from  tlic  ehrysalis  of  tliis  si>ecies  on  July  11,  but  it  luis  not 
been  determined. 

Desiderata.  In  order  to  determine  its  northern  limits  in  New  England, 
search  shoiilil  lie  made  for  tiiis  butterHy  [lartienlarly  between  the  A'M  and 
44th  degrees  of  latitude  and  also  along  the  whole  sea-coast,  at  least  as 
far  as  (hand  Menan.  All  observations  on  the  aj)pearanco  of  the  imago 
in  the  early  spring  shoidd  be  recorded  in  order  to  settle  the  (piestion  of  its 
possible  hil)ernation  ;  and  nearly  or  quite  all  the  desiderata  noted  imdcr 
tiie  previous  species  are  also  applicable  iii're  ;  this  species  more  tiian  either 
of  the  otlu'rs  is  likely  to  have  a  history  similar  to  that  of  the  Kuro- 
[)ean  Nvm|)iialis,  and  carefid  searcii  sliould  be  made  to  determine  whether 
any  of  the  sununer  lirood  of  larvae  stop  eating  and  hibernate.  Mr. 
Edwards  claims  that  the  second  iirood  of  butterflies  is  a  superfluity  as  it 
were,  and  tiiat  tiu'  eggs  are  ii^ways  inmiature  in  the  female  of  tiiis  brood ; 
or  that  if  by  chance  any  were  laid  tiiere  would  not  be  time  before  frosts 
for  the  caterpillar  t(j  icach  the  hiliernating  stage.  Direct  experiment  and 
observation  on  this  point  are  imicli  to  be  desired.  Fresh  females  found 
during  August  siundd  lie  placed  witii  males  over  their  food  [)lant ;  if  eggs 
were  laid  they  sliould  be  guarded  from  birds  and  parasites,  but  left  out  of 
doors  in  otherwise  natural  eon<litions  ;  if  no  eggs  are  laid,  tiie  condition  of 
the  ovaries  siioidd  be  determined  by  dissection.  Parasites  should  be 
sought. 

LIST  OF  ILLUSTliATIOXS.-lSASlLAHVlIIA  ASTYASAX. 


'  t;:' 


1*1.  1!»,  lii;.  U. 


(leiicrid. 
Distriliiitiiin  in  Xortli  AiiRTica. 


I'l.  04,  lig.  fJ.    I'laiii. 

Cutcyjiilldi: 
ri.  74.  tig.  17.    Coloi'cil,  sUlc  view. 
21.    Coloicil,  ilorsiil  view. 
25.    riaiii,  side  view. 
78:  ;fO.    Front  view  of  head,  last  stage. 
iSO :  CO.    Tul)erelc  of    seeontl  tUoi'aeic 
Hcgincnt,  Inst  stage. 


Chri/siilis. 
1*1.  s;',,  tigs.  12, 13.    .Side  view,  colurcil. 

Iiitai/(i, 
PI.  2,  fig.  8.    Male,  l)Otli'surfaees. 

ii'l:  10.    Male  abdominal  appendages. 
52:  y.    .Side  view  of   head  and    apjicn- 
dages  enlarged,  with  details  of  the  structure 
of  the  legs. 
01:  !!.1.     I'apilla  of  tongue. 

53.    E.vtreniity  of  tongue  with  sev- 
eral papillae. 


NVMl'IIALIXAK :  BASILAUCIIIA   PHOSKPriXA. 


289 


BASIL ARCHIA  PROSERPINA   (ASTYANAZ-ARTHEMIS). 

The  bastard  purple. 


LintfiiitiH  iirimerjiiiKi  Kdw.,  I'nii'.  Kiitoin, 
SOC-.  riiilml.,  v:  148  (IxOo);  Tniiis.  Amor, 
ciilom.  Koc,  i:  2HU-2M7,  pi.  4  (1W7);  Hiitl,  N. 
Amor.,  I,  Limonitis  1,  tlirs.  1-4  (l.s(i!»). 

LiKinnillnrirtliriiiinfiinni^'onrrjiiii'i  Va\w., 
Ciiii.  cnl..  ix:  114  (1877);  Hull.  X.  Amor.,  li, 
Limoiiitis  1,  life's.  .j,(i(l.H7!)). 


Itiinihirrliiii  fii'llicmin  vfi)'.  proKi^riiinn 
SiiiiM..  Hull.  Hiiir.  soc.  nut.  sc,  ii ;  24!)  (!.S7.")). 

llii.siliirfliin  ii.iliiitiinr  (pars)  Si'uilil..  Sj>t. 
rov.  Am.  I1UII..S  11872). 

IJini-iiilis  ojiliiKtiiiH  Lymiui,  Cull,  out.,  vl; 
.■W(l.'<74). 

Fiiruro.l  liy  (i lover,  III.  X.  A.  Lop,,  pi.  I, 
llx.  18,  iiioil. 


YosI  Tlioivoamo  tli)alin^' liy 

.Mo,  who  lay  lloaliio,'  tuo, ' 
.Siii'li  a  straiii/oliiiltorlly  I 

<  'roaliiro  as  iloar  aw  now  : 
Hooaiiso  llio  moml)raiiocl  wlii^- 

So  wdiiilorl'iil,  SI)  wiilo, 
.'•(>  miii-.hiiI1'us(m1,  woro  lliliins 

Liko  soul  and  nouj;ljt  liosjilo. 

BuowM.Nd. —/•'(>/»(!  at  the  Fair. 

Tills  buttorlly  (2  :!)),  whioli  I  roiranl  ns  a  hybrid  heUveoii  Hasilarchla  astyanax  and  B. 
artlicmls,  can  bo  briolly  doscribod  as  a  buttorlly  of  tlio  sizo  of  arthcmls,  having  the 
colorini;  of  aslyanax,  with  tlio  addition  of  tho  outor  odiio  of  tlio  broad  white  bow  of 
arthomis  ofton  confused  witli  bluisli  s('ales.  Tlio  upper  surface  of  tlie  wiiijjs  lias  tlie 
same  fionerai  tone  of  color  as  prevails  in  astyanax,  but  sliows,  particularly  on  tlie  fore 
wiiiits.  a  narrow  arcuate  stripe  of  white  or  bluisli  white  scali's,  ff)llowin;;  very  closely 
tlio  iiositioii  of  the  outer  limits  of  the  belt  found  in  artheinis.  (tii  the  hind  wiiijis  this 
is  freiiueiitly  wanting  or  replaced  by  the  bluish  or  groonish  scales  peculiar  to  tlie  outer 
border  of  the  hind  win.;;s  of  lioth  species.  Soinotimcs  between  this  and  the  doulile 
marginal  row  of  bluisli  luniiles.  there  njipcars  a  scries  of  minute  oraime-red  spots  In 
tlie  iiilorspaoes,  whiili  are  suriiiouuted  more  or  less  distinctly  by  tlie  bluish  scales 
whidi  form  the  outer  border  of  the  arthomis  baud.  Henoath,  the  ground  color  of  the 
wings  is  tliat  of  arthomis  rather  than  of  astyanax.  Hut  here  the  arcuate  wliite  stripe 
Is  jienerally  seen  with  greater  distinctness  tliau  above,  and  on  the  fore  wings  is  usually 
broader,  especially  near  the  middle  of  the  wings;  while  on  the  hind  wings,  thongli  nar- 
rower, it  is  more  distinctly  whitish,  losing  very  much  the  bluish  cast  found  upon  tlie 
upper  surface. 

On  the  fore  wings  the  outer  bonier  of  the  stript^  is  bettor  detlned  than  the  inner,  and 
curves  by  a  series  of  waves  to  tlie  costal  spot  just  beyond  the  middle  of  the  wing, 
whicli  now  forms  a  part  of  it;  tiio  curve  is  most  proniimmt  and  a  little  bent  at  the 
tUscal  cell.  Tlie  stripe  is  always  divided  by  the  nervules  and  obscured  more  or  less  by 
the  greenish  blue  ami  dark  blue  scales,  which  become  more  and  more  noticeable  away 
from  the  outer  margin.  On  tlw  surface  of  the  fore  wings  tiie  belt  is  usually  as  broad 
as  tlie  width  of  tlie  eoll.  but  is  sometiines  reduced  to  a  narrow  stripe  often  broken  and 
ei|ually  faint  througiiout;  sometimes  even  merely  to  one  or  two  faint  s))ots.  On  the 
hind  wings,  however,  it  generally  forms  n  distinct  band  of  varying  breadth,  but  never 
equal  in  widtli  to  the  stripe  of  the  fore  wing,  and  generally  very  narrow.  Occasionally, 
as  on  the  upper  surface,  it  extends  with  lessening  intensity  some  distance  toward  the 
base. 

This  hybrid  shows  a  tendency  to  vary  in  the  direction  of  B.  artliemis  in  the 
northern  part  of  its  region,  while  in  the  southern  portion  the  exact  opposite  is  true; 
that  is,  it  shows  a  tendency  to  vary  toward  B.  astyana.x.  This  is  exactly  as  wo 
should  expect  to  llnd  on  the  liybrid  hyifotiiesis ;  for  the  specimens  toward  the  north 
should  .show  a  greater  infusion  of  arthemis  blood,  and  those  toward  the  south  a  greater 
of  that  of  astyanax.     In  the  collection  of  Mr.  Mead,  now  owned  by  Dr.  W.  J.  Holland, 


•1  _ 


f#-;). 


290 


'II IK   HUTTKHFLIKS  OF  XKW    KXfiLAXU. 


.  I  'k''! 


I  iiiiiiiy  vt'iirs  n;?<)  saw  ii  spcciiiicii  taken  in  llic  Catskills,  proliably  llic  saini'  as  that 
IlKuri'il  by  Kilwarils  In  his  lllnstriitcd  wiirk,  In  whicli  the  nppi'r  \\\nu  Is  altn^otlicr  as  In 
nrllipniis.  cxccptlnif  that  the  ontcr  limit  of  tho  whitt-  Ijrlt  Is  powdery  and  the  Imnd 
sonieuhat  naiTower  than  nsual;  while  on  the  hind  wlnj{  only  the  Inner  border  of  the 
lianil  is  marked,  as  a  narrow  powdery  stripe  of  l)lMisli  seales.  Anotlier  from  the  same 
district,  aeeonliiii:  to  Mr.  Kdwnrds.  has  tlie  belt  narrow  and  maenlar  on  the  npper 
surfaee  and  aeiicraily  pure  wliite,  l)nt  on  the  upper  liaif  of  the  fore  whii;  crocked  and 
iiiilistinci  :  w  Idle  on  tlie  hind  wini;s  the  licit  is  very  iiiirrow  and  docs  not  cross  the 
entire  wbiir.  Anotlier  specimen  sent  to  nie  by  the  liilc  Mr.  V.  (i.  Saidxirii.  has  a  very 
prononneed  whitish  belt  on  the  under  surface  of  the  front  wini.'s  and  no  wlillish  niark- 
iiigs  whatever  on  the  hind  wiuits.  A  similar  specimen  appears  to  havi'  bi'eii  rei'onled 
by  .Mr.  Lynnin  of  .Montreal  In  the  Canadian  Kntoniolojrlst. 

Relations  to  other  forms.  Wlieii  pniscrpiii!!  was  first  (IcscrilnMl, 
tlii'i'o  was  ik;  (li)iilit  ill  till'  luiiid  of  tlic  (Icscrilicr,  nor  of  any  one  else,  that 
its  fipt'cific  virtue  was  irrcproaclialtlo.  \\'lii'n.  iiowcvcr,  fixe  ycai-s  at'tcr- 
Wiird,  I  caini'  to  .stutly  tiic  [irt'siiiiu'd  .species  for  this  work,  for  which  I  liad 
.seen  a  c(iiinitleral>lc  niiinhcr  of  specimen!*,  I  came  to  tlie  conchision  that  it 
was  only  to  he  coiisich-rcd  a  variety  of  H.  astyaiiax,  and  I  eniliodied 
this  cojichision  in  tlie  Systematic  Revision  I  |tiil)lislied  in  IfST^.  This  view 
was  at  once  criticized  hy  Mr.  Grote  and  others,  and  at  the  close  of  1S7."5, 
Mr.  I'Mwanls  (Can.  cut.,  v:  2.'}il),  cxpn.'ssed  the  opinion  that  it  would 
prohahly  prove  a  dimor|)liic  form  of  B.  arthemis.  It  was  not  until  four 
years  later  that  he  reached  success  in  lircediiiij  experiments,  which  proved 
that  from  eoj^s  laid  liy  a  female  proscrpina  there  resulted  hotli  proscrpina 
and  aithemis;  a  definite  relation  to  arthemis  was  thus  fully  proved. 
Meanwhile  the  discovery  of  other  varieties  of  proscrpina,  especially  one  I 
saw  in  Mr.  ^lead's  collection,  the  countcrjiart,  if  not  the  original,  of  fijfiire 
'>  in  Kdwai'ds's  last  plate,  <'(invinccd  me  that  my  earliest  conclusion  was 
incorrect,  and  I  accordiiioly  placed  it  as  a  dimorphic  form  cf  arthemis  in 
the  Buffalo  Bulletin  in  InT."),  liiit  with  the  remark  that  it  was  "very 
proliahly  a  hylirid  of  artlu'inis  and  astyanax." 

That  siigficstion  the  lireediiiLT  experiments  of  Messrs.  Mead  and  Kdwards 
in  no  way  disin'ove,  and  I  am  disposed  still  to  sii[i[)ort  it.  In  the  single 
instance  where  proscrpina  and  arthemis  were  produced  from  eggs  laid  hy 
one  individual,  the  mother  was  known  to  he  proscrpina,  hut  the  father  was 
prohahly  ai'-omis,  as  the  latter  Hies  in  the  region  of  the  experiment  in  the 
greatest  abundance. 

My  reasons  for  maintaining  the  hyhrid  theory,  arc  the  following  :  — 

1.  Several  instani'i's  of  uiidoiihted  hyliridism  are  known  in  the  genus 
Basilarchia.  It  seems  to  lentl  itself  with  exceptional  readiness  to  this 
peculiarity. 

2.  Proser|)iiia  partakes  of  the  characters  of  the  two  species  mentioned, 
hut  most  nearly  resenihles  astyanax,  while  its  intimate  relation  to  arthemis 
has  been  proved  hy  experiment ;  it  possesses,  in  fact,  just  the  cluiracters 
we  should  expect  of  a  hyhrid  between  these  si)ecios.     It  varies  most  toward 


NVMl'llALENAK:  ItASILAlK  IIIA   rilOSKlM'INA. 


291 


iiKtyiinax  wlu-ic;  tlii.-t  proviiils,  luid  iudhI  towiinl  arllieinis  wlicrc  that 
jiroviiilH. 

H.  A  careful  cDiiipiiri^^oti  of  a  considcraMi'  wcries  shows  that  thcri'  is  no 
(lifU'ri'iK't'  wliatfvcr  in  tla-  j^i'iiital  arnuitiiri'  of  prosorpiiui  and  astyanax. 

I.  Proserpina  varies  more  than  eitiier  of  tlie  supposed  parents  anil 
approaches  astyanax  so  closely  that  one  with  so  keen  a  |)crc('ption  of  super- 
ficial distinctions  as  Mr.  Kdwards,  cannot  determine  of  certain  specimens 
whether  they  should  he  classed  with  astyanax  or  with  jiroserpina.  Speiik- 
'm<i  of  nine  specimens  sent  him  from  Milford,  X.  II..  .Mr.  Kdwards  says  : 
"The  first  three  spoken  of  I  have  no  doulit  are  true  proserjiina,  anil 
prohuhly  all  the  others  are,  though  tiiey  cannot  i)e  distinguished  from  some 
examples  of  lU'sula  [astyanax],  taken  in  certain  districts  where  arthemis  is 
nt'vcr  known  to  tly,  .  .  .  Tiicreforc,  I  cannot  say  that  all  these  Milford 
examples  are  not  proser|iina ;  and,  indeed,  I  <lo  not  know  where  proser- 
pina  ends  and  Ursula  begins,  though  a  typical  example  of  each  is  distinct 
enough."      (liutt.  X.  A.,  ii.). 

').  Proserfiina  oeciu's  only  in  a  very  narrow  licit  across  the  eastern 
third  of  the  continent — a  belt  which  forms  tho  southern  boundary  of  the 
range  of  arthemis  and  the  northern  l)oim<lary  of  tlie  range  of  astyanax. 

().  Proserpina  is  known  at  so  many  points  in  this  belt,  that  it  presum- 
ably occurs  irhcrei'i;r  arthemis  and  astyanax  are  lirought  into  contact. 

7.  Althougii  regional  dimorphism  is  known  in  nnuiy  instances,  there  is 
no  dinior[)hic  butterfly  known  in  which  one  of  the  forms  is  wholly  limited 
to  the  atii/iiifs  (tidy  of  its  regional  distribution  and  at  the  same  time 
exteiuls  over  a  long  <listan(re ;  nor,  so  far  as  I  am  aware,  has  any  such 
case  been  recorded  among  other  dimor|)hie  animals. 

There  arc  liut  two  arguments  used  to  prove  the  improbability  of  such  a 
relationship  as  is  here  urged  :  1°.  To  assert  that  proserpina  occurs  in  some 
districts  where  astyanax  is  not  found,  but  occurs  in  no  districts  where 
arthemis  is  not  found.  2°.  That  specimens  which  had  once  been  looked 
upon  as  proserj)ina,  are  a  northern  form  of  astyanax  which,  in  a  belt  of 
"several  degrees  of  latitude,"  lives  "side  by  side  with  the  southern 
form." 

As  to  the  first,  there  is  but  a  single  place  where  pioserpina  has  been 
found,  where  it  is  prol)al)le  that  astyanax  docs  not  occur  within  at  least  au 
easy  day's  flight ;  a  distance  of  a  few  miles  is  of  no  account  whaicvcr. 
Hamilton,  Ontario,  is  on  the  same  parallel  as  Londcm  and  Rochester,  and 
only  seventy-five  miles  from  the  former.  Portland,  Me.,  is  at  no  greater 
distance  from  the  more  elevated,  and  but  slightly  more  southern  localities 
in  New  Hampshire,  whence  astyanax  is  known.  The  only  place  that  need 
concern  us  in  Halifax,  N.  S.,  three  hundred  and  fifty  miles  from  the  New 
Hainpsliire  coast,  from  which  in  a  single  instance,  nearly  twenty  years  ago, 
proserpina  has  been  reported,  of  which  Mr.  Edwards  wrote  in  1870 :     "I 


■'X ..  ^ 


I 


SRI 


B<lltff"Afkasr*.F.-(; 


m 

I'ftA'.^ 

ife: 

,■;>;.  I- 

'£^'V  '  ' 

'%*■''•.■■ 

i,^i 

v^^l 

!'^  ■■■ 

firf' 

f  ■" 


y  -I 


292 


THE  J5LTTEllFLIi:S  OF  XKW   KXCILAM). 


think  the  figure  [a  colored  (h'iiwing]  is  of  j)roser|)ina ;  the  white  band  i8 
unusually  broad  on  the  upper  .surface. "'  This  single  exani|)le,  due  possibly  to 
the  union  of  an  artheuiis  with  a  pro8er[)ina  w  hioh  iiud  followed  the  coast 
northeastward  at  an  average  rate  of  a  dozen  miles  a  day,  siiould  not  be 
considered  as  in  any  sense  an  impossibility,  nor  is  it  necessary  to  assume 
so  nuich  as  to  suppose  it  the  result  of  a  single  season's  accident.  It  is  not 
at  all  improbable  that  Ursula  may  yet  be  found  as  far  as  Mt.  Desert,  and 
that  c(donies  of  proserpina  arc  now  living  along  the  whole  coast  of  Maine  ; 
negative  evidence  from  a  region  where  collectors  are  so  few  aiid  sparsely 
scattered,  has  but  little  value.  Xor  is  it  at  all  improbable  that  the  speci- 
men in  question  may  not  be  a  genuine  arthemis,  varying  (j)ossil)ly  by 
reversion)  towanl  an  allied  species  of  similar  ancestrv. 

The  second  objection  has  no  weight  whatever,  es])ccially  if  we  look 
upon  astyanax  (as  the  last  suggestion  above  possibly  indicates),  as  nearer 
the  ancestral  form  from  which  both  descended  ;  for  where  hybriditv  and  a 
tendency  to  reversion  combine,  there  we  should  look  for  an  easier  min- 
gling of  these  characters,  and  the  "northern  form"  of  astvanax  would 
result  as  a  further  a|)proach  toward  the  southern,  by  the  union  of  proser- 
pina witii  the  latter  and  would  lie  perpetuated  in  the  northern  part  of  the 
range  of  astyanax,  I)y  the  constantly  renewed  supply  of  new  parents  ;  that 
is,  tiiis  form,  very  likely  destined  to  eventual  distinction,  would  nni  dj.sip- 
pear  by  amalgamation  with  the  true  stock,  receiving  as  it  would,  a  con- 
stant infusion  of  new  blood.  The  occurrence,  therefore,  of  a  "northern 
form"  of  astyanax,  is  rather  an  argument  in  favor  of,  than  o])[)osed  to  the 
hyl)rid  theory  of  the  status  of  proserpina. 

In  addition  to  this  it  has  been  noted  by  at  least  one  observer,  Mr.  \\. 
M.  Grey  of  Kenwodd.  X.  Y..  that  when  Hying  in  a  restricted  locality 
where  arthemis  is  found  anil  no  Ursula,  proserpina  varii's  towards  its  com- 
panion ;  while  in  tiie  lower  county  a  '(vw  miles  distant  where  tiie  opposite 
condition  prevails,  the  variation  is  in  the  reverse  condition.  I  (|uote  his 
worils,  not  written  witii  the  purpose  of  maintaining  the  thesis  here  upheld, 
i)Ut  of  the  tuiity  of  ail  the  spe<'ies  of  Iiasilarchia. 

Nciir  till' Uiiil.-ciii  WiviT  I    liiiil  Ursula  ami  iirosci-pina  in  close  assipciiuioii.  ciirli  pav- 

liikiiii:  (pf  the  iiiarkiiiy:>  nl'  tlu'  iitlicr.  cviileiillv  (Hic  hr I.  alL'litiiiir  mi  llic  siiiiic  hcau 

III'  pmiiaci':  I'xpaiisioii  of  \viiiir>  tlirci'  to  Ihrn' ami  a  hall'  Inclu's.  AImmiI,  six  imIIcs 
from  the  fivi'i' iu-s\ila  ami  priwrrpiiia  avcciiiiallv  at)iiiulaiil.  witli  a  fnw  artlii'inls  ami 
raroly  a  (lisi|)pus.  Kxpaiision  of  tlu'wlnirs  of  llic  four  ahoiit  two  anil  a  half  Inclu-s; 
all  fiiuiiil  in  one  glaih'.  From  this  to  the  hi^rhost  tiihlos  of  thi-  IIchliTlmr^  Hills,  lu'snla 
LM'ailnally  ilisappi-ars  ami  only  prosiTpinn  ami  arthi'mis  am  foiiml,  tliu  lattur  must 
iibiimlaiit  III  tlic  low  laiiiN  illsippns,  insula  ami  prosi'i-piiia  are  only  foiinil ;  in  intcr- 
meiliatc  brokon  lands  iirsnla,  iirnserpimi  „iiil  aiMhcmis  ar('rliii'l!>  foinul;  at  tlie  hiiflicst 
altitiiiics  only  proserpina  ami  arthemis  are  foimil.  ami  examinations  of  many  examples 
from  the  ilill'erent  localities  slio\v  that  these  roriiis  approach  each  oilier  very  closelv 
(Can.  ent.,  xl :   ID). 

Distribution  (19 :  4) .     As  stated  abitve,  this  form  of  Hnsilarchia  is  found 


i>t> 


!P' 


XYMI'IIAF-INAK :   liASII.AUCIHA   PROSKUl'INA. 

only  (find  probiiI)ly  everywhere)  where  the  l)oiin(hu-les  ot'  H.  iirthemis  and 
15.  ii.ity;iniix  eouve  into  contact,  occasional  or  pern^anent.  The  localities 
known  to  nie  i)y  s[)ecinu'n,  rc[)ort  or  [mljlinhed  statement  (especially  in 
Kdwards's  liiitterflies)  are  the  following,  from  west  eastward: — Racine, 
Wise,  "in  certain  localities  numerous"  (Hoy)  ;  Kvanstou.  111.  (IJoutellc)  ; 
Wexford  Co.,  Xorthern  Michigan  ((iihhs):  Middle  Michigan  (Cook)  ; 
Hamilton,  Out.  (Murray),  "rarely  more'  than  one  in  a  season  (Motliit), 
Hurtalo,  N.  Y.  (Linden);  'Shmrw  Co..  IVnn.  (Conradi)  ;  Catskills, 
(Mead,  Edwards)  Alhany  and  vicinity  ( Lintner,  (irey),  and  besides  New 
England  localities,  one  far  to  the  (eastward,  as  mentioned  above,  near 
Halifax,  Xova  Scotia  (Jones). 

The  only  localities  known  to  me  in  New  England  are  the  Grayloek  Hopper 
at  Williamstown,  toleral)ly  common  (Scudiler),  ii.;lyoke,  one  specimen 
(F.  H.  Sprague)  and  Medford.  Mass.  (Sanborn);  Milford,  \.  H. 
(Whitney)  and  Portland,  Me.  "occasional"  (Lyman). 

Life  bistory.  The  life  history  of  this  form  differs  in  no  respect  from 
that  of  its  parents  which,  where  they  come  into  contact,  wholly  agree  both 
in  actual  season  and  in  general  character.  That  a  second  supplementary 
brood  of  this  form  also  occurs  is  shown  by  the  observations  of  layman  at 
Porthuul,  who  says:  "Last  year  [l><7t]  tlu-rc  was  a  second  i)rood ..  , 
which  a|>pcared  aUout  th(!  end  of  .\ugust.  I  believe  that  this  i.>  the  first 
time  within  the  last  six  years  that  tliii has  (."'■"•riedthere"( Can.  ent.,  vi  :  'A^.) 

Desiderata.  The  one  thing  needed  to  scitic  the  status  of  this  form  is 
to  determine  its  relationship  to  astyanax.  T!iis  <'an  best  be  done  in  such 
<listricts  as  those  in  Mr.  (Jrcy's  vicinity,  where  arthemis,  proserpina  and 
astyanax  iire  all  t'ouiid.  One  should  att<'mpt  to  procure  the  laying  of  eggs 
in  siir/i  i(  litcftlihi  by  every  ripe  female  obtained,  to  see  whether  the 
progeny  in  nine  cases  out  often  does  not  vary  in  the  ilirection  of  astyanax 
(piite  as  much  as  in  that  ot'  arthemis.      Whether  it  would  lie  possible  in  a 

large   vivarium,  as   in   tin Id  Imuse   uf  a  grapery,  where  netting  might 

cover  the  open  vindows  imd  Howcrs  be  ke|)t  in  bloom  and  'villows  grown 
in  pots,  to  keep  virgin  [)airs  of  male  arthemis  and  female  astyanax,  or  the 
reverse  (but  not  both)  long  enough  to  permit  the  laving  of  riiie  cifirs.  I  do 


not  know;   but  anyone  lirving  an  opportunity  to  try  the  experiment  would 


do   our   science   a   sitn  ice 


l' 


xiiei  imi 


nts  >hou!;l  also  lie  trice!  in   l(icalitie^ 


WilCI'C    (MU'    o 

itl 


f  th 


I' 


u'cnt    tonus   is    tuuud  almost  to   the  exclusiini   ot'  tl 


other  l)Ut  ui  company  with  proserpma.  to  see  win 


■ther  f( 


males  ot'  the  typica 


•i  V 


4 


forms  breed  true  or  not,  as  thev  ccitaiidv  do  awav  from  thi'  bciundarv  iiin 


LIST  Of-  u.LL'srn.\ rinxs.  -iiAs/i.Ah'iiriA  riiosKurixA. 


(ICHinil, 
I'l.  tit,  liu'.  I.    Disliiliiilioii  ill  Norlli  Ami  ri 


I'l. 


IlUUiJII. 

.  liu'. !».     Mule,  li(,lliMirf:ici 


#- 


m 


2  94 


TIIK   lilTl'KlU'LIKS  OF   XEW   KNCiLANl). 


P  ■> 


II  i 
li   - 

in. 


BASILARCHIA   ARTHEMIS.— The  banded  purple. 


45.' 


[The  biimli'il  piirpli'  (Gossc) ;  -VrtciiiU  limoiiitc  (Kininc)ii.«);  circled  tMiii)en)r  (Uoss 
biuulod  Imlteiily  (Jliiyiinrd);  sylvan  liiisiliireliiii  (Scuildcr).] 


white 


Xl/mplKilis  p/iii/.  nrtliciiih  Driiry.  111.  nat.       JIdit.,  Syn.  I.cp.  N.  Ahum-.,  (IT)  (18(>2) ;— Ifarr., 


hi.-<t.,  ii  :  17,  pi.  10,  li-s.  ;l-4  (ITT.'i). 

I'lipilio  (irtlieiiiin  iim'zv,  Kiitoin.  Iicytr.,  iii: 
i,  ,37.-)  (177!)). 

Limc.nitis  urthi-inis  .Say.  Anici'.  ciitoin.,  ii, 
pi.  2:t  (1825);  Kiitoni.  N.  Aincr.  cd.  l.cCoiite. 
i:  4!)-")0,  pl.2;i  (lSVJ);-I{hiiich.-!!nilk\  Hist, 
iiat.  ins.,  iii:l.')l  (1840);— Ciossp. Can.  nat. .220- 
221,  ;i  tijrs.  (IS40);— Liiitn.,  True.  Knioni.  soc. 
I'hilad.,  iii:  t!2-U;i  (18(U);— Koss,  lUitt.  <,iin„ 
7,  W'^.  (187;!);  — Kdw,,  Can.  cnl.,xi:  224-228 
(1S70);  xiii:  2;!7-242  (l.s8l);  Hmt.  X.  A.,  ii, 
Lini.  i:  (1-2(1),  pi.  I.ini.  1  (1880);— .Middl..  Hep. 
ins.  III.,  .\:  ss  (1881);— Ileust.,  Can.  cnt.,  \v: 
o7-.">8  (18S;!);-Kci-n.,  Hntl.  .Mc.,(!2-(;4  (Ins4)  ;— 
Mayn.,  Untt.  X.  K..  10-11,  pi.  Mi-s.  11,11a 
(188C.);  — I'lvindi,  iSntl.  cast.  V.  S.,  208-210 
(188(1). 

yiliniili'ilin  iiiiliiinis  lioisd.-Li'C.  Lt'p. 
Amur.  sept..  202-20;!.  pi.  ,M.  Iiu>.  l-;i  (18;!;!);  — 


Ins.  inj.  vcn-..;!d  cd..  28,V284,  pi.  1,  ti,Lr.  7(1802). 

yiimjiliiilix  (Lhncnitis)  nrlhcMix  Westw.. 

Diiiiy.   K.\ot.  cntuni.,  ii :  10,  pi.  10,  ligs.  0-4 

(18;^7). 

Iliisi!((ri-liia  ardifiiiis  .Sciidd.,  Syst.  rev. 
.Vnicr.  l.nlt.,  8  (1872);  Appal.,  ii :  331-330 
(1,S81). 

yi/iiipli'ilis  KVlfiiiis  Doiilil.,  Catiil.  Leii. 
Jtril.  inns.,  i;  i)(!-07  (1844). 

Liiiiiiiilia  iifti'iiiis  Fi'Ul.,  Xeues  I.ep.,  29 
(1801). 

LimnitiU.i  nrsiilii  rcr.  Hrthcmis  [IJ  '  t], 
IJnll.  l?roi)kl.  ent.  sue.  vi :  7  ( 1883). 

l')iliilliil<tinini(  Kabr.,  Kntoin.  svst.,  iii:  118 
(1703). 

.\!liiiji/iii/is  liimiiKi  (iod.,  Kneycl.  Mi(!th..  ix : 
;j;)().  ;!80(i8io). 

l'"i,i;nr<Mlliy  (iluvn-.  111.  \  Leii.,pl.  31  lijt. 

.'),  incd. 


iSlark.  while  lie  nio'cs  aniiil  Ihc  snnny  beam. 
O'er  his  soft  win.L.'s  Ihe  varying'  hislrc's  irleam. 
I.annehcd  inb)  air.  un  pnr[lle  pliunes  he  soars, 
(iay  nature's  face  with  wanlcjn  glance  exj  lores; 
I'nnid  of  1ms  varyin;;  beanties  wiiiL!>  his  way. 
Anil  spuiN  the  fairest  llowers,  himself  more'fair  than  they. 

(jKoteil  hi/JIdirnrlli. 

Hearing  yon  praix'd.  I  say  "'Tis  so.  'tis  trne", 
.Vnd  te  the  niu>t  of  praise  add  somclhin^f  more. 

fSll.VKK.sl'KAlll:.— .S'0)Ui(,7. 

Imago  (2  :  ."i).  Head  covered  witli  very  diirk  idivaceoiis  brown  liairs  with  a  suiiill 
trianynlar  while  spot  at  tlu^  extreme  back  of  the  head,  behiiul  the  l)ase  of  each  antenna  ; 
behind  and  adjoining;  the  niidille  of  the  eye  a  narrow  wddte  streak,  about  half  a.s  lonir 
as  the  eye,  partially  obscured  by  brownish  scales;  oec'aslonally  a  few  i)alo  Iniirs  in  front 
of  the  base  of  each  antennae,  .\iitennae  mdforinly  velvety  black,  the  extreme  tip  dull 
dark  Uiteinis  or  reddish.  I'alpi  covered  with  dark  olivaceous  brown  Iniirs,  excepting  on 
tlio  apical  two-thirds  of  tlic  outer  surface  of  the  basal  joint,  and  tlic  lower  outer  half, 
as  far  as  the  middle  of  the  under  surface,  of  the  other  joints,  which  are  clothed  with 
wliite  scales  and  Iniirs.  sliglilly  obscured  l)y  a  few  browiusli  hairs.  Tongue  very  'I;;;'k 
brown,  blackisli  toward  the  base. 

Tlnir,:^  covered  Willi  very  d.-irk  brown  hairs,  olivaceous  when  viewed  froiu  tno 
side;  a  snniU  wliile  spot  at  tlu'  extreme  base  of  each  wing.  Kore  femora  olivaceoie. 
brown,  Willi  a  slender,  fjiiiit,  median  line  of  wlute  lieneath ;  fore  tibiae  and  tarsi  cov- 
ered with  wliite  scales  ami  liairs,  excepting  on  the  inner  sUle  wliidi  is  olivaceous 
brown;  other  legs  dark  castaneous  brown,  covered  with  mingled  brownish  and  dirty 
white  scales,  tlic  latter  most  abundant  on  the  under  surface  of  the  femora  and  tibiae; 
coxae  fringed  exteriorly  with  long,  pale,  bluisli  while,  hairs  and  tipped  with  silvery 
while:  spines  dark  brown;  claws  reddisli  brown:  paronychia  pale  testaceous,  reddisli 
toward  tlie  lip;  pnlvilins  dark  brown. 

Win:rs  above  velvety  (diocolate  black,  /'occ  irinijs  enlirely  resembling  tliose  of 
15.  aslyanax  in  form,  but  dillering  from  those  of  IJ.  arehlppus  lu  their  more  curved  costal 
and  outer  margin.    Third  superior  subcostal  nervule  arising  a  little  less  tluiii  half 


NYMPIFALINAK:   HASII.AKCIIIA  AIMIIKMIS. 


295 


way  from  the  oriiriii  of  tlii'  sccoml  superior  iicrwilc  to  llu'  tip  of  tlio  win;;;  tlu'  foiirlli 
arisiiii;  iiruiway  l)L'tW('rii  tlic  l)asc  of  llu-  liiirii  ami  the  lip  of  tlic  win-;.  Kore  wiii<;s 
witli  a  very  liroad  mesial  wliitc  l)elt,  wliieli  searcely  fails  of  attaiiiini:  ritlier  l)i)nler, 
brolveii  only  l)y  tlio  l)lacl<  nervules  wliicli  cross  it  and  tlie  few  lilacli  scales  wliieli  l)or- 
(ler  tlie  nervules  for  a  short  lUstniice  on  the  outer  half  of  the  l>elt ;  the  l)elt  varies 
sliirhtly  with  each  interspace  and  Is  usually  l)ri)adest  next  llie  cell  and  In  the  lower 
median  interspace:  in  the  snl)coslal  interspaces,  its  width  is  fully  twice  tiie  brcadlli 
of  tlie  interspaces;  its  interior  l)orilcr  Is  well  delhu'd.  its  exterior  a  little  vairne  liy  the 
Intermixture  of  wliite  and  black  scales;  tlie  belt  starts  from  a  very  little  lieyoud  the 
middle  of  the  costal  border  and.  eurvliii;  oiilward.  readies  the  inner  bonier  at  a  dis- 
tance from  tlie  outer  inarijiu  e(|ual  to  its  ownwidlli;  the  interior  niaritin  of  tlie  belt 
is  nearly  tonllnnous,  but  Is  almost  always  aujxnlarly  indented  to  a  conslderal)le  decree 
at  and  just  above  tlie  lower  median  nervu'..;;  the  exterior  margin  is  less  regular.  Iicing 
usually  protul)eraiit  beyond  the  cell  and  in  tiie  lower  niedhin  Interspace  and  Indented 
soiiiewliat  just  below  tlie  lower  ipedlau  uervule :  at  tlie  terminal  divarication  of  tlie  sul)- 
costnl  nervure  there  Is  a  white  dot  and  just  wllliiii  it.  al)ove  and  lielow  the  divaricat- 
ing nervule.two  small  triangular  patches  of  white  scales:  there  isa  faint,  snlunarginal 
series  of  transverse,  disconnected,  bluish  strealis  In  every  iulerspace.  distant  from  llie 
border  l)y  about  threc-<|uarlers  the  width  of  an  interspace,  and  occasioinilly  the  slight 
liulii'atiou  of  a  sec<uid  row  lietwecu  this  and  the  liorder:  fringe  alternately  black  ami 
white  Is  about  e(|nal  measure,  the  black  next  tlic  nervure  tips.  Jliinl  ii-iut/s  resembling 
in  form  those  of  B.  astyanax  in  every  particular,  but  (littering  from  those  of  IJ.  archip- 
pus  in  having  tlie  outer  border  pretty  strongly  crcnnlate,  more  strongly  arclied  and 
sllglitly  (?)  or  rather  coiispieiiously  (J)  proiliu'ed  at  llie  upper  median  Interspace. 
First  median  nervuic-  originating  a  little  further  from  tlie  liase  llian  the  last  subcostal 
nervuU^  .\  broad,  white  mesial  baud,  similar  to  thai  of  the  fore  Avings  and  in  contiiui- 
ity  witli  It,  is  broadest  in  tlie  inidille  iiud  tapers  slightly  toward  either  end:  its  Inlcrior 
border  Is  well  detlned,  nearly  straiglit.  the  middh!  two-thirds  sUghliy  convex:  Its  ex- 
terior liorder  Is  regularly  convex  and  a  very  little  powdery;  the  band  starts  fnmi  the 
middle  of  the  apical  two-tiilrtis  of  tlie  costal  liorder  and  reaches  the  inner  i)iirder  at  tiie 
middle  of  the  apical  half;  tills  belt  is  followed  exteriorly  l)y  a  series  of  cinslcred  blue 
scales,  forming,  in  each  interspace,  iiiuular  cappinns  to  a  row  of  small  and  usually  rather 
inconspicuous,  round,  oraiigi'  red  spots,  subparallel  to  tiu'  outer  Imrder:  both  of  Ihesi! 
rows  of  colored  spots  are  often  greatly  siibdiu'd  and  occasionally  abseiil  ;  there  is  a 
douliie  subniarginai  row  of  slightly  curved.  trau--verse  blue  streaks,  one  in  eacli  iiilei'- 
siiacc,  the  inner  siiglitl,\  larger  ami  more  curved,  dislaiil  from  Uk^  margin  by  the  width 
of  an  interspace,  the  outer  midway  between  lln'  inner  and  the  border,  each  streak 
usually  l)rokeii  in  the  middle.  Fringe  wliite.  interrupi'd  rather  broadly  willi  liiack  at 
the  nervure  tips. 

lieneath:  Fnri'  ifiiiiis ;  there  Is  a  mesial  white  licit  parl;ikiiig  aitngther  of  llic  char- 
acter of  that  of  the  upper  surface,  excepting  llial  it  is  -lightly  broadi'r;  within  lliis 
licit  the  wing  is  of  a  rich,  dark  purplisli  brown,  a  Utile  tinged  with  olixaceous  beside 
the  ve''is;  tlie  extrcmlly  of  tln'  cell  is  marked  by  a  iargi'.  transverse,  dark  orange  red 
spot,  bordered  with  purplish  bhicU ;  and  in  llir  middh'  of  the  cell  is  , '11101  her  large, 
roundish  (U'  Irregular  spot  of  the  same  colour  similarly  bordered ;  both  occupy  the 
whole  breadth  of  tlie  cell,  and  011  eilher  side  of  llie  hitter,  at  the  nppi'rmost  extremity. 
Is  a  sllglit  patch  of  brigiit  pub'  bine  scales;  a  few  inconsiilciions  bine  scales  are  also 
seattcriMl  through  the  other  unoccupied  parts  of  the  cell;  the  space  between  the  costal 
nervure  and  the  margin  is  dark  orange  red;  oulside  tlu'  licit,  the  snbaplcal  white  spots 
and  the  two  subiiiargiu.'ii  rows  of  blue  streaks  found  011  the  upper  surface  are  repeated 
beneath,  both  of  tin'  latter  with  ecpiai  disliiictness  and  011  a  piirpli-li  black  uroiiiid  ; 
foliowiiig  the  snlunarginal  streaks.  Interiorly,  is  a  riilher  liroad  dark  red  bainl.  varying 
In  lint  from  orange  to  einnamoneons,  most  conspiciious  above  tlie  middle  of  the  median 
urea;  when  it  Is  of  the  latter  tint,  the  space  between  this  and  the  mesial  belt^ — except- 
ing the  subapii'al  w  Iilto  spots  which  are  sometimes  followed  by  other  faint  spots  bchiw 
In  snccocdlng  Interspaces — Is  also  cinnamoneous;  otherwise  It  is  of  a  dark  olivaceous 


296 


THK    ni'JTKHl'LIE.S   G  •    NKW    KXCiLAND. 


briiwn,  tinted  sonu'tiiiK's  with  ciiiiiniiioiicoi  •  I'riiijio  lis  nhovc;  l)ut  a  little  less  wliite. 
Ilinil  iriiiiis  ivitli  il  iiie>liil  lielt  exactly  similar  to  that  of  the  iiiiper  surface  except  in 
beiii!^  sli-ihtly  brDadci';  within  this  l)elt.tlie  wiii^  is  dark,  rich,  olivaccDiis  brown, 
more  or  less  enlivened  with  red'.isli  orange  <ir  cinnanioneous  scales;  in  the  cell  two 
spots  situated  and  colored  as  those  of  the  fore  winfjs.  but  very  narrowly  nnirained 
with  black,  tliat  at  the  extremity  of  tile  cell  crossing;  also  tlie  lo\>cst  subcostal  inter- 
space; a  similar  ol)liiine,  oval,  slii;litly  snniUer  spot,  barely  bordered  witli  black  in  the 
costo-sul)costal  interspace,  directly  al)ove  or  a  little  outside  of  that  in  the  middle  of 
the  cell :  a  few  bluish  scah^s,  occasionally  clustered  in  spots,  arc  usually  scattered 
about  the  cell  and  near  the  l)ase  of  the  c<istal  nervnre ;  sometimes  they  are  of  a  nu'tallic 
purplish  blue,  and  sometiuies  they  liedoud  nearly  tlie  whole  basi'  of  the  win^;  costal 
maritin  at  base  broadly  nnir4;ineti  willi  dark  oraufre  red;  beyonil  the  bi'lt  tl:e  winjj;  is 
l)urplish  black,  witli  a  donl)le  subm.irfiinal  row  of  curved  streaks,  like  thos(!  of  the 
upper  surface  but  slisiitly  larger;  in  each  interspace  between  these  and  the  mesial 
belt  there  is  a  larse,  roumlish,  dark  orange  red  spot,  occupying;  nearly  all  the  inter- 
mediate si)a<'e,  sometimes  only  two-thirds  as  broad  as  the  interspaces  but  usually 
nearly  touchiui?  the  m-rvules,  and  occasionally  uniting  to  form  a  continuous  baiul : 
frlniie  as  above,  exceptini;;  that  the  black  occupies  about  the  same  amomit  of  space  as 
the  white  does,  and  in  the  snbniedio-internal  interspace  is  white, 

Abilonu'u  purplisli  lilack,  lielow  witli  l)road  medio-ventral  ami  narrow  latero-veu- 
tral  stripes  of  white,  tlie  Hu'iner  liroadcr  at  III''  apices  tliaii  ;it  tlie  bases  of  the  se;j:- 
mi'Uts.  .\ppenilai;es  of  male  (33  :  !l)  :  hook  of  upper  oruaii  scarcely  ciirvi'd  and  i'i|iial  on 
the  basal  tlircii-fonrths,  beyond  u'ciitly  arcuate,  tapering  at  llrstiii'iitly,  afterwards  more 
rapidly  to  !i  Hue  point.  Clasps  three  times  as  {(uii;  as  liroad.  beyond  the  prominence 
of  the  lower  edtfc  taperini;  re^iularly  liiit  not  ureatly  to  a  broad,  rounded  apex,  but 
with  a  coiisiileriibic  rounded  prominence  of  tlie  upper  e(ly;e  in  the  middle  of  tlie  basal 
Iwo-tliirds  of  tli(!  free  piirticui.  similar  to  tliat  of  astyaiiax  ;  apex  of  clasp  very  nearly 
one-iiaU'  as  broad  as  llie  b:ise,  and  armed  witli  a  few.  small,  pointed  spines  more  distant 
than  on  aslyaiiax,  aii<l  exlriidiiur  also,  iiiinli  smallei,  upon  tlie  apical  portion  of  the 
lower  edire;  interior  liiiirer  liroad  at  base,  taperinu:  at  first  a  iiltli',  afterwards  scarcely 
at  all,  so  as  to  be  nearly  twice  ;is  l)road  as  in  llie  oilier  species,  straii;lit,  directed  up- 
ward and  scarcely  backward,  scarcely  free,  exc(ptiu;i  in  the  sliftht  portion  wliicli  ex- 
tends above  tlic  prominence  of  tlie  njiper  edixe  as  in  astyauax.  covered  with  Hue 
prickles,  tlie  Up  very  bluntly  pointed. 


Mea.surenieiils  in  millinietres. 

MALK.S.                           1 

l-KM.VI.KS. 

Leiij,'th  of  ton^'ue,  10.5 

Sinallest. 

Average.    Largest.  , 

;)'.'.5      '      1)5,5 
l.-|,              IT.        1 
!».                  !».S       1 
:},2,-)            4. 

Sinallei-t. 

.Vveriij,'e.  I.arjfe.st. 

Leiiirtli  uf  fore  wiiiL's 

aiili'iinai' 

hind  tibiae  ami  tarsi., 
lore  liiiiae  and  tarsi.. 

11, 

.s. 
;!. 

;!3.5 
15. 
!». 

a.i 

1  as.* 

10. 
'      0.5 

U.'S 

•One  specimen  taken  near  Hu.ston  by  Mr.  Tliaxler  had  a  I'lU'e  wiii;^47-.')  mm.  in  length! 

Hybrids,  11,  I'lto.sKiti-ix.v  (.vsiyanax-ahtiik.mis),  Kor  tlie  form  proserpiim,  see 
the  precedinj;  section,  where  it  is  discussed  as  a  hylirid  between  this  species  and 
B.  astyauax, 

IJ.  Altriliailiri'is  (Al!riii:>ils-Ai!Cilll'lMs;  (Lini'iiitimirtlidiiis.  alierr,  (".  Kdw.,  I'ap,,  ii  : 
4"),  Auotlier  case,  more  conlideiitly  to  be  referred  to  hyliridism,  is  a.  male  s|iecimeu 
in  the  Museum  of  Comparative  Zoology  at  (^ambrhljie,  obtained  at  Clialeaumiay 
Uaslu  in  September,  IH"',),  by  Mr.  .1.  (}.  .Tack,  and  which  is  certainly  to  bo  looked  upon 
as  a  hybrid  lietween  arthemis  and  archipims. 

Till"  uiiper  surface  i)reseiits  a  curious  ci)iiiniin,L;lin^;  of  the  characters  of  thi'  two 
.species,  Tlie  ijroiinil  and  tlie  markiniis  of  the  fore  wlnns  are  mainly  those  of  arclilp- 
jnis,  but  the  black  has  suH'nsed  itself  so  tliorony;hly  as  to  melanize  the  entire  wlufj, 
which  only  shows  the  prciper  orange  irround  in  a  somewliat  obscured  fnshion  in  the 
cell,  particularly  at  the  base,  In  tlic  lower  median  and  medlo-.subracdlaii  Interspaces, 


NYMPIIALIXAE:   BASILAUCHIA  AK'I  [KMIS. 


297 


mill  in  tlie  outer  scries  of  normally  loiifj  oruiijte  lunules  in  the  luuUllo  of  the  lowest 
siibeostiil,  snbcosto-nieilian  anil  upper  median  interspaces,  here  reiluced  to  rathor  small 
circular  spots.  The  broad  white  belt  of  artlieiuis  is  ((uite  wantinjj;  and  in  its  place 
is  an  exact  repetition  of  the  extra-mesial  series  of  white  spots  desceiulinj;  from  tlie 
costa  found  in  areliii)|)Hs,  as  well  as  tue  pair  of  white  spots  next  the  costa  midway 
between  this  and  tlie  apex,  found  alil<e  in  both  species  thoufrh  more  commonly  siiifile 
in  arcliippus ;  the  luarjrinal  markiiifis  are  as  in  arthemis  but  somewhat  subdued.  The 
shape  of  the  liiiid  wings  is  that  of  arcliippns  and  so  are  most  of  the  marliings,  the 
or:inge,  though  dulled  and  in  the  outer  liplf  of  the  wing  mucli  restricted,  as  a  \\  hole 
predominatiiij;;  but  in  the  exact  position  of  tlie  normal,  transverse,  black  stripe  is  a 
conspicuous  tlioufrh  narrow  band  of  white,  broken  at  the  black  nervnres  into  transverse 
spots  aliout  twice  as  broad  as  long;  and  this  white  band,  correspondinj;  to,  but  more 
curved  tliau  the  belt  of  arthemis,  is  l)ordered  on  botli  sides  butespecially  withoutwitli 
black;  and  us  the  black  margin  of  the  wing  is  of  unusual  width  (for  arcliippns),  the 
orange  spots  bcyoiiil  the  extra-mesial  stripe  are,  as  in  tlie  front  wings,  vastly  reduced, 
bcMig  scarcely  longer  than  liroad:  the  only  markings  of  the  marginal  liaiid  is  a  single 
niw  of  faint  and  slender  blue  lunnles  and  the  white  interrnption  of  the  dark  fringe. 

IJcneath.  tlie  resenitjlanec  to  arthemis  is  a  little  stronger;  for  thougli  in  tlic  main, 
tlie  niarkings  of  tlic  upper  surface  are  repeated  (with  rather  more  prominent  fulvous 
ground),  the  iminediatc  margins  of  l)otii  wings  are  built  on  tlie  arthemis  pattern,  and 
indications  of  the  varied  niottling  of  the  liaseof  tlie  hind  wings  faintly  appear,  thongli 
only  in  paler  and  deeper  fulvous,  while  the  spots  foriiiiiig  tlie  white  extra-mesial  band 
are  scarcely  liroader  than  long.     Length  of  fore  wing,  \\'2  nun. 

The  specimen  described  by  Kdwards  is  very  similar  to  this  and  was  also  found  in 
t'anada.  It  approaches  artliemis  a  very  little  more  clo.sely  tlian  the  one  above  de- 
scritied. 

The  occurrence  of  two  sncli  similar  forms  renders  it  probable  that  they  are  not  al- 
logellier  uncomnion;  ami  I  have  tlierefore  thonglit  them  worthy  of  a  distinctive  name. 

Egg  (64  :  15).  Grayisligreeu,  the  lllaments  white  (after  Kdwards) ;  micropyle  (67  :  .">), 
according  to  a  drawing  liy  Konopicky,  witli  aliont  a  dozen  ratlier  large,  kite  sliapcd  cells 
around  a  central  circle,  surrounded  liy  only  one  or  two  rows  of  small  polygonal  and 
subisohedral  cells  before  the  larger  lliamcnt-liordered  cells  are  reached. 

Caterpillar.  FirM  staijc.  Head  (78  :L'l)  glossy  lirown.  Body  aliove  and  below  yellow 
brown,  tlie  tubercles  concolorons,  excei)tiiig  those  of  the  uppermost  rows  which  are 
darker;  hairs  white:  prolegsand  legs  concolorons  witli  body.  Length. 2.:!  nun.  (.Vfter 
Kilwards.) 

Scriiiid  sl(i(j(.'.  Head  (78: 2i)  wood  brown,  Init  tlie  wliole  front  liiack.  IJoily  wood 
brown,  more  or  less  obscured  with  dusky  lints  especially  at  the  iiieisnres;  tijis  of  the 
tiiliercles  and  tiieir  papillae  sljiriidy  paler  than  the  j:roimd.     I.eiigtii,  .")  mm. 


Third  stdijf 


Head  (78:2;l)  black,  its  hinder  surface  wood  brown.     Body  iilackish 


brown,  varied  with  clay  yeUow  on  the  liiiuler  edge  of  tlic  dorsum  of  the  fourth  and  the 
whole  of  the  dorsum  of  the  llftli  abdominal  segments  and  on  the  sides  of  the  last 
abdominal  segment;  piipillaeof  tubercles  wood  lirown,  es^ieclally  on  the  upper  surface. 
Length,  Id  mm. 

l-'iinHh  slaijc.  Head  with  the  tiibi'rcles  more  prominent  at  tlie  siimmit  than  else- 
where, tliose  at  the  back  and  sides  long,  conii'al  and  separated ;  color  bliickish,  the 
upper  [larts  sniriised  with  red,  the  sniiiiiiit,  sides  and  sutures  red,  the  tubercles  mostly 
concolorons  with  the  ground.  Body  red-brown,  somewhat  specked  and  mottled,  es- 
pecially at  tlie  incisures,  with  black,  the  tubercles  ferruginous  red  or  partly  castaneous. 
the  maninilform  dorsal  elevations  of  the  second  al)iloniinal  segment  castaneous,  the 
dorsum  of  the  third  to  llfth  alidoniinal  segments  and  most  of  the  sides  of  the  fourth 
yellowish,  and  an  iufrastiginatal  gray  bnit'  stripe  on  the  sixtli  and  succeeding  alid<niii- 
nal  segments,  previous  to  which  it  is  brown.  Most  of  the  tubercles  red.  Lengtli,  11.2 
mm.     (.Vfter  Kdwards.) 

Last  »^(;/(' (74:2t;),  Head  (78 :  24)  dark  ilrali,  ilie  coronal  tubercles  oblii|iiely  trun- 
cate; ocelli  black.     Body  of  various  shades  of  gre  ni,  especially  olive,  the  dorsal  patch 


\Kk, 


p 


"■':;> 


.1!.*; 


vif/.'. 


"■ 


ir-'1ii 

mm 


il    ■. 


298 


THE  BUTTERFLIES  OF  NEW  ENOLANI). 


liv 


fV: 


i.:sl. 


iJ4i 


1    . 


whitish  or  sordid  l)ufl',  tlie  anterior  segments  more  or  less  -wldtish  and  an  infrastignia. 
tal  stripe  pink,  excepting  on  tlie  last  segments  where  it  is  white,  tlie  mammiform  pro- 
tnberances  and  transverse  ridges,  especially  the  latter,  olive,  the  ridges  beset  with 

l)lne  lentlcnlar  or  subcorneal  papillae.  Longer  tubercles  of  second  thoracic  segment 
anil)er,  of  sixth  and  seven  .  '".lomlnal  segments  blacl?.  Legs  and  prolegs  red-brown. 
Length  30  mm.     (Colors  mostly  after  Edwards.) 

Chrysalis  (83:  14,  23).  Ocellar  tubercles  less  prominent  than  in  B.  archippns,  an<l 
dorsal  surface  of  clglitli  abdominal  segment  less  rugulose,  the  roughnesses  more 
smoothed.  Color  varying  from  a  creamy  wlilte  to  silvery  gray,  excepting  along  the 
upper  and  hind  margins  of  wings,  which  vary  from  darl<  brown  to  greenish,  and  the 
dorsal  prominence  of  the  second  alxlomlnal  segment,  which  is  fuliginous  but  separ- 
ated from  the  wing-casos  by  a  band  of  silvery  gray.  Abdomen  yellow  widte,  tlio 
terminal  segments  and  whole  ventral  surface  excepting  a  ventral  line  gray isli  brown, 

and  a  dorsal  and  obscure  suprastlgmatal  stripe  of  brown.    Length,  21-25  mm. 

Distribution.  Tliis  species  of  Biisilnrcliia  Ims  n  very  different  range 
from  tie  others,  its  soiitlicrn  limits  nearl}'  coinciding  with  the  northern 
l)ounda"ie8  of  IJ.  astyanax.  It  is  par  excellence  a  Canadian  species,  in- 
hai)iting  the  whole  width  of  the  Dominion  east  of  the  Kocky  Mountain.s 
and  extending  far  north  into  uucxi)lored  regions.  The  f()llowing  are  some 
of  the  localities  where  It  has  heen  found  nortii  of  our  houndary,  passing 
from  east  westward  :  Nova  Scotia,  "((uite  connnon  in  particular  localities," 
(.lones)  and  at  l*arrsl)oro  (Mrs.  Ilcustis)  ;  Cape  Hrcton  (Thaxter)  : 
Xi'wfoundland  (Edwards)  ;  (rodl)out  Hivoron  the  nortiiern  shore  of  the  Gulf 
of  St.  Lawrence  (Corneau)  ;  on  the  southern  side  of  t'lc  same  (iulf  in  the 
Kiver  Houge  District  (D'Crban).  at  St.  Anne  and  Marsoime  Rivers  (Hell), 
(^uehcc  *♦  not  uncounnon '"  (Howies,  Fyles)  :  Montreal  "  not  abundant " 
Cauliield)  ;  Siicrhrooke  ((Josse);  Cliateau(|uay  (Pearson);  Ottawa 
(  Fletcher)  ;  York  County,  London,  and  Hamilton,  Ontario  (  Hrodie,  Saun- 
ders, Murray  (  Motfatt)  ;  Moose  Factory,  Hudson  Hay  (  Weir)  ;  Lake  of  the 
Woods  (Say,  Dawson)  and  Dutferiu  (Dawson)  ;  Tiake  Winnipeg  (Say), 
nil...  Il  of  the  Saskatciu'wan  (Scudder);  Athal)asca  region  ((ictt'cken); 
Fort  Simpson  (Kdwards);  McKeuzie  and  Slave  Hivcr  i  Richardson)  ; 
Devil's  Portage,  Liard  River  (  Dawson  fide  Fletcher).  The  last  locali- 
ties carry  it  to  tl»e  Rocky  .Mountains  in  the  high  north,  l)Ut  there  is  no 
other  authentic  record  of  its  reaching  so  far  west  at  a  more  southern 
latitude,  excepting  that  it  was  taken  hy  Tyrrell,  at  Red  Deer  River,  lati- 
tude, .")2  X.,  longitude,  114'  2(t'  W.  ;  unless  Captain  Geddes,  who  vaguely 
reports  it  from  the  "Xortlnvest  Territory"  (hy  whicli  he  means  all  the 
Canadian  possessions  !)etwecn  Winnipeg  and  the  Rocky  Mountains)  has 
found  it  there  ;  or  unless  filso  Reakirt's  statement  is  correct  that  he  lias 
specimens  from  Colorado,  from  which  state  no  one  has  since  brought 
it.  Strecker,  liowever,  credits  it  as  extending  to  the  Pacific,  but  with 
no  specific  statements  of  localities.  Mr.  Fletclier  informs  me  that  there 
is  a  specimen  in  CJeddes's  collection  marked  Californi".  It  has  not  been  re- 
ported from  Labrador  or  Alaska.  Within  our  own  country  it  has  been 
found — passing  now   from  west,  eastward — in   the  "  Arkansas"  of  182t), 


NYMIMIALINAE :   HASILAllCIIIA   AKTIIEMIS. 


299 


[l)03sil)ly  IJ.  Weidcmeyeri]  (Say),  St.  Cloud,  Minn.  (Ilulst),  Iowa 
(Cliifiigo  Mus.),  hotli  ends  of  Lake  Sii[)erior  (Ilidst),  and  its  northern 
•iiioro  (Agaasiz,  Fletclier,  Miis.  Mich.  Univ).,  Kaeine,  Wis.,  "  ratlier  rare" 
(Hoy),  "common"  (Kirthmd),  northern  Illinois  ( Worthington,  Chic. 
Mus.),  northern  Michigan  (Cook),  Kalamazoo,  Mich.,  "not  common' 
((rihhs)  ;  I'oland  "in  two  or  three  instances"  and  C'lcvcland,C).,  "amongthe 
most  rare  species'  (Ivirtland),  Monroe  and  Pike  Counties,  Penn.  (Conradi), 
and  m  Xew  York,  not  only  in  the  Adirondacks  (Hill),  and  Catskills 
(Mead,  Edwards),  but  also  at  Lima  (Mark),  Kochester  (Hunker), 
Auburn  (Parker),  Pottsdam  "very  scarce,"  Ail)any  and  Scoharie  Counties 
(Lintner),  and  Nichols  (Howell).  Very  nrmy  of  these  localities  arc 
drawn  from  P^dwards's  careful  account  of  this  butterHy. 

In  Xew  England  it  has  not  been  taken  -ioutli  of  Massacluisetts  and  but 
rarely  in  that  State.  It  is  not  unconunoi  umong  the  Berkshire  Hills  at 
Williamstown  (Scuddcr),  and  it  has  been  taken  sparingly  at  Deei-field 
(F.  II.  Sprague),  amtmg  the  hills  between  Amherst  and  Soutli  Hadley 
(I)inunock,  Stearns,  F.  II.  Sprague,  Croodell,  Marsh),  at  lielchertown 
(Dinunock),  Ilolyoke  (Emery),  and  Templcton  (Partridge).  It  has 
occasionally  been  found  ahout  Boston,  esi)ecially  at  Dorchester  (Clapp, 
P.  S.  Sprague),  Maiden  and  Wollaston  (F.  II.  Sprague),  and  even  at 
Walpolc  (Miss  Guild).  It  is  already  common  at  F^actory  Point  (Roberts), 
and  Brattleboro,  Vt.  (Iligginson)  ;  at  Walpolc  (Smith),  Weare  (Emery), 
Suncook  (Thaxter),  and  Dublin,  X\  II.  (Faxon,  Leonard),  but  is  "  scarce" 
in  Milfordnear  tiie  latter  place  (Whitney),  and  is  even  considered  "  not 
aljundant"  at  Portland,  Me.  (Lyman).  In  the  White  Mountain  region, 
and  in  northern  New  England  generally,  it  is  e.\ceedingly  abundant,  far 
more  so  than  the  other  species  of  the  genus  in  their  most  fav()rai)lc  locali- 
ties. Indeed  the  matrons  of  farm-houses  in  the  valley  of  the  Peabody 
River  complain  of  the  insects  entering  tiie  kitchens  in  such  numbers  as 
to  1)0  a  very  nuisance;  one  of  them,  ^Irs.  Dolly  Copp,  of  "Imp  (Jottage" 
(well-known  to  many  old  frequenters  of  the  (ilen),  relates  how  she  has 
taken  more  than  fifty  on  the  inside  of  her  windows  in  a  single  morning ; 
and  "Mr.  Hill  saw,  on  one  occasion  in  the  Adirondacks,  a  log  closely 
packed  with  arthemis.  standing  side  by  side." 

Haunts  and  abundance.  This  buttei*fly  frequents  the  shady  roads 
through  the  forests  of  northern  New  Hampshire,  especially  where  they  are 
hilly  ;  or  it  may  belbund  eqiuilly  al)out  the  margin  of  woods.  Dr.  Harris 
I'.as  remarked  that  it  is  particularly  addicted  to  tiic  flowers  of  Eupatorium 
ageratoides  L.  in  open  places  in  the  White  JNIountain  valleys. 

Almost  any  opening  in  the  deep  woods  will  be  frequented  Ijy  it,  espec- 
ially if  there  be  excrementitious  matter  or  camp  refuse  about.  Reference 
has  already  been  made  aI)ove  to  its  abundance,  to  which  nuiy  be  added  the 
following  quotation  from  the  Canadian  exi)erience  of  D'Urban  : — 


■'1' 


300 


THE  BUTTERFLIP:S  of  new  ENGLAND. 


a* 


|i.  ' 


9< 


.—8' 

ill 

LiSI 


"It  frequently  asseniblpil  In  astonishing  numbers  round  old  Ininhering  camps  etc., 
congregating  about  the  toa-leavcs  and  other  refuse  lying  about  such  places.  On  the 
15th  of  July,  on  the  site  of  a  lumbering  camp  and  timber  rolhvay,  on  the  l)auk  of  the 
Rouge,  about  three  miles  above  the  Indian  Village  in  the  township  of  Arundel,  I  saw 
the  most  extraordinary  assemblage  of  butterllies  I  ever  beheld,  several  hundreds  of 
this  species  being  congregated  togetlier  in  groups  consisting  of  from  twenty  to  liity 
individuals  iu  each,  whilst  many  otliers  flew  around  and  rendered  it  dillicult  to  arrive 
at  an  accurate  estlnmte  of  their  numbers ;  nevertheless.  I  am  convinced  that  I  am 
within  the  mark,  when  I  state  that  there  were  more  tlian  three  hundred  assembled 
witliiu  a  space  of  a  few  sqiuire  yards."     (Can.  nat.,  v  :  s'.t.) 

It  is  one  of  the  delijflits  of  oiunp  life  in  northern  New  Knghmd  to  meet 
this  l)iittcrfly. 

OvipoBition.  The  eggs  are  laid  .singly,  close  to  the  tip  and  upon  the 
up[)er  surface  of  the  finely  tapering  leaves  of  the  food  plant,  so  near  the 
tip  that  the  egg  is  just  ahout  as  wide  as  the  leaf  at  that  point.  They  are 
laid  almost  exclusively  upon  horizontally  extended  branches  of  small  i)lants, 
not  more  than  two  or  three  feet  high,  skirting  roadsides.  As  ahra<led  and 
ragged  females  may  he  found  for  a  long  time,  it  is  highly  j)rol)al)le  that 
only  a  few  eggs  are  laid  in  a  single  day,  and  that  tlie  mother  continues  her 
labors  for  several  weeks.  The  eggs  h.-ttch,  according  to  Edwards  and 
Mead,  in  from  seven  to  nine  days. 

Food  plants.  Tlie  plants  credited  with  i)eing  the  food  of  this  species  in 
the  larval  state  are  various  and  very  dirti  -ent  from  each  otiier,  hut  some  ot 
them  seem  to  recpiire  confirmation.  I  have  myself  found  the  caterpillar  in 
the  White  Mountains  exclusively  upon  black  ar.d  yellow  birch  and  willow 
(onci!  u[)ou  |)oplar),  belonging  to  neighboring  families  of  plants,  Metula- 
ccac  and  Salicaceae  ;  and  I  regard  the  first,  Hetula  lenta,  as  its  |)roper  food 
by  preference.  Mr.  Kdwards  has  found  't  in  the  ("atskills  on  aspens  (  Pop- 
ulus),  a  very  closely  allied  j)lant,  Liiitner  rciU'cd  it  on  Populiis  balsami- 
fera,  and  (Josse  says  he  took  the  caterpillar  "from  an  elm  tree,  on  the  leaves 
of  which  it  was  feedmg."  also  a  neighboring  i)lant  :  all  the  above  are  apet- 
alous  plants.  But  Koss  mentions  honeysuckle*  (("ai)rifoliaceae,  a  gamo- 
petalous  plant)  as  one  of  its  foods,  which  suri'ly  needs  verification;  Mr. 
.Saunders  records  the  captiu-e  of  a  larva  wliile  beating  some  thorn  bushes 
in  London,  Ontario,  and  Colonel  Iligginson  has  raised  it  from  hawthorn  in 
Brattleboro  ;  while  I  found  one  la.st  autumn  making  its  hibernaculum  on 
Amelanchier,  another  of  the  Hosaceae,  to  do  which  it  was  uecessarv  that 
it  should  at  least  bite  the  leaves.  Miss  Middleton  and  Professor  French 
of  Illinois,  state  that  it  feeds  on  hasswood  (Tilia),  a  statement  accepted  by 
Edwards  :  all  of  these  are  polypetalons  j)lants.  very  far  removed  from  what 
seems  to  be  its  ])roper  food. 

Habits  of  the  caterpillar.  The  young  caterpillar,  according  to  Mead, 
acts  like  the  other  members  of  the  genus  in  that  it  renuiins  at  "the  tip  of 

•Is  it  poK.-iilile  that  under  this  name  Hoss  and  has  ml.stalien  Amelanchier  for  that 
.•efcrs  to  Lonicera,  also  called  honeysuckle,      plant? 


NYMl'HAIJNAK;    HASILAIUIIIA   AKTIIK.MIS. 


801 


tlic  Iciif,  iiiul  there  eat«  on  l)otli  sides  of  tlie  luidiili,  usually  resting  on  tlie 
projecting  end  of  this"  iis  on  a  pereli.  It  undergoes  one  (»r  two  moults 
liefore  winter,  (huingall  this  time  resting,  when  not  feeding,  upon  this  pereh 
or  ii  similar  one  eonstruete<l  from  the  next  leaf  it  attacks ;  it  then  pro- 
ceeds, after  the  fasiiiou  of  liasilarchians,  to  construct  a  winter  abode,  tren- 


frallv  from  a  leaf  wiiicli  it  has  i 


teen  eatuiir. 


Th 


hi!) 


)ernacida  are  in  a 


II 
it 


respects  similar  to  those  made  hy  the  other  species  of  the  genus ; 
hcgins  to  make  tiiem  in  the  White  Mountains,  and  even  further  south,  l)y 
the  miildle  of  August,  and  it  is  sometimes  as  many  as  ten  days  in  making 
one  (piite  to  its  liking.  Into  such  a  little  cylinder  the  caterpillar  crawls 
head  foremost,  its  tuherculate  hinder  end  visilile  and  forming  a  sort 
of  li\iug  door  to  its  ahode  :  here  it  remains  the  winter  through,  and  as  it 
has  lived  up  to  this  time  on  the  same  low  plant  on  which  it  was  horn,  it  is 
reafer  and  colder  part  of  the  winter.     This  I  found  I)v 


luned  Ml  snow  the  lh 


th 


the    White   M 


ountam 


examining  thousands  of  trees  l>y  the  roudsidi's 
valleys  very  early  in  spring  Ix'fore  the  leaves  wi're  fairly  out.  when  search 
for  the  hiiiernacula  was  easiest,  and  I  found  that  fully  nine  out  often  weic 
within  from  two  to  three  feet  from  the  gronn<l.  nmcli  helow  the  average 
level  ()f  the  snow  in  that  region.  With  the  first  starting  of  the  leaves 
into  new  life  the  caterpillar  hacks  (tut  (tf  its  retreat  and  liegins  again  t(t 
teed  upon  the  tender  green  :  Itut  either  it  (irst  changes  its  skin,  or  it 
retiu'ns  to  the  perch  (tf  its  dricMJ  up  and  ine(lil]le  hiiicrnacuium-leaf  after  its 
pntlialilv  scanty  yneals.  for  these  will  nearly  always  lie  found.  s(t(in  after  the 
caterpillar  has  finally  (piit  them,  to  have  up(tn  the  apical  flap,  the  cast-ttff 
pellicle  of  the  catcrpillai-. 

It  mav  lie  added  as  a  very  iiitei'csting  jioint.  i  it  there  is  a  Xolodontian 
caterpillar  found  in  some  uumiici's  on  the  lilack  lurch  in  the  White  Moun- 
tain valleys,  which  eats  the  leaf  in  precisely  the  same  way  as  IJ.  arthemis 
docs,  and  sinudates  its  haliits,  e\-en  to  taking  its  siesta  on  the  denuded  mid- 
ril)  of  the  ajiex  of  the  leaf;  Itut  it  makes  no  such  ]iad  of  riil-raff  next  the 
ragged  part  of  t\u'.  leaf  as  liasilarchia  does.  A  similcr  relation  is  n(ttice(l 
liv  Dort'meister  Itetweeu  the  caterpillars  of  Najas  populi  and  Notodonta 
ziezac  of  Kiirope,  which  feed  in  a  \ei'y  similar  way  on  Populus. 

Life  history.  Kdwards  and  myself  have  held  diflerent  views  regarding 
the  life  history  of  this  insect :  and  on  reviewing  lioth  my  own  soiu'ces  of 
information,  including  numerous  oliscrvations  by  many  othei's  as  well  as 
Itv  mvself  for  many  years,  and  the  statistics  he  has  so  hdxtriously 
gathered  and  puliiished,  I  am  inclined  now  to  think  that  we  wen;  both  of 
us  in  part  correct  and  in  |)art  wrong.  As  will  have  been  seen  above,  the 
caterpillar  hibernates  in  mid-life,  and  awakes  with  the  dawn  of  spring,  in 
the  White  Moinitains  in  the  latter  half  of  .May.  It  feeds  for  a  few  weeks, 
the  chrysalis  hangs  for  from  nine  to  fourteen  days  (nine  to  ten,  Ed- 
wards,  ton  to  eleven,   Scudder,  ten   to   twelve,   Saunders,   "about  a  fort- 


',if*'' 


J^m 


302 


rili;   IIL  Tl'KUFLlKS  OF  NKW   KN<;LAN1). 


night,"  (tohsc).  find  tlieii  the  l)iitt(!rHii's  ii|)[)(,'iir  on  t\\v  wing.  In  tlie  Wliito 
INIountiiins  tlie  first  lnood  of  l)ntti'rHi(\><  uwnally  iii)|ii'ai>i  tioni  the  sixteonth 
to  the  twcntietli  of  ,Fnne*  and  boconifs  ahnndant  in  four  or  (iv<!  davft ; 
Moinctinies  itx  appearance  is  eonsi(lerai)ly  (U'hiyed,  and  the  rtinil)er.i  increase 
hy  the  advent  of  fresii  s|>eciniens  for  al)out  tiiree  weeks  ;  the  hitcst  emer- 
gence of  whicii  I  have  exact  date  is  thily  IH  ;  hy  the  niiihlle  of  tlidy  tiie 
nunil)cr8  perceptiMy  diniinisii,  hut  it  remains  on  the  wing  until  early  in 
.Vugust  and  a  few  dilapidated  si)eciniens,  mostly  males,  may  be  found  even 
to  the  middle  of  that  month,  possibly  a  few  days  later.  After  the  first 
<lay8  of  July,  howe\er,  almost  no  pei-fect  sijceimens  can  be  found,  for  the 
wings  of  fresh  specimens  become  torn  and  ragged  in  a  very  few  days, 
although  their  e(>lors  may  be  undinuned.  There  is  no  evidence  that  the 
butterfly  aj)pears  any  earlier  in  the  more  southern  localities  where  it  is 
found  than  in  the  White  Mountains.  Indeed  we  have  no  record  of  its 
capture  in  Massachusetts  previous  to  the  very  end  of  fFune,  but  that  it  is 
iudijrenous  and  has  not  Hown  tliere  from  the  north  is  sho>vn  at  once  bv  its 
commonly  larger  size.  Kdwards  states  that  it  appears  in  the  Catskills 
"about  the  end  of  .June."  I  have  found  it  in  such  plenty  in  the  Greyloek 
Hopper  on  the  last  of  .luue  that  it  nuist  have  been  out  for  at  least  a  week, 
and  I  have  no  d()ul)t  that  its  actual  ap|)earaiice  in  a  given  year  is  at  least 
as  early  in  the  south  as  in  the  north,  though  these  statistics  look  strangely 
the  other  way. 

How  early  pi'cparatioiis  are  made  for  another  brood  my  own  observations 
do  not  sl'.ow.  Kdwards  states  that  the  eggs  are  laid  in  the  Catskills  the  last 
of  .Inly  and  early  in  August.  He  does  not  definitely  state  that  they  are 
not  laiil  earlier  i)ut  one  would  infer  it.  My  failure  to  kecj)  exact  note  of 
the  time  I  have  found  the  caterpillar  (htes  not  enable  me  to  verify  or  deny 
this  as  the  case  in  the  White  Mountains,  but  from  my  mere  recollection  of 
the  case  I  am  strongly  inclined  to  believe  that  the  butterfly  begins  to  lay 
eggs  in  the  early  part  or  at  least  the  middle  of  .Iidy,  and  that  eggs  are 
laid  from  this  time  until  the  end  of  the  month,  very  rarely  in  August,  per- 
ha[)s  never  after  its  first  week.  The  eggs  hatch  in  al)out  a  week,  and  the 
caterpillar  may  therefore  l)e  found  in  its  first  stage  l)etween  mid  July  and 


m 


id 


Au<ni 


and  a  slow  iirower, 
h'  and  se\ere  frosts  ; 


St.  As  the  caterpillar  is  at  first  a  slow  feeder 
those  which  are  latest  may  sometimes  be  cut  off  by 
others,  and  probably  the  mass  of  them,  reach  their  second  or  third  stage  before 
tlie  approach  of  winter :  in  the  White  Mountains  they  begin  to  make  their 
hibernacula  by  the  middle  of  August,  and  can  rarely  if  ever  be  found  feed- 
ing, except  for  such  preparation,  after  the  2.')th  of  that  month.  Others 
again,  the  earliest  out,  may  in  a  favoi'able  season,  and  iti  considercihlc 
(1  it  is  here   that  ^Ir.  Kdwards  does  not  agree  with  me — 


iiniiihcrs. 


*Sijo<'iiiiciis  iiiiMil  ill  West  Viriiiiiia  from       iuitumii  gave  the  ImttDrlly  at  the  ciul  iif  the 
••atei-pilhii's   traiisiiurtcil    there  IW  |ircviou.«       (ullowiiig  April. 


iii  :< 


XYMl'IIAMNAK:    HASII.AIU'IIFA    ARTIIKMIS. 


303 


reach  their  third  ftafff  in  inidHiiiiniicr  and  ho  pans  on  to  cliryHaliM  and  to  tv 
second  or  .siipphinentary  l)rood  of  ImtttrHics,  «  hich  makes  itn  a|)|)earnnce 
hito  in  August,  |(rol)ahIy  never  l)et'ore  tlie  2(>th,  ami  liecomes  fairly  abun- 
dant by  the  first  of  Septemljcr.  This  is  in  no  way  so  numcro  is  as  the 
tirut  brood,  and  disappears  by  the  middh;  uf  the  month.  On  count  of  its 
late  appearance  it  is  prol)able  that  the  <^reat<!r  |)art  of,  possibly  all,  the 
caterpillars  from  this  brood  of  biitteHiies — if  indeed  tiiey  lay  e<r{^s  at  all — 
perish  liefore  they  are  old  enouffh  to  construct  iiiliernacula  ;  but  that  thei" 
is  such  a  brood — thouffh  it  sei'ins  to  have  been  observed  by  only  a  few 
persons — can  hardly  be  fairly  (luestioncd.  .My  own  observations  are  so 
old  and  indcKnitt!  that  I  would  not  rely  upon  then,  if  they  were  not  sup- 
ported by  independent  testimony  ;  I  oidy  know  that  I  have  met  with  nu- 
merous fresh  specimens  at  tlic  time  stated.  Packard  in  his  "( Juide"  says  the 
butterflies  fly  in  June  and  "a<^ain  late  in  August."  Dr.  rl.  ('.  Merrill  mw 
vear  reported  to  nu'  that  he  found  the  buttcrHy  at  flic  \\'iiit«'  Mountains  on 
"Septendier  1  in  al)undance  and  fine  condition,"  (iosse  rcptuts  taking  one 
specimen  at  Sherbrooke,  Canada,  on  ."^cptiinbir  4.  I'rofcssor  S.  I.  Smith 
found  "several  on  Si'ptember  Mth"  at  Norway,  .Maine,  and  Mr.  F.  II. 
Spragiic  has  taken  "'new"  s|ieciniens  l)otii  male  and  female  at  South  Ilad- 
ley,  MassaehusettH,  on  .\ugust  7,  and  at  Dcerficld,  Massaciiusetts, 
August  17. 

Witiiout  great  latitude  none  of  these  can  be  looked  on  as  l)i'longing  to 
the  .luly  brood  of  butterflies,  for  there  is  scarcely  a  l)Utterfiy  known  to  me 
which  is  so  ([uickly  damaged,  a  |»erf'ect  specimen  more  than  three  days  out 
of  chrysalis  being  a  rarity.  Fresh  butterflies  in  .Massachusetts  in  the  sec- 
ond and  third  weeks  of  August,  ami  any  i)utterflics  at  all  in  the  White 
Mountain  region  toward  the  end  of  the  first  week  in  Se|)tcniber — not  to 
specify  abundant  fresh  ones  at  the  l)eginning  of  the  month — are  certainly 
from  etrtis  of  the  same  vear  and  not  from  those  laid  at  least  a  twelve-month 
before.  This  is  the  more  probable  since  it  is  at  this  time  th-.it  the  second 
brood  of  its  eongi'uers  are  flying  and  laying  eggs  in  New  Kngland,  speciis 
which  pass  the  winter  in  precisely  the  same  condition  and  at  the  very  same 
age.  But  in  the  j)resent  case  the  late  August  buttci-flics  should  be  looked 
upon  rather  as  an  attempt  toward  a  .■•econd  brood  than  a  regularly  recur- 
ring event,  since  they  have  failed  to  nu'ct  the  notice;  of  so  many  observers 
who  would  be  likely  to  meet  with  them. 

Habits,  flight,  etc.  This  is  one  of  our  handsomest  buttei-flies,  its 
broad  white  bow  forming  a  striking  contrast  to  the  deep  ground  color 
of  the  wings  as  it  Hits  over  the  moist  forest  road.  It  is  very  active  and 
has  a  rather  short  and  rapid  flight.  '"  When  it  alights  on  a  tree,"  says 
Mr.  Lintner,  "  it  seldom  remains  stationary,  but  continues  walking  t)ver 
the  leaves,  spreading  and  folding  its  wings."  Mr.  .Jones  says  that  "  it 
appears  to  frecjuent  the    upper   branches   of  hard-wood    trees,  where    it 


^f^' 


'*¥-', 


;;()4 


TIIK  lUTTKKl-MKS   OF   NKW    KNiiKANK. 


(li'li^littii  to  rest  iiikI  l)a.<<k  in  tlic  niiDiidiiy  siiii";  (iossc  <iicntiiins  Hcciiii;; 
"  as  iimiiv  lis  sixteen  ot"  this  r»|){'cii's  rrowdcil  tii;;<'tlu'r  (in  an  tdd  loj,'  Ia 
tli(!  roiulsidc,  so  cliisi'  ttijrctlicr  iin  to  lie  almost  toncliiii;;  in  cvci'v  part." 
Mr.  Knicrv  f'oinul  tlicni  associatiiij^  with  the  inar>h-lovinj,>'  Kn|iiiyilryas,  |in>li- 
alilv  till' rcsnll  ot'  their  |iartiality  tor  moisture;  they  may  always  lie  found 
in  eonipanies  on  the  moist  j^romid  aliont  the  water  tron^i'hs  plaeed  hy  the 
roadside  in  the  hilly  country,  and  they  start  almost  from  lieneath  one's 
feet  in  the  ;;loomiest  part  of  the  damp  forest  road,  where,  if  one  hut  wait 
patiently,  the  startled  heauties  will  reassemhle  and  the  ehoieest  may  lie 
readily  captured. 

"  ^\'hen  alarmed,"  says  Kdwards,  '•  it  darts  swiftly  away  and  courses 
up  and  down  the  path,  or  (lies  into  the  tri'cs,  hut  will  soon  return.  .  .  . 
It  Hies  at  some  distance  from  the  forest  also,  and  visits  orchards  for  the 
rotten  apples,  and  fan;'  houses  for  the  chance  of  what  it  may  tind  to  its 
likin<r."  It  is  very  fond  ot  all  excri'nient  or  other  moisture.  Kdwards 
tells  us  how  its  hody  heeomes  <listende<l  when  fed  in  a  \'i\'ariuni  on 
sweetened  Huids,  and  .lack  relates  how  it  will  teed  on  the  sweets  exuded 
from  the  carimclcs  of  plant  lice.  D'l'rhan  found  it  ■•  very  rcstli'ss  and 
active  when  on  the  ground,  constantly  openinj;'  and  slmttinj.''  its  winjrs, 
unrollinif  its  ton;iue,  and  runninjf  to  and  fro  very  rapidly,  and  even  when 
feedinji'  is  not  easily  sur|»rised.  It  Hies  freidy  in  cloudy  weather  and  (|uite 
late  in  the  afternoon."  Althou;j;h,  as  .lones  says,  it  so'  -"times  mounts  to 
the  tops  of  the  hijihest  trees,  it  usually  Hies  only  twc  hree  feet  ahove 

the  jri'ound,  alon^'  the  road,  sailing  on  its  liroad  win,  ;'r  .lian  Hying, 

oi'  if  not  sailing,  moving  slowly  with  a  rapid  hut  very  short  flutter.  It  is 
very  social  in  its  nature,  as  the  statements  given  ahove  of  its  ahundanee 
show.  Alighted  together  they  are  nearly  always  still  very  active,  chang- 
ing their  position  constantly  and  crowding  against  one  another,  so  that 
their  wings  are  soon  aliraded. 

^^'hen  faiily  at  rest  in  such  a  position,  the  wings  are  closed  hack  to 
hack,  the  fore  wings  so  far  advanced  .'is  to  leave  two  of  the  smaller  sul)- 
a[)ical  white  s|)ots  visilile  hcyond  the  margin  of  the  hind  wing;  the  hody 
is  raised  at  an  angle  of  W>^  with  the  ground  :  the  anti'unae  are  straiirht 
cxei'pt  for  a  hasal  arch  when  seen  from  the  side,  parallel  to  tiie  hody,  and 
di\aricate  at  an  angle  of  HO*-'. 

Dimorphism.  Ihis  species  is  looked  upon  hy  Kdwards  as  dinior|ihlc, 
tlie  alternative  form  heing  known  as  proscrpina.  .My  reasons  for  thinking 
otherwise  have  heen  yiven  separatelv  under  the   head   of  the   latter   t 


kherc  I  reyard  it  as  a  hvlirid  hetween  U.  Ursula  and    15.  arthemis. 


Mimicry.     T 


idv 


ic  onlv  e\  idence  or    nunucrv  n 


if 


th 


specie: 


IS  ui 


the 


iirm. 


earlv 


staiic; 


'n  conunon 


vvith  the  other  species,  hoth  larva  and  pupa  resemhle 


the  dropping   of  hirds.      I    have   already  relate<l  that   an  unkno 
(lontian    feeds    u|ion    Mack    liirch    in    the  same    manner    and 


no  to 
stations 


as 


NV.MI'IIAUXAK:   HASII.AHCIllA   AIM'IIKMIS. 


305 


nrtlu'iiuH.  Wliothor  U  iivails  I'itlicr  of  tlicin  «s  ii  copy  i>f  the  other  ciin 
hiiidly  1)0  told  :  eiTtaiiily  we  liiivo  no  cn  idciicc  of  it  ;  liut  tlic  liilx'rniiculimi 
liiiH  u  romttrkalilo  rcicinlilancu  tu  the  hiirtiitin^  IxiiIh  and  curving  terminal 
shoots  of  the  hireh  in  nprin;;  (81  :•'»),  whicli  may  not  iiidikely  prove  pro- 
tective at  the  McaHon  wlicn  if  ever  certain  kinds  of  liymenoptcrons  parasites 
wouhl  attack  it ;  the  color,  too,  of  tlio  soft  down  of  tiie  liuils  and  the 
envclopinjj  silk  and  dried  shell  «)f  the  hihernacula  is  as  similar  as  arc 
their  forms. 

Enemies.  No  parasite  has  ever  lieen  ol)tuiiicd  from  this  species,  hnt 
I  have  observed  an  evil-lookinj;  Ichneumon  wanderinjr  ahoiit  the  bursting 
leaves  of  the  black  birch,  apparently  hunting  like  myself  for  the  caterpil- 
lar. And  I  have  also  seen  some  signs  of  violence  to  the  hil>ernacula.  In  one 
instance  in  particular,  a  caterpillar  which  constructe<l  its  winter  abode  on  a 
little  birch  growing  under  a  wire  enclosure  in  my  garden,  and  had  lived 
there  for  ten  days  where  no  bird  couM  reach  it,  was  found  about  Septem- 
ber 10  to  have  disappeared  and  its  hibernaculum  ripped  open  —  probably 
by  some  wasp  which  coveted  it. 

Desiderata.  The  principal  unsettled  points  of  interest  in  this  butterfly 
are  its  precise  relations  to  the  form  proserpina  and  its  history  in  the  latter 
part  of  summer ;  field  observations  on  the  al)undance  and  exact  condi- 
tion, sex,  and,  if  female,  the  development  of  the  eggs  within  the  body,  of 
all  August  ati'i  September  si)ecimcns  arc  needed;  besides  this,  further 
investigation  sliould  i)C  directed  to  thu  age  of  the  female  at  first  oviposi- 
tion,  imd  how  long  she  continues  laying  eggs  ;  whether  basswood,  thorn, 
shadbush,  honeysuckle  and  elm  are  food  plants  of  the  larva  by  choice  or 
by  necessity  ;  what  [)arasitcs  there  arc  ;  what  advantage  there  may  be  to 
the  notodontian  that  feeds  on  tlic  birch  in  so  similar  a  manner ;  and  what 
the  western  and  northern  limits  of  tiie  distribution  of  our  species   may  be. 


¥■:■.:■'  j^ 


.;>( 


LLST  OF   ILLUSTliATIoys.-liASlLMKJlIIA  AllTUEMlS. 


Ell  (I. 
I'l.nt,  fl«.  15.    Coluird. 
07:5.    Mloropyli'. 

Vtiteriiilliir. 
\'\.  74,  n^'.  20.     Side  view,  culorc.l. 

78:21-23,    Front  viuw  of  liciul,  slajrts  i-iii- 
24.  Front  view  of  hoiul,  liftli  st:ii,'o. 

81:5.       Illliornaculnin,  nn<l  spring  lind 
of  l)iroli. 


Vlivijiiiilis. 
ri.  83,  (i^.  14.    Side  view,  colorcil. 
215.     Dorsiil  view,  outline. 

I'l.  2,  lii;.  5.    Miile,  Ijolli  surfaces. 

33:0.    Mali'  alidouiinal  ap|iend:igr.s. 

38:9.    Xcuration. 

(iininral. 
IM.  li),  lis;.  5.   Di.strilintion  in  Norlli  America. 


IW' 


.-.J-; 


39 


306 


llIK   lUriTKRFLIES  OF  NKW    KXCJLANl). 


TRIBE    VAiSESSIDI. 


ANOLE     WINGS. 


1*:?^' 


W  'f 


!i 


Vaiiossidi  Stepli.;  Viiiu'>si(liio  Piij)-;  Viiiics- 
siili's  Kiili. ;  V;ii:?s.soiili'.<  Kucli. 


I'upilioiics  iinguluti  AV'icii.  Verz, 
I'niefceti  ITerhst. 


Kiiiontrst  these  leaven  she  iniule  a  UutterHio, 
Witli  e.\i'<'lletit  ticviee  and  woiulrou§  slight, 
Fluttrliij.'  aiiioii''  the  olives  wantoiilv. 
That  seeniM  to  live,  so  like  it  was  insi^'ht : 
The  velvet  nap  whieh  on  his  winjts  iloth  lie. 
The  silken  Uovvne  witli  wliieh  his  Imek  is  ilight, 
His  hroaii  ontstretehed  hornes,  his  haviie  tides, 
His  glorious  eolours,  and  his  glisfenng  eies. 

Sl'KNSKIt. —  Muiopiitmos. 

Imago.  Head:  dub  of  iiutenuae  rather  lonir,  hut  pretty  (listiiictly  uuirked.  cylin- 
drical or  a  little  depressed,  with  three  inferior  ciiriiiatlons.  Talpi  stout  with  a  coarse, 
heavy  mass  of  scales  and  hairs,  the  terminal  joint  comparatively  lonj;,  usually  about 
one-third  the  ienjrth  of  the  middle  joint. 

Thorax  :  tirst  and  second  superior  subcostal  nervules  of  the  fore  wlnj;  arising  bcforo 
the  tip  of  the  cell ;  die  third  and  fourth  beyond;  cell  open  ordoscd  :  themedli'M  nervurc 
(•onnected  beyond  its  second  divarication  with  the  vein  ch)siinj  the  cell,  whi.i  the  cell 
is  not  open.  I'recostal  nervure  of  hind  winas  oriirinatimr  beyond  the  divarication  of 
the  suljcostal  from  the  costal.  Coll  open  or  closed.  Tll)iae  anil  larsi  (K-stitute  of 
spines  above,  but  the  upper  portion  of  the  inner  surface  ol  the  tibiae  with  a  shigle 
row  of  them;  two  rows  of  spines  on  the  umler  surface  of  the  terminal  tarsal  joint 
(excepting  Vanessa),  the  iimer  rows  being  absent;  fore  tarsi  of  the  fenuile  consisting  (  f 
live  joints,  provided  only  with  spurs,  the  last  joint  with  a  pair  like  the  others. 

.Midonicn  of  male  with  all  the  appendages  closely  coiu'eahv!  by  the  t-rmlnal 
segment;  in  proportion  to  the  body  they  are  mmsually  small,  so  th.ii  it  Is  often  dltll- 
cull  to  distinguish  the  se.\es  by  them  without  considerable  denudaticui.  esi)eclally  as 
th'.'  abdon\en  of  the  male  Is  often  as  plunii)  as  that  of  the  female.  I'pper  organ  very 
small,  bearing  a  single,  usually  rather  incimsi)icuous,  central  hook  and  inferior  anns, 
which  meet  below  the  anus  and  are  often  considerably  developed.  Clasps  proptn-tion- 
ally  very  large,  generally  much  broader  than  long,  the  upper  i)rocess  either  basal,  long, 
slender,  and  curving  yo  as  to  appear  at  llrsl  glance  like  the  upper  hook  or  as  an  appen- 
ilage  to  it;  or  wholly  wanting  and  replaced  by  the  unusual  di'velopnient  r)f  the  inferior 
arms  of  the  upper  organ;  interior  linger  similar  to  that  of  Xymphalidi.  but  seldom  sur- 
jiassin^  '.he  ni)per  edge. 

Egg.  Conipuct.  taller  than  broad,  with  comparatively  few.  very  prominent,  sharp, 
longitudinal  ridges,  highest  on  the  stnnmit. 

Caterpillar  at  birth.  l'ai)lllac  of  body  Inconsph'uons.  e(|nal.  arranged  in  a  dif- 
ferent nuinner  on  the  thoracic  and  abdominal  segments,  llu'  hairs  exceedingly  Ioul'. 
slendt. ,  tapering  and  tinely  pointed. 

Mature  caterpillar.  Head  much  smaller  than  the  middle  of  the  body,  usually 
tumid  on  either  side  above,  sometimes  crowned  by  a  compound  spine.  Body  tapering 
forward  conshlerably  on  the  thoracic  segments;  segments  divided  into  four  transverse 
sections,  of  which  the  anterior  is  as  large  as  tlie  other  tlirce  together,  the  hindmost 
sometimes  obscure;  armed  with  spines  which  are  compact,  thorn-like,  tapering,  with 
diverging  needles  mounted  on  spiimles,  directed  angidarly  upward ;  they  are  distrib- 
uted regularly  over  the  body,  a  dorsal  row  on  the  ab(h)ndnnl  segments  ami  two  other 
rows  on  either  side  above  the  spiracles,  extending  over  the  whole  body ;  on  the  llrst 
thoracic  segment  only  a  transverse  .series  of  paiillliform  tubercles. 

ChryealiB.  Head  projecting  beyond  and  distinct  from  the  tliorax.  Superior  border 
of  the  wings  with  a  secondary  tubercle  about  as  prominent  as  the  basal  one.  situated 
directly  below  the  liigUest  point  of  the  luesothorax ;  dorsum  of  mesotliorax  carinatc 


NYMI'HAI.IXAK:   TIIK  THI!?K   VANKSSIDI. 


807 


and  c'lt'vated  to  a  vory  iiroiiK'U'ul  cnniprcsspd  tnborclc  lipliiinl  tlir  inlddlo.  Dorsum 
of  nbdoinoii  not  cnriimli',  hut  with  a  dorsal  nnv  of  vorv  lariri'.  sliarp,  conical  tnbcrclcs, 
those  of  the  fonrtli  scsinicnt  nsnally  the  laryrest ;  crcniaster  loni;,  rather  slender 
taperinj:. 

The  Imttorflii's  r(tiii|>0!*iiij^  tliis  frrotii)  iire  coiiiiiionly  of  tli«>  iiudiimi,  or  a 
littli'  above  tlio  iiicdiiiin  size  ;  ami  arc  ainoii^  tlu'  sliowicst  and  l)ost  known 
insects  in  the  tcniporato  zone,  or  tlic  regions  \vhere  entoinoh)jry  lias  hcca 
most  cultivated.  The  \vino;s  are  decidedly  anj^idar  and  excised,  with  a  con- 
sidcrahle  costal  curve  in  the  fore  wiujjfs  ;  they  vary  considcral)ly  in  <Iesii;n 
iuul  color,  hut  arc  "generally  very  dark  with  fulvous  inarkin<rs,  or  the 
reverse,  upon  the  uiiper  side ;  the  under  surface,  especially  of  the  hind 
wiuijs,  is  jfcnerally  niarltled  with  siiades  of  hrown,  or  irrorate  witii  trans- 
verse threads  of  alternatiiiij  darker  an<l  paler  colors  ;  sonietiuies  they  are 
ornamented  with  ocellated  spots  which  often  assume  the  hrilliant  shades  of 
pcueock's  plumes;  often  there  is  a  very  small,  central, silvery  mark  on  the 
hind  winjj. 

Tiie  insects  are  found  almost  eipially  in  hotli  hemispheres,  and,  relatively 
spcakiufi,  find  their  maximum  of  development  in  the  temperate  zones, 
althouj^h  some  of  the  yenera  are  ricidv  endowed  in  the  lu)tt(  r  regions  of 
tlie  OKI  AVorld.  They  are  of  an  audacious  nature,  with  a  i>old,  vigorous 
and  capricious  tliglit. 

The  Clio's  are  rather  tall,  o\ate,  hi'oadcr  hclow  than  ahove,  and  fur- 
nished  with  a  limited  nuiuhcr  of  very  prominent  hmgitudinal  ribs,  most 
elevated  ai)o\e:  they  are  laid  eitlu'r  singly  oi'  in  masses,  and  the  cater|)illars 
are  accordino'lv  solitarv  or  gregarious;  if  gregarious,  retaining  this  lial)it 
throughout  the  larval  existence,  or,  again,  changing  when  half  grown  ; 
while  associated,  they  spin  for  themselves  a  conmion  web,  and  even  the 
solitary  species  often  wea',e  nests,  though  more  of  leaves  than  wi'b.  The 
caterpillars  may  be  readily  distinguished  by  their  invariably  cylindrical 
body,  covered  with  a  rcr  'ar  serii's  of  s|)inous  thorns  of  ecpud  or  nearly 
eipial  length,  beset  with  bristles,  even  the  hca<I  being  oftimcs  crowned  by 
a  similar  pair;  the  rows  of  spines  on  the  thoracic  and  abdominal  segments 
are  not  contiiuious.  Tlu  pupae  are  strongly  angulated  and  tubercnlated, 
more  so  than  those  of  any  other  i)Uttertly  ;*  and  I'rom  the  goiiU'U  or  opa- 
line spots  that  frctpier.tly  ornament  the  conical  tulx'rcles,  and  sometimes, 
especially  in  |)arasili/cd  specimens,  the  whole  body,  have  won  for  this  con- 
dition of  all  biitterHies  the  fanciful  name  of  chrysalids. 

These  insects  are  usually  at  h-ast  doui)le-broo(lcd  and  ordinarily  hil)er- 
nate  in  the  innigo  state  (in  woodpiles  and  old  l)uildings,  under  stoiu's  and 
beneath  the  lind)s  of  trees),  although  in  some  species  tlie  chrysalis  also  sur- 
vives the  winter.  The  butterflies  that  lul)ernate  do  not  mate  imtil  spring, 
to  judge  from  numerous  observ  itions  Inith  in  this  coimtry  and  in  Kurojte. 


^^■■M' 
-•*#^ 


An  unknown  (I'luui  spteies  In  llie  t  :nnl)ri(lire  inn^einn  ha-  a  I'ni'keil  -jiine  on  the  hack. 


^::^J-> 


308 


THE  BUTTERFLIES  OF  NEW  ENGLAND. 


Six  of  tlie  few  fosigil  butterflies  known  belong  to  this  tribe,  or  more  than 
one  iiird  of  thcwhole  number;  of  these  five  were  found  at  Florissant,  Col., 
and  belong  to  as  many  extinet  genera,  distantly  related  to  Junonia ;  the 
remaining  species  comes  from  Croatia  and  belongs  to  the  genus  Eugonia, 
and  is  indeed  very  closely  related  to  our  species. 

7'alile  of  f/enera  of  VanesnUli,  haseil  on  the  erj'j. 

Eggs  deposited  siilo  !)>'  side  in  liiyers. 

Egg  liigliertliiiii  broad,  with  idglit  or  less  vortieal  rilis,  iiiid  laid  around  »  Irtig. 

Itil)sde' idedly  hlglier  on  siininiit  tlian  on  sides , Eugonia 

lil)>s  (.nly  n  very  little  higlicr  on  summit  than  on  sides Euvanessa. 

Egg  of  equal  height  and  breadth,  with  at  least  nine  vertical  ribs,  and  laid  on  the  surface  of 

a  leaf Aglals. 

Eggs  deposited  singly  or  in  ehains  one  above  anotlier. 

Free  space  nt  summit  of  egg  half  the  diameter  of  base Junonta. 

Free  space  at  summit  nnieh  less  than  half  the  diameter  of  base. 

Egg,  including  vertical  ribs,   distinctly  narrower  at  middle  of  upper  third  than  at 
liroadest,  the  whole  upper  Imlf  gradually  narrowing,  the  body  of  the  egg  nuii-li  less 

shouhlered  above  than  in  Vanessa I'olygonia. 

Egg,  ineUiiling  vertical  ribs,  liardly  narrower  at  middle  of  upper  third  than  at  broad- 
est, the  body  of  the  egg  distinctly  though  roundly  'shouldered  above Vanessa. 

Tiihle  of  f/enera,  hnned  on  the  caterpiUnr  at  hirth, 

A  pair  of  bristles  beneath  the  abdominal  s)>iracles Polygonia. 

A  single  bristle  beneath  tlie  abdominal  spiracles. 

Sniidorsal  bristles  of  abdominal  segments  barely  in  advance  of  the  middle  of  the  segments. 

Infrastigniatal  bristles  of  abdominal  segments  directly  beneath  the  spiracles 

Kiivanessa. 
Infrnstigmntal  bristles  of  abdominal  segments  distinctly  in  advance  of  the  spiracles... 

Aglals. 
Subdorsal  abdominal  bristles  in  the  middle  of  the  anterior  half  of  the  segments. .  .Vanessa. 
(Eugonia  and  Junonia  not  seen). 

Tnble  of  ijenera,  linsed  iiu  the  mature  eiitvrjiillnr. 

Head  crowned  with  prominent  spines. 

Spinnles  of  Itody  spines  arranged  in  a  stellate  manner Polygonia. 

Spinules  of  body  spines  not  arranged  in  a  stellate  manner. 

Spines  of  thoracic  segments  bearing  no  spinules  on  basal  half Kiigoniu. 

.Spines  of  Ihorai'ic  segments  furnished  with  spinules  throughout Junonia. 

Head  destitute  of  conspicucnis  spines. 

Second  abdominal  segment  without  a  meiliodorsal  spine Euvanessi'.. 

.Second  abdominal  segment  with  a  mediodorsal  spine. 

No  mediodorsal  spine  on  tirst  abdominal  segment Aglals. 

A  mediodorsal  spine  on  tirst  abdominal  seguu'ut Vanessa. 

Table  of  f/enera,  Ixmeil  fiu  the  ehri/milis. 

Oeellar  tubercles  developed  as  pointed  processes. 

A  small  anterior  mediodorsal  tubercle  on  seconil  abdominal  segment. 

Mesothoraeic  tubercle  large  and  very  prominent,  compressed-laminate,  at  least  at  tip. 

A  minute  but  distinct  suprastigmatal  tubercle  on  eighth  abdominal  segment 

Polygonia. 
Suprastigmatal  tubercle  on  eighth  abdominal  segment  scarcely  perceptible  or  obso- 
lete   Eugonia. 

Mesothoraeie  tubercle  moderate,  almost  uniformly  teetatcthe  apex  pyramidal.  Aglaia. 

No  med'odorsal  tulicrele  on  second  alidominal  segment Euvanessa. 

Ocellnr  tubt.'cles  blunt,  scarcely  produced. 

Alar  ridge  sharply  earinate,  the  dentations  pointed Vanessa. 

Alar  ridge  bluntly  earinate,  the  deutntions  iueonspieuous  and  rounded Junonia, 


t 


I  'i  ■ 


M 


NYMrilALIXAK:   TIIK  (iENlIS  POI.YCONIA. 


309 


Table  of  genera,  huni'il  on  Ihn  iiudiin. 

Vow  wiiij^s  slmrply  iinguliitcil  In  the  lowest  siilicostiil  inlcrs|iact'. 

IJiisal  tlirco-liftlis  of  Iilnil  wings  more  or  less  spotted  witli  Idack  nliove;  epiitre  of  liiiid 
wind's  with  ii  white  or  silvery  eominii  boiieiith. 

Inner  border  on  fore  winirs  roundly  excised  lieyond  the  middle Polygonia. 

Inner  bonier  of  fore  wings  struight Kugouiu. 

liasal  three-tifths  of  hind  wings  uniforndy  darii;  no  silvery  spot  beneath. 

Wings  with  a  lighter  nuirginul  band  above;  hind  wings  with  numerous  straight,  spinous 

hairs  beneath Eu vuuessa. 

Wings  with  a  lighter  subuiarginal  band;  hind  wings  without  spinous  hairs  on  under 

surfaee Aglnis. 

Fore  wings  produced,  but  rounded  in  the  lowest  subrostal  interspai'e. 

Kyes  idlose;  upper  surfai'e  of  fore  wings  without  eonspii'Uous  eye-like  spots.... Vanessn. 
Kyes  mikcd;  upper  surface  of  all  the  wings  witli  I'onspicuous  eye-like  spots Iiinoiiia. 

SECTION    I. 


Winirs  of  i)nn<ro  strongly  aiiirulatod  ;  hook  of  upi)er  organ  of  abdominal  appondaiios 
small  and  ineonspiiMions;  inferior  arms  not  greatly  developed ;  clasps  mueli  broader 
than  lonj;,  the  upper  process  present.  Chrysalis  nincli  more  strongly  angnlated  than 
in  the  siicceedlu!;  {rroup,  the  tubercles  sharply  pointed. 

(ti':NKi(.\  :  Polygouia,  Eugonia,  Euvaneasa,  Aglais. 


POLYCiONIA   IIIBNEH. 


Polygonia  IIul)n.,Verz.  bek.  schmett.,30(lS10). 
Comma  Ucnn.,  Conspei'tus,  S  (l.S'i'J). 


(Jrapta  Kirb.,  Faun.  bor.  amer.,  iv: 292 (18.17). 
Vanessa  (pars)  Amt. 

'/'HPf.—  l'iip.  r-iHIiHin  Linn. 


For  lie  so  swift  and  nimble  was  of  Hlglit, 
That  from  this  lower  tract  he  dar'd  to  stie 
I'p  to  the  clowdcs,  and  tlience  willi  piiieuns  light 
To  rnoinit  aloft  unto  the  iristall  skie, 
'I'o  view  tlic  workmanship  of  lieavens  bight : 
Wlience  down  descending  lie  along  wiuild  llie 
I'lion  the  streaming  rivers,  sport  to  tinde; 
.\nd  oft  would  dare  to  ti^mpt  tlie  troublous  winde. 
S  I'KNS  KH  .—Mil  inpittmns. 

Imago  (52  ;s).  Head  of  moderate  size,  pretty  densely  clotlied  with  longer  and 
shorter  hairs.  Front  moderately  swollen,  slightly  fuller  beneath,  broader  tlniii  high, 
a  very  little  broader  than  the  eyes;  upper  edge  projecting  in  the  middle  as  a  broad, 
rounded  triangle,  terminating  abruptly;  lower  edge  broadly  rounded.  Vertex  moder- 
ately large,  somewhat  tumid,  rising,  tliroughout.  al)ovi'tlie  upper  level  of  the  eyes,  its 
anterior  edge  produced  between  the  antennae  by  a  considerable  ami  swollen  protuber- 
ance which  falls  rather  suddenly,  its  posterior  edge  nearly  straight,  the  outer  posterior 
angles  well  rounded  oil'.  Eyes  not  largo,  pretty  full,  pilose  with  pretty  long  hairs, 
longest  In  the  middle  of  the  tipper  half.  In  front.  Antennae  inserted  In  the  middle  of 
the  summit  in  deep,  spacious,  nearly  connected  pits,  their  interior  bases  separated  by 
a  space  equal  to  nearly  twice  the  width  of  the  antennal  stalk,  their  exterior  close  to 
the  margin  of  the  eyes;  nearly  twice  as  long  as  the  abdomen,  composed  of  3H-4I 
joints,  the  last  ten  or  eleven  of  which  form  an  elongated  somewhat  ovate  club,  strongly 
compressed,  Increasing  very  gradually  In  sl/.e,  the  last  three  joints  only  entering  Into 
the  diminution  of  sl/,e,  the  tip  very  bluntly  conical ;  the  club  is  about  four  times  as 
broad  as  the  stalk  and  between  four  and  tlvc  times  as  long  as  broad,  furnished  buncatli 
with  a  slight,  longitudinal,  treble  carina,  passing  down  upon  the  stalk.  I'alpl  pretty 
stout,  nearly  three  times  as  long  as  the  eye,  a  little  compressed,  curved  slightly  for- 
ward, the  terminal  about  onc-tlilrd  the  length  of  the  middle  joint,  the  whole  heavily 


K,    ; 


.1^ 


31U 


niK   BUTTKHFLIKS  OF   NKW    KXCLAM). 


!«? 


.ill' 


iji: 


'IP' 


'%: 


111 


clothed  tliroiialioul  with  loiimTcct  scales,  imrticiilarly  Imin  npnii  the  upper  surface  of 
the  outer  half  of  the  luWKlle  johil,  at  the  tip  of  wiiicii  tli'V  overaiv^li  and  are  sepa- 
rati!  from  tliose  of  t!ie  t 'niiiiial  joint;  midiUe  juiiit  fiiniislivl  al)i)v.;  and  below 
with  a  few  very  lonir  and  delicate  hairs,  tlie  whole  irenerally  directed  in  a  vertii-al 
plant'. 

I'rothoracic  lohes  pretty  larfje,  Inniid.  tlie  ends  well  rounded  and  of  nearly  uniform 
size,  broadly  rounded  above,  scarcely  four  times  as  broad  as  lonj;  and  fully  as  lonu  as 
hiyrh.  I'nta^ia  scarcely  twice  as  lonsr  as  broail,  rather  snudl,  well  rounded  and  nearly 
circular  nt  the  base,  scarcely  tumid,  the  posterior  lobe  slender,  taperlnsi.  scarcely 
curved  and  rather  shar[)ly  pointed,  the  outer  edjie  straiirht. 

Kore  wluffs  (38:10)  cousideralily  more  tlian  lialfas  lony;  ay;aiu  as  broad,  the  costal  l)or- 
iler  pretty  re-inlariy  and  somewhat  c(uisiderably  bowed,  the  middle  luilf  nearly  slraifiht, 
slightly  excised  near  the  base.  Outer  Ijonhu'  very  irrejjnlar.  the  portion  above  the 
middle  of  the  lower  subcostal  interspace  straight  or  sliyiiitly  concavi',  directed  at  an 
auy;lu  of  about  11.")  with  tlie  apical  portion  of  tlie  costal  margin,  tlie  anjile  scarcely 
rounded;  from  tills  point  it  suddenly  recedes  and  passes  in  a  strong,  more  or  less 
crenulatc  curve,  more  rapid  above  'Man  below,  to  just  below  the  tip  of  the  lowest 
median  nervule.  where  a  second  tooth  is  formed,  much  less  conspicuous  than  the  upper 
and  sometimes  very  sliijlit :  iimer  m!i'';;lu  !;reatly  sinuate,  the  basal  lialf  bi'iiii;  re;;u- 
liirly  ami  little  convex,  the  apical  half  rejiularly  ami  considerably  ccmcavc.  the  outer 
anifle  rather  broadly  rounded  oil'.  First  superior  subcostal  uervule  emitted  !i  little 
beyond  the  middle  of  tlie  outer  two-thirds  of  the  upper  inaririii  of  the  cell;  the  second 
."it  about  midway  between  the  orl^tln  of  the  llrst  ami  the  tip  of  the  cell ;  the  third  as 
far  from  the  tirsi  as  the  fourth  from  the  tip  of  the  cell;  the  fourth  at  a  little  more 
than  a  third  of  the  distance  from  the  origin  of  the  third  to  the  tip  of  the  winj;;  the 
second  inferior  subcostal  nervule  arises  one-fourtli  way  down  tlie  cell;  the  latter 
nearly  half  as  loiiij  as  tlie  winu  and  nearly  tliree  times  as  lonir  as  broad.  The  middle 
of  the  basal  curve  of  the  last  uiediau  uervule  conuected  with  the  vein  closiujr  the  cell. 

Hind  wln;:s  with  the  costal  marjrin  a  little  swollen  at  the  base,  beyoiul  sllfjhtly  and 
broadly  sinuous :  the  (Uiter  border  more  or  le-.s  re,;;iilarly  erennlate  or  roundly  produced 
at  the  nervule  tips,  more  considerably  at  the  tip  of  the  upper  subcostal  and  especially 
of  the  upper  median  nervule,  In  the  last  case  produced  to  a  fji'eater  or  less  extent  as  a 
roundly  tipped  tail;  the  ujiiier  half  of  the  wliij;.  between  the  two  laryier  prominences 
havluj;  a  broad  and  sll;;ht  concavity,  the  lower  half  haviiii;  a  jieneral  sfraiiiht.  some- 
times slightly  concave  course,  at  a  jieneral  ansle  of  about  l.'t.">°  with  the  upper  portion; 
upper  extremity  of  outer  border  a  little  excised:  lower  extremity  slightly  produced 
and  roumled,  the  general  direction  of  the  apical  part  of  the  inner  border  lieiiiu;  at  a 
rijilit  aiiirle  or  a  little  less  witli  tiie  outer  border;  inner  border  suddenly  and  con- 
siderably produced  at  the  base,  beyond  straight  more  tiian  half  wjiy  to  the  tip. 
Avhen  it  suddenly  recedes  and  proceeds  parallel  to  Its  llrst  course,  i'recostal  nervnre 
bent  outward,  orlgiiialing  somewhat  beyond  the  divarication  of  the  costal  and  subcostal 
nervnres.     ("ell  closed  by  a  very  feeble  vein. 

Kore  legs  small,  cyllinlrlcal.  clotlied  on  either  side  with  a  spreading  brush  of  lialrs. 
much  more  thick  in  the  male  than  in  the  female:  tibia  fully  half  the  length  of  the  hind 
tiliia;  tarsi  nearly  as  long  as  the  tibia,  especially  in  the  female;  consisting  eltlu'r  of  u 
single  uniform  joint  with  the  faintest  possible  mark  of  division  into  sections  ((J  ) ;  or 
of  live  joints,  the  last  four  about  e(|ual,  the  tirst  more  than  twice; as  long  as  the  other:, 
together  (?),  all  armed  beneath  at  the  tip  witli  a  pair  of  very  delicate  and  minute 
spines,  the  outer  joints  devcdd  of  scales  between  them.  .Middle  tibiae  slightly  longer 
than  the  hinder,  furnished  on  either  side  beneath  and  on  the  upper  jiortlon  of  the 
inner  side  with  a  row  of  rather  infrei|uent.  long  and  slender,  slightly  siireadlng  spines, 
the  terminal  ones  of  the  Inferior  rows  prodmu'd  to  scarcely  longer  delicate  spurs. 
Tarsi  with  the  llrst  joint  cpial  to  the  second,  third  and  fourth  taken  together,  which 
decrease  In  length  in  the  order  meutloned,  the  second  less  than  twice  as  long  as  the 
fourth,  and  scarcely  so  long  as  the  tifth;  joints  furnished  beneath  with  four,  the  last 
>vltli  two  rows  of  rather  sliort  and  moderately  slender  spines,  the  terminal  ones  of  each 


■■ 


XYMl'IIALIXAK:   TIIK  CF.Nt'S   l'OI,Y(i()M.\. 


311 


jniiit  >lif;litly  Ion;.'!  r  tliiiii  tlu>  (iilicrs.  ('ln>vs  very  siiiiiU  mid  tlelicate,  taperiiiii  to  a 
ili'liciite  point,  not  slronjily  <'Ui'vc(l :  piiroiiycliia  l)ill<l.  one  blailc  ncciUi!  like,  scarci'ly 
nirvccl.  fully  as  loll!!  as  tlu;  claw,  very  delicate  and  tapcrini;:  tlie  fit  ler  nut  lialf  so 
Innii.  coarser  l)iit  taperinirand  ciirvinir  tf)ward  tlie  otlicr:  pnlvilius  Avantinir. 

.Midouieu  compressed,  fusiform,  compact,  llie  upper  ori:an  of  tlie  male  appeudaiies 
v<'ry  inuouspicuoiis;  liool<  small,  simple,  no  loimer  than  tlie  body,  taperiiiii  ami  but 
little  arcliecl.  Clasps  small,  aliout  twice  as  broad  as  loiiii,  subipiailrate.  the  upper 
outer  anjrle  more  or  less  produced  ns  an  Incurving  lobe,  the  basal  process  of  tho  upper 
edjie  loiiif  and  slender,  depressed,  taperiiifi.  bent  over  so  that  tlioso  of  the  r)pposlte 
sides  often  cross  and  at  tlie  same  time  are  directed  backward  so  as  to  simulate  the 
hook  of  tlie  upper  oraau :  interior  lliiiicr  loui;  ami  sliMider.  directed  upward  IraviTs- 
liii;  the  middle  of  tlie  clasp,  smooth.  iiuiririiiLf  the  clasp  and  scbiom  surpassimr  it. 

Egg.  of  much  tin;  iceucral  shape  of  that  of  Kuvaucssa;  taller  than  broad.  Iiroadest 
near  the  base,  taperiiii;  upward  with  a  sliiihtly  swelliii;!  curve,  the  siinimit  broad  and 
nearly  tiat :  furnished  with  a  few  rciinlar,  straijiht.  eipiidi>tant.  coinpre>sed.  prominent, 
lonaitudinal  ribs,  whii'li  increase  In  lieii{lit  as  they  approacii  tlii^  summit,  beini;  most 
elevated  as  they  cross  its  border;  they  extend  a  little  way  over  the  summit,  termluat- 
iiiir  ratlier  abruptly  ;  surface  bel  ween  the  ribs  sinootli.  lirokeii  up  into  celK  by  delicate 
cross  lines. 

Caterpillar  at  birth.  Ileaci  smooth,  not  spiued.  wilii  a  I'ew  loiiir  curvin;:  liairs. 
Hoiiy  uniform,  tlie  llrst  tlioracic  si-iiment  with  a  transverse  corneous  plate,  the  others 
witli  transverse  rid;;es  on  the  anteriorportion.  on  which  are  si'aled  ininnte  warts,  each 
Sliviui;  rise  to  a  loiij;  hair;  tliese  warts  are  arranired  on  eitiier  sidi' in  h  siilidorsal  row 
(becomiii!;  latcrodorsal  on  the  thoracic  se;rment<)  placed  a  little  in  advance  of  ttie 
nildiUe.  a  suprnlateral  row  placed  posteriorly,  a  hiterostli;matal  row  iieneath  the  sub- 
dorsal, and  a  sti^uiatal  row  posteriorly,  one  to  a  se;{iiieiit  in  each  row:  and  also  a  pair 
of  iiifrastiitinatai  bristle-  just  in  iidvance  of  the  niiildlc  of  each  se;;ineiit. 

Mature  caterpillar.  Mead  ratlier  small.  -nlKiUiidnite  on  a  front  view,  the  sides 
si'arcely  tuiiiid.  the  summit  sliiilitly  ilcpresscd  in  the  middle,  a  little  full  in  tlie  ocellar 
reiliou.  scarcely  deeper  below  than  above,  rather  broader  lliau  hlj;h;  the  Iriauiile 
lialf  as  biirli  anain  as  broad,  reachiiu;  more  lh;in  half  way  towani  llie  summit;  head  a 
little  swollen  at  the  upper  outer  portion  of  isu-li  hcniispliere  and  produced,  beariu;;  a 
stout  lony:  spine,  directed  upward,  a  little  outward  and  slightly  forward,  encircleil  ill 
the  middle  by  a  sleilati'  arrau!;eiiient  of  live  spreadiuir.  upturned,  eloiiiiateil.  stont. 
smooth,  taperiiiir  spinnles.  bluntly  roumled  at  tip  like  the  main  spine,  ami  unlike  it, 
lieariuit  at  tlie  e.Mreinily  a  pri't'y  l.ius  Hue  lialr.  The  head  i>  also  beset  with  iinmerous 
elouLtated.  iiidric  but  .■|i};hlly  taperin;;.  smootli  tubcrcic*.  Iiluntly  roimdcd  at  lip  and 
emittin;;  a  pretty  lou^  delicate  hair:  tliose  near  the  liindi'r  edjie  are  loiiu;er  than  tiip 
others,  ami  a  similar  one  is  found  jiisl  in  front  of  ami  a  little  within  tlie  summit  spine, 
and  a  still  larjfer  one  in  the  middle  of  eaeli  hemispliere.  .Vnteuuae  liavluir  the  basal 
jolul.  Hot  very  lar;ie,  liemisplierlcal,  second  and  tliini  cylindrical,  of  ecjual  diaiiietiu', 
the  s(!coiid  half  as  Ion;;  as  broad,  tlie  third  nearly  tlirei;  times  as  louu;  as  broad,  emit- 
tini:  a  delicate  liair  several  times  lou;;er  than  itself  and  bearin;;  on  the  inner  sidi,  ;i 
iniiiute  fourtli  joint  scarcely  visilile.  (tcelll  si.\  in  number,  live  !irraiiu;ed  in  a  broad 
curve  whose  convexity  is  forward,  the  second,  third  and  fourtli  couutin;^  from  aliove 
closely  crowded,  with  scarcely  any  space  between  them;  the  llrst  is  separated  from 
the  seeoiid  by  Its  own  diameter  and  tlie  tiftli  from  tin?  fourth  by  nearly  twice  as 
inucli;  the  sixtli  Is  nearly  in,  but  a  little  in  advance  of.  tlieeentreof  the  circle  upon  the 
circunifereiice  of  wlileli  the  olliers  are  seated;  tin;  llrst  and  sixth  are  liieoiispicuons, 
slightly  elevated;  the  others  are  viUT  prominent,  lilKher  than  their  own  diameter,  tlie 
summits  hemlsplierical.  the  .sides  straight;  the  diameter  of  all  is  about  eiiuai.  I.alirum 
small,  ileeply  and  abruptly  cleft  in  the  middle  so  as  almost  to  appear  to  be  made  of 
two  hi'.ives,  which  are  louder  than  broad  ami  have  tlieir  outer  sides  well  rounded. 
>[aiidibles  very  small,  as  broad  as  loiijr,  the  edjie  sipiare  and  smooth.  Maxillary  palpi 
four-jointed,  the  llrst  and  second  joints  of  eipinl  illameter,  the  (Irst  very  short,  tlie 
siecoiul  nearly  as  Ioiik  as  broad,  the  third  not  half  its  diameter  but  nearly  half  us  lonu; 


r 


312 


THK  HUTTKRFLIKS  OK  NE\V  ENGLAND. 


iir 


naain  as  broml,  tapering  very  i-li;;litly,  tliu  tip  ruuiulcd;  foiirtli  minute  but  not  iueou- 
spieiious.     Spinnerets  slender,  'lellcate,  lliiely  pointed. 

Hody  cylindrical,  the  lirst  thoracic  joint  small,  the  se;;ments  more  than  usually  mo- 
nilifonn.  the  first  thoracic  sediment  furnislied  in  tlie  middle  with  a  transverse  row  of 
si.x  elongated,  smooth  and  slender  tnl)ercl(^s  situated  on  the  dorsal  region  and  each 
giving  rise  to  a  long  hair;  and  Ix'low  the  spiracles  with  tw  >  similar  ones  on  either  side; 
tlie  other  segments  are  furnished  with  compound  si)ines,  each  seated  (m  a  broad,  low, 
mammiform,  liesliy  elevation  and  consisting  of  a  long  and  slender,  tai)ering,  often  not 
<piite  straight  spine.  s(|uarcly  docked  at  the  slender  tip,  and  bearing  as  a  continuation 
a  not  very  long,  tapering,  spinous  l)ristle,  whose  base  is  nearly  or  <piite  as  large  as  tiiu 
tip  of  the  spine.  Tlu'  latter  is  furtlier  provided  near  tlie  ndddle  with  the  spreading 
straight  spimdes,  arranged  in  a  stellate  manner  l)Ut  not  originating  at  exactly  equal 
lu'ights,  elevated  so  as  to  form  less  than  a  riglit  angle  with  the  upper  part  of  tlie  spine 
and  in  all  its  general  fcaturi's  reseml)ling  il.  IJelow  this  coronet  the  spine  often  bears 
a  number  of  usually  smaller  similar  spinnles  al-o  emitting  hairs  and  irregularly  di.s- 
pos"d;  below  the  coronet  the  main  s|)ine  generally  tapers  more  rapidly  and  is  more 
irregular  than  above  it.  These  spines  are  erect,  perpendicular  to  the  body,  and  are 
arranged  in  tlie  following  series,  one  upon  a  segment  in  eacli  row  :  upon  the  anterior 
jiortion  of  the  tlrsl,  to  eighth  abdoininal  segments  a  dorsal  row;  from  the  second 
tliiu'acic  to  the  eighlh  abdominal  segments  inclusive  a  laterodorsal  .series,  placed  cen- 
trally or  slightly  in  advance  of  tlie  centre;  from  the  second  thoracic  to  tlie  ninth  alxlom- 
inal  segn  cuts  inclusive  a  laterostigmatal  series,  the  last  segment  bearing  two,  one 
anteriorly  and  the  other  posteriorly,  wliile  those  of  tlic  otlier  segments  arc  situated  as 
in  the  laterodorsal  series;  from  tlie  tirst  to  the  eighth  abdominal  segments  an  infrastig- 
matal  series  of  smaller  spines  placed  centrally.  At  the  base  of  the  legs  and  prolegs 
and  in  similar  situation  on  tlie  segments  between  them  are  one  or  two  cloiiga:  ed, 
Miiootli,  slender  tulicrcles  like  tliose  of  the  tirst  tlioracic  segment.  Siiirades  rather 
.small,  oliovate.  al)ont  twice  as  long  as  In'oad.  Legs  moderately  long,  slender,  taper- 
ing, compre-ised ;  the  claw  small,  slender,  compressed,  but  little  curved,  strongly 
heeled  at  tin  l)ase  bi'ueath.  I'rolegs  very  long,  pretty  large,  tapering  pretty  regularly 
and  considerably,  the  hooklets  very  slender,  pretty  hing,  scarcely  tapering,  strongly 
curved,  clo.sely  crowded,  from  twenty  to  twenty-tive  in  nunil)er,  arranged  in  a  double 
row  around  two-thirds  of  a  coiniiresscd  circle,  oiiening  outwards. 

The  thoracic  spines  of  the  laterodorsal  and  laterostigmatal  scries  are  placed 
slightly  lower  than  the  corresponding  spines  of  tlie  abdomen,  but  I  have  not  tliougi:t 
the  diU'erence  sutlicient  to  distinguish  tlieni  as  separate  rows. 

Chrysalis.  Viewe<l  from  aliove  the  head  and  prothora.x  scarcely  taper;  ocellar 
prominences  directed  straight  forward,  prominent,  conical  or  nearly  so,  tapering  cither 
in  tile  apical  half  or  throngliout,  the  space  between  them  stiuarely  docked;  on  a  side 
view  Miey  are  straigiit  and  liori/.onlal  or  nearly  so  on  the  inferior  border,  either  con- 
tin.ions  witli  the  anterior  half  of  the  body  and  minutely  protuberant  at  their  base,  or 
«lirected  slightly  upward  from  their  base:  upper  liorder  straigiit  and  continuous  with 
the  lino  of  the  dorsum  to  the  front  part  of  tlie  mesouotnni,  being  at  an  angle  of  from 
40  to  ")()'  with  the  inferior  sur.'"ace;  a  slight  ridge  runs  from  l)oth  of  them  toward 
the  centre  of  the  mesonotum  lint  disappears  on  tlie  anterior  portiim  of  that  segment. 
Tiie  tiiesonotum  is  high,  well  arched  and  bears  upon  its  miildle  third  an  exceedingly 
high,  comprosed,  laminate,  iiKMlian  projection,  most  elevated  posteriorly,  where  it  is 
sometimes  pointed,  behind  nearly  pcrpeiulieular,  in  front  well  rounded  or  arclied  or 
almost  linnched ;  tlic  form  of  this  mesonotal  tubercle  dlU'ers  eonsideralily  in  the  dif- 
ferent species  and  Is  iiuite constant  in  the  same  species;  the  front,  including  all  the  ap- 
jiendages,  forming  an  almost  exactly  straight  lino  from  the  base  of  the  head  to  tlie 
extremity  of  tlie  wings,  a  little  protuberant  just  lieforc  tlie  tip  of  tlic  latter;  the  middle 
of  the  mesonotum  is  also  furnished  wltli  a  |)air  of  stiiall,  l)luiit,  conical,  .slightly  ap- 
presscd,  supralateral  warts,  nearly  connected  with  the  basal  wing  lul)ercle  Ijy  a  sliglit 
ridge;  liasal  wings  tubercle  pyramidal,  triquetral,  lialf  as  liigli  as  broad,  iioiuted,  one 
angle  running  backward,  one  downward  and  one  upward,  tiie  latter  continued  as  a 


NYMl'lIALINAK;   TlIK  (IKM'S   I'OLYGOXIA. 


313 


riiljjt!  Hourly  iiiei'tiii};  that  of  the  sii|>r iliitcral  tuljcrolc  alxnc  it  anil  at  its  upper  extreiii- 
ity  sli};litiy  elcvati'd :  siiporminicri'.ry  wiiin  tubcrcie  pretty  stronijly  coiiiprcssod  with 
u  ratlier  slmr|)  riilfje,  its  liinliost  point  l)liiiitly  rounded  and  rather  more  prominent  tlian 
tlie  l)asal  tuberelo,  faliin<;  off  rapidly  l)eliind.  Wiujcs  also  considerably  protuberant 
near  tlio  posterior  border  in  tlie  middle  of  tlie  upper  luilf  and  elevated  into  a  blunt 
conieal  tubercle.  Metanotum  witli  a  pair  of  small,  conical,  snpralateral,  central  warts ; 
joints  of  llie  lejrs  and  antennae  tliickened  a  little  centrally  at  the  incisure.  Abdomen 
separated  from  the  tliora.\  tiy  a  very  deep  incision  ;  its  dorsum  very  mudi  arched  loniji- 
tudinaliy,  provided  witli  a  dorsal  series  oi"  low,  small,  conical  warts  on  the  antf  rior 
cd^os  of  the  second  to  eicfhtli  sesjments;  a  series  of  more  or  less  elevated,  conical. 
usmiUy  pointed,  sliffhtly  forward  and  outward  directed,  laterodorsal  tubercles  on  the 
centre  of  the  second  to  seventli  sejiments.  Inrftest  on  tlie  fourtli;  the  eighth  also  some- 
times with  a  scarcely  elevated  rounded  wart  at  tiie  same  point,  and  the  first  segment 
witli  a  slif^ht  conical  wart  similarly  placed  but  on  the  anterior  ediie  of  tlie  sei^ment : 
a  series  of  smalt,  lilnntly  rounded.  suprast!j?uiatal  warts,  placed  a  little  in  advance  of 
tiie  middle  of  tlie  second  to  seventh  seiiments.  rreaniil  l)ntton  formed  of  a  i>air  of  stout, 
rounded  but  well  raised,  coarsely  punctured,  longitudinal,  subdorsal  ridges,  slightly 
curved ,  almost  eipially  appro.\imate  at  cither  end,  each  terminating  in  a  blunt  sliort  tuber- 
cle. Cremastor  viewed  from  ai)ovo  very  long  and  slender,  tapering  a  little,  twice  as 
long  as  Its  medium  brcadtli,  rather  broadly  and  deeply  channeled  as  far  as  the  terminal 
ridge ;  viewed  laterally  it  is  cipial,  a  little  enlarged  at  the  very  tip,  slightly  curved ;  the 
apical  Held  of  hool^lets  nearly  circular,  a  little  i)rodnced  at  the  anterior  outer  surface. 
Anal  booklets  not  very  long,  moderately  slender,  tlii  l)asal  half  straight  and  equal,  tlie 
apical  lialf  ci.larglngsomowliat  but  not  greatly,  curved  Into  something  like  a  semicircle, 
tlic  apex  bent  a  little  more  and  directed  toward  tlie  liase,  tlie  tip  bluntly  pointed. 

The  buttei-flics  of  this  genus  are  siiread  over  iieurly  the  whole  north  tem- 
perate zone,  hut  tlieir  metropolis  is  im(piestionai)ly  North  Ameriea.* 
Only  tlu'ee  species  distinct  from  American  forms  are  known  to  occur  in  the 
Old  World  and  these  are  all  representatives  of  North  American  species  ; 
one  of  them  is  confined  to  southern  Europe  and  western  Asia ;  a  second 
occurs  fiuther  south  in  Chimi ;  wiiilc  the  third  extends  from  ocean  to  ocean. 
One  more  species  which  has  been  identified  with  our  progne,  but  which 
will  more  likely  [ii.jve  to  l)e  its  representative  zejihyrus  Edw .,  has  been 
found  in  the  extreme  north  east  of  Siberia.  In  Nortii  America,  on  the 
other  hand,  wc  find  no  less  than  six  species  east  of  tlic  Hocky  .Mountains, 
while  on  the  western  coast  and  in  the  Rocky  Mountain  region  itself,  where 
some  of  these  also  are  found,  several  other  reputed  species  occur,  and  per- 
haps otiiers  await  recognition  ;  still  two  other  species  are  rcconled  from 
Mexico.  Two  of  the  species  of  this  genus  are  much  larger  than  the  others 
and  occupy  more  southern  stations,  one  in  Ciiina,  the  otiicr  in  the  I'niteil 
States,  especially  in  the  .South.  Tiie  American  spc<'ies  occurring  cast  of 
tiie  Rocky  Mountains  are  all,  with  possiiily  one  exception,  found  within  the 
liiaits  of  New  England  ;  one  of  them,  the  largest,  has  tiie  most  extensive 
range  in  the  settled  parts  of  the  ctnmtry,  being  common  not  only  to  the 
southern  states  of  the  Union  but  also  to  the  Ailcghanian  fauna  and  occur- 
ring occasionally  in  the  Canada  district ;  a  second  is  characteristic  of  the 

•  It  is  evidently  l)y  an  oversijjlit  tliat  KIrliy      America  uf  lier  sliarc  iif  the  ircmis,  for  at  a 
(.Journ,  Koyal  Dulil.  sue,  v:  170,)  deprives       previous  paijo  lie  spealvs  of  uiie  nf  our  si>eeies. 

4° 


■*■    'i 


- .'  - 


;]14 


TIIK  BITTEUFLIKS  OF   NKW    KXdl.AXl). 


1^'' 


.■■;(- 


m-:->' 


liirl 


ili?*; 


M^-f'^ 


"(1' " 


Ciuiik'  iin  tiuina,  hut  extends  north  to  a  great  distance,  \}v'm<i  found  through 
the  whole  interior  of  the  continent  from  ocean  to  ocean.     Another  prol)al)ly 


hai 


ontnie 
8  nearly  as  extensive  a  range, 


but  has  only  been  found  at  a  few  jjoints 
witliin  it ;  two  otiiers  beh)ng  properly  to  the  Alleglianian  faiuia,  though  one 
extends  further  north  and  not  so  far  south  as  the  other ;  a  sixth  is  a  Pacific 
coast  species  found  once  or  twice  near  our  northern  i)orders ;  nearly  all 
these  forms  meet  in  central  New  England,  and  but  one  otiier  genus  of 
liuttei'flies  is  better  endowed  with  New  England  species. 

Among  our  native  Xynipbalidac  the  ItutterHies  of  this  genus  may  be  known 
almost  at  a  glance  by  their  greatly  angulated  and  excised  wings.  They  are 
mostly  of  moderate  size  and  above  are  all  tawny  colored,  heavily  spotted  and 
broadly  bordered,  especially  the  hind  wings,  with  i)lack,  and  freipuMitly 
edged  with  a  gray  bloom  ;  the  markings  on  the  upper  wings  consist  uuiinly 
of  two  bars  depending  from  the  costal  margin,  one  at  the  tip  of  the  cell,  the 
other  mid-way  between  it  and  the  ai)cx,  and  of  a  series  of  five  or  six  spots 
arranged  in  a  line  bent  at  right  angles,  the  limbs  nearly  c(|ual,  one  crossing 
the  middle  of  the  i)asal  half  of  the  wing,  the  other  extending  across  the 
low'.'r  interspaces  toward  the  tip ;  the  markings  on  the  hind  wing  are  com- 
posed principally  of  irrcgidarly  arrange<l  blotd-.-s  lying  rather  within  tlic 
middle  of  the  wing.  Beneath,  both  wings  are  somewhat  similarly  mar- 
bled and  irrorate  with  dai'k  fuscous  on  a  more  or  less  ashy  brown  ground, 
the  basal  half  darker  and  limited  by  a  clearly  defined,  continuous,  but  very 
irrcgidar  border;  there  are  one  or  more  rows  of  small  greenish  or  bluish 
spots,  and  near  the  middle  of  the  outer  half  a  siniuite  and  bent  series  of 
i>lack  dots,  often  enclosed  in  dark  clouds  which  sonu'times  coalesce  and 
form  a  band  ;  the  greater  part  of  the  wings  is  often  suffused  by  a  more  or 
less  glaucous  bloom,  and  in  addition  there  is  a  silvery  mark  like  a  conuna 
or  semicolon  in  the  centre  of  the  hind  wings  ;  these  have  also  a  short  tr.il  at 
the  extreujity  of  the  upper  median  nervulc.  The  characters  drawn  from 
the  legs  are  in  many  respects  erroneously  given   by   Doublcday. 

Most  of  the  species  are  double-brooded,  the  butterflies  appearing  in  July 
and  sometimes  in  September,  those  of  the  last  brood  hibernating ;  the 
eggs  hatch  in  four  or  five  tlays,  and  the  chrysalis  state  lasts  from  one  to  two 
weeks,  although  in  the  autunui  brood  sometimes  prolonged  to  four.  The 
eyrtrs  are  laid  sinj^lv  (or  occasionally  in  chains,  one  above  the  other),  and 
the  caterpillars  are  solitary.  In  leaving  the  egg,  they  do  not  devour  it, 
but,  as  a  correspondent  of  Mr.  Edwards  writes,  they  "scramble  through 
their  scuttles  in  hot  haste,  totally  regardless  as  to  who  may  take  posses- 
sion of  their  late  tenements,  leaving  whole  hamlets  to  prove  their  presence 
in  the  vicinity"  (Can.  cut.,  xiv  :  207).  They  feed  almost  exclusively  on 
I'rticaceae  and  (irossulacene,  and  usually  live  on  the  imder  surfaces  of  the 
leaves,  sometimes  partially  concealing  themselves  by  drawing  together 
with  silken  threads  the  outer  edges.     The  butterfiies   have  a  (piiek,  ner- 


NYMPIIAUXAK:  TIIK  (i  ATS   P(>I,Y(i(»M.\. 


;jio 


vims,  inoffiilar  Hi}f|it,  sn  tliat  (JcoHroy  naiiud  the  (■(iiuini)ii  Kiiroiioan 
species  llohii-t  />■  Dlnlilv;  tliev  are  t'oiiil  i)f'  the  jiiiees  of  fruit  and  the  sap 
of  trees,  and  are  usually  found  hy  the  roadside  or  on  sunny  spots  in  the 
vicinity  of  woods,  ali<fhtin<i;  almost  invarialily  on  horizontal  surfaces,  in 
somewhat  strikinj^  distinction  from  Kujronia  and  Kuvancssa,  which  are  fond 
of  pitchin^f  erect  on  trunks  of  trees. 

The  fondness  of  the  hutterflics  for  the  vicinity  of  fou.  is  makes  it  prohalile 
tiiat  they  hil)ernate  in  the  woods.  Mr.  (Joossens  in  heating  small  trees 
over  his  open  unil)rclhi  in  the  cold  days  of  N'ovenilier,  near  I'aris,  twice 
hroujifht  down  specimens  of  the  Kuropean  P.  c-alhum,  which  ft'll  with 
closed  wind's ;  a|)parently  they  must  have  chosen  tiie  under  side  of 
l)ranches  for  hibernation,  us  lias  hecn  seen  in  the  case  of  other  Vanessidi. 

Most  of  our  New  England  species,  and  some  at  least  of  the  others,  are 
diniorpliic  to  a  greater  or  less  extent,  tlie  two  forms  generally  ditiering  in 
the  extent  or  de[>th  of  the  darker  markings  of  the  upper  surface,  and  the 
stronger  or  weaker  contrasts  between  the  colors  of  the  imder  surface.  The 
dimorphic  species,  so  far  as  known,  are  double  brooded,  and  the  others  (at 
least  in  New  England,  i.  e.,  faunus  and  gracilis)  single  brooded.  The 
»Iintori)hism  is  to  a  large  extent — almost  exclusively — seasonal,  the  first 
brood  of  linttei'tlies  being  the  darker,  the  autumn  brood  the  lighter.  The 
European  c-album  is  double  brooded,  and  varies  so  mucii  that  it  should  be 
deemed  polymor[ihic,  but  no  jiroper  investigation  of  the  relation  of  the  dif- 
ferent forms  to  each  other  has  ever  been  made.  Notwithstanding  which, 
European  entomologists  of  repute  consider  several  of  our  species  (which 
have  been  shown  to  diti'er  unmistakably  in  stnu'tural  features),  to  be 
identical  with  their  own  polymorphic  form — a  position  which  is  utterly 
untenable.  Mr.  Edwards  has  discussed  this  point  very  fully  in  his  IJnttcr- 
tlics  of  North  America.  Mr.  Mead  suggests  that  the  varieties  of  the 
European  c-albmn  are  "nascent  species,"  —  a  stage  which  the  American 
species,  as  older  forms,  have  already  past. 

The  egg  is  nearly  spherical,  but  somewhat  barrel  sha[)e<l,  and  furnished 
with  ten  compressed,  longitudinal  rilis.  which,  on  the  upper  half,  greatly 
increase  in  height.  'I'hc  head  of  the  young  larva  is  smooth  and  the  l)ody 
fiu'uishcd  with  six  rows  of  minute  warts,  eacii  emitting  a  long  taperii 
hair.  In  the  matui'c  larva  the  licail  is  crowned  by  a  pair  of  long,  stout, 
aculifcrous  spines:  and  the  body  bears  sc\en  longituilinal  rows  of  mannni- 
form  elevations,  each  sin  lonntcd  by  a  spint;  beset  with  whorls  of  delicate 
bristles.  The  chrysalids  are  angidar  and  tnberenlatcd,  the  ocellar  promi- 
nences more  or  less  conical  and  pointed,  and  the  dorsum  of  the  thorax 
produced  like  a  very  strongly  compri'sscd,  vcr\  |iromineiit,  sub^piadrate 
keel,  sometimes  shaped  like  a  IJoman  nose. 


•"^1 


WK, 


h^t 


■P'Oh 


316 


TIIK  IJUTTKUFI.IKS  «)F  NKW   KN(il,.VX|). 


EKCUHSUS   IX.  —  DIMOHPIIISM  AND  I'OLYMOitl'IIISM. 


Wliu  luvcs  nut  till-  ^'iiv  liuttcrlly,  wliirli  rtilH 

Befiiii'  liiiii  ill  llic  iirtlciit  iiooiriirriiyM 

III  iTiiiiNuii,  ii/iirr,  cincralil,  lUiil  K<''<li 

Willi  iiiorc  iiiii;:iiilic('n('f  upon  IiIh  wIiik — 

His  little  wiiij;— timii  ever  Km''"'"!  tlii'  uAf 

(;<iri.'i'inis  i)f  niyiilty,  \*  like  the  kiiw 

That  wiiiiilcr.s  iiiiil  flic  llowrrst  tliat  };ciii  the  iiiciul, 

I'liroilM'iolls  (if  tlicir  lirailty. 

C'AIIHINCTOX. 

Amomi  tlio  .xiiltjocts  ot'  {riMH'fiil  |)liil(is(i{ihi('iil  iiitoiTnt  wliicli  tlic  study 
of  iiiiiiimls  tliiiiii<f  tlio  Diuwiiiiiiu  cpocli  htin  lifoiijflit  to  notice,  fiw  Imve 
t'Xfitetl  more  iittentioii  tiiul  interest  than  the  existence  in  ti  vast  niiniher 
of  aniiniiis  of  two  or  nioio  distinct  forms  in  the  same  species.  Tliat 
this  is  very  commonly  true  of  tlie  two  sexes  goes  without  siiyinjf ;  but 
besides  tliis  it  often  htipjiens  that  one  sex  mtiy  tippear  lUKh-r  two  distinct 
guises,  or  that  aUeriiiite  broods  of  tiie  same  iuiiuiids  may  differ  so  much 
from  each  otlier  its  in  msuiy  cases  to  deceive  the  most  acute  nsitiiralist  into 
tile  very  reiisonal)ie  belief  tliat  tiiey  tire  distinct  species.  Mueii  attention 
has  been  given  to  tliis  eidijeet  among  tiie  butterflies,  and  wv  have  in  our 
ntitive  species  a  considerable  muuber  of  instiinces  in  ilhistriition.  A  large 
proportion  of  them  show,  in  some  peculitirities  of  the  sctdes  of  the  male 
sex  and  their  lU-rangement  into  speciid  patches,  a  retidy  distinction  from 
the  opposite  sex,  wliieh  is  to  be  coniparv'd  with  such  characteristics  timong 
birds  as  the  special  plumage  assinned  by  the  cock  in  his  comb,  wiittlcs. 
arching  tail  and  spins.  Hut  Just  as  the  cock  fre(picutly  diH'crs  further  from 
the  hen  in  the  character  of  the  plumage  covering  the  whole  liody,  so  there  are 
!i  very  large  niimlter  of  butterflies  which  also  ditter  from  the  op[)(isite  sex 
in  the  general  color  or  pattern  of  the  upper  or  lower  surface  of  the  wings. 
Curiously  enough,  when  we  consiiler  how  very  generally  thi'  under  surface 
of  the  hind  wing  is  variegated  in  butterflies,  we  rarely  find  in  this  [)lace 
any  distinction  between  the  sexes.  It  is  largely  confined,  at  any  rate  with 
the  buttei-flies  of  the  teini)erate  zone,  to  the  massive  coloring  of  the  upper 
surface,  and  here,  whenever  one  of  the  sexes  departs  from  the  tyj)ieal 
coloring  of  the  group  to  which  it  belongs,  in  order  to  assume  a  livery 
distinct  from  its  mate,  it  is  almost  always  the  female,  at  least  among 
our  own  butterflies,  which  is  thus  distinguished.  We  have  indeed  but  a 
single  example,  that  of  Cyaniris  pseudargiulus,  in  which  the  opposite  is 
true. 

But  besides  that  form  of  dimorphism  which  simply  intensifies  the  distinctions 
between  the  sexes,  we  have  in  some  cases  a  double  dimorphism,  so  to  speak, 
which  not  only  distinguishes  one  sex  from  the  other,  but  divides  the  mem- 
bers of  one  of  the  sexes  into  two  distinct  groups,  one  of  whieli  more  nearly 
resembles  the  male,  wliile  the  other  may  depart  widely  from  it.  We 
find  several   such   instances  among  the  Rhodoceridi.      Tliere  are  eases, 


DIMOKI'IIISM    AM)   roKYMOlilMIIS.M. 


317 


'$t^ 


Hiich  iiM  Km  vmii.x,  t'aiiiiliar  t(i  cvcrv  tiiitdndr  cntdinolofrist,  wluTcin  the 
f'einiilf,  iiifttcail  of  Ixiiiu:  of  nearly  tlie  same  color  as  the  male  with  MHiie 
•listinctions  in  the  inar^'iiial  hantls.  is  of  so  very  pallid  a  hue  as  to  strike  the 
ohnerver  iit  once.  The  contrary  is  trne  as  rej^nrds  the  t'emaie  of.Iasoniade.s 
^hiiunis  nnd  the  male  of  Cyaniris  pseudar^'iohis,  in  which,  in  certain  jiarts 
t)f  the  eniintry,  n  dark  form  of  the  sex  with  ncaily  nniform  iirown  upper  sur- 
face is  to  he  fouml. 

Hut  dimor[)hisni  ))y  no  means  stops  here,  i'nv  we  have  in  some  of  our 
otlicr  l)Uttertlie.s  (piite  as  strikinj;- or  even  mori' strikinjr  I>eenliarities.  Take 
for  instance  the  case  of  I'olyijonia  interroj^ationis.  Here  is  an  insect  wlu're 
tiiere  are  two  very  distinct  forms  in  eai'h  sex.  and  in  eacii  of  which  the 
sexes  are  readily  distinguisiied  hy  the  coloration  of  the  winj^s  ;  they  difler 
in  the  I)ri;;htnes8  and  variegation  of  the  lower  stu-faee  of  hoth  wind's,  and 
the  ohscurity  of  the  npi)cr  surfiice  of  the  hind  pair  :  that  is  to  say,  tlii're 
are  foin'  sets  of  individuals,  wliieh  may  he  separat«'il  (piite  as  readily  as 
most  closi'ly  allied  hutterflies,  and  more  so  than  a  }j;reat  many  acknowledged 
species  of  the  best  studied  faunas.  Xor  is  this  hy  any  means  the  whole 
statement  of  the  ease  ;  these  two  types,  hrcd  from  egjrs  laid  hy  the  same 
parent,  not  only  diller  in  the  markinj^s  of  tlic  winj^s.  i)ut  also  in  their  form 
and  in  the  structure  of  the  genitalia  ;  in  fact,  we  have  two  sets,  perma- 
nently distinct  fnnn  each  other,  and  to  which  we  can  oidy  not  apply  tlu! 
name  of  specii's,  hecause  we  know  thi'm  to  have  the  same  parent.  Now 
hutterflies  seek  their  own  kind  for  mating  and  nothing  more  is  needed  to 
establish  these  forms  as  good  si)eeie8,  tiian  that  each  should  persistently 
seek  its  own  mate.  Indeed,  one  can  hardly  help  surmising  that  they 
alrea<ly  do  so  to  a  considerable  extent,  and  tiiat  this  is  an  instance  of  an 
idmost  formed  species,  beyond  which  it  is  almost  impossilile  to  go  without 
becoming  one.  I'etwecn  this  t'ondition  and  that  of  some  other  species,  in 
which  the  sexes  do  not  differ  and  there  is  very  little  variation,  there  is 
almost  every  grade  of  difference,  so  that  \\v  may  fairly  imagine  that  we 
know  one  means  by  which  species  are  originated.  Here,  perhaps,  if  any- 
where among  butterflies,  we  ought  to  8us[)ect  that  physiological  selection, 
the  province  of  which  is  so  well  insisted  upon  by  Romanes,  is  beginning  to 
play  its  part  in  the  formation  or  rather  the  differentiation  of  species  ;  since 
besides  the  colorational  marks  which  may  enable  tlie  sexes  to  choose  their 
mates  with  discrimination,  we  have  the  first  steps  toward  those  changes  in 
the  organs  ancillary  to  generation  which  everywhen;  nnirk  absolutely  dis- 
tinct forms,  and  are  safeguards  against  admixture.  The  case  of  Iphielides 
ajax  is  even  more  striking ;  nor  has  the  sto-y  half  been  tohl  of  the  muta- 
tions and  polymorpliism  of  Q  miris  pseudaigiolus ;  but  since  a  new  ele- 
ment is  here  brought  to  view,  in  which  dimorphism  is  exhibited  by  alternate 
broods  of  the  same  insect,  we  refer  the  reader  for  further  partieulais  to  the 
section  upon  that  subject. 


i 


n 


318 


TIIK   III   ri'i;i!l- I.IKS   (>!•    NKW    KNCLAND. 


lUIII.KKiKAniV. 

Diii'wiii,  ('.    Till'  ilcMiiil  (i|  in:in,  iiinl  ^rlrcliim  In  icliitinn  lo  m'X.     I.hihIdii,  ■.'  vol.,  |,s7l. 

(Cf.  cliiip.  xi.) 
iSciidiliT,  S.  H.    .Vnll,i,'fii),  or  rcmiiiI  illiiiorpliisiii   In  liultiTllli'"..     Boston,   IdTT     (I'roi-. 

Aincr.  iiuiul.). 


'I'lililt;  iif  K/iffii'S  of  I'litji'/iiiiiii,  liii.sflil  nil  llir  I'/'l. 

Kxg  iiioi-i'  lli:in  »  fonrtli  IiIu'Ikt  tli:in  lu'oml iiiterrogatiuiiU. 

Kk);  loss  tliun  a  fonrlli  IiI^'Ih'I-  llnin  liroail. 

Kin:  of  ciinal  liri^ilit  iiiiil  liniiillli fuiinus. 

Kias  alioiit  oiu'-Hrili  lil^'hi'i-  than  liroail. 

Vi'rtii'al  rllis  dm  en  in  nnnilici' cuiiiniu. 

W'i'lical  rllis  ten  or  li's->  in  minilicr progue. 

((iraiilis  and  HUtvriis  not  seen). 

'J'tihli  oiKfircicn.  Iiiitiiil  on  till;  caliriiillor  ill  liirtli. 

ruiiill:«(' of  body  (lark  inn  not  MaiU. 

rapillat-  lirownlsli  fn^cons Iiiterrogatloiilg, 

I'aplllai'  (lark   ;.'ri'<'M faiiniis. 

rapillae  of  liody  Idac-k. 

Body  varying  from  pah'  straw  todark  ^'ncii,  tlic  anterior  niarf;ln  of  tlir  sc^jniCMts  livid.... 

comina. 

Bodyj;ras»  ^.'rccii.  the  anterior  inar};ln  of  tiic  sc;{«icnt-  very  pal<'  jtrcun progne. 

((iraiilis  and  satynis  not  seen). 

Tiihir  o/njiicii  s,  hiixi-il  nil  ihi:  niithire  cnlerpilliir. 

I'ppi-r  siirfarc  nniforndy  v arirfiatcd  tliron^'hoiit. 

Lateral  spinulos  I'initlcd  from  lirlow  llic  middle  of  the  coronal  liead-spiiies.  iiiterroKutioiiig. 
Lateral  splmiles  emitted  from  the  iniddli'of  the  coronal  spines. 

Coronal  spines  stotil.  the  lateral  .splmiles  c-oarse  and  alioiit  as  Ion;;  as  the  central  spine 

lieyond  the  circlet roniiiia. 

Coronal  spines  slender,  the  lateral  splmiles  slender  lilit  not  co  loli){  hm  the  central  «plne 

lieyoml  the  circlet progue. 

Dorsum  of  mo»t  of  the  a^-'  niilnal  se^^nieiits  white.  In  strlkiii!;  contrast  to  the  siih's. 

White  ilorsal  iiati'h  i  :,  iidim.'  over  all  the  alidondnal  and  some  of  tin'  thoracic  m'uiiiciiI-.. 

satjriis. 
While  dorsal  patdi  not  extending;  in  advance  of  the  seccmd  iilidciiiiinal  >c:;nient.  ..f  annus. 

(Gracilis  not  seeiil. 


»)cclli;r  pn 


Tiildi;  iifiii>ecii:i,  Imsed  uii  tin'  difi/snh's. 
inence-  conical  Ihroiiiihoill ;  luterodorsal  tllhercles  of  fourth  alnluminal  sei'iue 


III 


strlkiiiL'ly  laru'cr  than  tlie  others. 
Mesoiiolal  IiiIm  i-cle  i|iiadrate. 

J.aterodorsal  tillierdes  of  liflh  to  «i\cMtli  alidoininal  >e;;nicnls  siilie(|nal. 


iiiterrogationis. 


l.ateroilorsal  liil>eiclcs  of  tifth  to  sevonlh  alidoininal  sej;nieiits  decreasing;  in  size 


larlv  and  I'lmsidcralilv 


■  satyrus. 


.McsoMolal  tiiliercle  Ir 


I  la 


.(■oinina. 


Ocellar  pidiniiicnccs  ecpial  on  hasal  half;  latoiodorsal  tubercles  of  fourth  aliilomlnal  seL'nient 
not  very  mml  laru'er  lliaii  the  others. 
Xoteh  lu'lwccn  occllar  prominence-  deeper  tlian  broad 


Notch  lictwcM'n  occllar  proMiinellces  broader  than  deep 

{(iracilis  not  seen). 


.fauiius. 
.  proffue. 


NYMPIIAIJNAK:    I'OI.YCOMA    IN'IKUIMXIATIONIS, 


319 


'I'lihli'  iif  n/tri'lrn,  hiiniil  itii  llii'  inimjit. 


I.arv'i'l' »|ifiii's.     Uiiili'i' •iiifiiir  of  liiiiil  wlii;.'^  willi  ;i  iTiilral  «ll\c'ry  -iiiiiioliiii;  IiuhuI  (lUiulcr 
iif  c'o^iiil  horilir  i)f  iiiiilcr  siirfiii'c  uf  furc  wliii,'"  ciiii^iiiiiKni-ly  iimtllr.l  \\  Itli  |iali'  yi'llciw  iiml 

Ih'dwii IntfrroKBtloiils. 

!<iiiiilli'i'  N|i<'i'ii>H.     I'licliT  <<iii'rarL'  of  liiiicl  win;;!*  wllli  a  ri'iilral  •iilvcry  I'dinnia  nr  liriit  liar; 
liaxal  <|iiai'ti'r  iif  >'ii><tal  luirilii  uf  riirc  wliiifs  ln'iiialli  li'aii'<\ri'>i'ly  -Inakril  wlili  lii-ciuii  aiiil 
piili',  not  wtriin^fly  I'lmliaHlrd  wllli  Ihr  nniiiinnilin^'  |ini'l<. 
Till'  silvery  I'liniina  I'Xiiaiiilnl  al  the  i  inls. 

Varliwili'ij  Willi  wiHiil-lirwwn  iin  Ihi'  onli'i' llilnl  nf  llic'wln;,'»  Ipcnialli,  all  llic' ;;riiii 

I'ontlni'il  Id  till'  i'i'^tImii  liiymiil  tin'  I'i'll  uf  the  lilml  w  Iiii:h;  nii'illaii  iinrtiiin  of  tlic  miti'i' 

boriliT  of  fori'  wln;.'s  ^nitly  I'rrmilatcil. 

I.owi'r  ini'illan  Imsnl  >|iot  on  ii|i|M'r  >urfai  r  of  fori'  wliii.'«  -iiiall  or  olisoli'^^ii'iil ; 

lilml  wln;;s  wllli  u  lionli'r  aliovi'  at  li'ait  iwlri'  as  whir  a"  tliat  of  fori'  will's,... 

ouiiiinu. 

I.owi'r   iiiriliaii  lianal  Mput  uii  ii|i|iir  siirfari'    of  fori'  wind's  l»rj,'r  ami  ilMlini; 

liiml  w  lii^iH  w  Itli  II  iiiirruw  liunliT  iiliuvr  similar  to  lull  faiiitiT  tliaii  tliat  of  tin' 

fiirr  w'iii;!s satyriiH. 

Varii';;ati'il  witli  ^xivrn  on  tin'  oiiti'r  tlilnl  of  tin'  w  iii;.'s  lii'iiratli;  nii'illaii  |iorlluii  of 

till'  oiitrr  lionli'r  of  tin'  foir  w  Ilia's  >''iiis|iiriioii>ly  rrriiillalril failllii!«. 

Till'  silvi'ry  roinnia  taprrln^'  or  i'i|iia!  at  tlii'i'inls. 

Kinil   w'ln;;>i    lii'iiratli  wliillsli  Inniry  jii'-t   liryoinl  tlir    iniililU',  in  vKhl  ronlrast    to 

till'  liasi';  iipprr  liinli  of  tin,'  roiiinia  liliiii'  al  tip KruolltM. 

Iliiiil    \vinj{S  lii'iii'atli   Imt    llttli-    palir  liryoiiil    tlir  nililille  than   on   tlir   Imsal  linlf; 
iippi'i'  lliiili  of  till'  I'oninia  poiiiti'il  al  tlic  li| progne. 


(iUOrr   I  (iiit,i'n'i)mili<iiii>). 

AntPiinin'  usually  with  11  joints  (sntyi'iis  US') ;  ^nhrnstal  ili'iilalinii  uf  iiiur^lii  of  hlinl 
wimrsiiiily  miiilrrali'ly  pfiniilin'iit.  K'ji;s  ^ji'iiorally  lalil  In  I'liuins  of  tlirri'  nr  fi>iiri)ii  tin' 
ntnli'r  snrfaci-  of  li'iivi's.  Marklniis  of  rutrrpillar>  ^rnrnilly  forini'il  of  niuri'  m'  Irss 
sli'inli'i'  lonuitinlinal  lliii's  nn  tin-  siilrs  of  tin:  hoily  fsulynis  iis  in  tlir  iitliiT  ui'oup  i  ; 
ot'ti'ii  foniiini;  riidr  iii'su  in  later  llfi".  Cliry-alis  w  Itli  ri'iriilariy  lonii'a!  icnllar  tiibor- 
cU's.  anil  luti'i-oilorsal  liiln'i'cli's  of   fourth  iilnloinlnal   x'lrnn'Ml  stril<in;;ly  lari;er  tliiiii 

till'  otlll'lN. 

Si-Ki'ii's:  interrogationis,  comma,  satyrua. 


POLYGONIA  INTERROaATZONIS— The  violet  tip. 


[Tlip  violet  til)  ((Jossi'):  sonili-oloti  Iniltrrtly  llfarris);  si'inii'oion  vaiicss  (Kininoii.).] 


pS 


I'lipiliii  inleinxidli'DiiH  V.i)ir.,  Si\\t\>].  {'III.  Krrii.,  Itnti,  Mi'.,  ."1I-.VJ  (i.sfU) ;— Mayn.,  Hull. 

!iyst.,424  (17!W).  X.  K.,  II-PJ,  pi.  J.  Il,i;s.  |-J.  IJa  [!'.  i.  faliriiii 

Cijiilhin    iiilfin-oi/atiniii.i  Kalir.,    III.  nniL'.  th.'iirril]  (l.s.sti). 

in.s..  vi:  281  (1S<)7).  I'iiid-hkh  {(ir(iiifi()>i(ti'rri>iiiiHi>iiisMiini'M., 

\'iiiie.iaii    inti-rriiiinti'iiii.i    llarr.,    Ilili'ln'.  Sii'it.  riit.  zi'it.,  .\xxi :  Ilt!(lM7o). 

Hi'p.,  5!»0  (l,s;!;!);    Ins,  iiij.  vr;;..  3(1  i-il.,  l^DS-  I'nlijijnnio    iiili'miU'iUonis    .Si'mltl.,  Hnll. 

.■llX).  titf.  124   [I'.   I.  fabricii  li^'uri-.l]   l.S«2;—  Hull",  soc  iial.  sr.,  ii :  -iM  (If<7.->). 

."'aunil..  Can.  I'lit.,  i:  7IV-77  (IWJ).  Vaiim.iti  p.  hitirfiiiiiiliiniin  {iiii\.,  Kiwyv\. 

(iriiiila  iiilirriiijiitinuia  Koulil.-Hi'W..  lien.  nnnii.,  ix  :  Ml!»  (ISlil)- 

iliuni.  I.i'p.,  i:  1!I7  (im.s) ;— Morr.,  Syii.  Lt'ii.  Vani'sna   r-auronia  Harr.,  Knt.  corr.,  2.S0- 

N.  AiiiiM-.,  .");»-.">4  (IHII'i) ;— Kilw..  Can.  fiit..  x  :  2x1  (1H(19). 
71-74   (1«8);    .xiv:  201-207  (lW2);—Kreiii.'li, 

lU'p.  ins.  lll..vil;  lf)l-l."i2  (1S78);  Hiitt.  cast.  Fii-'ori'il  liy  (ilovcr,  III.  N.  A.Lep.,  pi.  1,  llg. 

r.  S..  1K2.185,  II),'.  ol   (18.st!);-MiiKll.,  Kep.  U;  pi.  21,  lig.  1;  pl.  KXi.  lii;.  25  (!■),  Im-d. 
inti.  111.,  x:  84(lH.si);— Coq.,  ibiil.  im(l»M); 


•■•  ''/fli 


,'/i-i,il 


;,.;jj^*;i: 


ii'lO 


TIIK    lUTTKItFLIES  OF   Ni:\V  K\(iLANI). 


ri(I,Y(illNI\  INI  i:i!lic)l.  VIKINIS  r\  II  I!  Mil. 

Willi  i'oiii'dIiiimiis  x\  iii),'>. 

CriijHii  iiitfrri'i/iiti'iiiis  (Jossr,  Xcwiii. 
Kiit.,  i:W  (1K40);— I,iiilii.,Tiiins.  Aiiicr.  ml. 
sor.,il:  .^^-^^(IHr,!));  iii:  lyT-iOl  (ISTOi. 

Xijiiijihuh's  inli-rriii/iitiiitiin  Kiiii.,  .'^\  ii.rat. 
I.r|).,<H,;(lH70. 

(ira/ita  inti'mii/iitiiniis  rni:f'ii:rii-n  Kihv., 
Hull.  X.  A.,  i,  Craiil:!  4(IHTI). 

I'oltlniiiiUi  iiiti-rnij/iiliniiis  i^i  iidd..  .Sysl. 
rev.  Aiiicr.  Imtt.,  10  (I,s7-J). 

Vanessa  ji.  iiitiTrni/a/i'iiiiii  (io<l.,  ImicvcI. 
iii(?tli.,  i.\:  3DU3l)i  (I81!t). 

Vanessa  c-anrcvm  Hoisd.-I.cC..  I/p. 
\mi\-.  sept.,  192-193,  pi.  :A,\\'^>.  1-4  (is;t:)). 

Grajitd  fahriKiiVA\\\.,'Vn\\\n.  Am.  cut.  noc, 
iii:  1-9(1870). 

Vanessa  faliririi  Kiili.,  Svii.  rat.  Lcp.,  181 
(1871). 

Xijinjilialis  fahricii  Kli'li.,  ."5yii.  cat.  I.c|i.. 
048(1871). 

Fife'uml  liy  aid.cv,  III.  X.  A.  Lcp..  pi.  33. 
«!,'.  6,  iiied . 


riU.YUUXH  IN'TKIIItlMiATIIINIS  IMIIltDsA. 

Willi  lia>c  (if  liiml  wiiiirs  (ilisriircil  aiidvc  with 
(liuky  lints. 

/'«/)///'»  r-a II re II III  ('rain.,  I'ap.  cxot..  i:  28- 
•-'9.  pi.  19.  liv'>.  !•:.  K.  (I77!');-Alil,..  I>rinv.in>. 
(iii.  Hiit.  inii-.,  vi: ;!!»,  lifts.  2(i-27;  .\vi:31.  tali. 
110; -Smith- .Villi. ,1.011.  in.",  (ja..  i :  21-22,  |il. 
II  (1797). 

I'lih/r/iiiiiii  r-aiireinu  IKilni..  .Saiiiml.  cxnt. 
schnicll..  ii,  l.cp.  i,  I'ap.  1,  Nymph. (i,  Haniailr. 
I),  all'.'..  2,  (i;;-i.  il-4  (18WI). 

(Iriijita  c-aiireum  (Johsc,  Nowiii.  Kntiim., 
l.-t8(l84(iK 

]'iiiiessa  iiiterroi/aliiiiiis  Kiiiin.,  Auric.  X. 
York.  V  :  2(l7,  IIl's.  3.  .■>  (l8.->t). 

(irii/>ta  iiitirrniiatiiaiis  Kilw.,  Trans.  Am. 
cut.  soc.,  iii:  1-9  (18711;. 

(iii'Iilii  interiiiijatinhis  nir.  /()ii/<yvi,<rt  Kilw. 
Bntt.X.  A.,  i:  (irapta.-i  (1871). 

(Ira)ita  iiiiihrusa  Liiitii..  Trans.  .Vm.  cut. 
soc.,ii.  3l:t-319  (18(19;;  Hi:  197-204(11*70). 

(Iraiitn  rnniuvi  .Sciiilil.,  I'nic.  Hcsl,  sue 
iial.  hist.,  xiii:  270  (1870). 

I'lili/i/iinia  rraiiiiri  Hcmld.,  .Sysl.  rev.  .\iii. 
liiitt..  10  (1S72). 

KiKiircd  liy  (ilovcr,  III.  X.  .V.  I,cp.,  pi.  ;!3. 
IIl'.  "i.  iiicd. 

[Xdt  I'ap.  c-aiirciim  liiiiii.]. 


.Vii  ili'cliii  lie  rantdinnc,  11  est  siiiivent  dcs  jiiiirs 

(111  raiiii(!e.  (Ill  diiait,  va  se  triiiiipcr  dc  cours. 

Kl  I'liii  dit ;  "X'est-cc  pas  Ic  printciiips  ijiii  rc\icnt?" 

I.a  tlciir  cii  trcssaillanl  a  rc(;ii  la  I'oncc; 

I.e  |iaiiill(m  rcvulc  A  la  ruse  liaist^c, 

Kt  rol.seau  cliaiitc  nil  liois  iiii  niiiiasc  lirillant. 

.s.vl.NTK  \iv,\\K.—l'cnsie  il'Autniiine, 


Imag;o  (3  :  8,  lo,  12,  13;  11:7).  llciul  ciivcrcd  iiluivc  with  olivaceous  hnifs  po.s- 
teriorly,  ami  vinous  with  iiiaiiy  liitermiiijjled  pale  or  whitish  ones  lii  the  middle 
and  anteriorly,  the  sides  Willi  reddish  fulvous  scales  backed  by  whitish  ones:  palpi 
Jiule  or  whitisli  straw  color  beneath;  on  the  sides,  the  llrst  joint  whiter  with  a  few 
.scattered  fulvous  scales,  the  middle  joint  wliite  on  tiu^  basal  outer  half,  the  apical 
upper  half  beliii;  brownish  fulvous  and  the  superior  fringe  the  same,  mingled  with 
.vellowish.  especially  at  the  apex :  apical  joint  like  the  apie:il  half  of  the  middle  jdiiit, 
the  lowerouter  surface  « ith  distant,  delicate,  not  very  lon;i.  black  liairs ;  antennae  abm  e 
blackish,  some  of  the  basal  joints  very  delicately  annulate,  wltli  fulvous  at  their  base: 
beneath,  where  naked,  pale  luteous,  odired  exteriorly  on  the  sealed  portion,  continuously 
or  n.arly  so  with  while,  much  more  broadly  at  the  bases  of  the  joints  than  at  their 
apices,  exti'iidinn  to  about  the  middle  of  the  basal  iialf  of  the  club;  club  like  the 
stalk,  exceptiiiir  that  the  apical  tl;i'ee  j(>iiils  are  liriyhl  luteous  above,  lulco-fus- 
cous1k!ow;  ton^iuc  very  pale  luteous,  darker  :n  the  middle  at  the  base  and  darker 
beyond  the  llrst  whorl. 

Thorax  covered  above  willi  olivaceous  brown  scales  'ind  hairs,  beiiealli  with  iiiiii;;lcd 
vinous  brown  and  pale  hairs:  fore  leji:.  fringed  willi  the  same,  but  dark  reddish  brown 
inliiKled  with  black  in  a  slender  stripe  down  the  middle  of  the  front;  femora  of  the 
other  Icfrs  nacreous,  excepting;  on  the  inner  under  surface  wlilcli  Is  rediu^h  brmii, 
f:prinkled  with  a  few  pale  scales,  and  the  tip  which  is  yellowisli  or  white:  rest  of  Icjfs 
|ialc  straw  yellow  with  u  brownish  thifjo,  paler  on  the  taisi  than  on  the  tibiae.     Spines 


NYMrilALlXAK :   I'OLYdOXIA    INTKKKOfJATIOXIS. 

(lurk  roddish  hrowii.  sniiiftiiiifis  liiti-o-ciistiuirons :  spurs  ycUowisIi,  tippod  will)  rcildlsl 
l)i'i>\vii;  claws  cnstiiiicdiis.  pulcr  nt  base,  darker  at  tip  and  aloiiir  tin- midi-r  I'd^c;  paroiiy- 
cliia  yi'llow ;  pnlvillns  black. 

Wiiifis  aliovi!  dark  fulvous  (iraii;rc,  cliiudcd  on  apical  half  with  dark  ciunauiouc- 
ous  brown  or  dark  fi'rrn;;iiious  and  spotted  on  basal  half  with  black.  Faiv  irimis 
with  upper  portion  of  outer  l)or<ler  straight,  reeedinsj;  at  an  aniile  of  al)out  4.'i  : 
dentation  at  tip  of  lower  niediau  nervide  sliitht,  anirulated ;  lower  nnjile  producei 
considerably  downward,  well  rounded  ;  outer  niarjfiu  scarcely  creuulate.  powdi^rcd  at 
Itase  as  far  as  ori^iu  of  llr.st  median  ncrvule  wit li  scarcely  perccptilile  darker  scales: 
costal  e<l!ie  yellowish,  faintly  niaruiorate  with  reddish;  in  the  ndddle  of  the  cell  are 
U\i>  ratiior  snuill.  rouiulisli,  slijilitly  nuecpnil.  black  spots,  the  upper  smaller,  subipiad- 
rate.  transverse,  depcndiu^  from  the  sulicostal  nervure  at  its  llrsl  divaricatifui, 
rcacliiiii;  from  one-ipiarter  to  one-third  way  acro-s  tlie  cell:  the  low;v  :  little 
further  from  the  base,  opposite  a  point  midway  l)ctwcen  the  llrsl  wiif  econd 
median  uervules,  in  the  middle  of  llie  lower  half  of  the  cell,  l)Ut  ■  ^it  U-u  n.ng 
the  median  nerviirc,  roundish,  or,  if  ovate,  longitudinal,  slijihtly  lav.'rtiwui  'lie 
upper.  Crossinfi'  tlie  apex  of  the  cell,  the  boundary  veins  of  which  p..  ■-  tiir  ijih 
the  midille  of  its  interior  half,  is  a  larj;c  transverse  l)ar.  reaclunn  l)elow  the  median 
nervure,  wliicli  it  ;:enerally  tnnclies  only  by  its  inner  ediie,  fadlnjr  out  aiiove  the  s\il)- 
coslal  nervure.  of  variable  shape,  but  usually  mirrower  below  than  aliove  and  in  tlie 
middle  oiic-lialf  aslu'oad  as  its  lcu);th.  Siibparallel  to  the  median  nervure,  '  ■i  distant 
from  it  by  nearly  llie  width  of  tiu'  cell,  is  a  nearly  straiurht  series  of  tiiree  pretty  l.'iriie. 
sul)ei|ual.  nMimlisli  spots  in  the  median  and  medio-submediaii  interspaces,  the  upper 
and  lower  iiearci' the  upper  border  of  their  interspace  tiiau  the  middle  spot  and  jreii- 
erally  toucliiiiii  11  :  midway  lietwreii  liie  lower  median  spot  ami  the  base  of  tlie  same 
inlerspaci'  is  a  more  or  less  dist  net  bl.ickisii  or  reddish  spot,  tlie  continuation  of  tlie 
medio-snbmediiiii  spot,  but  cli'aily  Sep.  rated  from  it  liy  tlie  fnlvons  uervule;  hi  the 
subcosto-mediaii  interspace,  seiiaralcd  liiil  a  little  from  tlie  transverse  liar  at  the  lip 
of  the  cell  is  a  loiiiiilndinal,  triangular,  lilackl^li  fuscous  dasli  or  spot,  its  borders 
blurred,  its  apex  outward  ami  licnerally  near  Ihe  bottom  of  the  iiitcrspaee;  it  is  alioul 
as  hir^e  as  the  upper  median  spot.  IWyoiid  this,  and  separated  from  the  b,\ial  portion 
by  a  limit  which  passes  in  a  bent  and  curved  direction  from  tlie  costal  marfiin,  opposite 
the  base  of  the  third  superior  subcostal  nervulc.  to  just  beyond  the  middle  of  the  suli- 
eosto-medi:in  interspace,  and  lln'iiin;h  the  middle  of  the  median  m-rvnlcs  t<  the  inner 
iKirder.  wlien-  the  siilimediaii  llr-t  appr<iachc«  it  closely,  the  win:r  is  clouded  witli  the 
clunamoiieous  lict.  infuscaled  and  sonieliines  deepeiiiiiii  into  lilack  by  niore  or  less 
frei|iient  black  Hecks,  on  eil her  side  of  llie  median  area,  and  enciosim.'  a  soiiiewlial 
obscure,  siiinciii-.  subniar;;iiial  series  of  orange  fulvous  spoN  in  all  the  interspace^, 
fiubparallel  t<i  llie  outer  border,  tin'ir  <iuter  limits  distant  rroni  tlie  miler  bordi'r  by 
tlu'  width  of  an  interspace  below  the  subcostal  area,  and  by  dmilile  thai  dislanci'  in 
the  upper  pari  of  t  he  \\  jii:r  :  tln'  -\\i>\-  -"litriaiiyrular.  t  heir  iipieo  inward,  ill-deliiied. 
of  variable  size.  I  lie  upper  lUies  ofleii  comicclcd  :  llu'  oiiler  border  is  >oiiietinie'«  a  little 
inrilseateil  llexl  llieir  outer  lililll^.  am'  in  llie  lower  two  silbeo>til  inler>pares  ^eui'nilly 
ileepeiislo  a  niinnle  lihickl-h  crc>i-,  •<;  followeil  liy  a  ^liort  fiihons  line:  the  whole  outer 
liorder  is  ratlnr  narroN.ly  rdited  with  a  pale  bliii>li  bloom.  liro!ide-.t  next  llie  in'rv  tile  Up-. 
Kiid  follow  inj:  tlieiii  a  short  iii--laiiee  in  the  sulico-iai  reu;ioii ;  friiiirccniiiiii  loiieons.  liiimd 
Wil'.  dii-ky  olivaceous  in  tin-  iiiiddle  of  llu'  wini;.  interrupt  id  w  it  h  vellow  isli  in  tlie  Intel  - 
.spaci's  ill  the  upper  lialf  of  the  w  iie.;  and  iimre  or  li--»  onrliiiil  by  tlie  lilin.iii.  /////■' 
I'-iiliM  W  itil  III.-  outer  I II I  I'd  er  (61  :  Is  i  \  i  r  V  11' t  li-  crelllllat  e.  the  tall  of  the  upjler  median 
liei'Mile  two  or  fliri'c  time-,  as  loim  as  bicpad.  the  side-  nearlv  parallel  :  the  projection 
at  tlw  ii(>per  -iili"/slal  ner\nle  -li;;lit.  a  little  an  filiated,  that  at  the  lowir  :inu'le  small, 
v'nlor  the  ■•Hmeoraii:ii-  and  ciniiaiiioiieou-  lint-  a-  mi  the  fore  w  Inu:-  ;  the  hitter  tint  necii- 
pyiny:  rel»*iv.'ly  more  of  the  outer  portion  than  on  the  fore  wiie.:-.  and  soiiietinies 
siilHisin;f  ne»rt>  the  wli<de  of  Ihe  wiiia  and  parlicularly  the  lower  half;  there  i-  a  laiuo 
Iraiisvei'si;  blAffc  Uir  croxsiiiy  IIh'  upper  siibco-lal  ami  nio-t  of  the  coslo— ubco-lal 
Interspace-.  bnrkcH   by  the   uppi  r  siibco-lai  ner\iile.  which  it  -IriUe-  in  the  inlddle  of 


'<"'i'. 


.:■■(' 


M 


^': 


Ky'v 


»*S 


322 


I'llK    lit    riKIMM.IKS   OK    Ni;\V    KM  .I.ANI>. 


i'J 


W4 


My 


Us  liii-al  hair,  ii  lillU^   riii'thci'  niil    lirldw  it    lliini    iilimr;  llirrc    arc    t\ 


iillirr    small 


Mack  III'  hltii'kisli  >|)iit> 


ac  cii-ciipviiii;  IIlc  (■xliTiiic   liasc  "f  the   iipin'r  lui'diaii    iiitcr- 


Npacf 


lh< 


■  i  lu'i'  fiilhiv  iiiir  Ihi'  I'xtrciiu'  hasi'  of  I  he  Inwci'  >iiliciislal  lUTviih' 


ami  ci-ossiiiLi 


part  III'  llic  base  1(1'  lhc>  upper  sulicustiil  iiitiMNpa<-i'  in  ilircct  ((HiliMiiallnii  of  il  :  thciv 
is  a  siihiiiaririnal  scvics  i>(  Imlisiinctly  riinili'tl,  Iriaimnlar.  fiihdiis  spoissimilar  to  llinso 
(if  Ihr  lore  w  hiL's.  pai'Icil  al  theiippi'i'  iiic'dhui  iioi-viih' ami  Iviiii;  at  a  ilislaiirt'  I'l-diii 
Ihr  oiili  T  liofdcf.  ti(  which  Ihcy  arc  pai'allcl.  In  a  little  imire  than  on  llm  lower  liall"  nt' 


tile  fore  wiiiiTs :  whole   oiilei'   lioidep,  incliiilinir   Ihi 


III'  the   tail,  ami  als 


Ihi 


costal  nerviii'i 


■lined  lis   ill   I  he    I'oi-i 


iiii;:   ri'iiiu:e  ciiiiiaiiioiieoii'-.  iiitei'i'iipted    in    the 


interspaces  by  jialo oliviicciiiis  brown,  overlaid  in  part  by  the  bloom. 

lioiicatli  ol'  a  ifcncral  wood  brown  tint  of  varyinj;  shades,  made  up  of  a  very  iiiil- 
mate  and  raryiniicomniiinflinir  of  ochrey  \  ellow  and  paler  or  deeper  ciiniaiiioneons 
scales,  nearly  the  whole,  but  especially  the  lias.il  two-thirds,  more  or  less  but  ;ilmosi 
always  vi'ry  sliirhlly,  washed  with  an  exceedinirly  deliiaie  p.'di^  bbiish-hoary  or  plumbe- 
ons  bloom,  all  the  conti'asis  mnch  more  distinct  ill  the  (J  than  in  the  9-  /'''"'''  "'in'j.i 
with  the  bfisal  fourth  of  llie  costal  marixin  as  far  as  tlie  costal  iierMire  white  or  yel- 
lowish white,  heavily  mottled  with  einnanion  brown;  the  limits  of  the  transv.rNC 
patch  at  tin-  tip  of  the  cell  above  arc  marked  benei'lh  by  slender  ercnnlalc  tlireaiU  of 
einnanion  brown,  between  which  the  wllifi  is  a  little  darker  reddish,  especially  in  the 
(J  ;  from  1  point  on  the  tipper  median  nerviilc.  as  far  beyond  the  tip  of  the  cell  a-  that 
is  bevoiid  tlie  second  divarication  of  the  niedian    iierviire.    a    siraii;ht.    eiiinainoneniis 


line  rims  to  the  middle  of  the  basal  foiir-llflhs  of  tlie  Niibinediaii  i 


at  and  ^\  illiiii 


this  mark,  i  lie  inner  liorder.  a-  far  as  ihesnbniediaii.  is  transversely  ;ind  slenderly  striped 


with   iliiskv      and   bevond  this  line,  with    alternatiiiy:    narrow    bar- 


of 


rlirac 


and 
nial 


ferriiuinoii-  following  tliis  transverse  line  interiorly  is  a  rather  bro.ad  and  nearly 
band,  darker  tlian  most  of  the  win;;,  nnnle  np  of  ferrn;;inoiis  liniv.  darker  and  im  re 
proiionncetl  bn  the  J  than  in  the  $,  the  tint  diminisliinir  in  depth  interiorly,  so  Ih.il 
ill  the  5  it  i-  liaril  to  ((clcnniiie  its  inner  limit,  but  which  in  the  ^f  i-  seen  lo  bo  half- 
way  to  the  bii«e  of  the  lower  median  interspace;  crossinir  tlie  middle  of  llie  cell  i-  a 
cloudy.  pluml)eons.  irreurnlar.  zi^'za.i;,  slender,  rcddish-edired  stripe  eoiiiu'ctiii^  the  liasi' 
of  the  first  subcostal  and  iiiedi.aii  nervnles.  often  parted  in   the  middle  and  niiich  more 


distinct  in  ttuf  (J  tliaii  in  the  ^  :  a 


ihi 


ipiile  small,  ovate  ~pol,  parallel  to  the  snli 


costal  nerviiTV.  Is  seated  on  the  meilian  nerviiri' a  sliort  distance   from  its  liase:   in  tlie 
(Miter  half  of  ulie  wing,  exceptiiii;  near  the  costal  and  otiter  borders,  the  lu'rviiles  are 


ell( 


till 


thi 


delicately  traeved 

tingeil  slltfhtly  with  ferrnxinons.  and  so  presenting  a  considerable  ami  sinirply  dclliied 
contrast  with  the  mesial  band  in  the  (J,  but  scarcely  paler  than  the  wood  brown  of  the 
whole  winir  in  the  f  '•  il  '"  I'ii'cst  next  the  costal  niaririn,  but  is  interrupted  by  a  lariie 
reddisii  fiiseous  clond  in  the  middle  of  the  outer  half  of  tlie  border,  more  distlnci  In 
the  (f  Mian  in  tlie  $  ,  and  which  n^aclies  nearly  or  iinite  lo  tlie  upper  median  nervnles : 
there  is  a  sinuous  series  of  nine  blackish,  sometimes  imlistinclly  blne-ediccd  dots 
in  all  the  interspaies  whicli  open  on  the  outer  border,  (_tuo  in  the  niedio-siibinedian 
Interspace)  ()l)solete  or  obsolescent  in  the  ^  .  very  Inconsplcitons  in  the  f  ;  the  tirst  is 
conwiderahly  nearer  the  base  th:in  ihe  second,  which  is  in  the  middle  of  the  Imsal  two- 
thirds  of  the  apical  subcostal  interspace;  below  this  they  reirnlarly  recede  f;irtlier 
from  the  outer  border  (that  in  the  upper  tncdian  in  tlie  miildle  <d"  its  iiiterspai'c  until 
the  lower  niedian  iiervnh'  is  passed,  wliere  they  ari'  at  llie  same  distance  from  It  :'.-  in 
the  lower  median  interspaci';  beyond  these  the  win;:  lieconics  darker  a;r:iin  and  i~  pro- 
fuselv  mottled  with  most  delicate,  short,  transverse  threads  of  dark  and  paler  ciniia- 
moiir^tis  and  ochrneeons,  much  darker  in  the  (J  than  in  the  $,  the  apex  and  lolie  of 
tlK"  imttor  inferior  angle  more  or  less  covered  with  liloom,  little  dots  of  which — iiolin'- 
able  only  by  the  lens — occur  mldwiiy  between  the  sininnis  row  of  black  dots  iiini  tlie 
(Utter  border  of  the  winir;  fringe  cinnamoneous,  tlie  apical  half,  except  at  the  iierMtle 
tips  anil  the  falcntion,  inurkcd  witii  white.  IJiml  iciiii/K  with  an  irregular  mesliil  liuiid 
of  similar  width  ami  color  to  that  of  the  fore  wings,  and  like  thai  deepest  in  liiit 
externally  ;  the  outer  edge,  starting:   from  the  middle  of  the  costal  borcler.  passes  with 


I 


2 vAU,.  ■,.  TA     WBU 


N  V.M  I'l  I.M.I  N'Ai;:    I'Ol.VC  IONIA    IN  li:i!l!0(  lA  IIOMS. 


323 


;i  iniiro  or  li'>s  irrc:;iiliir  and  coii-idfiiihli'  ciirvf.  (ipcniiiji  iii\varil>,  to  tin'  voiii  closiiiLf 
till' cell;  lu'Vr  it  slops  iind  starts  aitaiii  In  tlii'  iiicdlaii  area  Ifom  tlir  baso  of  tlicstraiirlil 
jMirtioii  ot°  llic  upper  iiii'diaii  iii'r\  iilc.  passiiii;  ill  a  straiirlit  line  to  tlie  iniildle  of  the 
iiiedio-^nlniu'diaii  interspace  opposite  tlie  iniddic  of  llie  lower  inediaii  nerviile,  and  is 
llienlieni  and  direcli'd  to>\.'ird  the  di'e|iesi  pait  of  tin'  excision  of  tlie  inner  liordiT: 
it-  Inner  liinit  is  more  rc.anlar  and  like  the  exterior  is  i^dircd  aliovi'  tiic  siil)costal  >vitli 
a  dark  cimiain<Mii'ous  line;  the  cell  is  lioiinded  apieally  in  a  rather  slender  arcuate 
slripi' of  nacreous  silver,  its  upper  extremity  just  fiulini:  to  reach  the  subcostal  iier- 
vnlc  and  goiicrallv  sliiilul.v  produced  toward  the  outer  hiu'der.  previous  to  which  il  Is 
soinetiines  slijihtly  strangled ,  licyond  this,  next  tlie  median  nervule  is  a  silvery  dot. 
not  so  far  from  the  inferior  extremity  t>(  the  silvery  stril)i'  as  the  lenjrth  of  the  stripe : 
llie  base  of  tile  precostal  uervure  has  also  a  white  or  silvery  dot.  In  the  apical  half 
(d'  the  winji  an  arctiate  serie- of  dol^  like  those  in  the  fiu-e  win?;,  that  in  the  lower 
nic  lian  interspace  in  llieniidille  of  the  onter  two-thirds  of  the  interspaci';  in  the  ^ 
the  dot*  are  in  the  middle  of  a  faint,  rather  broad,  double  arcuate,  ihirker  band.  lUie  in 
the  upper  and  one  in  the  lower  half  of  the  winsj,  parallel  to  the  outer  border:  ami 
midway  between  the  dots  and  the  oitter  border  is  another  series,  like  those  of  the 
fiu'e  wina;s,  of  pale  dots;  the  outer  border  ipilte  resembles  that  id'  the  fore  winjis 
in  both  .-exes,  exi'cpt  in  wantiuir  the  bloom  at  the  upper  cuiter  auirleof  the  winsri  friniie 
much  as  in  the  fore  wimxs. 

.\bdomen  above  black,  heavily  covered  with  fulvous  hairs  and  scales  :  bi'iicath  Avitii 
intcrinin^rlcd  hoary  and  fulvous  scales,  jiiviui:  it  a  irrayish  appeai'ancc.  .Vbihnninal 
iijipeudajres  I  33  :  II'. -11)  :  upper  (U'uan;  hook  slenderer  at  the  base  than  in  the  oilier 
specii'N.  taperiuii  throni;hont.  as  Ions  »>^  the  liody.very  slijrhtly  arched,  bluntly  jioiuted. 
Clasps  iieaily  twice  as  broad  as  lotiji.  sliijhtly  huiifcr  below  than  above.  c|uadrate  with 
rouniled  anuibs.  the  upi>er  hinder  anjile  produced  to  a  small,  rounded,  incurved,  triauiiu- 
lar  lobe  aliont  as  hut;;  as  broad:  upper  border  proilnciny;  at  base  a  Ion;;  and  slender 
process  lon^rer  tliau  the  clasp,  on  the  basal  half  one-tifth  as  broad  as  the  whole  leu^ith. 
eijual.  I'urv  rd  ~tronv;!v  inward  ;ind  directed  a  little  backward.  c<Mupressed.  beycuid 
twisted  so  as  to  becmne  depi'es>ed.  tapei'in^r  reirtdarly  to  a  blunt  point .  lU'iii'ly  Iniri- 
zontal  ami  directed  backward  and  coiividiral)ly  inward:  interior  llnirer  Ion;:  and 
slender,  tapiriuu  "nl.\  at  tip.  :i  little  curved  and  seareeh  ~urp;i-.»in;;'  the  upper  bonier 
of  the  ehisp. 


Alr:i'^(ir«'iii('iii>  in  itiilliiiit'trrHt 

MALK8.                       1 

SiiiulleiMI. ,  Average'  l.ar;.'eiil. 
;tl.f.          H2.          ;!:i.7."p 

1      Hi.                Hi.7.'')          I'.') 
11).  t               lU.tt            11.1 
n.-Jfi            .-1.4            (1.2 

1 

VEMALKH. 

Loiij^lh  of  t»mj;ue  12. 

Siiudlest. 

.■14 
17. 
I0.7.'> 

Avera^'c. 

;«. 
17.:iri 
II. 
5.1 

I,ar(.'est. 

l.(Mi;rtlM)f  fore  winy:?* 

:io. 
17.7.-) 

Iiinil  tililae  :niil  1:ii>i. . . 
fori'  tibiae  iiiid  tarxi  ■  ■ 

11. 
5.05 

l>OI.V*MHIMiV   l.^'rKIU(IH;.«TIU.NI^   U.M1III 

WA. 

Measui'i'lii   III-,  in  niilliiniile-. 

MALES. 

l.KM.\l.l«. 

Sniidlest.  .Vvi.nitfc,    liar^n-si. 

Smallcsl. 

28.25 
14. 

7.(1 

4. 

Averajfe. 

32.5 
15.0 
'      Id. 

hardest. 

28.        i      20.S            ■■W.73     i 

in.      I     111.           KI.2 
!i.4     ;      '.I..**          I'l. 
."i.            .■>.             .">. 

Lpillftb  of  fare  willjiK 

:iJt4teiinae. 

3(1. 
17. 

tiiiiil  tililiie  and  tai'M.. 
tme  tibiae  and  Iiii»i.. 

lO.ti 
.-1.25 

Deserilie.1  frum  8?    139. 

Dimorphic  forms.  The  foUoulnu:  piTuliarities  illstiusni^h  the  fcu-m  nmlu'osa  from 
faliricii.  tile  .attc.  if  wlilch  formed  the  liasis  of  the  forcKoiui;  ilescriptlon  :  Kirsi,  as 
regarriHthp  f«nn.  BtuMiniM-rportionof  the  outer  border  of  the/.wv  iri«,/)i  Is  straight,  fe- 
•mUwt  hi  Hoarcel.N  i«'s-  tlmn  a  ri;flit  anitle;  ileiitatlon  at  tip  of  the  lower  median  ner\  ule 
.aainilHb-d     lower  aiialc  produced  hut  littl iwuwaril.  rather  broadly  rouudeili 


.^       . 


';i    "1 


■  C;-. 


■;^; 


ML  TTKHFUKS  OF  XKW   KXdI.AM). 

outer  bdrder  M'lirci'ly  cri'iiuliiU'.  The  ccploratloii  of  tlie  upper  surface  of  the  fore 
wltifis  (lilfiTs  in  no  respect  from  tlmt  of  fnbricll,  excepting  that  tlie  cliinamoncoiis 
tints  of  the  onter  linlf  of  tlie  ■winj:  are  deeper  and  often  infnscated,  and  tliat  tlio  onter 
Ixirder  sliows  scarcely  any  of  tlie  l)Iooin.  tlie  tips  of  the  nervnles  only  liavinf;  a  few 
scattered  blu'sh  scales  abont  tlieni.  //i'/k?  f/Hj/.s  with  the  onter  border  (61 ;  17)  very 
sliiihtly  crenulate,  the  tall  of  the  upper  median  nervnle  about  half  as  lonj;  a;;aiii  as 
broad,  tlie  sUles  nearly  i)arallel ;  the  projection  at  the  tip  of  the  upper  subcostal  ner- 
vnle sllfiht  and  l)roadly  rounded,  that  at  the  lower  aniile  liiconspicnoiis.  These  -winiis 
dilfer  from  those  of  the  form  fabricii  much  as  the  fore  winirs  do,  the  parts  which  In 
fabrleiivvereciunamoneonsbecoiniu;;  almost  uniformly  black  and  completely  obliterat- 
iiii;  the  siibinar^inal  spots :  except  faint  traces  sometimes  seen  near  the  costal  marjrln : 
the  fulvous  portions  also  become  deeper  and  so  inncli  less  ccmspicuons;  tlie  bloom  is 
not  so  nearly  obsolete  as  on  the  fore  wiiisfs.  but  exceptlnj;  tlii;  tail,  the  outer  border 
Is  much  iiKU'e  narrowly  marjiiued  than  In  the  other  form. 

Hcneatli.  the  dilt'erence  is  more  niultlforin,  the  fieneral  color  of  the  wiiiirs  of  the 
9  belnir  of  a  lull,  diniry  yellow  brown  with  a  slight  olivaceous  tinue,  and  more  or  less 
covered  with  a  most  delicato  pale  bluish  bloom,  not  so  intense  as  that  borderiiijj;  the 
outer  nmrjiin  of  the  upper  surface,  but  iiiiudi  more  noticeable  than  in  the  same  sex  of 
fabricii;  the  niarkiiifis  have  the  same  locali/.atlon  as  in  that  form,  but  they  are  more 
distinct  and  deeper  than  there,  approxlmatlii};  tliose  of  the  (J  of  fabricii.  while  the 
contrasts  are  scarcely  iireater  than  in  the  ?  of  the  same  form;  tiu!  row  of  dots  In 
llic  outer  liiilf  of  the  winifs  is  more  distinct,  indeed  could  hardly  be  overlooked  by  a 
casual  descrlber.  while  they  would  scarcely  be  seen  without  search  ill  the  same  sex  of 
fabricii ;  they  arc  cvi n  more  noticeable  than  in  the  ^  of  fabricii ;  on  the  hind  wiiif;s. 
where  the  iriaiicous  tinire  Is  more  marki'd.  this  hliiom  Is  wantlin:  In  the  double  <U' 
broken  transverse  baiiil.  described  in  the  (J  of  fabrii'li  as  accompauyinv:  and  eiiclosiii!; 
the  tran.sverm- series  of  black  dots;  and  llnally,  occupying;  the  position  of  the  houry 
(lots  descrttmd  as  lyii;;'  in  fabricii  midway  between  the  black  dots,  and  the  outer  border 
of  all  the  w  runs,  there  Is  a  faint,  siibinaraiiial.  often  broken  or  partially  obsoh'te.  stroin:ly 
crennlairif  ^rreak  of  blue  greenish  atoms,  receding  from  the  border  in  the  mhldle  of 
Ihc  iiitif-iuici-. more  (INliiicI  and  connected  In  the  hind  than  in  the  fori'  wiiiiis.  and 
never  pai^fiur  aliove  the  deiitated  portion  of  the  fore  wliii;s. 

Ill  till'  (T  rhc  ditl'ereiii'e-.  are  <>f  a  siiiiiliir  cliaracter;  the  4riiieral  tint  of  the  wiiifis  is 
liiriiti-r  Than  ill  fabricii.  beiiis:  of  ail  oclirai'cons  clay  brown,  the  darker  niarkliii;s  of 
the  \mm'  of  ttot*  winits  l«-«ns  located  precisely  as  In  fabricii  and  seari'i'ly  deeper  in  tint, 
tl  J  sjrwiter  «tntrn.sts  in  the  win:;  liein;i  attained  by  the  additloiial  paleness  of  the 
li  'liter  iiiiirkiii-rs :  the  traiisver-c  row  of  dots  in  the  outer  half  of  the  winy;  here  attains 
Its  niiiwiiiiniii.  beconiliii;  .•ilniii-i  conspicnons  In  the  fore  wlnirs,  and  In  the  liiinl  wliiirs 
i|Uiti'  cim-pi<'iion»  liecan-''  '  he  fci'rn:rinoiis  bauds  In  wlili'li  t  hey  oci'iir  become  developed 
as  pretty  larire,  approximaiiil.  round.  I'errimliioii^  ^p<pts.espei'lally  In  the  lower  snlicoslal. 
the  iiiedian  ;Mtd  iiiedio-'nliiii>''liaii  interspaees,  in  which  smaller,  dull,  olivaci'o-fnivinis 
-pots  iiri'  i-Bclosed.  Iniviitt  i li. ■  black  dots  us  their  pupils;  the  hoary  bloom  of  the 
wiiMiM  Is  imn  ho  eoiiHpiru<M»«  a».  in  the  $  .  but  is  more  distinct  than  In  the  (f  of  fabricii, 
and  most  noticeable  OH  either -idi' of  the  bands  enclosliiif  the  dots  on  the  hind  wlii^s 
and  ill  the  middle  of  the  outer  borter  of  boll,  wiliLTs;  the  suhinariflnal  crenulate  line  i>( 
lilne-irreeii  -calev  i~  iii.iri'  di-r.iiict  and  eonihinous  than  In  the  other  sex  and  iiidl-tlnetly 
edired  wiria  black  :  l  doe^  iw»t  extend  above  the  middle  subi'ostal  nervnle  ipf  the  hind 
wiim  or  aiMive  the  faleation  of  the  fori' wniir :  within  tliesi' s;iine  limits  iliere  Is  close 
1,1,1  the  ■•nil '•!•  edue  of  the  wliisr  a  delicale  l'illllalllolleoll^  threail,  parallel  to  the  outer 
iHicder.   •.ometlines  iiifii-.cateil. 

Ttie  cirtilrasts  are  also  :rreiiter  lietweeii  the  paler  ••Hill  darker  markiiiiis  of  the  frln^ie 
in  Wrfh  sexes  and  on  botli  surfaei's  of  nmlinisii  than  In  fabricii,  and  In  the  speciimms  I 
have  e\aiiiiiied  there  -  in  iimbrosa  an  occji^ional  ab^eiiee  of  the  silver  dot  outside  the 
-ilver  enniiiia  of  the  under  -ide  •>(  the  hind  winj;s.  which  I  have  never  sei'ii  to  fall 
111  I'abrlcii 

Ak  re>(Mriln  the  abdominal  appemlaties.  the  upper  pi>-.i(riiir  lobe  nf   the  clasps  is 


NY.Ml'IIALIXAK:    I'OI^YdOMA    IN  TKItUC  KIA  TIONIS. 


32  G 


>lii:h11y  slicii'lcr  1111(1  Ic-is  proilui'fd.  ainl  tlu'  ii|i|)cr  ha-al  proccs-^  a  liltli"  ^li'iulcrci'  in 
iiinliniMi  Itiaii  in  fabricii. 

Eggf64:  111,  17).  ('()nsi(lcra))ly  higher  than  broad,  -ionicwliat  narrowcil  a|)i('ally, 
hi'dudt'sl  licldw  tlic  middlo.  with  nine  to  rlcvrn,  coniniind.v  tiMi,  stronirly  coniproscd 
rid(;(!s,  fjrowins;  higher  towaril  tlit-  ^ninniit.  when-  they  arc  nearly  half  as  hiuli  a?*  tlic 
width  of  till'  interspaces  at  lliat  point;  inteispaces  gently  concave  llirony:lioiit.  broken 
np  by  very  faint  lines  .o'.T)  nini.  apart.  Color  i  ('.  V.  Uiley)  at  llrst  dnll  l)lnisli  ;rreen. 
afterw.'ird  becondnir  itrayisli  trrcen  wilh  silvery  relleelinn^.  the  ridires  wliile.  lleiiilit. 
.:'.">  mm.  ;  In'eadth.  .7  nnn. 

Caterpillar.  Fir.it  sldi/i'.  Head  (78;  :i7 )  siimoih.  piceons  with  a  bronze  tini;e.  the 
hairs  and  all  appendam^s  black;  coronal  papillae  scarcely  perceplilile.  ISody  rather 
pah'  jtreeii,  stroiii;ly  tinijed  with  ferrni;inons  r>n  posterior  half,  the  anterior  section  'if 
the  seiriiu'iils  on  anterior  lialf  pallid  above  the  lateral  line,  settin;;  oll'the  papilhu- wliicli 
arc  <'very\vhcri' Itrownisli  fuscous;  hairs  erect,  black,  ireiierally  bent  in  some  part  of 
tlieir  course,  tile  an;;le  roniulcd:  tin'  inclination  is  not  nniform,  but  is  Usually  forwiird 
on  the  Ialero(iorsaI  row.  forward  on  tlie  latcrostiyimat'il.  Spiracles  brownish  fus- 
cous, t^esrs  ami  tips  of  proiei;s  l)lackish  fuscous;  rest  of  proleu;s  like  ventr;il  surface 
of  body,  winch  is  paler  ^reeii  iind  mori'  uniform  tiniii  :iliove.  I,en;;tii  of  l>o(iy.  :'•  nun.  ; 
Iji'eadtli  of  head.  ..'■  nnn. 

Si'fiiii'l  sliii/i:  Head  (78:  '•>>*)  shiidni;  bron/.c  l)l;ick,  tin'  hcmisplicres  snriiionutcd  liy 
a  cninponnd  tubercle,  stouter  and  slisjhtly  shrirter  than  those  of  the  abdominal  sej;- 
nients,  all  the  hairs  (Ui  the  head  arisiui;  from  dislimt  p;ipillae:  all  appendniies  black, 
itody  olive  irrccn,  slenderly  ami  inc(nispicu<uisly  sire:ik('(l  with  p;dlid  wliite  in  miiciihiti; 
strl^Iiii' which  follow  tlie  lli\es  of  tiie  spines;  spines  pic.'iui^.  Ii;iirs  lilacki-h  fuscous; 
spines  of  second  anil  third  thoracic  seiimenis  s|ii;htiy  Iar;rertiiaii  tlie  otliers.  idl  tlie  ri'st 
uniform,  witii  subapical  and  extrenn'  biis;il  <irclets  of  imir  be;irini:  piipillac.  Spira- 
cles and  ju'oleu;s  cohir  of  liody.  I.eu;s  dark  lirownish  fuscmis.  I,cii;;th  ti  .">  mm.; 
breadth  of  heail.  .7."i  mm. 

Tliiril  .iliiiif.  Head  (78:  •"■'.i)  ^hininu;  lir<iu/e  liiack.  most  of  the  |iapilliie  wliiti'.  tlio 
corouiii  spines  wilh  eloiiirate  papillae,  ail  the  iniirs  p:iliid.  liody  olive  srreeu.  varyiuy; 
in  dillerent  iudividuids  from  rather  ii^ht  to  very  ii;irk.  distinctly  striirate  \\ itii  wliite  jis 
in  pr.'i'eilinn'  slii;ie.  Ilie  diU's.ii  stri;;;i  iloulile;  diir-.:il  ;iMd  laterodor-.'li  spiue~  \;irialile  ill 
coloration,  tiiosi'  of  the  tliird  tiionieic  ;ind  second  ;ilHlomiii:ii  -.omelimes,  of  tiie  I'ouitli 
and  sixtii  abdominal  si>!jni(.|its  ■;euer!iiiy,  ;iiii lier yellow,  -omelimes  iuci inline  ;imi  ^onie- 
tlincs  not.  an  anniilus  around  the  base  of  tin'  spiiii's;  tiie  other  spines  are  •rcneraily 
black,  sometimes  tiiiured  witli  olivaceous,  occasimially  pallid  tipped  ;  the  hairs  and  thorns 
ijcncrally  ilarU.  Spiracles  black  witii  ii  distinct  yellow  aiimitus.  I.ejjsiind  outer  side  hist 
joint  of  proleirs  black,     l.ciiii  ii.  l:'.  mm. ;  breadlii  of  head.  I.:'."i  mm. 

I'liiiiili  sliiiji-.  Closely  reseiiibliiii;  tlie  linal  sta'j;e.  Init  with  a  darker  lieiid  i  78 :  lo). 
I.<'ii;rtli. 'i'-' mm. ;  lireadth  of  head.  L'.'.'.'i  mm. 

/•Vrt/i  .s7.(;;i' (74 :  L';'.  "J").  Head  (78:11)  uniform  in  I'olor.  varyiii;r  from  ;i  fiiscoiis 
brown  to  il  r;itlier  p:ile  yi'Uowish  brown.  Ilie  Held  of  ociili  lihick;  summit  spine 
stout  at  li;ise  ;ind  not  imiiT.  tiie  lateriil  spinnlcs  emitted  Ih'Iow  tiie  middle,  tiie  lia-;il 
portion  iiliont  as  iu'ond  .-is  loim.  the  -.pinule-  moder.ilely  -lender  and  I'atinr  -liort-r 
than  the  apii'al  pcu'timi  of  tlie  main  stem,  whicli  si:ircely  t:ipi  r-.  liody  viiryiii;; 
from  Inteo-castjuieous  to  rufo-castaneous.  witli  liroad.  liiit  IrrcKUiiir  dor-;ii,  iiitcro- 
dorsal.  latero-.tiLriiial!ii  and  venlrostiij;mat;il,  lilack  or  rii'li  liliick-lirown  -tripes,  nar- 
rowly and  iiiterniptedly  ed^ed.  at  leii-l  above  the  spiracle-,  with  pale  yellow  orpiiliid. 
-prinkled  witii  ivory-wliite  papillae  ( ;ii-o  foiiml  in  I  lie  inter-pace- )  ;uid  iiiucli  broken 
jiiid  ob-cnred.  espcci;illy  on  tile  dors;il  half  of  tile  lio<iy.  with  irrey;iilar  striiiae  and 
blotciies  of  pale  yellow;  oil  tlie  tlioracic  s<'a:ineiits  (he  stripes  are  by  this  means,  and 
by  the  conllnence  of  soiiii'  of  the  bhick  parts  of  adjoinluy;  stripes,  completely  oblili'r- 
atedas  sucli,aiid  irreirnlar.  muclilirokcu,  transverse,  black,  vermicular  strljiactsike  their 
place,  and  here  there  is  a  distinct  ami  rcL'iilar  pitlc  yellow  dcu'sal  line;  llicri'  is  also  ;i 
rather  slender,  imu'e  or  less  Interrupted  and  \  iirialile  \  iiilral  stripe,  and  the  bases  if 
tile  proh'irs  arc  heavily  clouded  with  black  evlenudiy.  merijiii;:  into  the  M'iitrostiu:in:i- 


i         V(-.  -% 


'^' 


mr 


w, 


^% 


.A« 


326 


Tin:  m  rri:i!i-iji;s  of  ni:\\   kncland. 


lal  l>aiiil ;  liihi'oddi'^al  >|iiiii--  nf  llic  >cc(iiiil  tlinnic'ii'  >iuMii'nt  iiciticcalily  luiiycr  and  rallirr 
Ntonli'i'lliaii  I  lie  iitlii'i'^ ;  -iiiiii'^  liav  iii^  the  Ihr  >|iiinili>  « liicli  ruriii  I  lie  \\  fcalli  plariMl  at 
an  anulf  of  alxmt  In  willi  llu-  apiciil  pari  of  ilic  main  >li'iii.  wli'n-li  is  destitute  (if  i>ilc 
l)\it  iri'iiiTallv  bears  lliive  i>v  I'lHir  spiiiules  of  eoiisiderable  iiiaiiiiitiide.  Most  of  the 
.s|)iiicsai'iMnteoiis.  tlioii;;li  often  nifous  aliovotlie  spiracles,  ami  llie  llLoriieie  ones  or 
tlieir  spinules  are  often  wboll.v  bbiekisli.  I,enfj:lli.  .">.">  mm. :  Invadtli  of  In-ail.  .'i.2."i  mm. 
Chrysalis  (83:  'Jl.  T2.  2l-2il.  40).  I'aler  or  darker  wood  brown.  tin.u:e(l  witli  dark 
olivaeeons,  tbe  bead  and  lliora.\.  bnt  not  tlie  appendaijes,  sometimes  more  or  less  livid 
or  elay-brovvn.  Abdomen  \\itli  a  pale  dorsal  stripe,  enlaririns;  in  tbe  midille  of  eacb 
seirmeut  and  bordi'red  nicnv  or  less  conspienoiisly  wilb  iireenisb  bniwn  ;  a  dnsky  infra- 
^tiumalal  line,  trenerally  aeeompanied  above  by  a  moderately  broad.  ij:n'onisb  fnliiil- 
nons  band,  bonndeil  by  llie  npper  maru;in  of  tbe  s))iraeles ;  a  moderately  linpad.K'i'ccnisb 
fnseoiis.  ventral  stripe,  maririned  witli  brown.  Tlio  extremity  of  the  tonicne.  oceii- 
sionally  llie  whole  of  it.  and  sometimes  also  the  antennae,  blackish.  Tho  whole  body 
more  or  loss  faintly  marked  with  an  irreiriilar  web  of  dark  brown  in  inipresseil  lines, 
on  the  wimis  forndn;;  a  lar;;o.  irreiinlar  and  imperlVel.  i|uadraie  mesh,  the  lines  cross- 
in;;  tlie  eipially  marked  veins.  'I'lie  laterodorsal  tnl)ercles  of  ilie  metatliorax  and  llrst 
to  tidrd  alidoniinal  segments  are  metallic  on  their  posterior  surface  to  a  y:reater  or  less 
extent,  ujenerally  silvery-naereons;  wldle  the  anterior  face  of  most  of  them  in  favora- 
ble li^ht  sliows  a  u;olden  relleclion.  The  other  laterodorsal  tubercles  have  a  pale  an- 
nulus  at  base,  a  dusky  or  blaekisji  ammlus  abo\c  it,  and  are  castaneous  at  tip.  all  these 
markini^s  bein;i  more  conspicuous  on  the  anterior  than  the  posterior  face.  The  nnmite 
<lorsal  tubercles  are  dull  yellow,  as  are  sometimes  the  .a;i'nerally  pallid  snprasliy;niatal 
tubercles,  eddied  anteriorly  with  black;  but  the  last,  mi  the  llrst  and  second  abdominal 
.segments,  are  (inll  nolilen  with  no  black  ed;;iii,y;.  Ocellar  prominences  short,  conical, 
blunt-tippeil.  separated  at  liaso  by  a  truncate  front.  Mesothoracic  tubercle  (83  :  2 1 .  li.'> ) 
liiy;li,  siilKiuadrate.  stronv:ly  compressed,  subtnmcate  al  tip,  the  frmit  niariiin  at  lirst 
l)ar;illel  to  the  hind,  then  cnrvini;.  the  anterior  amrle  niucli  more  curved  than  the  pos- 
terior: it  is  ;;euer!illy  more  or  less  marked  with  l)lackish  fuscous  on  the  sides.  liCiiKtli. 
•JU-LM  mm. ;  of  ocellar  prominences.  1-1. ."i  mm. ;  distance  of  these  apart  altip.  2.7,'>-;!.2."> 
mm. :  widtliof  thorax.  (i.2.">-".4  mm. ;  of  abdomen,. ').7.")-7  mm. ;  heiiiht  of  thorax  Inclnd- 
inar  tubercle.  7-7.7."i  mm, ;  of  abdomen,  ,"i,7.")-tl.7.'>  mm. 

Distribution.  (20:. "5).  This  butterfly  c'iijo\>  a  more  siotitlicni  range 
than  any  other  specie.^  of  the  geniisi,  heing  found  ea.st  of  the  Hocky  Moun- 
tains from  tlie  liortlers  of  the  (iulf  of  Me.xieo  to  tlie  northern  boundaries 
of  tlie  Allegliiiniiin  fauna  and  beyond.  In  the  south  it  oeeiirs  from  south- 
ern Texas  to  central  Florida  :  in  the  west  it  has  lieen  taken  in  Arizonti 
(Kdwiirds),  Kansas  (Snow).  Nebraska  (('arpenter),  lowti  (Allen, 
Osborn,  I'litnam),  Wiseonsin  (Hoy),  and  even  Montiina  (Edw.irds).  It 
is  generally  very  nire  north  of  our  boundary,  single  si»eeiinens  being- 
reported  from  Siuilt,  Lake  Superior,  and  Nova  Seotia  (floiies),  while  it  is 
recorded  as  rare  at  Ottawti,  Montreal  (Caidfield,  Lyman),  and  (^uebee 
(Howies).*  though  (n»sse  found  it  *'<piitc  numerous  tit  Compton,  P.  (^., 
and  Saunders  raised  it  long  tigo  at  liOiidon,  Ont." 

In  New  Knglaiid  it  is  nowhere  very  abundant,  except  oeciisioiudly,  and 
in  the  northern  portions  very  rare ;  it  is  rather  uncommon  about  Boston, 
at  least  of  late  years, f  and  the  northernmost   localities  from  which  it  is 

•Hy  :iii  iiiifiirtimate  enor  1  once  eredileil  it  liuod  of  lUislon,  sayH  the  eiiter)>illHrs  somr- 

lo  eastern  Liilirailor.  limes  abound  to  such  an  extent  as  totally  to 

t-Dr.  Harris  in  his  report,  speakiiiL'  ;ippar"  destroy  the  hops.    It  was  very  common  in 

ently  of  what  he  has  seen  In  the  nei;.'lib<M'-  1887. 


M'" 

ii 

m  ^ ' 

ii 

NYMrilAMNAK:    I'OI.YdONIA    INTKIMK  >i  I  All' >\!S. 


327 


yi'iu 
iiu 


n'|Mii't('il  arc  Mniiiswii'k  (  I'ackanl ) ,  Nrnwas  (>iiiilli).  Ilallnwcll.  oik- 
siicciiiu'ii  (Miss  N\'ii(Is\\(irtli).  and  I'aiiunr.  Me.  (IJraini);  \\'al|)()l('. 
N.  II.  (  Sniilli ).  ami  Stow,  \'t..  mic  >*| )(•<•! men  ( .Mi>-  Sunlf  )  ;  in  tlic  sontli- 
vvu  piiftiiin  lit'  iinr  ilisti'u'f  i(  prevails  muri'  almnilantlv.  altlmnu'li  tiov*  i-  tu 
tlic  same  extent  as  in  tiie  «cmtiiein  and  midiiie  -late-  ul'  ilie  I'ninn. 

Haunts  and  abundance.  /I'lie  Imtteitlx  is  timnd  in  glades,  irarden-. 
and  l>y  the  I'nadside  in  llie  \ieinily  ni'  wdiids.  It  is  \ery  t'niid  of'  snekiiiii' 
the  sa|i  wliieh  tlnws  tVnm  woiitided  tree-,  especially  (lak- :  and  like  many 
other  Nymphalidae  aininst  ahvay'^  alights  nn  the  trnidxs  with  its  head 
(lownwai'ds  (  Donlileilay  ) .  ^n  tuo.  like  the  other -peeies  of  I'olyu'onia.  it  is 
attracted  liy  the   jiiices  of   decayinji'  triiits. 

More  perhaps  than  any  other  species  ot'  this  Hcnn-,  it  is  sniiject.  at  h'ast 
in  New  Knjfland.  to  coiisideraMe  Hni'tnations  in   almndance   tVoin  year  to 
last  year   (  lS>i7)  iieinii-  the  oidy  one  in  which  I  remeinlicr   to  have 

t  witii  it  in  anv  coiisiderahle  nniniicrs  in  thirty  years,  and  Harris  speaks 
t'  it,  as  just  mentioned  in  a  note,  as    ■  -asionally   destrncti\(',    which   cer- 
tainly cannot  he  eliarffcd  n|)on  it  ot'tcii  in  this  latitude. 

Oviposition.  The  eir^rs  are  usually  laid  on  the  niidcr  sin'f'ace  of  leaves, 
oecasioiially  on  the  ii|)|)er.  sometimes  on  the  stem,  the  tender  terminal 
leaves  liein^-  preferred,  and  either  sin^i'ly  or  in  dcpendinir  coliiinns  of 
several,  as  many  as  H\e  or  six,  and  in  one  instance  eiu'ht.  accordinu' to 
Kdwards.  Six  is  the  larirest  nnmlier  wi-  have  met  with,  and  tlirt'c  or  four 
seem  to  he  the  most  <'ominon.  Kdwards  says  that  the  iniinlier  of  rilis 
does  not  vary  in  any  one  colinnn.  so  that  this  niimher.  \vhi<'h  is  commonly 
ten.  hut  raii'i'cs  I'rom  ein'lit  toelcNcn.  is  itrohalilv  the  same  in  all  the  eiiji's 
laid  hy  one  individual.  The  ejr;rs  hatch  in  three  to  eleven  days,  aeoordin<f 
to  the  season. 

Food  plants.  The  caterpillars  teed  not  oidy  npon  various  I'rticaceac, 
— elm  ( IMmns  americaiia  L.),  hacklierry  {( \'ltis  oceidentalis  L. ).  nettle 
(I'rtiea),  false  nettle  (  Moehmeria  cylindrica  W'illd.)  and  hop  { Iliiinnliis 
liipnlns  I^.). — lint  also  npon  the  liinden  (i'ilia  americana  L. )  and  its 
varieties  known  nnder  the  names  ot' liasswood.  lime  and  white-wood:  the 
form   tiffiu'cd    hy   Ahhot   and    Smith  is   sar.  |inlieseeiis   accordinji'  to    Dr. 

Chapman.      Dr.  Harris  siij^ifests  that    it   may    he   only  the  autumn   hi d 

which  feeds  upon  hop.  hut  Mr.  Kdwards  finds  the  sprinjj  <;'eiienition  also 
on  that  plant.  Hop  and  elm  are  its  favorite.-.  l{os.<  carelessly  jrives  the 
j^rape-vine  as  one  of  its  t'ood  plant.-,  and  liy  an  error  of  deterininatioii, 
-Viiihrosia  was  once  mentioned  hy  Kdwanls. 

Habits  of  the  caterpillar.  Aecordin;;- to  Mr.  Kdwards  the  larvae  are 
sometimes  j;re;,farioiis.  in  distinction  from  those  of  all  tlii'  other  species  of 
l*oly}foiiia  ;  and  .Mr.  Donhleday  says  he  has  seen  hojis  in  .\sheville.  N.  C, 
entirely  destroyed  hy  them,  and  the  roof  of  a  lon<;  veranda  so  closely  hung 
with  the  pupae  that  he  has  drafjfifcd  thetn  down  with  the  web  in  masses  <if 


328 


TllK  Uri'lKUFLIKS  OF   XKW   KX(iLAM>. 


m 


\um 


thirty  or  forty.  Vt't  tlicy  do  not  socin  to  l)i'  strictly  f^rcjiarioiis,  ii1tlioii<;li 
so  very  al>iiiulant  in  rirtain  pliu'cvs  a.-*  to  liriii}^  tlio  catiMpillars  into  coinjiar- 
ativcly  olotfo  (contact.  Not  many  i'<><r8  are  laid  ()n  a  ninj^lc  li-af,  and  tlion<jii 
ii!<ually,  at  least  while  yonn^,  more  than  one  caterpillar  is  t'onnd  on  a  leaf 
(rarely  more  than  foin*  or  five),  these  are  never  found  feedin<f  in  rows  side 
by  side,  as  in  the  allied  {genera  whose  larvat"  are  {frej^arioiis  for  a  part  or  the 
whole  t>f  their  lives.  In  his  later  wrilinj^s  Mr.  Kdwards  has  more  cor- 
rectly said  ^"'Ht  "theyouiif;  larvae  {^aiher  into  a  loose  colony." 

From  the  very  .  t"rt,  in  'ecdiiij;,  holes  are  eaten  throujifh  the  leaf,  and 
the  caterpillar  "durinj^  the  first  staj^es  feeds  about  the  margin  of  this  h.tlc," 
During  its  whole  life  it  rarely  seeks  any  other  concealment  than  to  I've  on 
the  under  surface  of  the  leaf,  but  in  one  case  I  discovered  them  (  n  hojt 
making  nests  precisely  similiir  in  every  respect  to  those  made  i»y  P.  eonuna. 
It  moves  rapidly  when  young,  and  spins  a  thread  very  carefu'.iy  for  at 
least  the  first  half  of  its  life  and  to  some  extent  until  maturity,  and  it  is 
very  tenacious  of  it.  It  has  the  curious  habit  when  resting  after  a  meal 
of  turning  the  front  part  of  its  body  around  abruptly,  in  which  ease  the 
jaws  come  opposite  the  first  pair  of  prolegs,  and  the  head  is  held  angu- 
larly, ^o  iliat  the  coronal  spine  of  that  side  of  the  head  nearest  the  side  ot 
the  body  is  uppermost. 

Pupation.  The  chrysalis  is  often  suspended  from  the  leaf  or  stem  of  the 
plant  on  which  the  larva  has  been  feeding.  Mr.  Angus  once  found  one  on 
a  leaf  of  the  Kentucky  coffee  tree  ((lymnocladus).  Mr.  (losse  ft)und  one 
si»eeimen  "attached  by  the  tail  to  a  growing  stalk  of  grass  and  of  coiu'se 
hanging  parallel  to  it."  It  is  more  frequently  attai-hcd  to  the  imder  sur- 
face of  palings,  etc.  .Judging  from  the  dates  given  m  Harris's  Corres- 
pondence, the  chrysalis  state  lasts  in  the  north  from  eleven  to  seventeen 
or  evi'u  twenty-six  days,  (losse  (in  Canada)  says  eleven  diiys,  Kdwards 
(in  West  Virginia),  seven  to  eleven  days.  liraun  in  Bangor  had  thei-i 
hang  twenty  days  at  the  end  of  .Inly.  From  an  experience  Miss  Murtfchh 
lia<l  in  rearing  this  insect,  she  concluded  ( I'syche  iv  :  IS[)  that  tiie  chrysa- 
liils  with  gilded  spots  on  the  back  were  those  of  the  female,  while  those  ot 
till'  male  were  not  thus  ornamented  and  were  darker.  Ihit  this  was  merely 
an  ai'cidcntid  occurrence. 

Life  history.  This  insect  is  ilouble  brooded,  the  buttcrtly  hibernating 
and  appearing  again  early  in  May.  It  disappears  by  the  middle  of  .lunc 
or  eiu'iier,  having  laid  its  eggs  late  in  Mav  and  early  in  .liuie.  These 
hatch  in  from  four  to  ten  or  eleven  days,  the  larvae  attain  their  growth 
rapidly,  and  .il'lcr  pa-ssing  generally  from  eleven  to  foiu'teen  days  in  the 
«;hrysalis  state  emerge  as  butterflies  in.Iuly,  some  early  specimens  appear- 
ing during  tlie  last  <liiys  of  ,lune.  They  continue  on  the  wing  until  nearly 
the  middle  of  August,  laying  their  eggs  late  in  .lidy  and  tin-oughout 
^Vugusl,  and  the  laittertlies  of  the  second  brood  appear  toward  the  <'nd  of 


NVMl'IIAMNAK:    l'<)l,Y(;(  )\I.V    IN  Ti:i!l{<  M  .AIK  )Ms 


329 


Aiiu'iist,  [iroliJilily  scldniii  ciirlicr  tliiin  tlic  2ltli  in  tin-  vicinily  ul'  MustDii. 
anil  ccintiinic  to  ('nicr;,^'  rnmi  the  cinAv^iilis  until  at  lfa>t  tlir  niidilic  of 
()('tuln'r,  pci'liaps  lici'aiisi'  liic  clirvsaiids  of  tiiis  Itrood,  as  .-liown  liy  I)r. 
HaiTi.s.  sonictinics  continue  twenty-six  days.  Tliis  is  possiliiy  l)onlileday's 
authority  tor >ayin;j:  (( ien.  dinrn.  Lep.  i :  l!l7)ot'tlu'  whole  i;einis  that  "the 
duration  of  tiie  [iiipa  state  varies  with  tin,'  temperature  tVoni  eleven  days  to 
a  month."  The  len<rtli  of  tiiis  staire  in  tlie  antunm  and  tlie  oeeasional 
C'xeeedinjily  late  einerjfenee  of  the  iinttertly — Oct.  2(1  (Harris).  .\o\-.  1(1 
((J.  Dimmoek) — woidd  lend  plausihility  to  the  hypothesis  that  lhi>  insect 
may  sometimes  wintei-  with  us  as  a  ehrysali-. 

In  the  south  there  are  at  least  three  l)i-o(»ds.  and  Mr.  Kdward.-<  thinks 
that  in  l''lori<Ia  there  may  hi-  four  or  live.  The  i)uttertly  passes  the  \vinteras 
in  till'  north.  |)oui)leday  says  (Iik-.  fit.),  "in  east  l''lorida.  the  licantiful 
sunshiny  days  ot'  Uecemiier  and  .lamiary  previ'iit  the  torpid  hiliernation  ot' 
most  specie>  of  Lepidoptera  which  live  through  the  winter,  and,  like 
many  other  lauierHies,  (irapta  intorro<i;ationi.s  i.s  not  unfreipuntly  seen  in 
tho.-e  monlh>.  It  is  only  the  few  cold  an<l  wet  day.-"  of  Fehruary  that 
jirexcnt  its  appearance  on  the  winy'  tor  a  short  time."  In  SN'cst  \'ir- 
;iinia,  says  lOdwards  (Can.  ent.,  xiv  :  201)  :  — 

V.\l\i^  l:iiil  li.\  liiliiTiiiiUiiu'  liMiialo  li'ivc  liiitti'rllii'^  l!i>l  i>r  M:iv  :  llii~  i>tlii-  lir-l  lirciixl 
ol' llii' sc;i<(iii.  V.Z'-i--  l.'ti<l  ciii'lv  ill  .liiiii'  it'ivi-  biitti'i'Mii'--  early  in  .Inly.  Ilic  si'coiul 
liriMMJ.  V.ii\i-  liiiil  lii<l  111'  .Inly  vrivc  Imllcrllics  in  Sriilcinlirr,  llir  lliini  hnicMl.  Ku;;s 
l;ii(l  llii'iiiitrli  Si'iiii'iiilnT  :rivi' linllrrllics  in  itclKbcr.  Imliviilnal-  ul"  viirli  lirniid  arc 
I'liH'raiiiu:  I'lir  ^mw  weeks.  >iiy  Idr  .-i  ininitli.  so  that  the  earlier  females  may  hi-  layinir 
I'Uils  while  ilii' l.ilei-  memliers  of  the  saiiii!  lirniKl  are  eoiainsj  from  chrysalis,  lint  in 
the  c'lse  ol'  the  rumih  In'miil.  il  nfteii  can  be  only  the  earliest  halehed  larvae  which 
pi-oilnci'  lintterllies.  lieeaiise  hy  ilrsi  of  Oetoher  we  are  apt  to  have  frost  and  ecdd 
Wiather.  and  the  fooil  is  thereby  ilestroyed.  .  .  I  think  it  pnibable  (hat  the  biitterllies 
of  the  third  brood  dmiiit  hiberaale.  bill  Ihal  llie  einiliiiiiance  (d'  the  speeles  depends  <in 
the  individnais  id'  the  foiirlh  lirood.  iisiiallx  but  few  in  niimber. 

Habits,  flight,  etc.  TheliutlerHy  tlies.  its  Maynard  says,  "witlia  ner- 
vous, I'iipid  motion  of  its  wiiifrs.  iind  when  it  alia'hts  has  the  haliit  of  rtiis- 
iiijf  [and  lowerinjr]  them  and  moving'  alioiit  in  ti  restless  mtmin'r."  It  is  ti 
fearless  insect.  One  femiile  hiyinj;  her  ejrjrs  on  tin  elm  twit;-.  Hew  to  it  iind 
continued  her  maternal  occiipiitioiis  after  it  w;is  phicked,  even  under  the 
very  eyes  ot' no  less  an  entomoloirist  than  Mr.  K'iley.  .Mr.  .Mead  sttites 
that  "oni'  afternoon  while  prepiirinir  my  liaits  tor  eveninj;'  [su!_rared  cloths 
for  moths],  a  line  ( irtiptii  inlerroLrationis  hovered  .iround  the  tree  for  a 
moment  and  then  lit  dose  liy,  ;tnd  tmrollinnr  its   prolioscis,  fetisted   mi   the 


ncctiir, 


W 


nil'  cnirairi 


'd  ill  the  alisorliii 


tiii'  opcnition    I    i-cadily   ciiptiired    it 


between  timml)  and  Hnjrer"  (Can.  ent.,  v  :  SO), 

Dimorphism.  This  Imttertly  jircsents  ti  most  interestinji'  case  of  dimor- 
lihism  first  elueidiited  liy  Mr.  Kdwiuds.  The  two  forms  difler  so  <rri'iitly 
Hud  eons.antly  from  each  other,  not  only  in  eolorinjr  hut  in  the  form  of  the 
wings  and  even  in  the  tihdominiil  ii|ipendages  that  they  htive  lieen  consid- 


6 


Vip 


^r/' 


f-C 


/ 


m 


NJ3i  '  'I 

m 


m 


'  '"^i  ■ 


>-:  1  ii 


'  ii 


I'd''' 


.•5;{0 


nil;  i!riii:i!ii.ii:s  or  \i:\v  iaclam). 


(•red  ili-niKl  .-iMiic-.  :  in  iiu'li  rnini.  Ido,  llir  sexes  diflei'  riiiisidei  :ili|\  iu  iIk 
(•(iliii;iliiiii  lit'  tlie  under  siirlliiT  ot'  llie  \\inji>.  >ii  tliMt  llie  -jiecies  iiiehides 
t'our  SI  I- lit'  indi\idMids,  u  hieh  nuiy  lie  di^iinLriii-lied  (|iiiie  us  ri  iiddv  as  a 
j.n'eat  niaiiy  ac-kmiw  liilLi'i'd    s|H<'ies   of  ilie   liesi    ^tndied    t'annas :    linl    Mr. 

I'jiward-  llil-  sneeeeded  in  learin;^'  eaell  I'nini  llie  f'J<z^  lit'  the  Miller, 
and  (illiers  Iuim'  -inee  dune  llie  -anie.  Iea\  in^'  nn  ilmilil  ut'  tlieir  aelunl  iden- 
lily.  Mr.  ivlwai'ds  aliine  liad  lired  in  lN">2  inure  llian  Iveiily  ditlereni 
lialelie^.  niiis||\  liiiin  e^;;s  tile  exact  |iareiitai_'e  ul'  whieli  was  kiinwii.  and 
raised  mcy  li\e  liiindred  laiiterriie.s.  In  liis  e\|ieri-iierils  ii|i  in  IsTN  all  llii' 
euu-,  liiiil  liy  liiliernalin'^' lalii'ieii  |irndneed  nnilirns.i.  The  eLTLT''  "*'  tlie  svi'- 
iiiid  lii'iKid  |iri>diii'ed  NS  per  cent  iinilirosa  :  ot'  llie  lliird  liruod  ."i.")  |ier  cent 
iinilti'iisa  :  ut'  llie  t'uiirili  liruuil,  all  t'alirieii.  Ineliidiiin'  lAperiinciil^  made 
lietwccn  1N7S  and  l^^^'J  these  prujiurtiuns  \arieil  unly  in  the  seeunil  ;inil 
third  hruuds.  whirh  were  i'h;ini;('d  res|ieeti\  ely  Iu  S.">  and  •!•">  per  eeiit.  This 
is  in  \\'e-l  \  iru'iiiia.  In  New  JMiiiland.  where  ihere  ;ire  lull  twii  liruuds. 
ihe  dilleriaiee  is  n(  arly  a>  i|eeisi\e,  lu  ji|ili;e  trull  I  I  he  tew  expeiinieiil  knuw  ii 
til  nie.  Here  the  ejiu's  laid  liv  ihe  iiiliernalin^'  females  prudiiee  marly  hiil 
nul  ijiiile  all  iimlinisa  :  and  the  e^^irs  ut'  the  la.st  liruiid  ;ihiiust  in\ariali|\ 
pruiiiiee  unly  t'alirieii.  Mr.  ('arl  liraiin  I'ur  instanei  iilitained  in  l>aiiL;ur. 
Me.,  line  hundred  {'•^<S!<  from  a  hiiieriiatinu'  fahrieii  almni  the  niiddle  ut'.lniie. 
ami  ut'the  re>nltiiii;'  lii''i,.|.flies  all  lint  twn  (  wliiiii  were  t'alirii  W  9  )  were  imi- 
lii'usa  :  while  in  the  le  year  a  liruud  raised  t'ruiii  eaterpillai-  uf  the  .sei'und 
liroud  pi'udiiecti  only  tahrieii,  fuiir  males,  three  t'emales. 

Mr.  !•'.  II.  Sprairile's  experience  tells  aliunt  ihc  same  stiiry.  exeeptin^'  ill 
1SS7.  when  he  w  riles  me  ••|lie  .\nj;iist  liruud  was  inixeil,  aliuiit  e\enly 
di\ideil  lietwceii  the  twu  tunns."  lie  dds  that  tlie  later  mies  (which  he 
luiiks  on  as  a  third  liruud)  were  fahrieii,  thun<rh  an  nmhru-.i  was  reareil  in 
the  last  wi'i'k  ill  .Viijiust  ;  su  tuu.  the  same  year.  I  hred  ahuut  llie  middle 
of  <  )etolier  a  siii<r|e  male  of  the  furin  iiinhrosa. 

The  wintering'  luitterllies  then  all  heloiiLr  to  the  I'unii  t'alirieii.  and  fium 
their  cirgs  lire  produced,  in  \ew  l'".ni;laiid.  almost  exclusively  the  I'ciin 
nmliriisa.  which  in  their  turn  yiidd  unly  t'alirieii.  The  dimurphism  isthere- 
t'ore  seasonal  lint  not  exclusively  su. 

A  similar  dimorphism  aH'wtinjj  hot h  the  culuiation  aial  the  cuntunr  ul' 
the  wiiif^.s  is  found  in  some  other  .species  of  this  jreims.  Iiiit  in  none  is  it  so 
mai'keil  as  in  this,  and  in  some  it  is  \ery  slii.dit.  The  step  tVoiu  such 
dimorphism  as  this  s|ieeies  presents  to  ihe  t'urmatioii  ni'  tlistiiict  species 
would  seem  to  he  viry  sliiihl. 

Enemies.  .\  laru'c  prupurtion  uf  the  chrysalids  of  this  species,  accord- 
ing til  Harris  and  I)onlileday,  are  ili'stroyed  liy  I'teroinalii.s  \anessac 
Ilarr.  (89:  •'!)  ;  Harris  ohtained  them  from  chrysalids  at  the  end  of  March 
in  IH;')!.      Oftentimes,  says    .Mr.  nethime,  "we  have  hcoii  disappointed  in 


iHy'  ■ 


inr  attempt  to  raise 


the  huttertly  uf  this  species   liy    this  little  fly.      K\cry- 


m  im 


NVMI'IIAI.INAi;;    I'Ol.VC.oMA    IM  KlllKli.  \  1  l(iM> 


:u 


lliiiii:  M|i|iiir('iill\'  u'<ii'.'<  i>n  \\i  II.  ainl    tli  '  (':ili'i'|iill;ii'    a^-'iiiiir-   tin:    rlii'VKulis 
.-lair,  Itiit  liv  aiiij  liv.  in^tcatl  111  M  liiilli'>'ll\  .    mit    cniiic-,    tliri>ii;'li  a  lnilr  in 


llif  »iiK-,  a  >\\iiini  (pJliiiN     t'ii-.       Il'   il 


s\  1  ic    iiol     liir    tin  -r    I'iM'aliii'is    (Ik 


iMti'i'|iillar  wiiiiiil  oiiiiii  lici-iiiiir  ;i  riiriiiiilalili'  ami  ilc.ott  iiciixc  \nsi  (  ii<'|i. 
I'jil.  MIC.  ( )iii..  lN72.  ;il' I .  Mr.  I'i<l\\ari|>  lia>  liail  a  »Mir«c  <'X|«'rii'iiri' ; 
•'\\  lii'ii  il  i-.  i'i>n.-«iilt'ri'i|  linu   iiiaii\'  f''iS>   mit   laiil.  ami    llial    m>  -liort  a  tiii,,'' 


intcrvcin'K  lictwci'ii  tlic  v>i'^  .nul  llic  liiia;^u.  it  i«  -ni|iri>itii;'  ll'>^^  ti'"  Iniltfi'- 
tlio  ul'tilis  »|ircii'>  ;ui  lIlC  I'l-'llil.  I'lniii  fjL''.L;>  llial  \\  i  IC  laid  nil  my  \  iii('<  in 
.liil\   ami  Any  1 1^1,  aim-iiitiii-  .  1  am  >iiir,  td  main  liiimlrciU.  m  r\'  t(<\   laixac 

llial 
1 


'I'c  lialrlii'il,   ami  ui;>' iiiaih    llicx    li>  laiiir  iiini-i'  :iiii|  iiinic    >i-an 


il  la-i   I  cuiilil  »  itlidilliiaillv  <li«('(i\ci  a  "iiiiilr  OI14'.      Tli 


,.  (Mjrs  ill'!'  (|r>licv  (•( 


liy    s|iiii('i's   ami    \ai'iiiii>    iiiHccl'   liv    ^vl^lll('>al(■.      I    liavrliail    llii'    (•(iiilciit.* 
iitniic  III'  my  ki'iS'  >\M'|ii  a\\a\  til  a  iiiiiiit.  Ica\  iiii:'  imi  a  tiaccnf^licll  inliiiid. 


and  in  llu'  ^amc  \\a\    I  liavc  !ii>i  -.cun-  u 


>r  ^iiiall  lai'i 


Finalh  at'ii 


till'  lai\ar  lia\i'  t'MM|i('d  all  a)i|iari'iil  daiiLici'  and  li,i\c  rli,i  iii^i'd  in  <'lir\  -(ilid;* 


II 


IC  iiiiauii  lliciTiii  I-    'lien  df^dnvcd  li\-  icIiiii'ilMi 


111  tlii-.      "^ii  tlial  il  is  dmilil- 


t'nl  il    iiiiirli  iiKiic  iliaii  Iwii  |icr  c  i  iii  nl'  tlu'  i.i:,l:>    laid  jimdiiir  Ihiiu  rllic 
(  Unit.  N.  A.,  i.   (ira|ila  .">.  )     IIii|il 


iMiicnii^  inni'iilii* 


(88: 


'■'  I  i-  alxi  a  liic  tti 


this  ratci|iillar.  x\  liicli  clian;:'!'.*  to  fliry>alis  w  ith  tlic  |i;ira>it('  within  the' 
lic'dy  :  tlif  latter  iiiakr-  its  cscaiii'  later  liy  dee;i|iitatiiiLr  I  he  ehry^ali  ■  i  88  :  '  '■ ) . 
as  slmwiiliy  a  s|>eiiiiii  II  received  trniii  l{e\  .  Mr.  Iiethiilie.  The  eyii-  are 
often  deslrnyed  liy  a  iiiiiiiile  pariusite.  Telemmnis  '^raiitae  llnvv.  i89;'.'i,a 
dti/eii  or  nmre  nt'  wliieh  will  issue  iVnin  a  »iiij;l(' e^i;' a  day  ur  iwu  alter 
(itlier-  laid  al  iIk'  saiiu  time  liii\<'  t:'i\eii  liiitli  In  eater|iillars.  Aceiird- 
iiii^  111  Mr.  (ieiitry.  eiiiier  the  ealeriiillar  nr  the  luitterllv  l  he  dues  lint 
hay     wlliill.     lint     Wl'    inesiime    the    latter)    i-    deMHHed   liy   I  he  Wimd  |ie\\ee. 


(  'null 


Jills  \  ireiis  I  laiiii.  ) 


Desiderata.      Thr  time  ni   ijiiiearanee  nl' iln-  insnt    in   t 


he    N.u     K 


ilti'- 


laiid  stiite.s  is  nnt  yi't  determined  witii  snrtieieiit  exaeiiliide.  the  aeeniint 
{iivcii  liere  re(|iiirini;'  enmjilete  verifieatinn  :  tlii'  hannis  nt'tlie  luitterllv  .  ii- 
inudi'  nl'rii^fjit  as  emitrasted  with  the  niher  -|ieiii  «  nl'  the  jii'iiii».  and  the 
<|iic,stinn  III' its  hiliei'iialinii,  all  deiii:ind  exainiiiatmii  :  and  v\liat  relalinn  the 
two  t'onns  nlihe  iiert'eet  insect  hear  to  tlio  ficasons  nr  the  dilli'i'ent  localities 


•h  th< 


111  wincli  thev  occur  needs    tlii'   \erv    ejosi^t    iiive«tiu:atioii. 


Is  it  an\ w  h 


siiijfle  lii'oodi'il,  and  if  sn.    which    tin  in   |)i'e\ails  r      |)oe-    the    hilieriiatiii!. 


hrooil 


e\('i'  eon 


tain   aii\     lintteiilies  nl    the    t'nrm    iiinlirnsa  ':'      l>    there  anv 


e\  ideiiee  nt' the   sli^htc^i    .■niist;int    nr    cniii|iarativ  ■    dilf'ereiice   lielwitii    the 
two  t'onns  in  such  haliit-  nv  iiecidiaritic"  as  \;iry  in  lli'    dilK'rent  species  'f 

LIST  iiF  II.I.VsrUMliiSs.-  I'i>l.  )  '.DMA    l\ IKI! i;ni;.\rii>\ls. 


I'l.  ao,  lij;.  ;i.    IHsirlliiitidii  in  N.iiili  Aiii.rii' 
W:  !l.     Ilii|ili>iiii'iiiis  iiiiiniliis.  a  |i:ii':i-llr 


;i.     I'll  rciiii:ilii>  Miiicssur,  a  jiarasili 
II.     'ri'lriiiiiini-i!ra|ilai'.aiir>.',i;'  |iar:i> 


Iti.    (In-jsalls  iif  P.  lull  iiiiyaliciiii"  :i>        I'l.  til.  Ih.;.  Hi.     rcilii 


cut  liy  lliiiilisiiu'iiiis  iiKiniliis  in  csraiiiii; 


IT.     "^iiii;!!- ngg         Mill. 


Pi 


■^m 


'■  i  '- 

j 
if  ", 


y 
^  ^if  i 


''V 


r*fw- 


TBBi 


1  'xi 


'■'•i 


332 


Till-:  III  iTKitii.iKs  oj    \i;\v  i;\(,i,.\\i). 


(  nil  liu'lhir, 

ri.  71.  li^-.  ■J:l, :;:.    Siclr  » |..« Inr.-.l. 

T^^Sm-H.   Kriiiil  \Ii«  iif  hiiiil  lii^la'.'c.  i-\. 
I  'lirifiilis. 

PI.  K\.\VZ.  i\.      Di.lMli  vi.'W.cpllllilH'. 

•-':;.    siiic  \i.«...iiilliic'. 

•i\,'i'K     (Mil  Mill' iif  llH'SiillMirMrii'tlllil'l'' 
•  '!<'  ri'olll  lllc'^i.lr. 

'.'li.       OlMlilll'  ut    IlI'Mll    ill    ll'.illl. 
III.      >iik  \  iru  .  Cdliiriil. 


hi:  iifii, 

I'l.  .1.  li::.  s,  1'.  i.    niiillcii    ,  .  li.uiT  Mirflli'l', 

ill.  I'.  I.  iiiiiliinMi    I  ,  iiiwii'  ^nrfiiiT, 

I'j.  r.  i.  r  ii.i'irii  ' .  iiiiiii  .iirriiivN. 

lii.  I'.  1.  Illlllil'ii>ll    t  ,  liiilll  •iirriirc, 

11:7.  Itiilli -iiificr.. 

'■'•■'•:  1!'.  'JM.     M:ili'iili<|iiiiiiii:il  :i|i|M'iiil{iL'rti. 

<il:IT  I*.    I.   iiiiilii'dHii,  iiiillliii' (if  liliiil 
» In::. 

I"'.  I',    i.    iMliljiii,   nllllilli'      .if     liiliil 
\Vill«. 


POLYGONIA  COMMA.-The  hop  merchant. 

[Tlir   iM'iiiii.'i'  I'liiniiiii   ((iH«M);ll Miiiiii    liiiltiil!>    ilhiirl>):    uliih-c    hiiiiiTilv    (Kilrh); 

roiiiiiiti  \  ;iiir«»  (  r.iiiiiiiiiis):  '\h-  Ii<i|i  iiii'Ii'IimiiI  (N'lW  ^'m  k  lif.|>  i;rMUi  r-.  li.l.'  "iiiiilli).] 


Vdllixsil  liinlnli  11:111'.,  lll».  I^lj.  Ml'..  Ul 
nl..'.'-.'l  (I.'illl. 

tirii/ilii  riiiiiiiiii  liiiiilil.-llcw..  lii'ii.  iliiii'ii. 
Lcp.  I ;  I!I7  1  l.'i4s);— .Miiir.,.><j  n,  l.cp.  S.  .Sinci., 
r>4-.Vi  (I.HII2):  l.liilii..  i'luc.  Kill.  Mil'.  I'liiiml.. 
ill :  .Vi-."i7  ( inii-tl :  -  Itcil.  Tiling.  Nnvii  Sc  lii.i. 
mil.  sc.  ii;  !HI  (l!<nsyi;  — Hcili.,  Iti'p.  Km.  soc. 
(J1II..IS7-J:  ;i-J.  11.:.  -Jl  ( ls7.'li;  -IMw.,  Ciiii.  iiil.. 
v:  1S4(1S7;;):  Itmi.  \.  .\..  ii.  (ii:i|it:i  I  (ls7t); 
Can.  .•III..  \:ii!l-7l  (187.H);  xi\  :  IMi-IliM  Ix-*-.') ; 
— Fifiiili,  lti|i.  Ins.  III.Nii:  l.VJ  (In7s);  ISiiii. 
I'li-Hl.  f.  S.,  IN.VI.S7  (lS.sii);  -Miilijj.,  K.p.  iiw. 
Ill,,  x:  m  (l.ssl):— KiTii..  Bull.  .Mc.  ."i:;-."!;! 
(1SS4);— Mii.Mi.,  Hull.  N.  V...  l-MI!.  \A.  -J.  li-. 

i;t.  i;;ii  (is.Hi). 

I'lihiiimiiti  ruiiiiiiii  ScihM..  IImII,  liiill'.  mm-. 
iial.  M-.,  il:  'J.'il  (1S7,')). 

\'illli-ssil  r-iilhiliil  Hiiis.l.-I.i-C,  I.Oli.  .\lll. 
8P|>I..  1!M|.|!I1  (Lsiti). 

(ira/ilii  (■■lUiiiiii  (i(i«^c.  Can.  iial.,  17>,  \K, 
2-lii  (l.><4n);— .Mull-.,  .'-^yii.  I.i'i'.  X.  .\iiiri-..  .Vi 

(IHIU). 

Vinii'ssii  {linijihi)  r-itlliiiiii  Kilcli.  .'Id  Itcp. 
Ins.  X.  v..  114-111!  (1.X.V.I). 

KlL'niTil  l.y  (il.ivcr.  III.  N.  A,  Lrp.,  pi.  !I-J. 
III.',  17:  |il.  H."i.  li:.'-..  i\.-J.->;  pl.o.  Ik'.  In.  Iii.-,|, 


I'nI.Vl.iiM  V  (  u\|M A    II  MllilslI, 

Willi    rcincciliiliills    \^illL'^, 

!'.(/,.. -,v</  luiiinni  II;in-..  Iii».  inj.  VI-..  :lil 
i(|.,:i(H)-:nii.  |ii.  I.  li-:-.  \--<  (iM(i-j). 

lifd/ilil     riiiiliiKI      Ijiw..     Illlll.      \.     .v..      i. 

(irai'la-J.  ll-».  l-."i  a.  \<  (\x:\). 

Iiiii/ilii  riiiiitiiii  riii'.liiiri'isii  l';(lu.,C:iii.  iiil., 
\  :  IM  (1S7;1). 

.\:ljii/i/iti/in  rn„iui'i  Killi.,  S\li.  ,-:i|.  |,r|i., 
•  •►l.S(ls71J. 

I'lili/i/uiilii  rill, II, III  Si'ihlil.,  "<y«l.  n'\ .  Am. 
I'Ull..  10  (1S7J). 

I'ii/ii;/i'iiiii    riiiiiiiiii    i-iir.  hiirn'-iii   Siii.l.l.. 
Hull.  Ilnir.  >iir,  li;i(.  sr..  H:  'J."!]  (  1S7.J). 
IMll.^liu.MA   (il.MMA    |)|1Y.\S. 
Iia>r  III'  lilnil  \viii-<  iliifky  aliiivi'. 

lifiiiiliiili'i/iin  Kih\..'rran-.  .\iiic  r.  nil.  -.ic, 
ill:  17-lH  (l.s7n):  Unit.  N.  .\..  i.  (Irapia  .'!.ll-,. 
1-IU1N71). 

.X'liiiii/iiilin  ili'ijiis  Kirli..  S\  n.  riii,  l.cp.,  ms 
(l.x71^ 

J'ii/ii;/iiiiiii  ilri/iis  Sciiilil..  .'<_\»1.  ivv.  Am. 
I. int.,  HI  (1.N7'.'). 

llfiijili'  riiiiiiiiii  nir.  ih'ijim  Kihv.,  C:iii.  int., 
\  ;  IM  (  1n7:!). 

I'lilili/iiiiiii  riiiiiiiiii  nil',  ilri/iia  Srmlil..  ISiili. 
Hull',  siir.  mil.  SI'.,  ii :  iTil  (l,S7."i). 


Kl'Cllcl  I'llrll  ill'>  Wlllirc'll  ."'I'lll'lll.'i, 
Kin-li  ill's  iTIistrn  .<piflrs. 
Kciii  l.ilMiiili.'is  isi  (in  Kiii>i, 
Iiniiiri'  isl's  fill  \'ii'li's. 

(inlvniK.— /'/'""rtc. 

S(iin<'liiiir>  I  Irt  a  siinliraiii  slip. 

'I'lilif-'lil  lirr  sliiiilfil  lyr; 
A  si'i'iiiiil  llnlti'i'i'il  I'limiil  lii'i'  lip 

Liki'  a  v'lililiMi  liiilti'i'lly. 

TK.S'.NY.sii.N'.— 7'/(<-   'I'lilkimj  Oilk. 


♦  » 


!■■' 

■/iff 

>  J 

M' 

i  .' 

t4. 

t'.^i 

'*l' 

;:< 

'  % 

^4 

I'i  - 

^ 

ii-' 

s;  i. 

^,  t 

h^n 

i4 

Imago  (3:1.  :!.  4.  7).  Ili'iid  cdvori'il  Avitli  Imi;?  whiti.sli,  du-iky.  and  |)iile  olivaceou.s 
hairs. -Willi  a  sliirlit  tuft  nf  ycUnwisli  ones  iiiitsidL' tlie  base  of  cacli  aiitt'iiiia;  bcliliul 
till- lyi"  ciiviTi'd  with  iiiiii;;li'd  [lalc  and  tawny  scali's.  IJasal  half  if  palpi  jiali' linll", 
tiii;ied  faintly  ulth  j^reeiiisli.  and  borilerod  aloiif;  llio  base  of  tin-  iiiforior   fringe  witli 


NVMl'll  M.INAi;     I'fil.Vi.MNIA  CiiMM  \. 


iliirk  liiwiiv  -I'iilr^:   \'r\\\.i>'  lUi'lT  Imtrwllli  liilrnniii'.'lol   lilih  k   Imir-.  innl  iilcniii  tin 


iiilililli'  111'  II-   itil'ii'liir  ■.ml'iiii'  a  v<<\\   •>(  iliiik   lnuiiv  tiiliiifl'il   v\llli   rii-rmi 


:ih'-; 


llir  hii>nl  liiiir  n|' the   iiiliMli' Jiiliil  -niiii'liiiH'o  ulilli'  iiliov:    iijili'iil   liair  III' |ial|>l  il.'irk 
I'l'i'i'iiiiliiiiii-  law  in    111''  rrlii'.T-  I  lie  »miii'  l>iil  ll|i|i''l  i-|>i'rliill.v  lnwiinl  Im-c  «  llli  pali'  nr 


iii'iri'   \i'llii\ti-li   liiiil'       \iili'iiiiai'   lilarkUli  lini\\ii   ali' 


llir  iimiT   liiliTiiir   -iirfaiT 


lAciiiini 


a  I'l'W  lia«al  I'liiiN.  iiaknl  ami  liili'uii-.  Ilir  miliT  liil'rri'ir -iii'lai' 


III  all  till' 


liifi'i'liir '•iirl'Mcr  iiF  III''  lia-al  luiiit-'.  wlilh'.  llir  ajiiral  liall' iiiilwanllv .  IIh'  l>a-!il  Jnliil- 
wliiilly.  Iiilr|'ni|ili'il  w  Mil  lilai'kkli.  III!  iIk'  apical  liall'  nl'  llii'  aiiti'iiiiai'  iiiIiilcIi'iI  \\U\i 
fllhiiil-.;  rliili  lilaikl'«li.  \\  illi  a  I'l'U  iili»iiii'i.  ilark.  I  i\Mi\  -ratr-    lii'iiralli   lilarkUli    I'li^- 


niii-..   till'  a|il"al  IIii'it    j'lliil- 
llll'll-rali'il  at  Ilir  nlui'*. 


'ii»        T'liiL'iii'   I'ali    liili-"M>.   Ill''  a|iii-al   Iwi-lliiC'l- 


'I'liiirax   ciniTi'il  iiliiiM'  Willi   -ilkv   iillvnrcnii*   liali'>.   Iinii'alli   «llli    vlniiiii-liniNMi 


li'iai'.\-ll|i|ii'il   hall 


I'' I IV    I. 


vrlliiwNIi   liiilV.  iiiarki'l  ilnwn  lln'  iiiMillr  wllli  a  lihu'k 


Htrlpi'i  I'l'iiiiira 'if 'illiiT  li'ii>  ilii>k.\ .  Iira\il\  ilr'^kiMi  uiili  pal'' ■•'■ali-».  IIh' -lialil  Itifrrliir 
friiiai'  liiilV.  I'lliri'il  al  lia-<r  liil'ii'ii'lv  wIlli  black:  luii'i'  ^iiii'  "!'  upper  -iirlacc  iif  llliiac 
laiir.  till-  'iiilcr  »lil('  ami  llic  lai»i  uliilNIi  m-  mtv  pale  Imll'  Splin-.  ca-.t.iiiciiii-.  ilark'-^t 
111!  Ilic  lar»l.  ■.piir- -liiiilar.  n''lilKli  inuai-'l  lip  I  liw  .  ■lark  rcMUli  I'lwc'ii* :  parmiy- 
cliia  pale  ril«ciiil»;  pllU  illil- lilack. 

\Viiii;>  aliiivc  'lark  riilvini-'iniinri'.  iiiarkd  \\  illi  Maik  ami  I'li-i-'nw.  /'"i-i  iriniis  <  38:lii| 
Willi  the  upper  pnrti'iii  nl'  the  iiuler  liiii-'l'-r  -lli;hil\  ciiiicMM'.  ilie  'h'litiitliiu  rallicr 
lessthaii  rectaii;;iihli'.  (hat  iit  the  tip  nf  the  luwi  r  nieillau  uii'vul''  rallicr  pr'Uuliuiil  ami 
Mimulateil :  outer  lioriler  II  little  ereniilale.     'I'll''   cislal    eilite  N   raller  cui-pliii'iii-ly 

yellow ImIi.  pretty  mil roriiily  ami  iiiiiiiitelv  Inter: iipteil  with  lilackish:  in  ll ell.  al  ilie 

liase  111'  the  iiieiliaii  iiiler-pa''e~.  aiiil  in  the  luidille  oT  the  nieillo-suluiieiHaii  iiilcr'-pac '. 
lire  roumlNIi -iliol-.  ami  al  tln'  lip  of  the  cell  a  ti'iiii>\er-e  liar-  all  of  which  rep.  at 
exailly  ill  color,  form  ami  relalive  po^llioii  the  •iiiiilar  iiiarkiiu'^  of  iiili'miu'iill'iui- : 
theri'  is.  however,  no  »pol  ( imr  trace  of  a  »pot  in  any  -pcciuicii-  I  liavc  lieeii  alile  to 
4'\aiiiiiie  incur  the  lia-e  of  the  »ulico>li).ineiliaii  iiilcr^pacc.  The  outer  Imriler.  to  the 
ilcptli  of  half  an  intcr-ipacc — aliove  the  low-t   »iil)co»iai  to  a  much  ;;reater  ilcplli  - 


lilackish.  its  iiiiier  limit  often  ileepir  ihan  lli 


-I.  ami  lis  oiiti'r  limit  narrowiv  eiiiieil 


with  a  urenerally  faint  lilnish  lilooin.  In  the  iniiliUi'  of  the  lower  two  siilicostai  iiilcr- 
spaces.  nililw  ay  lii'tw  cell  the  last  illvaricalioii  •>(  th''  ~iiii'ostal  iii'in  iire  ami  the  outer 
liiinler.  lire  two  lilack  ilols,  prei-cili'l  In  a  faint  ycll"uisli  tawny,  niinuti!  cri'sccnt.  ami 
I'olliiweil  liy  a  short,  slemler.  IoiiltII  mliiial  ila»li  of  the  same;  the  yellow  crescents  pre- 
ceillii;:  the  ilots  are  suriiiouiil'il  liy  a  larger,  more  ilisilnei.  paler  cri'scentlc  spot  cfoss- 


iiitf  Iwti  inlerspaces.  an 


ll    f'lrmili''   a   series  with    the   others:   tin'   liilshes   lievomi    the 


liliick  (lots  form  part  of  a  series  of  sulimar^inal  fnlvnis  Innules  wlih'ii  ociiipy  all  the 


interspaces  below  tlieiii.  seateil  on  the  outer  ilark  m:ir 


:inil  oiilv  conspi'ii'ius  w  hi'ii 


the 


iillter   part    of   the   wil 


ci'imlcil   -.iimcwlcil    Willi    ferruifiuous ;    this 


siinieliiiies  ainiosi  entirely  waniiiiir.  al  oihi'rs  is  presi'iii  to  such  a  ilc;:ree  as  to  form  a 
traiisvi'rsc  liaml.  atli'iiiiateil  in  tin'  iiiiildh'.  Imt  lu'oa'l.  ami.  on  the  hea\  ie-t  iiiarkcil 
imliviiliials.  ilee|ii>iiiiiLr  into  '.ilaiki^h  aliove  aii'i  liclow;  it  occupies  lie  saini'  position  as 
in  interroiralionis;  friiiu:c  lilack.  most  'li~tiiictly  s.i  at  the  iierviirc  tips.  Iiroailly  iiiliT- 
rupteii  in  the  interspaces  with  dusky  fnlviiiis  or  witli  whitKh,  the  latti'r  particularly  in 
till'  nieilian  liili'rspaees.  Hlmi  iriii,is{61:\iii'  with  the  "ulcr  liordcr  sumew hat  crenn- 
late.  the  tail  of  the  upper  ini'diau  mrviili'  loiiiii'r  th:in  liro:iil.  a  little  incurved  :iml 
scarci'ly  laperiiiK- ilic  projeclloii  at  tln'  lip  of  the  costal  sliiiht.  any;nlarly  roumleil, 
that  at  the  upper  suheostal  rather  prominently  roiiml'il.  .\  transverse  lilsickish  bar 
crosses  the  costo-siibcosiiil  iiiiil  first  subcostal  inler-paccs.  in  the  lattiM'  at  a  little  itrciiter 
distance  from  tiie  base  than  in  the  former,  and  rcinovc'l  by  a  littli'  more  than  it-  own 
wi'ltli  from  the  bas"  of  the  interspace;  parallel  to  it  a  ii;irriiw  .  transverse,  bhickish  b;ir 
reaelios  from  near  the  base  of  the  middle  siibco~tal  mrvnh'.  across  the  liasc  of  tlie 
lower  subcostal  to  the  middle  of  the  vein  closiiii:  tlicccll;  tin;  e.xtroine  base  of  the 
upper  median  interspace  is  illleil  by  a  triaiiynlur  lilackish  spot,  about  us  lar;;e  as  tlie 
ci'iitral  bar,  iiinl  occasionally  tlie  lowr  iiiedian  interspace  Is  infnscalcd  a  little  below 
it;  the  outer  two-llfths  of  tlie  win;;  is  of  a   inucli  darker  ferrn«iniius  tint,  sometimes 


< 


f *' *.*  /' "' 


■A    I 


!  ' 


1 


334 


iiii;  i!ii'ri;i;i  I.IKS  oi    m;w  i;\(,i,.\M). 


<li't'|ii'iiiii;;  intii  liliicki-li.  i'~|iiM'iMll>  imiI  \viii'ill,\  :  iiiw.nillx  it  liU'iiiU  u'i'ailiiiillv  iiiio  llir 
li.'oiil  •.■iiliir;  i-r<p~Niiii;  ilic  iiiiildlc  nl'  ilii-  iliirUii-  iMirlioip.  il^  iniliT  ciliji'  ;it  a  ilUUinrf  dI" 
iimri'  Ihiiii  luiir  nil  iiil>'i'»liihT'-.  uidlli  li-mii  il.  i~  :i  ni'imc-^  oI'  yrllnwi^li  rnlvi>ii>. 
riiuiiili-li  iir  l|-iiiliuiiliii'  -pnt-  w  ilh  ill-ilillnnl  <'ilui-.  Ipn'mniiiu'  micht  or  l.-^  li-,ni-.\  crsrly 
liiioiir  licliiw  lln'  ii|i|ifi'  NiiMli;iii  iici-Mili  .  Mii\\ln-ic  Ml  lii;.'li  ii->  liiciiul.  ;ini|  :il«;i\>  cli'arlv 
M'luiriilc  I'riiiii  iiiir  iiiiiilliri'i  iM.irniii  <>(  llic  xvin;;  dUiincily.  1)111  nilluT  iiMrrnwly , 
cinrivil  witli  a  liiiiirv  lil\ii>li  liloiun,  mki-.!  ciii-iiii'iKiiis  at  lln'  lUTMilr  lips;  I'l'iiiHi' 
lilacki^li,  lirnaillv  iiilrn'ii|ili'il  in  Ijj.'  iiili-r~p:iri'-  wilh  wliili^li,  parlly  uMi-laiil  liy  I'lis- 
<'t»iis  x'alc-'. 

ISi'iicalli  ilarU  lirnwii  on  iln'  lia^al  lialf  of  tlic  tun  n-iuiis.  Unillnl  liy  a  liciil  liiii'.  llii> 
liiiilis  1)1'  wliicli  arc  ii>nally  a  li'll.'  coiicavi'.  ■  lu'iiiiiL'  oiilwanl.  i-iiiuiiiiL;  I'roiii  llic  cosiul 
lliai'^ill  (I'losc  111  tlu' lip  of  liii'  co-lal  iicrv  111-1-;  lo  ll.i-  ha^c  oj'  I  lie -1  rai.;lil  porlioiinf 
llio  iipiii-r  iiu'ilian  in'rviilc,  ami  llinlir  lo  ilir  iimiT  maruiii  lid'orc  il>  iiiiililli'.  Williiii 
ll.i>  ;irfa  llii'  (^  li::^  III.'  rollowiiiu  iiiarlJii;;~.  ~niii.' of  which  in  llic  V  arc  always  xcry 
(ili.-i'iirc.  anil  olhcr-  al  a  ili^lancc  Irom  ilu  co^lal  iiiaru:in.  whnlly  oli^ulclc:  thci|arl<cr 
porlions  arc  oiiUvii'dl',  ami  imirc  or  Ic-^  di^lincily  Uinili'd  a>  a  liami  hy  a  lioiil  line 
llic  iippor  liair  id'  wiiiidi  riaclic-  In  tlic  iiicdian  ncrviirc  iiml  i-  parallel  in  ihc  siini- 
lar  portion  ol'  the  outer  licip  line  ami  so  I'ar  di~laiil  rrniii  il  as  to  iii^dvc  i  his  |iart  id'  the 
liand  I'lilly  llircc-ri)iirlhs  a«  hroad  a»  its  lcnu:lli;  the  lower  liall'  i»  al-o  >iili-parallel  tn 
the  lower  part  ol' Ihe  oiili-r  lien'  line,  lull  llic  liaiiil  i>  only  halt  a-  x\  ide  a~  almv  c  and 
laper^  lowanl  llie  inner  linrdcr:  alime  ihe  middle  of  ilie  cell  llie  liaml  i-  lionlered  on 
cither  »ide  by  a  /.\\i/.:ys  llii'ea  I  of  lilaek.  and  l  here  are  al-o  a  ten  ~,  mi  lar  mark^  wilhiii 
it:  il  i«  I'ollowed  inleriiiiiy  li>  a  hoary  paleh.  wliile  in  Ihe  cell  are  three  obliipie, 
iiloslly  black  ciL'cd.  dark  iinuvn.  linear  »li'eak».  aboiii  a~  lo'i:;-  a^  hall'  Ihc  \\  idlli  ot 
tliu  cell,  line  scaled,  on  end  on  the  median  nervnre  elii>e  lo  ihe  base  and  dircelcd 
liardlel  !o  tile  ■-nlieo-lal  ncrviirc.  a  secnnd  mi  the  same  iier\ni'c  al  it-  lir-l  ilivariialimi 

(111 led  toward  Ihc  upper  outer  amrlc  ol'  ihc  cell,  and  a  third  licpcmliim-  rroni  the  co-.- 

tal  iiiari:in  directed  between  Ihc  ilrst  i-.  i:  Ihe  whole  eo~ial  iiiar;;iii  i-  irrorale  « ilh 
lilaeki-h  l'errnu:iiioii- and  whili>h  iir  yellowish  ;  Ihc  apical  hall'  id'  Ihc  wiiiu'  i-  paler. 
Iieiiii;  a~liy  broxvii  '^  ■  "V  i.  ..-iry  ash  [J)-  c.\eepliii;;  ihe  miler  liorder  and  a  ijiiadralc 
doiii  led,  darker  imriioii.  >nniew  hat  darker  and  much  more  di -I  i  net  in  the  j{  than  in  llic  J  , 
iicciipyinu;  the  whole  apev  of  the  wiiiu  aliove  Ihc  lower  siibcnstal  iiilci'spaec  and 
licyiiiiil  the  origin  of  llic  third  superior  snbeo-tal  iicrv  nie.  darkc-l  a  I  il>  inlerior  ami 
inferior  iionlers.  and  ciivlo^in'i  in  il«  middle  next  the  cnvial  marLrin  an  oli>eiire  paler 
spot,  ivacliiiii;  111  Ihe  iie\l.  at  the  lower  •.iibco-l.al  iicrMilc  'I'hi-  paler  part  of  the 
wiim  is  freipieiilly  iiii;;eil  with  ollvaccon^  in  the  (/.  pari icnlarly  out wanllv  ami  near 
the  inner  mariiiii.  and  ill  both  ~e\e-  it  i-  varied  by  frei|iiciil.  short .  trans\er-c.  delicate 
lluvads  of  bhieki'h  and  reddi-h  lirowii  or  fn>eiin~ ;  llicrc  is  a  lraii«\erse  row  of  black 
(lilts,  iifleii  olisoleie  ill  -oiiie  of  the  iiiler-pace~  and  never  eoi|.-pieiiiin».  bill  alimisl 
always  prcseni  in  llie  lower  two  -.iilu  .-lal.  lower  median  iml  inediii-.iibineilian  iiiler- 
spncps.  in  a  similar  position  III  llii»e  of  inicrroiralionis:  ihc  onlcr  margin  above  ihe 
subcostal  aimnlalion  i-  sii;:iiil\  paler  than  the  siirroiindiny:  parts  in  Ihc  9  •  ''"t  in  the 
inale  is  deeper  and  nencally  dislinclly  aiiu  rather  liroadly  olivaceous;  below  the 
ans-'nlation  and  I'xceptiiiK  tlic  extreme  lower  an;;lc.  which  is  Pke  the  apex.  Ihc  inari;iii 
is  iliirk  like  the  ba^c  in  the  9  ''"1  '"  'I"'  d  '-  iri'cally  viirieifatcd.  bi-iiii:  olivaccons 
brown  enllveiicd  b\  many  lilaeki~h.  fiiscons.  ami  dark  rcrrni:inoiis  scales,  mostly  ar- 
raiitrcd  ill  transverse  row-,  and  limiled.  parallel  to  and  at  half  an  interspace'-  disiance 
from  the  miler  liordcr.  liy  a -lender  liliick   -tripe,   cnclosinu;  an   iiitcrriiptcil  I  bread  of 


bluish 


Ihc  llr-l   inferior  siibi  ostal   ncrvnlc   is   broadiv   liordered  with 


fcrrnirinoiis  to  U-  lip.  KriiiLte  inneli  a-  above.  Iliii'l  n-iiiii.t  of  Ihe  same  irelicral  lines 
a-  the  foro  winirs.  the  darker  liase  scparalcd  from  the  paler  external  porlion  liy  a 
black  bonleriiii;  thread,  w  hich  in  the  upper  half  of  Ihc  w  ina;  has  a  -iniion-  <'i)iir-e.  from 
llie  nildillc  of  the  oiiicr  Iwo-thlrds  of  Ihe  costal  margin  lo  the  lower  subcostal  iierviilc 
111  a  short  disiance  from  lis  liiisc.  where  il  is  Inlcrriiptetl  by  a  silver  (■•iniina;  tlic 
lower  half  has  a  crennlale.  nearly  -lrai;;lil.  general  course  from  Ihe  upper  mcdlnii 
uervulc.  an  inter-pace's  width  from  its  base,  toward  the  ilecpc-l  pan  of  the  exci-ion 
of  Ihe  iimer  iiiaii.'iii  of  the  w  iiii:.      Within  this  the  wiiii;  is  nearly  niilforin  dark  brown 


WMi'ii Ai.iN  \i;:  i'(»i.\<;ii\i  \  (()\i\iA  :];]■■> 

ill  till'  9-  "illi  nillii'l'  ilUl.-uil  . -liul'l .  ll';iii-\  I'l--'  ;iii-iiii»|iiri|Mii-  llin;liU  •I'  l>l:irki^li 
r.'rniL'iii'>u~.  lull  in  iln't/  il  i-  'iiii^iilci'.-ilily  :illli(Miirli  imiIkt  dlisi-iiiTly.  \  iiriciiiilnl ; 
.III  till-  li:i-iil  I'niirlli    Ml'  llir  wiiiu'.  uliiiM-   llii'    ^i|lirii~l  il    iicrMiri'.  I  liiTr  i«  il    lill'iir.  il«il.V 

|iat<'li.  ;iiiil  (iiwky  in'i"^iil;ii'  ^irivik-  i  rn-^  (lie  Iui^mI   Ii.iIi    i.T   II rll :   llir  iiiitiT  |Hirti(iii 

i~  (liirkr-l  iiiid  I'lirhi-.  Mil  imli-i  iiict  lir.Kiil.  iiilr:iim'>i:il  IkiihI  w  liilc  i  Iii-  I  riiiwx  crsc  i  lircuil~ 
iif  llir  9  '11'*'  !il~i'  Ih'l  U!iiiliii;i;  ill  I  lir  iip'V  iil'  I  In'  •  rll  i-  :l  r:illi'  r  li.'.'H  >  -ih  i  TV  (■iiiiiiiiii . 
■rriicrally  I'iilluT  liroinli-r  in  llii'  ^  lliiiu  in  tin-  V  .  ^Irrnii'ly  riir\c(l.  ~iiiiirrMiii'»  i':iIIiit 
liciil  ill  it^«  lioNcr  iiiiuT  -iili-.  ii|ii'iiiii:i  lii\.  iinl  ilir  till  "(  i  in'  <'i~liil  inri  "I'c.  it>.  l'M  rcmi 
\\i-  ii-iiiilly  llii<'krin'cl.  iniriiciiliifly  iiillir  (J.  (Ill'  iip|irr  i'\i''i'inily  jii-l  Iniliiiir  I"  ri'iiil' 
llh' -.iilMci^lal  inTviili'.  till'  liiwi'V  liiill'  rulldwiii';  'lie  ii|i|M'r  iiiiMliiiii  iiim'\iiIi'  rrnni  ii-> 
cMri'inr  li!i-.c  iiiilwiinl ;  the  mil cr  liiill'  ol'  tin-  \vlnir  in  '  'n'  V  i-  |ialrr  liki'  tlir  Tore  w  ii:'_'. 

•ji-iiiliiiilly  j:rii«i'i!;  iliivk  iiuiiin  lnvMiril   liir  mili'i'  iniiririii I  ullli  a  \cry  i«I)»ciiit. 

iiliiKisl  (ilisiili'li-.  -iTlrs  111'  lilacki-li  ilol^.  iiiMiini;i-'i  :i>  in  iiili'i'ro^ali<iiii- :  in  lln'  ff  il  i- 
\  iirii'ixalccl  il"  ill  I  III'  I'l'fi'  win.'  Inil  llic  iiiili'iii'^"  ui  ii>  Im^al  liiill'  i-  iilinn-t  ^ihMi\~ 
illli'll-ilini  li\  il  lililri'iiii~  lill''.  I'l'ili'llill'J  llc'iirly  111  Ihi'  -irir"  111'  lilllrk  iliil-  w  lii.  h  iirr 
-iavi-i>l\  iiiiiri'  iiiilirralilf  lliaii  in  lln'  9  :  jiiiralli'l  In  llu'  miUT  Imrilrr  i-  a  vrry  uli-riiri- 
~iTir- lit'  \<'llii>vl-li  ■.lull-  Mir  riiilllh'|-|iiirN  .if  lllii-.riili  llic  n|i|n'l'  "lillari'.  Iiilkiuril 
iihiiM.  till' iiiiililli' 111' the  «iil)rii~iiil  aiTii  liy  sliirlii  rrrniiriiiini-i.  Iirlnw  In  Marki^li  aiiil 
Itlnisli.  'i;  irkiirj:*i  tin'  ii|i|i'i'  ii'irli.iii  nl'  lli..  ili'iilili.in.  I'lMni  lis  MTy  lia~  ■.  i"  Imu'iIi'IT.J 
i'i|Uiil1y.  wlllioiil  i-i'ixiii'il  111  !lii'  iii'in  ui'i'-,  liy  a  liiin.l,  a-  lirmnl  ii~  tin'  ilinti.rnni.  nl' 
iniiiijli'il  lilack.  I'lwrnii"  iiml  lilai-i'ini"  sralrx  :  tin'  ui  In  r  juiil"  nl'  I  In'  iinrili  r  iirn  \  i'lliix\  • 
i-ll  liliviicrnn".  nmli'  nl'  li'>'-  illfll«.caU'il-       l'"riliv:t'  il-.  illiinr. 

VImIiiiiii"!  iiliii\i'  liliU'k.  lii'avily  rmriTil  with  rnhmi-.  Iniir^  iiinl  lawny  ^riilr- :  lii'iiralli 
w  illi  inintrli'il  -I'ali'-liki'  liiiir»  nl'  tlic  rnlnr^  iiniinincnl  mi  llir  iiinli'i'  -iii'i..ri'  ul'  lln- 
\viim;s.  \ii|Miiilin;c"  111' liii' null'  '33  i  II):  iipin'r  nr^fiin  inr.rli  ~liiiili'i- al  lln' liav|.  Hiaii 
in  till' |>rr\  iiiii»  -pi'ili'".  lii|ii'riii'^  Hilly  (ill  lln'  liiwal  half,  "nnirwlial  iiii'iiali-.  |niiiili'il. 
fully  il"  Inn;:'  a^  lln'lunly  w  illi  an  iiifirinr  ti.nlli  a  I  liii"r.  ('lii^ji"  l\\  ici'  a--  liiiM.I  ii>  Imii;. 
i(iia(li'iili'  Willi  ruiiiiili'il  anuili"-.  Hn'  iijijii'i'.  liimlrr  iiiiL'lr  iirniliiccil  In  a  niiMliTiiti'ly  Inn:.'. 
.  1 1  Mil  I.  inriir\  I'll  liilii'.  fully  half  as  Imiu'  ii"  I'lr  clii"!!.  I  u  in'  ii"  Imiir  ii-.  lirniiii,  riniiiih'il  ill 
lln' ii|M'\.  ilil'i'i'li'il  ii|iwiii'il  ami  liai'kwiii'il :  npiii'i'  Ih.I'iIit  ]iI'ii  Im-iim  ill  liii-r  ii  Iiiii;l  iiinl 
"U'llilcr  |il'iir.."".  iniirli  lullilrr  lliiili  Ilic  i'l:i"|i,  liiuiiili'"!  in  llii'  niiilillr.  Iii|iri'iiiy;  lull 
lillli'  Inwiii'il  111!'  Iia-i'  lull  rapiilly  ami  pri'lly  I'l'LTiilai'ly  Inw  iii'il  I  In'  iiniiilnl  ii|n'\,  >\  liiili 
i"  ilisliiii'lly  i'M'Im'iI  nil  till' iiii.i'i' ciIl-i':  ill  il"  lia-i'  il  i"  "li'mi^ly  linil  ami  "liu:lill\ 
lwi"Ii'il  "II  11"  111  lii'ciiini'  hiiri/.iinliil  ami  il(.|ii'f""i'il,  iliiTrlrcl  liackwiinl  iiml  "liulilly  iii- 
Wiii'il;  licyniiil  il  riirvi'"  a  lilllc  .jnw  iiwiinl  iiml  ill  llir  iiiiilillf  rni'vc"  "lriiii;;ly  inwaril: 
iiili'i'inr  iliiyci'  liiiij;  ami  "li'inlrr.  lii|irriiiLr  a  liiiU-  mi  lln'  liii"iil  half.  ii|i|irniirliiiiiillirmiuli- 
mil  III!"  hliiiliT  I'lliii' of  Ihr  rla"|i  ami  "iiirrily  "iir|iii""iriu  llii' ii|i|n'i' i'ili;i', 


Mi'iisiii'i'ini'ii!>  in  niilliniiti'i'v 
1,1'liL'lt.  of  lull;;  1".   in.'i. 


lil.YlillMA   KIMMA    I1AI1I!I"1I 
MAI.K.s. 


Siii«ll«">l.  AviTii^rr.  I.Hi'jit  ^I.Smnllcst.  Av('i'ii;rr.  Uirifi'st. 


I.iii'-'lh  uf  /.111'  w  iiii 


aiiiriiimi' 

Iiliiil  lil'liir  ami  t'li'-l. 
fun'  lililiir  ami  liii"i, 


•Jl.-.'.'i 
i:i.."i 


•J  I  ' 


4.fi 


4.7ft 


4.T:i 


I'ul.VllllM  V   I  llMMA    lill\  A" 


Mcnsurt'iiionls  in  iiiilllinrlri". 

l.l'llL'lll  I'lirr  wIllL' 

illlll'IMIIll' 

Iiliiil  tllilai'  ami  lai-l 

I'lMi'  lilihii'  ami  liii>i 


MAI.l". 

'>niiilli'-l.  AM'iiiiic.    Liii'LT"!, 


■-■I. 
S.I 

I. 


1  i;mai.i:' 


'.'."l..''l 

•Jii.T.'i 

l:!.-J.-i 

U. 

S,.*! 

s.T."! 

1.1 

I..-1 

.Siiialli'Ht.{Avi'ni^( 
'J.-i.'.Vi 


I. 


I.>iii'(fi'.«l. 


as..-)       is..'. 
i!t.7n       i;i.".'« 

II.  !). 

1.1  I       I.I 


hcsrlilir.l  friilll  S    '    7    V  . 


.^^sM^^ 


3^50 


iiii:  lui  ii:i;ii.ii:.>>  t>i'  m:\\   kn(.lam>. 


.^i 


Dimorphic  forms.  'I'lic  I'oUinviri;;  irciiliniilic-.  ili-.iiiiv;iii»li  lUf  (unu  (lr\,'i>  fnim 
lianisii.  \vliiili  ^ci'vt'd  ns  llii'  liiisis  df  tln'  fori'^ipiiii;  <li  -.criiilKm  ;  l''ii«l.  ii^  iruiinN  rcmii. 
till'  fore  win!i>  h,i\c  llic  ii|i|irr  iiDi-iioii  ul'  tlic  oiilcr  ImriU-r  -liijliiiy  ciiiiciivc.  llir  ilciilii- 


lion    nciirlv   iicliunrnliir.    Ili;il    ul    li 


liiwrr  iiii'iliuii   iici'Mili-   ^iiirlil    iiinl    liripudu 


roMMikMl:  outer  inai'iriii  ^liL'liily  cii'iihImIi'.  'I'ln-  liiinl  \\iiii;>  (61:r.h  lia\c  (lie  initcr 
Imnlor  sciirct'ly  ci'i'iHiliili'.  lln'  tail  ul'  Ihc  ii|i|ii'V  iiuMJiaii  ^(■arrcly  liiiii.'rr  iliaii  lirnail. 
sciirci'ly  tiipi'riiijr :  llw  iirojcciion  al  lln' li|)  dl'  iIm'  ii(i|irr  ~iil>i-(i-.ial  ~ll;.'lil.  aiiL'iilaliMl, 
tlial  lit  llif  lower  aii;:le  \  eiv  Miiall.  roiiiided. 

Tlu!  eoloralidii  cd'  llie  ii|i|ier  siirTaee  doe^  not  dillri-  iroin  ilii>  Innn  hani~ii.  e\ee|il  in 
the  (•oii>iderable  iiirii>ealioM  ol'  llie  apital  hall'  of  the  'liiid  « iiiu'-.  \\  hicli  i>  lieiierally 
more  iiiteiix'  and  exten-ive  iji  ihe  ?  ihan  in  Ihi'  (J ,  and  liv  w  hieh  Ihe -iibinai'Ltinal 
^ei'ie~  of  I'nlvon^  «|i(iK  are  oliscnred  or  verv  nearly  oliliii^raled.  and  the  ha-al.  lilaeki-h 
markings  of  Ihe  ineillan  inter>iiace>  Mended  with  Ihe  re>l  :  hnlihe  ollii'i-  lilai'k  inark- 
iiiijs  near  the  upper  hall'  of  tlu-  nnddle  oi'  ihe  win;;  reinaiu  nearly  or  ipiite  as  di>tiuel 
a>  liel'ore.  lieinalh.  the  j  ilill'ir*  :ilnio>l  too  lillle  Ironi  Ihe  J  cd'  the  I'orni  harrisil  to 
ineril  noliei'.  Ihe  yellow  linl~  generally  prevaMinir  here  ami  the  lirown  lln'ri':  the? 
Iiowev  er.  N  cpiiti'  il  Nil  Met  -.  the  dwl  I  net  ion  in  lone  l>eh\  I'en  Ihe  iia>al  and  a  plea  I  halves 
i>  alnio>l  lo-t.  and  the  u;i'neral  tint  i- a  nearly  iinil'onn  hrowiiNh.  ^mnewhal  -nioky. 
yellow:  ill  the /'occ  </•/(.;/.>■  faint  trace*  of  the  iiilramesial  hand  remain,  especially 
lo^\ard  eillier  liorder.  and  llie  -poU  in  the  cell  are  represent ed  hy  their  liordi'rin;;  lines: 
hut  Ihe  apical  cloud  uonhl  h:irdly  he  noticed  hut  hy  a  conipiirisoii  with  the  oilier  form, 
ami  1  he  whole  ;ipical  hiilf  'd'  Ihe  wim;.  except inir  Ihe  outer  honler.  i~  nearly  nniforni 
in  iMilor.  liberally -I  reakrd  w  iiii  slmrl  Iniusvcrse  llircinK  of  p:dc  rerrn^inous  -cales. 
The  Irausvcisi'  -.cries  ..f  do|~  U  more  iii>iincl  lh:Mi  iii  liarii>ii.  ami  jn-i  « ii  liin  il>  upper 
extremity  i-  ;i  -lii^hl  I  •Mn-\ci-«e.  whilish.  I:iperiutr  liar  depeiidinu;  from  Ihe  costal  bor- 
der: theouter  border  i-  uKirked  nimli  as  in  the  J  but  rather  less  dis||nctl,\ .  The  hind 
friiii/s  preserve  tlie  ^I'Uerai  ch:ir:iiler  id'  the  fore  w  iiiits.  jmi  the  row  of  dots  is  eii- 
closed  ill  a  common  b:ind  of  s|iM;||||y  fuscous  rerru:j;inoiis.  and  within  il  tlu'  apical  half 
of  the  uina  is  faiiill\  Untied  «ith  a  iilaci'oiis  bloiun.  which  sonielimes  iilso  borders  it 
e.xleriially  ;  the  oiUfr  bordi'r  rcsriiiliies  thai  of  the  J  \  cry  closely.  diU'i'rini;  from  it 
only  its  the  fiu'e  w  iiiu'  iloes  from  I  he  fore  « ini;  of  the  J  . 

Egg  (64  :  Isi.     Short   blnnl  o\:de  in  shape,  broailly  rounded  iieuetiih.  alio\<' a  lillle 


l:iltened.  broadest    in  Ihe  middle  cd'  the  lower  tu  o-lhirds.  w  ilh  eiev  eii  s||dny:lv 


ifcssed   vertical   ribs   wlih-li   increase  ii    lieiirhl    from   ha 


summil .  nioi'e  rapiilly 


above:  surface  belweeu  lliem  si;ircely  concave,  sinooili.  crossed  b\  excei'diimly  line 
lilies,  which  traverse  also  tlie  ribs  and  uiiike  them  appear  striate.  'I'lu'  ribs  arc 
iilioiit  .iHl  mm.  Iiii.di  at  the  lop.  but  only  oiie-third  of  that  in  tlie  middle  of  the 
I'jiit;  they  are  about  .-'-' mm.  :iparl .  and  the  cross  lines  .ol' mm.  apart.  Color  of  eira: 
pale  y;reen.  i;listi'niiiir.  tlie  ribs  pale.     'I'lie  termination  of  liie  rilis  above  leaves  a  free 


cculral  space  .17  mm.  In  diameter.   .Micropyle  rosetl« 


iiiin.  in  diameter,  made  np  (d' 


1  cluster  of  nearly  eipial  hexaiioiml  cells,  about    ol  mm.  in  diiuueter.    Ileiifht  of 
iim.  :  w  idtli  at  i^reatest .  .7  mm.  ;  at  summil .  .  I  mm. 


Caterpillar.     / 


ii-m  at, nil . 


Head  piceoiis.     lindy  above  wiryiny  with  anc  from  a  pali 


straw  color  to  a  dull  rather  dark  ;.'reen.  thi'  anterior  portions  of  the  sey;meuts  livid, 
but  Willi  the  last  two  seirments  varyini;  from  linlil  to  piirpiisji  brown  ;  benealli  y  ellowisli 


ifiei'ii.     I'apillae  :iud   hairs   i86: 


l)lack.     I.c^s   and    prolci;-   dusky,     l.cnulli 


,Srri,inl  nliiii, .     Ili^ail  ilark  brown  I  jirobably  piceous].     Hody  hrowii-lihick   lU'   liiack. 
ith  whitish  lines  at  llie  incisures.     Spines  black,  iirisluji  from   papillae  whicli  are 


black,  or,  ill  those  with  white  lines,  whl 


III   the  third  thoracic  and  second,  fourth. 


and  sixth  abdiuuiual  segments;    hairs  black.     I.cirs  black;  proh'^s  olivaceous.   I,en,:{tli. 
:!.:!  mm.     (.\fler  Kihvards. ) 

I'liird  »l(tiji\  Head  piceoiis.  most  of  the  papillae  black,  llie  others  ■«  liile.  the  hairs 
pellucid  or  dusky.  Hody  reddish  l)rovvii.  heavily  traversed  by  triiiisverse  dusky  lines, 
lieconilii;;  blackisli  next  the  liiisc  of  the  spines;  the  infrasliamatal  fold  sometiuii'.H  a 
little  pale.     Spines  black.  I'xceptiiiir  the  hiterod(U'.sal  series  on  the  foiirlh  mid  si.xtli 


l\    '<; 


NVMPIIAI.INAK:     I'(H,V(i()M.\   ((».\niA 


337 


alid'Hiiiiial  ~cziiH'iiN.  mill  ^oiiicliiiii'*  till' li|i>  (if  xnni'  nf  llio  clm-Niil  mjo  in  lln' suiiic 
vii'iiiity.  wliicli  arc  uliitc;  li;iir~  ihi-k.\  iMlhiciil.  I,i>Lr~  iiUicU  ;  iiinlii;,.  cMiiilini;  ,il 
hn>c.  dusky.     I.i-iiirtli,  s  iinii. 

h'liiirlU  xliiiii'.  Ilciid  |)U'iMiii>.  till'  ciiriiiiiil  tiilnTrlc^  hliick.  llic  |iii|iilliU'  wliilc  or 
black,  tile  uliilc  |)n'i|()iiMiialin;x.  Modv  lilack.  Ilic  »c^iiiciil>  iMi^^id  po^iiTiorly  liy  Iwii 
or  three  liiore  iir  lc»  -.lender  while  line-,  -niiieliini'-  bidiideninir  into  -jint-.  ami  iiiiie- 
riiirlv  liy  an  (ililii|ne  \vliili>h  liar,  exieiidinu;  l)ac-k\vanl  'in  either  -ide  from  lliiiinler 
liase  iif  the  ihir»al  >|)ine>;  an  inrrii-iiirinatal  yellow  hand,  almvi'  which  an  ohliinie  har. 
and  -oliic  ininnte  while  s|i<it-  mi  the  iinsiiM'inr  part  nf  <>aeh  -eminent.  S|iine-.  id'  ilm-al 
series  always,  and  ol'  lateniddrsal  n-nally.  whili',  the  ntlier-  x.aiialily  hlack  nr  uhile; 
siiirn<'les  hhick,  with  a  disliiiet  w  hiti' aiinnln-.      I.eiiitlh.  In  mm.      (.M'ler  i'.dwai'iU. 

Fifth  .ttiiijf  (74:  :is;.  ||ea<l  (78::'>il)  liitht  pea-irrcen.  Hie  -.1111111111  Npine  nm^ily  hhn-k. 
very -tout  and  Mill  hniu;.  the  lateral  spiiiiiles  endtled  near  the  middle,  the  li.i-al  half 
nearly  a- hroad  a- hniii.  the -pinnies  siiHit  and  of  e(|iiallen^lh  with  I  hi' ;ipii  :il  half  of 
the  lliain  -tein:  tilheri'le-  ii-inilly  -plliil'orni.  -omel iine-  hemi-pherleiil.  pellneid.  each 
tipped  with  a  loiiLT  while  hrl-lle:  ocelli  and  month  part-  iilack  Itody  liuhi  pea-irrecii. 
with  yellowi-h  hlolche-  which  pri'iloiiilnale  upon  ino-l  of  the  ;ihiloinen:  there  1- a 
small  spot  id'  a  dull.  dark,  oranire  color  jii-t  in  frmit  of  and  aliovc  the  latcrostiijinialal 
spine-  of  the  fourth  to  -i\ih  ahdoinlnal  -I'ltnieiil-.  Spine-  fiirnl-heil  with  a  wreath  of 
live  -pillule-,  which  are  placed  al  an  anule  of  alioiit  ilo  wilh  llie  apical  porlion  of  the 
stem:  liclow  tlieiii  arc -eliloni  inori' than  one  or  two  -piniilc-  of  any  inairiiitnde.  and 
this  portion  id"  the  11111  in  -t  em  is  covered  w  illi  -horl .  e\ceedinirly  dellcale  pile;  I  hey  a- 
well  a-  the  -pillule-  arc  Ljenerally  colorle—    and  the   hri-llc-   liliiek,  Inil   -oniclinie-  Hie 

I  en  11  ilia  I  half  of  I  he  -pi  mile-  i-  al-o  hhnk  :  the  -p  in  1  form  1 11  hen  ie-  are  w  Idle  or  I'reeii- 
Isli.     Spiracle- lihick.      l.c;;-  pale  te-tiiceon-.      l.ciiL.'lh.  -■">  mm 

ChryHalis  i83  : '.'7. '.".i.  .'.o,  il'.i.  liMsi.  Nearly  uniform  pale  wood  hrown  lin!,'ed. 
e-pecially  in   cerlaiii   Unlil-.  with   pale   :jreeii  and   -Ireaked   \ery    fainlly    aero—    the 

II  ill  Idle  of  I  he  x\  ini;-  \\  illi  I  he  -amc  ;  loiiiinc  and  Ie;;-  faint 'y  liiiLrcd  wilh  pale  -aliiioii, 
the  toiiif lie  ill fn-eal I'll  at  lip.  the  Icl'-  interrupted  with  pale  ^reeii ;  joiiil-  nf  aiilcnnai 
inarked  with  faiiil  fii-con-  line-;  ocellar  tiihcrcles  conical,  pointed,  pnlly  reanhir 
the  outer  niaruiu  contlnnou-  with  the  side-  of  the  prolhorax.  the  inner  iiiclined 
lowiird  each  other  :il  nearly  a  riulil  anule.  all!iont>;h  they  do  not  nieel  Init  form  an 
ailjrie  of  l:lil  with  the  front  of  Ilic  head  :  I  he  llllierclc-  ;iho\  e  ;iiiil  I  he  llioraeic  ridnc 
nnirkcd  with  ureeiii-h  fii-coii- ;  me-oiiotal  tnhercle  nioderalely  liiu'ii.  mneh  the  lii:;lic-l 
posteriorly,  where  it  1-  alioiil  half  a-  hi^h  a-  loiiLr.  po-lerior  horder  -triiiLtht  and 
nearly  perpend  leiilar.  perliap-  In  rued  forw.ird  a  lillle,  iinlcrinrlioi'drr  cnrx  in:;  rciriilarlv 
and  liroadly  up  to  the  liii:lie-l  point  :  iiiiildleof  each  half  of  mi'talhoras  ami  oi  the  ilr-l 
to  third  ahdoiiiinal  -eiiiiieiil-  wilh  ;i  lariic  iiierciiri.il  -pot.  that  of  the  imlal  hora\ 
larire-t  and  centred  wilh  hlacki-li.  I  lial  of  the -econd -eifineiil  -ilnaled  on  I  he  po-te- 
rior  half  of  the  liihercle.  that  of  the  third -e'.'incnl  l';iiiil  and  dill'ii-ed  ;  iill  except  ini: 
the  la-t  hoiinilcd,  laterally  al  Ica-t,  hy  fii-coii-  line-;  heyoinl  a  -liithtly  paler  dor-al  hand. 
made  more  con-picii'in-  hy  ;i  hrowni-h  fn-con-  line  w  lih-h  ed^i'-  it:  po-lcrior  -iirf.'ice 
of  the  liiteroilorsal    liiliercle-  i'il;;i'il  on  either -ide  with  hrowni-h  fii-i'oii~ -tre;ik- ;   ;i 


stisiiimtal,  opi'u,  lirow iii-li    in-coii-  h:iiiil,  ihiLjeil  uith   iirceiu-h  ;iiiil    nun 


ire  di 


tilli'tly   lliarked   almiii    it-    iiihIci   liorder:   on    Ihc    ilfih    ;inil   -i\th   -ciimeiil-,  ;i   -liu;hll,\ 


illfu-ealed    ventrill  hand,  edsicd  more  di-liiietlv  with  fil-coii- ;   oilier 


if  I  he  en 


master  lihiek ;    -piracle-    pale   lirown     villi   hlaek   lip-.      liCiiL'lli,   '.'I    mill;    lieii;hl    al 


m^t:: 


I  horax. 


hei^lil  ;il  lir-l  aliilominal  -euiiieiil .  ."1  mm. 


DiHtribution  (20:-)-  I'lii- r;i-ii'iii  liiitinllx  i- uiic  id'  tin  cluinictir- 
i.stii-  iiii'mliffN  ot  till'  Alli\o'li;iiii;iii  1:11111:1  :  |i)\v:ii'(l  llic  suiitli  it  is  luiiiid  uliiiii- 
(liintly  ill  the  Kimiiwlia  :iiiil  V.\\\  Wixcr  v;illt'ys  di'  West  \'iioini:i  (  lvl\\;iril- ) 
ami  ncciii'.-  ;iliiiiil  liiuiisv  ilic.  K\.  (  l>elkii;i|i.  \  wV'  ('nil.  .Mii.-.).  uml  in 
Niiitii  ( ':in>liii;i  iitnl    rciiiic-scc  (  I'Mw  iinl- )  : 


W('-I\\;iril   il    li;|-  lict'li   l;ik('n     111 


w 


338 


iiiK  mriKiiii.iKs  or  ni:\v  faci.and. 


t^0' 


Iff" 


0    i^u-^     ('■  i  *» 
7»  \\   '-'  '  -* 


sc;ilil\-  liiimlicrs  III 


h 


N.'l..    ((' 


\\'is((iii-;iii  ( Iliiy  ) .  I( 
;il'|icill('r)  Mini    Ivillisil.i  (Snow),  iiiid  i-^ 


(Allen.    ()>li(prn),    Fort    \io- 


OM'ii  i'('c'ur( 


!('•!   I 


roin 


Tcxjis  (  Kdwiinis).  IJciikirt  inileed  reported  it  tVoiii  Coior.'idK.  iuit  proli- 
iildy  liy  inistid<i'  tor  some  otiier  .•Jpeeie.s  tlien  imdescrilii'd.  In  the  iioitli. 
Kd\v!ir<ls  reeonls  it  from  Fort  Simpson,  M;ieken/.ie  Ulver.  Uriti^li  Americii. 
whieli  is  too  till'  in  iidxiliiee  ol'  its  or('iii;iry  r:iiiL''e  to  'ji'  proliiilile  :  ;is  lie  !i:id 
l)nttertlies  t'roiii  the  fort  of  the  .-Mine  iiaine  on  AlliMiiy  |{i\er  Miid  Jeniier 
W'ir  r^•port^  it  from    .Mooso    KMetor\-  ncMr  lliere.  the   more   southern    fort 


18 


th 


irohahle  hicniity  meiuit.  It  i."  found  in  \Mrioiis  pMit-  of  ('aiiMilii, 
et<pec'iiilly  toward  the  east  : — Nepifjon.  north  of  Lake  Superior  (  I'"ietr|iei  ), 
Lake  ('Mineron  (Mead).  Ottawa  ( Dillinijs.  Fletcher).  .Montreal  (Caiil- 
Keld).  Compton  ( (iosse ).  (^neliee,    "xcry   common  ""    (liowles),  and   tin 


K 


OllO'C  (llStl'K 


t    (I)T 


rlian ) 


•as  well  as  in    .\o\a  .'^cotia 


rare 


(.1 


ones  ), 


and  even  in  Antieosti  (Strei'kei). 


It  is  found  throiiiihout  Now  Fiiiudand.  exceptiiiir    in   the   Wliite   .Moiinf- 


ain  rciiion  and  perlia|)s  otiier  (.'le\ated   porticnis  ot'  the   northern  eoiinti 


it  h;is.  ii 
UK  a  pi'ol 


leeii 


tak( 


(' 


111 


lie  iidiidiitiiiit  of  ^ldr 


Vt.  (.S]i 


rafrne ).  am 


1  ii- 


i\  <'n 


wav 


M( 


"initl 


t)ie  onlv  other    h 


itie.s  friiin  which  it  is  reported  are  \\'iil|)ole  (Smith)   and  I'lvmonth,  N.  II. 


(Sciidder):   ( )rono  (Fernald).  I'orthind, 


I'M 


•('  "    (  Lyman),   and    llallo- 


icll.     .Me.     (Miss     W'adsworth )  ;     the   vicinity     of    Moston     (nnmeroii- 


.llc.'t 


or.- 


Ami 


lerst  ( Mcarns 


.M; 


irsli. 


der) .    Ilolvoke  and    ( i','aiili\- 


( ."-iciidder ).    Sprinii'tield    (l)imniock)     an<l    W  illiaiiistown.    .Mass.    ( ,Scnd- 
der)  :  Farmiiiirton  (Norton).  South   Windsor  and  .New  liritain    (Scndder) 


and  New    Ha' 
It   is  nowhere 


in  the  extreme    south. 


Cimii.    (Smith) 


aiu 


1    Portsmouth.    U.    I.    (I land 


il\-  ). 


a  verv  eoinmon  insect  m  No 


i:d 


wan 


Is.   I 


lowevei 


'land.  exeeptiiiLT    perhaps 
«  that    when    found   it     is 


!d)tiiidant,  and  calls  it  "one  of  the  commonest'    Imtterriii 


in 


A\est    \ 


It 


IS  imiioiiii 


■  niiia. 


it   Its  re-triction  is  unknown 


tcdh 
k  ' 


a  local  species. 


Ivlward.s  statcH.  lint  tl 


Oviposition.      I"  I'lit  a  single  instance  ha\('  I  found  a  solitary  o'^<s  of 


tl 


lis    llllttl'I'lIV 


111  all  other  eases  tlicv  have 


I.: 


t'nmi  two  to  nine  eu'< 


th 


avera!j:e   o 


f  til 


•n  I 
I    I 


ilcd 


in    colnmiis  \arvini;' 


iiive  seen    Deiiii,'  a 


(fteii 


iivi'r  four. 
and  these  ar 
coliimiis   are 


more  than  the  width  ot' 


little 
a    single    leaf. 
ilialiK-  laid  hv  the  same  luittertlv  at  one  aliirhtinu,  for  the 


ie\  era 


1  col 


nmiis  wil 


'c  found 


on 


frecniently   close   together,  separated  soinet 


«K'! 


i^y 


scareel 


an  egg. 


indcr  siirfi 


if  leaves.  tlioni>li  o 


They  are  almost   always   laid 
ill 


Upi 


th 


iccasionally   upon   the  stem   ot  the  plant 


selected,  and  Fdwards  >ays  upon  the  tendrils  ot'  the  hop.     They  gleam 
the  sun  like  dewdrops.      The  t'^XiS  liatelies  in  four  or  five  days. 
Food  plants.     I'll*'  l">p  (llnmnlns  Inpnlns).  elm  ( I'lmns  anieri 
•ttle  (I'rtiea),  and  false  nettle  (  noehmeria  cylindrica),  all   helonging 


IK: 


1), 
to 


tlu!    I'rticaeeae, 


are   i)r<) 


liably   the   only    food    plants   of  this    larv 


a, 


NVMl'llAI.INAI.     rol.VdOMA   (it.MMA. 


339 


ait|i('iiriiig  to  1)1'  tlir  t:i\(irilc.  I'lickard  ;iivi'8  iij.^it  cinriint.  iind  Frcncli 
IpmsswckmI  ( 'I  iliii )  ii>  I'muiI  |)laiil>.  pliiiils  in  no  way  related  tn  tliese.  l)iit 
|'\'(il>alily  liy  errur.  AnilM'n>ia  has  also  iieen  |iiililisiie(l  as  a  food  plant, 
iiiit  ill  tiiis  in>lani'e  l>cii'liiiiei-ia  iiad  liecii  inistakeii  tiir  it. 

'I"lu'  larva  is  scmutiiiies  ileslnieliNc  In  liuji  vines,  so  iniieli  so  tliat  tliey 
have  received  a  .soul)ri(|iiet  in  the  liiiniinL;  districts,  of  which  \veha\e  made 
use.  '• 'riu'ce  elirvf'alids."  says  Smith,  in  a  re|ioil  to  ui'Nt'rnment  (Knt. 
Iiiill.  Pi'ii.  .\<fric'..  i\  :  Ml)  •'  are  known  to  i^i-owcrs  and  those  i'iiifii<f"d  in 
liop-yarils  as  •  hop-merclianls.'  and  accordinu'  as  the  color  ol"  the  nu'tallic 
spots  [on  the  liackj  is  LToldcn  or  siKcr.  so  will  the  jirice  ot'  hops  raiijre 
liiiili  or  low,  so  the  story  ltoc.-.'"       It  is  also  apjilicd   to    I'.    inicrro;iationis. 


Habits  of  the  caterpillar.     Alt 


th 


loiiiih   till'    *■[< 


at    the  smnmit  of  a 


cohimn  is  the  la^^t  ol'  tlii'  seric,«  to  lie  laid,  it  hatches  first  and  the  rv>\ 
uciici ally  follow  in  succession,  there  lieinu  ,i  dillia'cncc  ot'  nianv  hours: 
all  the  cater]iillars  emcriic  on  the  same  side  of  the  cohimn.  and  as 
1 1  icy  escape  from  the  crown  of  the  ej^u:.  the  colimiii  when  emptied  (for 
tliev  do  not  eat  more  tiian  is  necessary  lo  escape)  has  a  iicntle  curve, 
lippcil  >lii^'lilly  in  oiw  direction  hy  the  escapinjr  caterpillar.  Immediatelv 
it  is  out  of  the  cu'i^'.  the  cat(  rpillar  is  loiiu'  cnoniili  to  cui!  twice  around  the 
interior  of  the  cui;'.  yet  was  coiled  Init  inice  I  Sonieiiniis,  after  cjitiiii:  a 
hole  lari;('  eiioniih  to  oca pe  from  the  eu'ii'.  the  caterpillar  will  rest  motionless 
for  a  co'.ipic  ot  hours.  The  urcat  point  is  to  n(.,  the  head  out  :  th;it  done, 
the  rest  L;lides  smoothly  eiioiiuh.  iopi>lin<;  the ooliunn  overhead.  1  watchi'd 
once  the  last  one  ol' a  colinon  make  his  entranct'  into  the  world:  (irst  he 
t<iok  a  jfrand  tour  ot'  his  old  home.  >piiiniinr  a  thread  (as  they  alwa\s  do 
when  yonnu')  all  the  way  ;  then  he  walked  to  the  toji  of  the  Icanini;-.  tot- 
teriiiL;'  tower,  peered  over  into  the  empty  crater  of  the  eiTij;  at  the  summit, 
shuddered  visihly,  and  turned  eantioiisly  on  his  course,  now  with  winding; 
anil  then  w  itii  direct  steps,  until  he  reached  the  lowest  e^ir.  when  he  stretched 
himself  to  th',-  utmost  and  fastened  a  ihrc.'id  to  the  leaf  licyond,  to  which  he 
then  travelled.  An  hour  was  consumed  in  this  peifoiniance.  In  early  life 
the  caterpillars  eat  little  roundish  holes  in  the  iniddh'  ot'  one  side  of  the  leai. 
aliiait  !..">  mm.  in  mean  diameter,  and  when  their  meal  i-  o\er  rest  with 
their  tails  close  to  the  hole,  their   n  'ads  toward  the  midrili. 

Although  a  niimlier  arc  usually  horn  on  the  same  leaf' and  sexeral  in 
one  cluster,  and.  thi'i'ct'ore.  for  at  lea  la  part  of  its  lit'e,  it  does  not  lack  com- 
panions, this  caterpillar  is  in  no  way  social,  lint  strictly  solitary  from  liirlli  on. 
In  early  life  it  lives  without  concealment,  hut  mi  the  under  siirfiice  of  the 
leaf.  Fjater  it  may  he  I'oimd  "  coiiccalini.r  itself  on  the  under  side  of  a 
leaf,  the  outer  edyes  of  which  are  drawn  to^^ether  In  silken  thirads  >utli- 
ciei'.tly  to  afford  a  proti'ction  from  liii'ht  and  thi^  >vealher  ,  from  this  co\er 
the  larva  emerjics  at  niirhf  to  i\'v{\.  and  hcifinninu  at  the  extremity  ot'  a 
leaf  consumes  it  evenly  iuross  until  not  eiioujih  is  left  for  shelter,  when  it 


'     K^^ 


P'-S  ^ 


.  ■::? 


1  i'"' 

■  ■    'I  .- 

'  :''*;'/ 

!-'?■ 

M 

■if.-' 

w 

Wo' 


'  m 


34(1 


nil;  m  riKiJi'i.iKs  oi    \k\v  i:\(;i.ami. 


i)t'tiikc.-  ilM'lt'  to  Mtiiitlifr  iiiiil  n'|n'iit.>i  til  inif  pnn'css.  ()\\iii^'  tn  tliin 
pei'iiliarity.  llii<  ript'cirs  is  i'ii>ily  discovered,  as  the  lieiit  iiiid  esiteii  leaf 
lietiays  its  jireseiiee"  (  !•](!« afds ) .  Mr.  Kdwards  found  tliat  it  tifst  sliel- 
tei'etl  itself  \ci'y  shortly  aftef  rea<'hiii;r  its  third  hirval  staji'e.  and  tliat 
it  ell'eeted  its  ohjeet  hy  hilinii'  oil'  the  |ii'iiiei|(al  rihs  of  the  liase  of  a 
h'af.  on  either  side  nf  n  niidrili.  alter  the  manner  ot'  \  anessa  atalanta, 
and  was  tints  the  latter  ahh'  to  |inll  the  sides  of  the  leaf  toucther.  lint 
in  the  later  sta;.'es  the  rilis  were  not  hitten.  the  ealerpillar  lieinir  ah!''  to 
ih'aw  the  e<lj;:es  to<:'ether  \\  ithont  that  |n'eeaiition.  Ilis  olisei'\alions  wciv 
miuU'  (ni  Pioehnieria  :  with  the  elm,  a  more  refractory  leaf,  the  process  is 
slightly  ditl'crent  (81:'''):  the  caterpillar  liites  a  con|)le  of  channels  mi 
;'i'her  side  the  leaf,  startinu'  from  a  centimetres  distance  tVmn  the  liase 
and  cnttinsj:  olilii|nely  toward  lint  not  to  the  midrih,  throni,di  t"o  or  more 
of  the  rilis  :  the  coriu'rs  of  the  Haps  thus  formed  of  the  lar<j;ei-  jiart  ot'  tiie 
leaf  are  then  fastened  tojrether  hy  a  i'vw  strands  ot'  weak  silk,  rarely  exteiid- 
ini.''  more  than  a  centimetre  and  a  half  lieyond  the  I'orner.  'I'lu-  rest, 
thcretiire.  Hares  open    apically.  and    when    half  eaten    liears    some   rcsemli- 


one    ncM'r    linds    more   than 


nijilo 


lance   to    a  sii<ldli'.       in    these    nest- 
iidialiitant. 

Life  history.  ii>  New  JMiL'land  thi'  insect  is  donlile-lirooded.  The 
iinttert!ie>  hilicrnati'  and  appear  npon  the  w  inu'  all  thronuh  the  moiiths  ot' 
March,  April  and  the  i^ieali'r  part  of  May.  occa>ionally  into  .linu',  tew  in 
nnmlier  ami  Li'inerallx'  worn  and  liiiled  :   thev    lav  their  cu'irs  on 


the    t 


cliuer 


leaM's  ot'  the  hop  and    eh"    soon    aftci-   their   laiddin^' :    the   cirn-    hatch 


lonr  or  live  ( 


lavs:   tl 


le  caterpillars  u'row   rather  slow 


l\',  the   chrvs;dis   state 


I  ontinnes  from  seven  to  eleven  days,  and  they  lienin  to  transt'orin    to   Init- 
tci'Hies  toward  the  end  of  .linie  :   thev  do  not    hecome   ahmulant    imtil   thr 


iL'trmmM 


U'  of  ,1 


nl\  .  and  'i 


tew  straiffrlers  emeriic  Irom  the  chrvsalis  as   lalt 


an  the  middle  of  I'le  mon'ii.  These  liy  thripiii^hont  August  and  later. 
'I'he  eu'Lls  are  anain  laid  te  in  July  :inil  throughout  Aujrit"*t.  and  the 
scooikI  lirood  licLiin-  in  appear  alp(Mit  the  :^oth  of  Aiiiiiist  :  they  continue 
to  cmerLi'i'  frmu  the  chrysalis  until  the  latter  part  of  Sepicmliei'.  and  c\  i- 
dentlv  hiliei'inUc  without  nnich  di'lay.  as  thi'y  hecome  scarce  hy  the 
end  of  the  month  and  arc  rai'cly  seen  in  Octolier.  In  oiii'  instance 
smne  late  <'atcrpillars  I  found  in  ( 'amliridu'c  on  nettle  I'han^cd  to  chr\s- 
alis   as  late  ai?  October  !'.  and  the  hntterHy  appeared  October  27. 

The  linttcfHies  ot'  the  tirst  brood  (i.e.,  tirst  from  egirs  of  the  same  sea- 
son) are  almost  ahva\  ■  of  the  form  dryas.  an 


id  those  of  the  second,  w  hich 


will 


ter,  are    ot'  the   form    harrisii,  but    not    iiivariabh-.       j-'or  instance.  Mi 


liintner  took  lioth  forms  on  .Inly  21,  wheu  (uily  dryas  sluaild  be  llyiiiu, 
and  I  have  si'veral  timi's  taken  wintered  dr\as  on  the  w  in<:'  about  Koi^ton 
the  lirst  week  in  .lune.  and  as  late  as  the  llMli.  and  .Mr,  !•'.  II.  .'^pni'^ut' 
has  reared  drvas  (  one  out  ot'  more   than   Hftv)    from    caterpillars   found    ill 


m 

m 


NVMl'IIAI.INAi:      I'Ol.Vl.d.MA     t(»M.\I\ 


■m 


Aii^jiist.      As    ii    i^ciiniil    riilf.    lii(\M'\ IT.    ilii'   «|iiiiiL;'   tidiii    is   drvas.    tlic 


MUtnnin  tui'in  liiiiiisn. 


Kiirllicr  -mitli,  llic  s|i('ii(-  i-  lri|il('-l)iiiuilcil.      •■  Tlic  liilicniiitiMt;'  linial 


ilciiii-it  tlicii 


a-t 


Aiiiil  cir  I'Milv  III  Mav  .  ami  llic  tir>l  linxMl  dt  lli 


liiittcrriics  cmi'i'iics  fi'idii  dir^.-alis  almiil   Isi  .Iimc;    liiil  ^limilil  the  wcalli 


Tl 


lie  (Mild  diirinu'  May  tlicii  t'rnin   tlw   inidillc  i<p    last    nt' .Imic.      llic   sccimil 
iaviiii^-  dt'  i'<s<rn  (ic<'iirs  in  .Inly.  Iiciwci n   l."tli  and  .'liliji.  mid   llic   Inittfi'tii 
tVniii  tlii'sc  a|i|i('ai'  la>l  ul'  AiiliiisI    hi-   lii~i    nt'  >i|ii(iiili(  r, 


And   till'   iliiid 


iayini:' ncciirs  in  Sc|it(nilM'i'.    llic   luith  rriics   ilicrclVinn  cniciuiiiL;'   in   ('ctn- 


(I- 


(Iwanis  ) . 


Tlic  tirsi    ImimmI    i>  cciiiiiiiiscd   lit'  di'\as   milv 


\\itli    a 


I   uf 


iiiilli 


single    c.\c'c|itiiin    wlicii   one   liairisii    male    cnniut'd  "  :   the  sccdni 
tonus,  and  the  third  of  liani.'-ii  mily. 

Habits,  flight,  etc.       Tlity  arc  very  wary  insects  with  a  (|iiicl<.  nci'vmis 


tliyh 


It.  \ct  at  the  same  time  aiidacicnis  e\  en  to  iiiiunacitx  .  darlinu' rcc 


doslv 


at    and   aluiiit    iiliiect>    in    the   •■lir,  Miiiily   |iiirsiiinL;'   even    jiassini;'   liii(i>   or 


Hi 


(Ira^rou  nics,  and  tiisslinjf  with  each  other  to  >iieh  an  extent  that  their 
wiiiys  iUT  alinosit  iiivarialily  nihlicd  and  rai;ji-cd  in  a  short  time  alter 
celusidi).  "  'I'hc  nid.-t  |)crversc  disregard  of'  all  iiu'asnres  ot'  tialcty." 
say>  I  >i    (iarmo.  is  exhiliiled  hy  coninia. 

'I'liis  liiiie  tiiiti('rll\  ii~iijilly  liiUi"-  liis  pasiinw  Inward  sini>rl.  when  only  now  innl 
llic'ii  ;i  |>iitcli  111'  ~iiiiliL'lil  ri'iniiiii- .•iiiKiiiir  llic  >liiiil(>w-- of  trees,  csijcciiilly  ii|)oii -ioini' 
irate  |Mi-l  111'  llie  tniiik  ••(  !i  iree.  i.r  a  siilewalk.  When  •INliirlieil  very  nunrlily  they 
will  l;iki'  a  /i/./.air  lri|)  over  :i  Iree,  or  a  hiiii^e  io|i.  or  a  t'eiiee.  ami  ot'leii  wilhoiit 
lii^hlinu;  anywhere,  return  to  ilie  old  >|)oi  wiihiii  ^i-v  inehe.-.  .Many  liiiii's  [  ha\e|iiii 
my  hanil  on  the  eovi'ti'il  ^pot  and  had  llw  lillle  (irii|ilii  liirlil  iipmi  llieiii.  Sonieilnie-. 
Ihey  will  liifhl  iijKMi  my  Inil  or  Hie  iiel  I  hold  in  my  hand,  evideiilly  laitirely  iineon- 
-eioii-  of  ilaniier.  Iliil  moiion.  .■\en  of  a  ^iraw.  will  IriLrhlen  Ilieiii  uvvay.  This  peiai- 
liarity  in  llieir  •<eii~e  of  daicrer  i-  easily  i'\|iliealile.  'I'ln'  emaiiies  iiio>t  deadly  to  them 
ari'  tin-  liird-.  Tlie-e  attack  ino-tly  I'roni  aliove,  .'iinl  alwtiys  on  the  wiiiir.  I'lny  n^e 
no  I'anlion  in  >eeiiriii!j;  llieir  prey,  lint  swooj)  down  upon  llieiii  ill  ^real  \eloeiiy.  In 
all  my  walehiiii;  I  have  never  ^eeii  a  liird  lake  a  Imlierlly  rnmi  lieiieal  h.  'I'liepewc'e 
will  cillier  drop  like  liirliliiiiiL;  Irom  its  In-aneh  upon  llic  prey,  or  If  tin'  prey  i-  ali'ive 
it .  will  ri-e  lo  ;iii  :drn  mil'  a!"'\  e  I  he  prey  and  droji  dow  n  ii|iiiii  it.  Ileiiee  il>  knowledire 
oi'  daiiirer.  nr  if  yon  pnfer  it.  il-.  ortrani/.ed  cvpcrieiiee  of  daiiKca'.  is  all  from  above, 
and  from  -onielliini;  In  rapid  nioiiini.  Knaii  lieiuatli.  even  when  in  a  position  on  a 
pendnloii-  Ihiwer  en' leaf  to  >i'e  perfeilly.  tln'y  I'aii  ln' apjiroaehed  with  miieh  ^'I'ealer 
ease  and  ecrtiiinty  <>{  eaplnie  i  Trails.  Vas*.  Br.  iiisl..  ii  :   \:U>). 

Aoain  rliis  writi'r  says  : — 

( If  I  en  I  lie  lillle  com  m.i  will  follinv  a  iiineli  lariicr  linllerlly.  perhaps  I  li.'  aphrodite  oi- 
iilalia.  now  iiiidia'.  now  ovia'  il.  in  swifl  /.i/zair  moveincnls.  as  if  enjoyini;  it  Inrireiy. 
while  reeehina  nil  allcnfloii  from  the  larujcr  speeiineii.  Sonictiines  the  eoinnia  will 
pursue,  as  if  in  sport .  a  lieelle  or  a  w  :isp. — in  siieli  cases  keepimr  a  irood  distance  away, 
lint  colli iiininir  ihe  pursuit  for  s.imr  rods.  Once  I  saw  a  comma  and  an  alojic  risiiiy 
hi^li  in  the  air  toirethcr.  irninii  over  and  over  each  other  in  sportive  mood,  when  a 
pcwee  liird  shot  swiftly  upon  Ihe  alopc  and  liore  il  oil'.  The  Utile  comiiia  folded  its 
wliifis  hack  to  hack,  and  In  half  the  time  I  am  lakiiiir  lo  lell  it.  literally  dropped  to 
within  two  or  three  feet  of  llic  irroimd.  ri'eovcred  its  win^s  and  then  hid  In  a  thick 
cvertrrcen  tree  ilose  liv .  ( In  followiiiir  il .  il  soemcil  niilinrt,  Imt  iireatly  alarmed,  cease- 
lessly eliaii;rlnu:  its  position  from  iiinli  to  limb,  and  llimlly  u;ettiiiif  under  a  laru'e  liml). 
and  reinainiinr  very  nearly  moiionless  (Trans.  Vass.  iJr.  iiisi..  ii :   1:11), 


'■.':f-.-.i 


m- 


_> 
'*'♦ 


I  M 


i   'l'^ 


m 


*■*■•':■ 
'     ':'■'' X 

|r  ■  ■ 


my 


342 


rili;    III  TIKI! I  I.IKS  or   m;\\     CNdl.AM). 


A  |iaii'  (il'tlii'iii  iiiMv  nt'icii  1)1' x't'ii  |i('i'<'|ii'(|  III  xtiiit'  ili.siMiH'i'  Mjiiiil,  ."iin- 
niiif^  tlu'iii.sclvi's  nil  :i  i-dck .  >liiiic  wall,  or  dead  anil  t'aiii'ii  liranclics  ; 
r<uilil('iil_v  Diu'  ijiiits  ii.s  statimi,  llic  otJK'i'  t'olldw  in;^  iii>taiitaii('iiii.s|\'  :  a>  it 
cIci'li'iHi'il  liy  a  I'liiiiinnn  iiiipuiM'  they  <la>li  at  each  ntlicr.  ilai'l  iiitlu'i'  and 
tliitluT.  whirl  almiil,  and  llicn  as  siiiMi'idy  wliisk  liack,  cacli  to  its  own 
split,  twist  aiiiiut  in  a  tiiial  llnurish  ol' satist'actioii  and  i|iii('kly  itsiiiiic  tlu> 
gi'iitlc  fanniiiL;-  til'tlii'ir  w  injurs.  It  "is  cxlrrnii'ly  alert  and  ic.itlcss.  HyiiifT 
swiftly  and  tor  short  dislanccs  nnly  :  it  t'ri'(|iii'nls  the  roads,  csiici  iaily  in 
diilii|>  [ilaccs,  or  collccis  in  considcraldi'  nniiilicrs  on  the  sides  of  tlieereekei 
or  upon  damp  stones  hy  the  I'orest  lirooks.  not  in  eliisters.  as  is  the  hahit 
with  many  Imtlerllies.  luit  scattered  aliont  in  elose  neij;hliorhood  with  wingM 
oiilsiireatl  to  rei'eive  the  fiiii  heiiefit  of  the  81111."  (  Hdw.  Unit.  N.  .V.  )  In 
the  Catskills  it  is  found  in  company  \Nith  fanniis.  on  the  Kanawha 
with  iiiterroLiatiiniis.  hiit  greatly  oiiiniimherini;  tiie  latter,  according  to 
the  same  writer. 

When  rcstiiiu'.  wlietiier  cliiiiiiiiu  lieiieath  some  iiorizontal  -iirface.  or 
nerehed  head  downward  on  a  vertical  support.  liie  w  iiius  are  closed  hack 
to  hack,  the  front  pair  liroiiL^lit  well  forward,  so  as  to  form  an  aiiule  with 
the  liodv  of  lii.'i  .  and  to  c\po-c  a  deep  notch  lielweeii  the  willies  fully  half 


wa\  to  tlieir  iia.-e 


ll 


ic  aiiteliliae  arc  helil  like  still'  roiU 


on  a  line  w  i 


th  Ih 


sli'^htlv  lifted  front  part  of  the  hody  and  di\('rL(c  alioiit  211  .  When  rest- 
ing;' at  niu'lit.  the  chili-- o|' the  antennae  are  l>roiii;lit  side  liy  side  harely  in 
from  ollhe  win;:-,  and  ilie  front  willies  ;ue  not  ihriist  .-o  I'ar  t'orwanl  as  at 
oilier  tiiiie^:  lull  on  any  di^tiirliance.  ;iiicii  as  a  jar  or  the  approach  of  a 
liii'ht.  a  malcii  for  instance  al  scM'ial  inches   di>iaiice.  the    front  winu's   lu'e 


111 


stanlK   slipped  forward  to  their  usual  po-ilion  al  oilier   time: 


W 


leii    walkiiiii'    lip    a    \erlii'al    >iirtace.  as    :iffi\  in    nioiintini;  a  window 


pane,  the  wiiiu-.  held  in  the  same  altitude,  alternately  shut  and  open  throiiiih 
an    aiiy,lt'   \arvini:'   iVom    ahoiit    Id    to    |."i  .  the  antennae  di\aricale    ahoiit 


Kilt 


iiid  the  leifs  iiitne  in  a  curious  (M'der,  occa-ioiially  varici 


1  hv  a    short 


step  disiirriiiiij'iii.u'  it-  iis  follows  :  lirsi  the  middle  Uy;  of  ihc  riiilit  siilcihen 
that  of  the  left  -idc.  lollowi  d  1>\  the  hind  le^  o|  the  left  >ide  and  llici;  that 
ot'  the  li^lit. 

Mr.  Kilwards  uivi'stlu'  foliowiii'^  a<cMuiil  oithc  iiiclainorplio-i>.  nf  thi> 
siiecics  ill  leaving  the  liiival  for  the  pupal  staL;c  : — 

\Vliill  illiiilll  In  Inill-riinn  it  -eliTl*  a  coiiMiiiciil  lihiee.  on  Un'  lliuler  <iilr  of  a  pni- 
irrlliiu  rock,  orol'  a  I'i'IR'c  rail,  orofa  wciilluT  lioai'il  of  llir  luiiisc.  orllic  iiiiihihof  a 
liiiji-li'iil'.  Mild  liHviiiii  simii  a  lilllr  liiilloii  111'  pale  red  <llk  ll\i'-  Hie  hooks  of  ll>  iiiiiil 
liii-  lIuTciii  and  liaii^^  -ii-|ieiidi!d.  liead  dnwiiwiirils.  in  Hie  >llillpe  of  ii  llsli-lnink.  iiiiil  liii- 
moviilile,  \\>v  III!'  ^pace  of  2il-2t  lioilis,  iiii  elnliiiie  lu'liii{  pere.cptililo  except  in  I  lie  cojdr 
iif  till'  >kin  wliiili  lireiiiin's  partly  Iraii-ipiireiit  and  lose-  ll*  dark  crilov.  nwinir  in  |t>. 
:;i-.iilnal  pari  in:;  from  ilie  clirj^alis  williin.  Suddenly,  and  In  a  Inokoroii  willioiil  any  pre- 
iivnilory  >yiiipti>ni.  a  rent  lakes  place  In  lUe  skin  al  Hie  liack  of  ijic  head  jii-il  wide 
eniiMirli  In  allow  llii'  passnue  of  Hie  elirysalis,  the  linid  id'  widili  ill  once  i'inerire-<.  Uy 
a   riipid   eiinliiiclinn  ami  expan^ii'ii   of  Ilie  fciid- of  liie   alidonien,  ilic  larva  ilraw-  Hie 


WMl'IIAI.INAi;:    l'(H,V(;<iNIA    lOMMA 


34; 


wkiii  ii|)\vnnN -iicii'— .ivcly  ilNrmri'liii;  the  |iiirt>  nf  the  fully  fnnncil  chrysiiti-*.  imlll  Jil 

\n-\  .    :inil  ill    NiMI'cilv    limri'  lli:lll  one  niilllllr  of  lilili'.  I  111'  cilllrr    «klll  is    initlicri'il  llliiMIl 


till'    Mlllli      I'l'l'l  It 


licllil-     ll-i'ir    \  iolrllllv     111    (iiM'll: 


t  l|.'    iMul  111'  till'  (  lll'V-illli-- 


wliicli  is  lolly;.  |ioiiilril  anil  liiinl.  Ittnii-lii'il  willi  ^rviTiil  llttl.'  hiniks.  inciitiulilif  ri'liiiii- 
illir  il*  linlil  III'  llir-kili  hy  till'  I'lilils  'il"  its  :iIiiImiiii'||.  mil  il  iil'lrr  ;i  -('\  (n'<'  cHiirl .  i-"il1- 
Vlllsivi'ly    ri'ill'llillU    nil!     :lllil     I'l'i'lillLr    ill    llll    llin  rtiillls     I'm'    tin    hIiJitI  nl'    its  sl'lirrll.  it 

tdiiclu's  till'  liiiitnii  III'  .ilk  iiiiii  at  ciiir  '  ixni-|i«  it  willi  its  hnuks 'iml  ilxrs  tlii-iii  in  It 
s('<'tifi'ly.  Tlicii  liy  11  Iwistiinr  nuitiiin  it  iiiiiinii;''- l.i  ilisi'mrii-r.' llir  lnn-.c  »kiii.  \\  M 'li 
falls  t(i  till' L't'iiiiiiil.  nil. I  till' riirysails  ri  sts        limi.  \.  Aiii.i  .^ 

I']x|i('lillU'llls     iiiinlc    li\      Mr.     Ivlw.inls     in   llir  :i|i|ilirMti>ill  nf  I'ulil  In    llll' 


clirvsiiili'l-'  "t  ilii^ 


lilili'il   tViitll   llir  i|i;llll  111' till'  ..llliiril- 


Parasites.      I  li;i\r  hcnci-  met    willi  ;iiiy  li\  iiuiiii|ii   idiis  |iMi-asitt's  ut"  iIk 
'iit('i'|iilhir  Mild    liiiil  iiuiii'iiii  s|i('ci:il  i'itui'iI,  Inil  Mr.  .) .   !>.  '>iiiitli  says  that 


•nut    niic  in  ten  cmt  attains  tlir  liiitlci'fU   stm 


r       on   ami 


tint    lit   I 


lafasitt's, 


and  adds  nf  liis  anttmin  ciillrctiiiiis  tliat  ••tlic  I'lirv  salids  I  I'nilcrtcd  xNcfc 
imc  atid  all  int'csti'd."  Mr.  Unwaid  iiiruiiiis  nir  the  |i:irasil('s  wci'i'  the 
ciiimniiii    I'tci'iiiiiains   vaiu'ssac    (89:''')       (ilypla   cffalii'a   ( 'n-ss.    (88:7) 


lias   also  111 


'I'll    i'uitnd  iiai'asitic  iin  tlii- 


•illv  l.\    Dr.   Kili'v:    and    I 


iini'c 


iTaird  111'  litid  soiit  iik-  a  'I'acliiiiid  il\  and  |iit|iaiiiini  raised  I'l'inn  this  spc- 
oii's.  Iiiit  the  riy  has  liccii  lost. 

Desiderata,      i'hc  it tints  of  ihi'  nurilicfn  I'anu'i'  nf  this  Imttci'tK-  ai'c 

.sn  \;ii'inns.  |n'i'ha|is  nwinj;-  tn  its  In.'alizatinii.  that  laiTl'iil  slatcniciits  nf  its 
('n;n|iai'ati\('  .'iliiinihiiii'c  ai'c  iii'cdcd  Irniii  all  jiarts  nf( 'anada  and  thi'  iinrtli 
nt'  N'l'W  i'lnuland,  lii'fni-c  its  Lft'n;ira|ihi('al  distrihntinii  lan  lu'  fiillv  nndrr- 
stnnd.  Thr  cause  nf  its  liiealizatinii  alsn  needs  in\i'stii;atinii  and  inni'e 
e.xaet  statistics  are  iei|iiisite  in  ni'dei'  In  deteniiine  |)i'n|ieily  the  liistmy  nf 
the  insect,  es|iecially  the  diiialinii  nf  its  several  stji^'cs  and  the  i|itestinn  nt' 
its  liilieiiialinn  in  the  chrysalis  state:  Iml  nf  nmst  interest  nf  all  wniild  he 
an  en(|iiiiy  Inin  the  incci^c  reiatini-  nfthc  iwn  fnrnis.  dryas  and  harn-ii.  In 
the  Iwn  hroiids  ;  a  ;Lfi'eat  iiiaiiy  further  statistics  mi  this  [inint.  tnade  in  dif- 
ferent phices.  ,'ii'e  hiiihly  dcsiriilile.      What  ili|iterntis  |iarasite  has  \t'' 

LIST  III'  ll.l.rsriiMlnW.     I'li/.yiiuM.S    rol/l/.i. 

/■•';'."' 


I'l.  li-t.  li'.;-.  I.H.     I'iaiii. 

lit.  21).     t  iiliiiiiii  of  viSfif, 
(.'nil  rjillhii: 
I'l.   :i,  litr.  .'W.    .Siili'  \  li'U  ,  I'oliin.l. 

7.'^:;H1.    Front  \ii'u  of  ln'inl  in  llii:il  sl;i::i 
Nl:l».    Ni'st. 

M(;:ll7.     |)i'niiala|i|ii'nilam'of  liii.|y,>ta.i:i'  I. 
I'/irnsiilis. 

IM,  s;i.  liii.  27.    Oillll f  lii'iiil  friiiiiln  fnnit. 

211,  :»l.    Ontlini'    of     nirsutlioraili' 

nilMI-rics. 

.M),  t'l.     .'<iili'  view,  roloiiil. 
47.     ."^Iili'  \i('\v,  iiiitliiii'. 
4H.     Iloisal  vii'W,  oiitlini'. 


|«|.  II. 


/lil((//o. 

1.  I'.  I'.ili'yiis  mail'.  Imlli  sm  fun',, 
!.  I'.  '■.  liarrisii  iiiali',  liotli  siirtacr-. 
I.     I'.   ■'.  ili'va^    fi'iiiali'.  liiHi'i'   xni- 

r.     I',  r.  liai'lisii    fiiiialr.  Imvcr    -lir- 


.'111:14.     iltilf  aliiliiiiiiii.'il  a|i{ii'nilii'.'rs. 
■■is.Uf.     ♦^niratioii. 
Ill  :  Id.    I'.r.  iliyas.oiillliiiliiii.l  uiiiL;-. 
•-'11.     I'.   '■.   Iiarrl.sil.uiiiliiii' liiiiil  u  iii'^'. 
Ill  III  nil, 
l'\.  iO,  t\g.  2.    Di'triliillioii  In  North  Anurii'a. 
w<:7.    (ilypta  rri'iidni,  11  )Miraslii'. 
'*'■> :  a.     I'li'ioiii.iliiii  vii((('ii|i|(i',  a  piiia.'-ite. 


344 


Tin;  liii  I  KiMi.iKs  (»i   \\:\\   knci.wh 


i!"=S>    :        ■      A'i 


l&' 


'  !-'V.,.' 


POLYGONIA   SATYRUS.  -The  wandering  comma. 

I' '«<■.«<(  sill  III  IIS  sin  ik.,  I  ;ii.   Am.  111:11  rn.  i'iii.>  i.nM  \  ^  \  n  I!  I  ■•  M  \l:^^  \s. 

'''!'••  '■"  '"*"**>■  liriiiihi  ,11,1,-siifis  l•;(h^..Tl■llll^.  Aiii.c  III 

U,■l,,,|„sl,l.,nls\■,\'.,..\W^.^■^\.,Vnu■u.  I,,,,..       y^^.  „,  ,,^-„       „„„     ^.     ^      ,|_      ,    ^.  .j^ 

''""^^'•-  lu-..ft.K(|ST.-„. 

.M.I1NH  svnrti  -  -Aniii^.  Siiniiilmlis  ni.iisiins  Kirli..  Syii.  I'lil.  I.c|... 

liiii/ilii  siiiiii-iis  K(l\v.,  Tniiis.  Am.  riil. '"''<  (1^71). 

II:  ;1T4  (IMflll);    Ittill.  N.   A.,  i.  |>l.  (iiiijilii  (I,  I'lilijilniiiii  iiiiirsiins  ricwM.,  \\\\\\.  \\i\\\.  ^m-. 

Il«>.  1-1  (INT-J);     II.  i:.l\\.,  !•;"■ ;iM    l.rji.,  ii:  mil.  v..  li :  •.'.•)i  ( Isr.). 

H-!l  (IMT:1).  ViIiii'ssii  siiti/i"^  ii'r.  /(/"/•.«.'/"...  Sin  rk.,  <  ill. 

Siliniiliiilis   siihii-iis  Kiili..  s\ii.  iMi.   |.(|i..       Am. -nili'ii.,  |;'.l  (IS7.S). 

WsilsTJi.  •,•   .MiiisMij.  is  iiiikiiiiwii  ill  III!' i'!i>l,  mill  l> 

I'li/ililiiiliii  silhliHs    s,.|ii|,l..    Itiill,    liiiii;  „,i-.  ilirn  liilc -ml  ill-.  1  lliril  liiiiiw. 

mil.  sc..il :  •J.'>2(l"<7.'>l. 

.\«  «  li.  II  /r|Ml>  1-  liii|« 
.\  lillli    Imr/i'  III  rn'i|i  1.1  luirli  ill.    lull- 
Df  i'lil'i-lr«-  Imllirllir.. 


Im;*i~.     HiiiIijiii  i'lii. 
ri'i'i'iii;liiniiN  ami  uliMni.dii'-  liiiir- 

*    t  I...    ..;.]...      ...;...,i...  I   .....1    ii. 


imago  1*  I .  II  lliml  luMTcii  Willi  Iniii;  li'i-nii;iiiniiN  ami  ulnaii.dii-  liair>. 
till'  liilliT  lu'rilciiniii.'iliim  aloiii;  llir  iiiiilillr.  llir  riiriiK'i'  lit  III!'  siiii'-..  niiiiixli'ij  iicM  iIk' 
oliliT  liii>r>  of  llir  . -nil  i-iiiiili'  Willi  \cllin\  liaii'»;  lirliiiKJ  lln'  cyo  a  I  riiiur  nl' iiiiMirli'il 
fcri'iiiiiimii-.  liii-kv  rrri'iiiiliinii»  aini  >i'llc.«  -rale-  Siilo  111'  |>al|ii  |i.'ili  luiil' mi  lln' 
liasal  liiilf  Willi  -I  .ilii'i-iMJ  rfi'i-ii^'iiinii^  liair-,  lluiijilral  juiiil  'iiirk  rmMiuiliiiiii-.  I'Mianl- 
iiii:  l)a..c»aril  ii.  .1  |iiii:iiir  aliiiiu  Hu  ii|i|ii'i- |iai-|  nl'  liir  iniililli'  j.iiiil  a>  far  a- I  lir  I'Vf. 
till'  ii|i|ii'r .  I'lliic  iu'ViTllii'lcs-  ImiiV.  ami  a  liiir  aluin:  llic  liircrini'  i-ili:c  uC  ilic  iriimr 
I'rn-ilirliinii- :  aMlciiiiac  hiark-liniuii  aliuvr.  Tcrlilv  llrrki'il  Willi  M'lilli'rcil.  iliill.  imli- 
scaUs.  iiaki'il  ami  li'«liii'i'iiM»  iilmiu:  IIh'  iiiiu'i' >lilr.  Iiniralli  wliilr  In  liiaiiirnlar  |ialrlir» 
il>  loiiL' a>  till' jiiliil-.  Iiaviiij' lli'ii' a|iiri'.- al  tlir  ll|i>.  nr  uiily  nil  lineal  liall.  I  lii' a|ili'al 
lilark-lirow  II :  iliili  lil.irk-lini«  II  alin\c.  hihit  aliiimlaiitly  ami  ilKtiiiclly  llcckcil  wllli 
yi'llnw.  wliiii'iiml  ri'i'nitfim'ii^  ~rali'«.  williiii  ami  linu'.'ilji  iiiiknl.  Iiriuiil  ra>laiiriiii>. 
all  111' till'  l.-i^l  lliirr  jiiiliN  iiaisi'il.  liili'oii-.  'roiiL'il.'  Ililri.ii-  ill  lia-i'.  willi  llir  -ii|c» 
inl'ii»ciiti'i|    liryomi  lil;icki>li  lali'i'ally 

'riii'iil\  iMivciTil  almvr  w  illi  >ilkv  (ili\  ar.iiii»  ami  :;rirMi-ii-u'i'ay  li;iii~.  lunral  ii  n  il  li 
iiil'iiilril  yi'lliiwi^li  wliili'  anil  pair  ri'irii^imiii^  liaii'~.  llir  lallrr  iirciliiiiiiiialiii::.  Knn- 
U'l;- Willi -iinilar  liair».  lull  aKii  rliil'.ii'il  Willi  vi'lvcty  lilai'k  »rali'>  ilnwii  liii'  iiiiiliiir 
aiiil  w  ilii  |iali'  1  mil' ami  «iUci'y  w  liili'  »i'a!i'»  mi  I  lir  .-iilo;    ntlu'i'  ri'iiioni  lirax  ily  I'lnllirii 

•■'"■■•■"■■■'■•' ...1  .1....1    ri.|-i-ii^im)ii~  ..(■■•lir-    il   rki'd  w  ilii   |ial>'   x'ali'.-   of   Mirimi* 

ii^i'il  Willi  a  liiii' 1)1  M'iluw  scales  alnnu'  liir  imvcr  iiim-r 
111  iiali-  liMir.  Siiim  ~.  -|iiii-^  ami  i'liiw~  .a^laiicoii-  llir 
ii-.laii<'iiii»  :    jiiih  illii-.   Iilark. 


Willi  iiiiimli'ii  lawny  ami  il.ark  I 
liiiN.  :iml   r«|u'i-iall.\  nl'li'ii  I'rii 
i'ilu:<':   liliiar   am!   lai'^l    iiiiirnrii 
last  iii'i'|ir>l  :   iiaiMiiyrlii.-i  |ialiii 


ciiu:"';   Ulnar   ami   iai»i   iiniinrin    iian-   nnii.     >|iim  ~.  -inir^   ami   riiiw~  ra^iancon-    iiir 
last  iirr|ir>l  :   iiai'i  niyrlii.-i  jialr  1  a-l  ann  iii»  :   inihilln-.  iilark. 

\Vim;>  aliiiv (' I'lillirr  liLtlil  I'lihini^  uraiiirr.  ilri'iiniiiiL' lnwanl  llir  lia^c.  iiiiirknl  with 
blark  ami  riix'iiiw  or  I'li^cii-l'rrnirinoii*.  Vm-v  wini!:>willi  llir  iipprr  iriirlimi  of  llir 
(iiilcr  iiiinlri'  sli^iilly  rdiifiivr.  llir  >iiIii'i)sImI  ilriilarnni  ili-linrlly  Ir*..  liiaii  i'rrlaii:.'nlar. 
thai  at  llir  tip  ol'  llir  Inwri'  iiinliaii  iirrv  illr  liarilly  lr..~  pnnirniriil .  siiinriiitir>  nut  inoi'r 
lliaii  i'rrtaii;;iilai-.  llir  wliiilr  milrr  iimi'i.'iil  ilUliMrlly  ri'rnnlali'.  Tlu'  iii.-lal  ri|i.'('  i« 
iiiili-linrlly  yrliiiw.  rallirr  iiircni»pirmin>ly  iiilriTiiplril  wiiii  liiark  mi  llir  lia^-ai  iialf. 
Ill  Ihr  rrll  ami  llir  intri'-pacr>  lirlnw  il  arr  Iilark  ~|mi|^.  wiiirli  r\arlly  rrpral  lini^r  nl' 
r  rmnnia.  r\rr|ililiu  llm-r  ul'  liir  l.iwri'  inrilian  inlri~p;irr.  llir  outrr  ul'  w  iiirii  is 
ii-nally  rrrlaiitrnlai'  In  funn.  ami  llir  iinirr.  at  llir  r.Micnir  liasr.  liii'jtor  ami  nmrr  ilis- 
tiiirl  lliaii  III  rmniiia.  wlnrr  il  nl'lni  is  aliimst  alisriil;  lirrr  it  is  sniiirliino  alinnsl  iis 
liirirr  as  llial  lirluwil.  'I'lir  miirr  ilai'k  niarirlii  is  prrrl>rly  as  in  roinnia.  rxrrpliim 
tliMl  it  is  iirai'ly  iiliscni'ril  by  arayisli  lirlnw  tlir  Inwrr  inrillnn  iiri'viilr.  or  at  Iriisi 
lirlnw  ili(.   iiiiildlr  of  llir   nirilio-siiliiiiriiiaii    iiiliTspacr.     'I'lir  iiiarkliiirs  al  llir  aprx  of 


lirlnw   I  lir    iiiiildlr   of   llir    lilril 
tin   « in^s.  williiii  Ihr  ilark  Imr 


I  by  arayisli  brlow   tlir  lowrr  inrillnn   iiri'viilr.  or  at  Inisi 

nirdio-siibiiiriiiaii    iiilrrspacr.     'I'lir  iiiarkliiirs  al  Ihr  aprx  of 

k  liorilrr.  ai'r  aUn  r\;irlly   as   ill    rmiiina.  rxrr|iliiiu    llial    Ihr 


:fe,i 


NV.MI'IIALlNAi;:    i'<  »l,V(i<  >Ma   ^ATVKls. 


34  o 


IiiiikI  ili'iii'iKliili.'  fniiii  till'  riotii.  iiiIiUmiv  lii'tWiTil  llir  ii|ir\  of  llir  ri'll  iniil  llii'  tip  of 
till'  «  llii;.  1-  illirkcr  ri'l'l'llu'llioll-.  iIitIiIimIIv  I  hsi-diis  hi-  even  lilllcki'll.  <  'II  llif  liiWiT  liillf 
III'  llir  willt;  lllCIV  lll'i'  ■xilllrlillli'^  no  llllll'killi:-<  Jll-I  nitllill  tllr  lioi'ili'l-.  i'\i'i'|ltlim  II 
ilii«K>  iiiorr  iif  li-i>  r<'iiiiiiiiioii>.  triiiiiiiuliii- >|iot  « itii  liliiiii  il  I'lljio.  in  tin'  nililiUi- of 
till-  oiitrf  Imir  o|'  till'  iiiiMllii-Hiiliiiii'iliiiii  iiiirr-imcc.  iiml  I'liliit  Iriiiiiiiiiliir  Inniili-  -i'iiIimI 
on  till- iliirk  iniiriihi.  ^I'lirt  riy  (iiiIit  llitm  tin-  (jroiiinl:  lint  tlii'sc  Ininili'-.  arr  lally 
(lUliiirllN  inilcr.  mill  rollowiiii;  tlii'iii  on  tin  iiiiiiT  >iilc  iIhti-  iii'i'  ol'trii  ^onic  ijirp  i  in- 
aliioii^  il(iklin:>.  fonnlnu;.  Willi  till' ilii-ky -.iml  l)i'lii«    ii  I'l'i'riininoiis  ilmiii,       !•      ifil 

till'  lui'i'  111  till'  \\  in«  tlir  oninirc  li nii'»  iiiiirli  iIit|iit  am.  wiiniifr.  iiinl  at  lln-  fxi  nine 

lia>r  i^  sMinrwInit  liifn-nili'il :  iiloni!  llir  Iovm'c  nitiri;ln  It  l<  iiiorr  or  Ii'-.k  iil>~rni'ril  liy 
ijfayi'li  I'liscoii^  ;  rrln;;r  u»  In  ('oniiiia.  Ilimi  n-i/ci.^  wllli  tin'  outer  horili-r  (•oii-liliTiihly 
il'iiiiilali'.  tlir  ili'iilalioii  of  ijic  ii|i|M'i'  ini'illaii  n.  Mviilr  twirr  a>  lony;  ii>  Inoail.  >rnii'ily 

laprrliiL'.  loiiniU'il  al  tin'  ll|i.  i'«|i(rially  at  tin'  ii|<| ■riicr:  tli -.tal  iirojcrtlmi  roii- 

>i«lrnililr.  >tf(inurly  i-oinnli'il ;  llir  ii|i|M'|' >iilirii..|al  c  iM-liinirnlar.  'I'lirtM'  illstliicl  lilark 
•t|)i>l-  in  llir  l>a»al  liiilf  ol   lliew-    ,- :  oni'  an  olilii|tir.   lraii-^\  i'r«r  liiir  ili'iiiMitliiiir  frotii 


tlir  iniilillr  of  till' I'o^ia  aii'l  i'i'ii< 


III!'    niliiiili'  >nlMi>%lal  iicrviili'.   I'hIIowimI    iiliovi! 


liy  II  »li^lilly  paler  lint  to  tlie  win:;;  iin  oliii'inely  lian-\ei->e  liai'  at  the  extreme 
lia-eoC  the  lo«er  »iil)eii»iiil  anil  upper  Inill'  oi  ilie  ^iilieo>to-ineilliin  inter^paee.  par- 
allel In  llie  llrst.inul  ivllli  It-  outer  iiiiiriiin  -oini'liine-  alnio-t  eonli'iiion-  «j|li  ilie 
inner  niaririii  ol  tie  ilr-l.  lint  oriliimrllv  reiinneil  linvard  by  liiill' it- « iillli ;  tlie  tliinl 
a  triaiii:iilar  pateli  :ii  llie  extreine  lia-i nt'  tlie  upper  inei'.ian  inter-paee.  oeea-ionally 
lolloweil  towaril  tlie  iia-e  liy  an  oli-elll'  irriliiv  exlensn  n  wlliell  lo-e-  it-elf  in  llie  eon- 
-lileralile  iiiril-eatioM  of  ilie  l>a-e  of  II,  wiilir.  Tlie  onler  inai'iriii  of  tin' « in;:  lia- a 
(lark  lini'ler  of  the  -aiiie  \\  Idili  ;i- that  of  llie  en  i.i|  imirL'in.  ileepe-l  williin.  lint  not 
nearly  -o  Mark  a-  on  the  fore  wiiu'-.  lieini:  in-eo-feiriiitiiion-  al  ilarkesi  ami  -onieiiine- 
nierelv  ferriiifinoii-.  it-  onler  half  moii'  or  le—  oli-eiireil  l>y  irray  or  pale  lauiiy :  it  i- 
followeil  wilhiii.  in  the  liea\ie-i.  iii.irkeil  -peeimen-.  Iiv  a  -iinlhii'  lull  more  eloinlv  belt 
niiileil  uitli  il  at  the  en-tal  exlremin  ami  -epaniteil  liom  it  liy  a  -orie-  of  lateiiill\ 
einiiieeieil.  ill-ilellneil.  paie  hiniile-.  :;enerail\  I'learer  llian  llie  iirouml  eojor  of  the  wiin;. 
-ninetiine- reilneeil  to  -mall,  pale  -pot>.  roumli-li  in  ilir  upper,  Iranvei-e  in  the  loner 
liiilf  of  the  uiii!.';    friiiLte  nnieh  a-  in  fore  \\\\i!i. 

lieneaili.  \aryiii:f  i  rom  .' irk  to  liiilil  limwn  on  llie  lia-al  half,  more  ..r  le—  a-lieii 
;;ray .  e-peeialiy  in  t  lie  j  .  oi  the  onler  half.  I  he  wliole  often  I  iiii;eil  -InMiiily  in  tlie  ^ 
with  ilnll  oli\aei.nii-  /■'i.ci  ./•iik/s  wiHi  the  position  of  the  markiiin-  .mil  llieir  ueneral 
lone  anil  \alne  prei  i-ely  a-  in  em. una  :  the  -exe-  ilillerimi  al-o  a-  there  i.  exeeplinir  Ih.'il 
llie  linear  -Ireaks  in  Hie  eell  are  mure  ileeiiledly  lom;itiiiliiial.  alinnsl  eoniplel(>ly  parallel 
to  I  he  •iiheo«ital  iierviire.  with  -eareely  any  oliliiniily.  the  lower  of  the  two  onler  oiie- 
iiiinnii'Kiiu'il  ami  imiep.  iiileiit,  ufleii  oli-enre  and  nearly  twice  a- loiii;  a- the  other-. 
The  -«ine  i-  Inie  of  He  hiiiil  iriiiijH.  Iiii-liidiiii;  Hie  eenlral  -iiverv  eomiiia.  the  only  di  — 
tiiietioii  lyiiia  ill  the  h'--  vivi.l  variegation  of  Hie  eoloiir-  in  -alyrii-  Hie  more  di-tiii''Hy 
lilaek-ei|i;ed  maririii  of  tlie  ba-al  Meld  ami  in  the  J  Hie  more  frei|iieiii  and  pervadim; 
yellow  itroiiml  lint-. 

Alidoinen  aliove  hlaek  w  illi  i.iw  iiy  -eali  and  hair-  ;  ln'iiealli  of  Hie  pri\  ailiiiu'  tnne  nf 
the  iimler  siirfaee  of  the  w  inii-.  Appemlai-e-  of  llii'  male  (33  ::'.L'  i  :  upper  orijan  exactly 
a-  in  eoiiima:  ila-p-  fully  Iw  iee  as  liroad  a-  Imii;.  liroade-l  lieloAv.  the  aiiirle-  well 
ronmled,  the  upper  posterior  aiiirle  produced  to  a  small.  triaiii;n la r.  incurved  lolie.  almost 
pointed  at  Hie  tip;  lia-al  prnee— of  upper  niaruiu  \ cry -iiiiilar  lo  that  of  c-oinma  Iml 
il- apical  half  lieiil  do\\  iiw.inl  al  .'i  -irnii^i'i- aiiLrle. 


MriiHtircnieiil^  in  milliiiieliM> 


l.eiifilli  of  Icil'e   wind's 

anieiiiiae 

Iiiiiil  tililae  and  tarsi. . 
tore  tililiie  ami  tar.-i. . 


MALEH. 


VEMALKS. 


Snialle-l.    Average.    Larirest. !   .-Imallesl.    Average.    Lartti'st. 

•2(1. 


11.11 
ii.;i 


•JT.ii 


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I!..-. 


Iteserilieil  frnm  '<'  -JV. 


28. 
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'lllK   liri'll'.HM.II'.S   OI'   Ni;\V    KNCI.AM). 


Suffused  variety  ( (ii-n/iln  //(.//•.<..«(.<  i-nr.  Kchv..  lint  I.  N.  .\..  ii.  pi.  (ii-;i|il!i  :i.  [\>j:>.  ."..  li). 
Ml'.  Ki|\viM'(N  llunri/s  !i  -^iiII'iisimI  oxiiiiiiilc  riiixMl  liy  Mr.  Hanm.  ol'  N';\viirrii.  Ciil.  Tlic 
iipiicr  siirfiici  slidws  nil  t  i(>  ilai-k  s|p(it>  of  the  dKc  of  the  wiiiirs  run  loirilluT  .'iiicl 
lu'cloiiiicil.  lli.'il  (III  till'  rout  '.villi!:-.;  with  11  cciitnil  riihoiis  puti'li:  wliili' tlic  ijurk  iiitir- 
i;iii  is  hi-dMiji'iii-il  mill  'iIno  iii'cliiiiilcil.  m  li'ii>l,  mi  llii>  I'l-mil  uiii5;>.  Hi'iiriith.  iln' 
I'l'iii;!  Aviiii;-  liiivc  :i  ,  iry  liroiid.  piilcr  billlil  piiriillrl  In  'lii>  uciici'ii!  (•(iiii'm  i,(  ihc 
iiiiirr 'iinviriii.  .iiiil  iiiiirc  (ir  less  .-iliot -witli  siiiiiky  hriiwii.  iiml  iluvkii'  pnrts  li  ymiil  tlir 
Imiids.  ilccpt'sl  next  tile  litiiiil,  lis  till' liiiiiil  i- iiNo  li^lili-,1  mi  ilic  iiini'yiiis.  'riic  liiml 
MiiiiTs  iii'i'  iiliiKisl  iii'.iriu'iii  Willi  fiiiiil  iiiiii'liliiin-  niiil  lii'iiiidly  inriiscnlcd  vciii~.  Ilw  Iniii-- 
vi'i'sc  sii'i'tiks  liciiiir  (|iii||.  (ilililcrati'd.     Tin'  di-rjil  silvery  spnt  is  miniiiil. 

Caterpillar,  /.uni  .ilm/r  (7i  ■.•.',:',).  jlcnd  lilnck.  .iiifinhii'.  with  ii  -piny  tiibcrclc  :it 
cncli  (if  till.'  upper  niiifli's;  hcK'y  black,  willi  ii  liniiiil.  4rri'eiiisli  while,  dnrsal  stripe.  \\  liieli 
(111  the  aiiterifir  seirMieiils  Is  elmided  with  black;  (Hi  each  ■•euiiieiil.  mi  this  stripe,  i-  a 
line  V-sliaped.  black  mark,  haviiiir  its  aimle  at  the  dnrsal  -pine  an  iiifrastluiinatal 
•jreenisli  while  line.  Dni'sal.  latpi't  dorsal,  and  liii'rasrnrinalal  spines  irreenisii  while : 
liHerostii;iiialal  spines  black  :  the  spiniiles  of  all  tlii^  s)iiiics  emieoloi'mis.  exi'cptinniliat 
tliose  near  the  tip  of  the  pale  spines  are  blackisli  (adapted  from  Strctclii. 

Mr.   H.   I'Idwards  found  in  ('alil'uniia  little   variation  in  tlie  ealerpillar.   •■  the  inark- 

inirs  .  .  .  beiim  remarkably  constanl   in  every  iii-taiice."      Mr.  Mead,  mi  tl niliary. 

round    niiicli  variation  in  Colorado. 

Chrysalis  t83  :  1 1.  12).  ■■  Kawii  colored,  witli  a  few  darker  uiiirkinirs  irreirnhirly 
placed"  (II.  ICdwariN).  especially  next  the  inner  iiiiir};iiis  of  tluMvinji-  cover-,  and  on 
the  abdonicn:  the  base  of  the\viny:s  i>  smiietinies  obscurely  darker  than  the  I  ip,  1  lie 
twii  separated  by  an  obi h pie  line  cxteiidiiiir  from  I  lie  apical  wiiiir  Inlicrcle  to  the  middle 
of  the  anlcnnae,  the  surface  beinu;  sli'xhtly  aiiLrnhiled  iilmiu'  tliis  line;  on  the  abdoinei, 
a  distinct,  dark,  soinelinies  black,  sliyniiital  band,  bounded  ;iliove  by  the  upper  ediii'- 
(if  the  stiirniata.  below  by  the  infriistiiimatal  tubercles,  darkest  below  and  in  its  emi- 
tiiiiiation  on  the  sides  of  the  creiinister;  a  sloniler.  clearer,  dorsal  line,  and  from  llie 
fourth  sequent  backward  a  series  of  cloitdetl  oliliciiii^  stripes  from  the  laterodm-al 
tiibofcles  baekwai'd  and  inward  ;  the  tiiis  of  these  tubercles  ami  all  the  siipi'iistlsmatal 
series  [inler  than  the  Ki'oimd  ;  the  nietiitlKiraeu;  and  llrsttwo  abdominal  tubcn.'lcs  of  the 
Interodorsal  scries  "  silver,  tlii^  posterior  with  a  truce  of  irolil  "  (II.  Kdwards) ;  mcsoiio- 
tal  tul)ercle  liiirh.  compressed,  fully  as  liiifli  as  broad,  nearly  as  hiirli  anteriorly  a- 
liosteriorly,  and  -liaped  irenerally  miKdi  as  in  interroiiationis.  l-"mirtli  abdomimd 
laterodoi'sal  tubercles  rciriilarly  eoiiical,  abmit  as  liisrii  as  broad,  much  lariier  than  ilie 
others.  Oeellar  tubercles  conical,  the  curve  of  tlieir  separation  exactly  as  in  iiiterro- 
jintioni-.     Length.  'Jl  mm;   heiiilil  at  mesoiKit;;]  tubercle,  s..")  mm. 

Distribution  (20:1).  I'ln'  Imhuc  of  this  litittcrHy  is  in  tlie  west, 
wln'fo  it  I'iiiio't's  tlii'iiiioli  till' ( '(ii'dillcriis  tVniti  (Vdw's  .W'.st  ((ii'ddos)  in 
till'  iiijrtli  to  New  .Mi'xico  (  I'Mwiirils )  in  tlio  soutii,  mid  ti'diii  tiic  ciistcni 
footliills. — Ck'iir  (  f('('l<  and  I'liitti'  Ciinoiis,  Col.  (Snow) — to  tKc  I'luific  : 
idoiio;  tliisi  coiist  it  is  rt'cofdcd  t'roiii  Sniitii  C'Inrii  Co.  ( Stri'tcli )  iiiitl  .Min- 
dociiio  Co.,  Ciil.  (l)Hfon.  ISntlci')  to  Ori'o-oii  tind  Stiii  Jnan  iiiid  N'iiiicon- 
ver't"  Islands  (II.  Kdwiii'ds).  ^^'itlnn  recent  years  it  lias  heen  diseoNcred 
also  ill  tiie  I'fist.  Hi'.st  liy  T.  L.  .Metid,  who  recooni/ed  it  at  sio-ht  iVoni  his 
ite(|iiaint;inee  with  it  in  ( 'olorado,  and  w  ho  e!i|)tnfed  a  |iaii' of  sjieeiniens 
(the  only  ones  .seen  in  it  inontirs  eolleetiny)  in  .Inly,  1)^74.  tit  CanieiMii 
Luke,  ii  little  north  of  l*ort  Hope,  Ont.  ;  next  ti  eoiiple  were  raised  liy 
C.  ^\'.  I'l'ai'son  in  ,Iiine,  \xl'),  from  ('aterpilliiris  taken  tit  Chiiteiinoiiay 
HuKiii,  fifteen  miles  sotttli  of  Montreal,  where  .1.  (i.  .liiek  htiH  t<inee  ttdien 
a  speeimeii  :   Mr.  Fletcher  hits  iilso  found  it  at  Ottawa,  tind  lat-tly  a  !<inole 


NYMI'IIALINAK:    l'()I.Y(;<>NI.\    "-ATVHIS. 


847 


iiijilc  wiis  toMinl  Ity  W.  W,  Hill  at  Fciitim,-,  licw  is  Co.,  X.  V.  in  Aii"-iist, 
I'STli.  N(i  ii(I(Iiti(in!il  ciiptiirfs  liiivo  hecn  ri'iioitod  witliin  tlio  last  ten 
vcarti.  l)oul)tloss  it  iimst  occur  in  niiicli  of  tlic  intcrveninix  reiiion,  nroli- 
al)ly  aloiifi'  tlic  north  f^liorc  of  Lake  Superior  and  the  son.thern  l)onn(Iary  of 
the  Dominion  of  ( 'anada. 

It.'  discovery  hy  Mr.  I'eai'son  is  tlie  oidy  warrant  for  its  ii  . rodiiction  at 
tliis  phice.  It  will  jirol)al)ly  l)e  found  witliin  the  territorial  limits  of  New 
Enji'land. 

Food  plant.  The  cater|iill!ir  feeds  on  the  stinuini;-  nettle,  on  wliii'h  it 
has  heen  found  hoth  on  the  Pacific  coast  (Stretch,  II.  Edwards)  and  in 
Canada  (l'earso)i).  Mr.  \V.  II.  Kdwards  wi'ites  that  it  has  also  heen 
taken  on  Azalea.  Mr.  Kdwards  has  shown  me  a  drawini;-  hv  Mr.  Uari/i 
indi<'atinif  that  tlie  catcrjiiilar  draws  the  lea\es  of  nettle  toi.;'ether  as 
1'.  comina  do(>s.  and  prohahly  hy  tiie  same  nietliods. 

History,  etc.  'lie  data  for  any  histoi'y  of  this  insect  are  verv  mea<>re. 
A\'e  only  know  that  the  catiTp'Ilar  is  to  he  found  in  dune,  the  huttertlv  in 
duly,  and  that  the  chrysalis  state  lasts  at  tiiis  season  ahout  a  fortiu^ht,  the 
caterpillars  reared  hy  Mr.  If.  Kdw.ards  on  the  I'aciHc  coast  chanuinii'  to 
ehrysalids  hetween  dune  20  and  2li.  and  emei'uini;'  duly  4-l.S:  while  the 
caterpillars  ohtained  liy  .Mr.  Pearson  near  Montreal,  ciianijcd  .Iidv  1.  and 
the  hnttcrtlies  cmcru'cil  July  IH-la.  The  only  dates  of  cajitiu'c  oi'  the 
hutterily  are  A[)ril  2  in  California  (O.sten  .Sacken  ) ,  ,lnne  21  in  Colorado 
(Mead),  duly  !>  and  2\  in  I'tah  (  Putnam.  Packard),  duly  22  in  Ontario 
(Mead)  and  .\nausr  1  in  New  Vork  (Hill).  A\'hether  the  insect  is  siuiile 
or  donhle  hrooded  is  therefore  altogether  uncertain,  the  ahsenci  of  dates  of 
a  second  hrood  in  no  way  dis[)roving  it,  sin(;e  the  hutterHy  uuist  c<')-taiiilv  he 
on  the  winu'  at  tiie  season  at  which  a  sim'oikI  lirood  should  appear.  The 
liuttertly  uudouhtedly  hil)ernates,  as  ( )sten  Sackeu"s  capture  shows.  The 
dimor|ihism  of  the  species  wa-s  .sujiji-csted  hy  me  as  ••xcry  likelv"  in  INT."), 
and  pro\('n  hy  the  hreeding  ex|)eriments  of  .Mr.  ().  T.  Marou  of  California 
(  Kdw.  P.utt.  N.  A.,  ii.  Craiita  ;i  p.  [4]).  Mr.  Kdwards  had  urn-ed 
against  it  that  the  two  forms  did  no;  Hy  owv  the  same  lerritorv,  ,'uid  iuileed 
until  now  P.  s.  marsyas  is  known  only  from  the  Pacitic  coast.  No  account 
has  therefore  heen  uivcn  of  it  here,  as  it  is  not  impossihlc  that  it  is  con- 
fined to  that  rejiion.  The  liuttertly  Hies  in  company  with  its  coni'-cncrs, 
in  the  west  with  ^iienus.  in  the  east  with  |)rogne  and  faunus.  The  only 
notice  of  iis  Hiuht  is  hy  Mr.  .Mead,  who  .says  his  Ontario  siiceimens  were 
taken  at  a  patcii  of  milk-weed,  mid  that  after  the  Hrst  w;'.-  secured  the 
other  was  very  wild.  ••  freipieiuly  llyino-  far  iiUo  the  W(i(.4.v.  and  then  after 
a  few  moments  returnini;-  to  the  patcli   of  milk-weeds. 

Ptoromalns  pupartim  (89:  I.  2. )  lias  heen  rtused  from  this  in.sect,  accord- 
ing- to  Mr.  W.  II.    Kdwards. 

Desiderata.      In  New    iMighmd  search  should  he  made  for  this  liulterH\ 


<^' 


<_-> 


..>^n 


>y^ 


.   XI 


..^i 


I;  ■'   -i  ■ 


¥1 


348 


I'ln-:   lU'lTKUI-f.IKS   Ol-    XKW    KXCl.AXI). 


ill  tlic  nortli.  It  is  t>[)('('iiilly  prohiiMy  tliiit  if  will  lie  t'omid  in  tlic  A\  liitc 
Mountniii  distiii't.  The  lii^toiy  (if  tlic  Inittci'Hy  iit'tcr  .Inly  is  an  iilisolntc 
lilankiit  prt'si'iit.  mid  we  know  notliinir  of  tlic  c.iro-,  or  tlic  liirvid  luiliits,  iiiid 
sciircidy  aiiytliinjr  of  any  distin>'tivc  |ic(Miliaritics  of  the  hnttcrHy.  A 
knowledge  of  its  ranii'c  in  the  niiildic  of  North  Amci'ica  (noi'tiiof  our  line, 
ppohalily)    is  hiiihiy  dcsirahlc. 

LIST  i)F  II.I.rsTUATIiiSS.-  l'<)I.Y(,i)\l.\    SATYL'I'S. 


ft* 


Pluto  74,  liL'.  :i:!.     .Mostly  doi-^nl  view. 

('hnjmilis. 
l>laloS;i.  liir.  41.     Side  view. 

42.     Fi'iiiil  view  ill  uiitlliii' 


lilliKIH, 

I'liilr  14,  lii;'.  1.     Miilr.  ImMIi  siirl'in'cs. 

1  i.     I''i'iiiiik'.  iiiiiliT  siirf;iiM\ 
."i:i:.'U.     .Male,  ;iliili'niiiiiila|]|)fn(liiL:i->. 
liiiii'val. 
I'lali'  20.  liu-,  I     DIslriliiitiuii  in  Xiirtli  AiiiiTii-a. 


•  X- 


Clicri'    11    (|if(i:riic). 

AiUciniiif  ii>iiallv  witli  :\x  joints  (I'iUimis  41)  ;  siil)co>lal  clciitiil.inii  of  iiiiii'giii  ol'  liiinl 
w  iiiirs  vi'v  |)f(miineiit.  Hirsrs  aciiorally  Initl  siiiicly  "n  tt|)|n.'i'  siii'l'iices  of  leaves.  Miii'k- 
iiisrs  (if  cati'i'iiilliirs  neiierallv  (Usposod  in  dorsal  tims'^i's  m-  l)l(itclii's;  always  liviii;; 
solitary  ami  exposi'tl  im  niKlcr  sui'fai'cs  oC  leaver.  ('hrys;ili>  with  ocellar  tiilicrrlcs 
siilicyliiulfical.  (ibliqiuMy  tniiiealc.  Ilic  latefoilorsal  tiilicrcli-  ol'  ruiuMli  uliclciiiiiiial  -i^^- 
iiifiil  not   strikingly  larui'r  than  tlir  others. 

Si'i;(  ii;s  :  faunus,  gracilis,  progne. 

POLYGONIA  FAUNUS.— The  green  comma. 

[Till'  .^'iTcii    oiininia  ((iossr);  the  I'iiinainon   linttrrlly  (Itus..);  i;riM'ii-l)iinili'il  njiiiiiia  Imtli'illy 

(Maynanl)]." 

(^rojitd /aiiinin  Kihv.,  I'rur.  Ariiil.  nat.  si'.  /'(;/;/;/'</(/(/,•'((««».<  !?i'iii|il.,Sysl.  rev.  Amor. 

I'liilail.,lSia:-J22-22;i(l.sii2);  I'ru.'.  l';iilu]ii.si>o.  Iiiitt.,    Id  (ls72);  Kiltl.,   lai-l.lT,  ll,!;>.  .■)4.   |-20 

I'hilail.,   i:    llS-2-lvS+    (1S(12);    null.    X.  A.,   i.  (18!Sl). 

Graiila  I,  lius.  1-4  (ISTO);  Can.  onl..  xix  ;  ;i-4  (!i'<t)it(t  iiCKinr't    (Iokso,  (an.    mil..  !H1.  27S 

(18.S7) ;— l.inln.,  I'l-iio.  Kntuni.  soo.  I'hilail..  iii :  (IS4il). 

ri7(is04)  ;— Caiiil'..  Can. out.,  vii :  4!l-.'iO  (]N7r)):  iira/'ld  ■  ■iir;ii-iitfiiiii.    liolt.  Trans.  Nuva  Sr. 

—  Fri'iii'h,  lii'ii.  ins.  111..  \li.  iri2  (IS7S):  Jiiitl.  inst.  nat.  so,  ii:!l(Mll  (IWiS'r). 

oast.   r..S..  1Si7-lSf<.  tij;-.  ."i2  (issii) :  ~  .Miildl,.  Vmii'Ksd  (--((//-(//k  Sli'ook.,  (Jal.  .\iii.  imioru- 

Uop.  ins.  I1I..X:  N4  (IH8II;— Korii..  Ihitl.  .Mo.,  lop..  I2!I-1;J0  (1S7W). 

54-J5,  ti-s.  17-ls  (1,SS4);— .Mayn..  Hntl.  .',■.(•:.,  I'liplhn AMi..  Draw.   ins.  (ia.    liiit. 

i;i,  pi.  2.  tt's.   14.  14a  (ISSO).  iiiiis.,  vi ::!!).  IIl'.  !I. 

r((ji('.s.s'i/ /i(i(((Hs' Kirli.,.Syii.  oiital.  I.op.,  ls2  Figiirod  liy  (ilovor,  III.  N.   A.  I,i'|i..  pi.  .'W. 

(1X71)  liu-.  12,  iiio.i. 

XllKi/i/iKlin  I'll  II II  Its   Kii'li.,  .Syii.  oalal.  Lop..  [Not  I'ap.  pniL'iio  (  rain.,  nor  (i  rapt  a  o-arjioii- 

(o4>5  (1^'71;.  tonni  Kirh.,  iioi-  I'ap.  o-allpiim  l.iiin.] 

Voioi  li'  papilliiii  Kaiiiio 
Xoir  ot  jaiino 

(il',KAlll>   DK   NKHV.XI.. 

Imago  (3:2.11;  14:.">).  lload  oovored  aliovo  boliind  tlio  anteiinao  with  olivacooiis 
hairs;  in  I'l'oiil  with  initi'.dod  lilaok,  wliitisli  and  dusky  rernittiiioiis  onos;  oiitsldoof  the 
liaso  of  tho  aiitoniiao  a  sli'jhl  tnl't  of  yoUowlsh  wlilto  hairs:  the  sides  of  the  head 
liohiiid  the  eye  willi  niiiiijli  "  whitish,  very  pale  olivaoeotis  and  dusky  seales :  palpi  on 
basal  half  of  mitor  side  dull  white,  very  iirotlily  varieiiated  with  scattered  blaok  and 
dark   rorrnuiiioiis  scales,  the  latt(;r  beeoiiiiiig  more   rrei|Hoiil  toward  th(^  mi'ldle  and 


iix 


m 


N'YMI'IIAI.INAK:    l'(  H.VCi  t\l  A    lAIM'S. 


r,49 


:iliiiii»l  I'Xcl  II  lively  lllliiiL;  till'  ;i|iic;il  liiill'  '<{  I  hi'  |>Ml|)n^.  ■-■)iiic'liiiii-.  :iiiil  i'~|M'i'iallv  in  I  In' 
r{  ~(i  >triiiii;ly  iiirii~(Mii'i|  ,i>  in  iir  iii;irly  lil.'ick  :  i  he  -;ii|ii'i-iipr  I'l'iiiur  ni'  I  hf  miililli'  .jimmI 
K  lil.'icl;i>>li.  while  ;il  liir  .'ipi'X  :  llic  in I'l'i-inr  Iriiiuc  i-  wliili'.  lull  liniciLlli  cxlci'ini'ly 
llii'i-c  i>  :i  line  nl'  lil:icl<  -i';ili'~  wliii'li  -.ur|i;i--<  ilic  w  hiir  nnc^  ;i  lilllc:  ilir  lon^.  ^I'.-illiTcil 
liaii'^  (III  III!'  -iili'*  (if  llii'  |iiil|iii^  iii'i'  rcmi^iiKiu-.  \iilciiiiiii'  hl:iclNi-.|i  mIhivc,  iiaki'd  iiiwl 
liilc'iiii-  iu'iiiallL  iiiwai'illy;  rvicrioi'ly  wllli  a  iiai-i'nw.  (•iiiiliiiiiniis  >.trl|K?  of  pun' 
wliilf.  cxpaiiilinu  Inuanl  lln'  ii|i|i('V  -iirriirc  on  Ilic  liaMil  linlT  nl"  I'iicli  jciiiil :  clnli 
similar  to  Ilic  >talk.  Iml  nnirr  i>v  lo^  tlci-kcd  willi  while  al  Ihe  hiKe.  lieiiealh  immcIi 
iiirn^caUMl  and  with  Hie  apieal  'J-l  joinls  inure  m-  li-  -  cnn^pieiinii-.ly  Intecin--.  Ihnii:;li 
sirnii'linie-.  xnni'wlial  inl'ii^ealed  al  l.lieir  ha^e-.  Tniiuiie  iiilen-rn^coiis.  Uilenn^  al  Ija-e 
and  li|i.  I  111'  sidi's  everywhere  lilaekish.  exeepnni;  al  lip. 

TliDrax  ciivered  ahciM'  willi  ^reeni>li  la\\ii\  hair'^.  luau'Mlh  wjih  In )avy  lipped, 
hrownlsh.  vinrni>  liair-.  \\illi  a  few  inleniiiiiL:led  Imary  uin-^.  P'ore  leirs  witli  a  broiiil. 
Iiliick  >lrip('  down  Ih^  frniii.  iiai'i'owly  edi;ed  on  llie  cnilrr  side  and  ci<'ea>i(inally  a  very 
llltlc  <ni  the  luiiiM' Willi  wliitisji  (ir  v<'ry  pale  yellowish;  I  he  laleral  I'riiiire  of  iiiinirled 
hoarv  and  vinous  liairs :  feiiiora  id'  oilier  Icms  lilaekish.  eoiispieiioiisly  lleeked.  espec- 
ially rm  llie  iip|)er  haH'.  with  wliilish  or  yellowish  scales,  jii^t  licl'orc  the  exlri'ine  lip 
annulate  Willi  yellowish:  rest  of  leirs  very  pale  hntr  or  pale  clay  hrown.  the  extreme 
liase  oC  tibiae  slij^htly  blackish  al  base:  spines  ihirk  eastiineons,  darkest  on  the  libi;ii'; 
spurs  liilen-castanooiis.  becoiiiinu;  d:irk  reddish  al  lip:  elaws  ;(nd  paronyehiii  nearly 
iinlforin  dark  eastaneons.  the  former  blaekisli  ;il  lip:    pnlvilliis  black. 

Wiliirs  above  bri^lit  I'lilvinis  (n'tiime.  considerably  liii^red,  espcci;illy  <ni  b:isal  lialf. 
witli  eimnimimcoiis  in  the  ^.  paler  ;ind  washi'd  with  ochraccoiis  in  ilic  $.  Fun  //•///;/.< 
with  tile  upper  portion  <d' the  outer  border  s|it;litly  coiieji'-c  llie  dcnl:iHini  nearly  rec- 
l:ini;iihir;  llial  :il  lip  ol' lower  median  nerviile  r:illier  prominenl.  well  roimdi'd :  onler 
margin  siroimly  creimlate.  Thed:irU  m!i;'kinL;s  ol'  ilic  Tore  wiiiirs  are  loc:ited  precisely 
as  in  r.  eomiiKi.  bnl  Ihey  ari'  soni.liincs  :i  little  heavier,  llie  Iwo  s|iii|>  in  the  cell  ircii- 
crjilly  loiicli  etiidi  oilier  and  are  -■  iiielimes  sli^litiy  bleiich'd:  the  darker  markings  id' 
llie  onler  JKiir  of  Ihe  uinii'  are  liiiired  more  or  less  dislinelly  with  :i  dark  iiniroon 
brown,  ol'li'ii  slijihlly  obscured  by  a  cinnamoiieoiis  or  ruddy  line:  Ihe  exlremi'  onler 
border,  especially  in  tlie  remale.  is  iismdly  very  narrowly  edireil  with  ;;  irrayish  bloom 
ol'  dull.  pale,  din^y.  <freeiiisli  scales:  rriiiiie  blackish  brown,  i  ilerriipled  broailly  with 
while  in  the  iiiterspaces.  Iliiiil  irimif:  i61:LMi  Willi  Ihe  costal  liorder  more  sinuate 
than  in  tiie  other  spi'cics.  Hie  onier  border  sirmi^iiy  ercnnlale,  Ihe  tail  of  Hie  upper 
inediaii  norvnie  s(miewlial  lousier  Hiaii  bro:id.  broader  al  lip  than  :il  base:  Ihe  projec- 
I  ion  at  Ihe  tip  of  the  upper  ^nbeoslal  ncrvnle  l:iri;e  :iiid  bro:id.  ini'lndlnir  Ihe  iniddii' 
-nlicosial  nervnie,  crcnnhiti  al  lip:  Hi;il  al  ilie  loucr  :iii::le  ipiile  lari^c  :iiid  we'll 
romnled.  The  costal  bordi'r  :is  l';ir  as  ihc  siilieo«i:i|  ner\iile  mo~lly  ixriscoiis.  a 
dusky,  blackish,  (piadrale  spot  crossinu;  Ihe  middle  ol'  Hie  iiilersp;ice.  ol'lell  obscured 
by  Ihe  ireiieral  lint  :  Ihe  liasal  Iwo-sevcnlhs  id'  Hie  upper  smIicos|;i|  inlcrsp;ice  occupied 
by  a  black  spot,  havlnii  a  straiijlit  CAlcrior  liorder.  :U  the  very  base  of  the  iiiters]iace 
sometimes  irriseoiis  or  even  slii.iitly  I'crriiuinoiis :  ;inoiher  transverse,  siibovate.  Mack 
spot  occupies  the  iipiicr  hall'  oi'  ilic  ner\ule  .-losiny  Hie  cell  and  Ihe  iicrviiles  above  as 
fur  lis  the  subcostal  iieiv  nre :  il  is  ui'iieivilU  mirrowcr  and  -oniel  lines  oliscnre  abovi' : 
tlie  liases  of  the  iwd  median  iiilersptice-.  arc  ocenpied  by  bhick.  Hie  upper  one  aiwa.vs 
disthictly.  the  lower  simicliiiics  obscurely,  and  wilhoiii  reacliiim'  so  I'lir  toward  Hie 
bolder  ol'  Hie  \\  im; ;  ill  the  upper  inediaii  iiiicr~pace  Hie  patch  Is  about  oiie-liaU'  as  loiii; 
.Is  broad:  the  outer  liorder  of  the  winy;  i~  intiruineil  broiiiliy  like  Ihe  Core  winifs  witli 
lihickisli  I'erriiiriiions,  deepeiiiiiLC  sometimes  into  liiack  am!  liiniled  by  a  transverse  series 
of  rather  sniiill.  irreunlar.  roimdisb.  dull  ochraccoiis  spoi-.  bii'  Hie  dark  colm'  extends 
also  coiilimioiisly  past  these  spots,  bccomiii!;:  more  and  more  I'erriijiinoiis  Inil  slill  diisky 
as  far  airiiln  toward  the  base  ol'  Hie  winj;.  where  ii  lermiinites  in  a  vannely  dellncil  line 
subparallel  to  the  outer  bonier;  the  extreme  outer  liorder  i-  edireil,  nither  more  liroinlly 
than  in  Hie  Tore  wins^s,  ami  more  dlstlnotly  in  the  ^  than  in  Hie  J  .  with  a  j;i'ay|sh  bloom, 
in  wliicli  the  scales  aro  more  briirlitlv  liiiLted  ainl  oii',a,|oiially  iilheiicil  wlHi  lawny. 
KriiiL'c  iiiiicli  as  in  the  fore  win:;s. 


Mm 


W: 


oU 


I'lii;  iiirii;i;ii,ii,s  ok  nku   i:ni.lam). 


Helical li.   li'nivKli 


iwii.   urciil  Iv  \  .■M'icu'.'ili'il,   iiiipi'c 


tllilll   ill  illlV  illln'l'  ^|i(l  il" 


M 


m- 


l'<)l\!fi)nin.  Till'  liii^iil  liiiH'  nf  llic/'/.iv  irim/s  i-  a  linli'  darkiT  timii  the  iiiiiciil  liiilC.  ami 
lit  il»  iiiiti'i'  limit  hcciiiiics  dcvclopcil — alway-  in  the  j  .  iisiiiiMy  in  llic  9  .-^into  a  iiiiinli 
(larkiT  coIiii-imI  iiii'>ial  band  wliiisc  rxlci'lul'  boi'ilcr  only  lia-  a  ili'liiiitc  cnilliiic :  this 
|i«s-cs  I'l'din  a  little  lieyond  the  li|i  of  tlie  rcislal  iierviire  in  a  >liallo\v  enrve,  (i|ieniiiLC 
onlwanl,  t(i  the  liase  of  the  straight  iiiirlidii  of  llie  upper  iiieiliaii  ner\  nie,  just  pi'e\  ioiis 


to  I'eaehiiia  wliieli  it  is  ^encnilly  Uliiri'eil ;   Ifoiii  this  point  it  en 


the  upper  median 


iiitei'spaee  ill  a  straiirlit  line  and  then  passes  in  another  shallow  enrve,  opeiiliiLr  ontward 
and  liaekAxard.  and  ^onietiiniv'  intei'rnpte<l  at  tlu'  nor\  iiles,  id  a  little  liel'ore  the  middle 
of  the  inner  iiiarLMii:  the  liand  is  lilaik  iip\t  this  exterior  nniririn  bill  speeilily  bceoines 
dark,  ruliuiiiipii-  hrowii:  alioxc  t  In' cell  the  band  has  aNo  a  distinct  interior  inaririii, 
slrikinu'  the  subcostal  ncrviire  at  the  base  of  it»  second  branch,  and  is  followed  inte- 
riorly by  an  ashen  patch  bccmniim'  brownish  yello^^  in  l  lie  cell:  in  the  cell  ari' three 
l)ro\\  iii>li  pliiiiilieon-..  obliipic  »l  reak>.  the  liasal  one  black  edited,  parallel  to  the  subcos- 
tal iierviirc.  ri'stinii  upon  the  inediaii  nervnre  close  to  the  base  and  dirccti'd  toward  the 
secoml.  which  is  slijfhlly  arcuate,  on  a  lincwith  the  previous  but  always -eparated  from 
it  iiy  a  little  space,  dcpciidim;  from  the  subcostal  nervnre.  jii-t  within  its  ilr^i  divarii'a- 
tioii:  t'letliird.  cd^cd  with  black  only  oc(M-.iiiiially  or  partiailx.  i^  scaled  upon  the 
iiicdian  nervnre  jii~t  xvitiiin  its  Mrsi  divarication  and  has  Us  inner  ciIljc  on  a  line  with 
the  ontpr  edtfe  of  Mic  sci'ond.  with  which  it  bcc<Miics  -.cnnetiines  partially  continent  and 
oftiMi  has  ii«  oiilir  bonier  iinn'e  m' less  bhanled  in  the  mesial  band:  from  the  llrst 
inl'eriin'  siibcosial  in  the  Iowim'  median  nerviilc  there  is  a  snlnnaruinal  >eries  id"  black 
Inniiles.  \vliic|i  have  become  so  blended  as.  on  aeeoiint  (d' the  excision  o|' (he  wiiiir.  to 
fm'in  inii'C(nitiniions  hi  mile  with  croiinl  ate  interior  border,  broadest  in  the  upper  median 
interspace  and  diniinisluim- toward  ci'berciid.  wliicli  is  very  lari^cly  illlcd  with  rather 
pale,  dull  irrei'ii.  si'arci'ly  c'oiini'cled  Innnlcs  :  comicc'ted  \v  itii  this  series  there  is  a  dcnibU;, 
ureciiisji  spot  ill  the  nicdio-siihniediaii  interspace  cili^cd  on  all  siilcs  with  black;  and  in 


the  t\ 


siibi 


stal  interspaces  snceeediit!;-  it  above  are  sH^hi   Ltrccnish  spots.  I'diicd  in 


tcriorly  with  black  arniw-heiids.  and  witlnnit  \villi  a  few  cinnaimnicons  scales;  outside 
the  connected  Inn  nies  the  border  id' the  wlnr:  is  dusky,  coiisidcralily  varieu-ated.  especially 
in  the  two  middle  interspaces,  with  oclu\.<-e(Mis  next  the  maiuin.and  with  wliitish  next 
till'  liiiiiiles:_  above  the  llrst  inferior  subcostal  nervnle  Hie  apex  (d'  the  wiiiu:  is  iIHimI  by 
a  I  piad  rale  patch  of  oidiraceons.  tinned,  especially  inwardly,  with  diisky  ferrnirinoiis.  tlie 
upper  interspace  lia\  in;: a  ferrii'j^iiKnis  arrow-head  in  conrninal  ion  of  ihosc  jn  tin'  inter- 
spaces beneath:  fidlnwin:;'  lliis  and  the  black  Innnlcs  is  a  slender,  obscure,  whitish 
stripe  nearly  obliterated  in  I  lie  iniddle  of  the  wilier,  but  iiiiider;ilely  eoiispieninis  toward 
cither  border,  and  w  litcli  is  crossed  by  a  pretty  stnmirly  siiin<nis  scries  of  pale  irreeii, 
romidisli  spots,  edyed  to  a  ^:reater  or  less  extent  on  the  exterior  lialf,  and  occasionally 
ciilirelv.  \vitli  black   sialics:  aliovc  tln^  lowest  subcostal  lU'rvnre  tliev  follow  the  white- 


st ripe 


'xleriorlv  ;   below  it  tlicv  follow  it  inleriorlv  ;   bv  far  the  larui'st  of  tlieiii  is  in  lln 


inedio-snbmedian  iiiterspai'c.  where  it  rc:iclies  from  iier\  nlc  to  nerv  iile.  and  is  followed 
interiorly  by  a  hoary  cloud  of  iie:irly  Hie  s,-iinc  si/,c:  tiiosc  in  the  lower  mcdhiii  and 
lower  snbi'ostal  interspaces  are  of  alumt  the  same  size,  the  fiM'mcr  about  (nic-lhird  of 
the  wiillh  of  its  interspace:  thi'  rest  are  smaller,  and  lliat  in  the  iippcn'  median  reduced 
to  a  black  dot :  I  he  rest  of  theonter  half  of  the  winir  is  of  avaryinu'  dull.  pah',  yellowish 
brown,  transversely  streaked  by  short  threads  of  dusky  ferrnuinoiis.  more  frctiiient. 
shorter  and  indistinei  in  the  subcostal  area,  more  distant  ami  prononneed  in  the  median 
area:  above  Hie  iniildl"  of  the  lowest  sidx'osial  interspace  is  a  lary:e  ipiadratc  patch  of 
asl  I V  rdaceinis.  in  about  the  centre  of  which  occurs  the  last  divai\e:itioiiof  Iho  siibcostal 
nervnre;  williiii  this  patch,  and  as  far  as  tin'  mesial  liaiid.  the  willjf  is  iiifidll  a  little 
paler.  Kriiiy:c  black  at  the  iierv  nre  lips,  with  Inlii'ininjik'd  cinnamoneous  sciilos  at  the 
:ipe\  liroadly  interrupted  with  while  In  the  Interspaces.  Jfiiid  irimjs  slinllnr  to  the 
fore  vvin^rs  in  the  color  and  ufcncral  disposition  of  Hie  iiiarkin'.js:  the  darker  basal 
half  is  separated  from  the  outer  portion  by  a  siniioiis.  black  line  which  follows  the 
same  course  as  in  coinina  :  midway  between  it  and  the  ori^rin  of  the  preeostiil  is  a  trans- 
verse black  lin ;  which,  above  the  costal,  is  a  little  further  removed  fniiii  the  base  than 


XYMI'IIAI-INAK:    I'OI.VCdXIA    FMNIS. 


:)51 


f;S 


ill    till'    (■(l~|il-^lll)CO>1;|l   illtcr>|lili-c,    whirll    it    iT(]-.-.i'~    u  il  ll  !1   ~ll;llli  i\v    rlli'vc    illu'llillli  ill- 

wiii'il.  iiiiil  ^li'il<('s  111!'  >iilic()siiil  lit  it-.  liiNl  iliviii'iciitidii :  nitliiii  llii>  tin' wiilit  i^  i'i'ii>-i'<l 
iiiriTi|ii('iiily  by  -lioi't.  -itriilirlil  •  lniii>V('r-i'.  Iilacki-li  llii'i'tuls;  tlic  tip  ol'  the  cell  '^ 
iiiiirki'd  l)\  11  lic^iivy  ^IImt  C  »iiiiihir  to  tliiil  in  I'linniiii.  Iml  irciicniUy  iiiiprc  .•iiii.'iil:ii' ; 
aipDVi'.  llii'  I'jiiN  '<(   rciicliiii;^  tlic  ~ii1m-(i>I:i1   iicrMilc-  Mini  al  it- I'Mrciiiily  lia>  a  ^li^lit 

IMiiiitcil   liintii  iliri"-li'J  iMitwar.l,  anil  al    tl it>T  rxlr.'inily  ■'!'  it- (iiitci' Idlic,  wiiicli 

-(•I'ldiii  tap'T-.  it  i-  ii-iially  l  liiclvciicd  ami  iIumi  ui'iicTally  ciiiit-  a  -iuiiliir  Iciiitli  ilii'rrti'il 
tnuani  'III'  ii|i|iiT  mil',  ran -in;;  it  -miirliinr-  tn  n-iiiililr  ratlirr  a  G  than  a  C  :  it  i>  -niiu- 
liiiic-  a-  hfoail  a^  tlii'  laf-i  and  ahvay-  a|ipri)!ii'lic-  thai  -izc:  ncca-iunally  It  i>  rcinn-cil 
to  an  L  prcci-i'ly  I'ocinlilin;;' 1  hat  nl' its  cunipaiiion  I'nnii  iri'acili- :  t  liiM'i' 1- a  ln'av\  .  -iil>- 
niai'jiiiial  sorio-  of  nearly  nr  i|iiile  coiiiieeleil.  iliiU  Ltreeii  Innitle-.  eln-ely  ripllnuiii^  I  lie 
vai'illliiill-  ill  I  111'  ell  I've  (pT  the  oilier  lion  lei',  even  llieliidilii.'  il>  st  I'ollite-I  clelilations.  and 
di>taiil  rroiii  it  liy  iieiirly  an  iiitei'-paee'-  widlli.  di-linetly  ed;red  «itliiii  mid  witlionl 
uitli  lilaeU- followed  uilliiii  by  pale,  a-liy  '4i'a\  ,  siiblnnale.  ratliei' snialler -pots,  and 
-hipftly  artefwai'd-  Ip\  a  -liuliU.N'  -innoii-  -erie-  nl'  nindei'iitely  larire.  roiindi-li.  diill 
urecii  spots,  as  I'iir  ri'oni  t lie  siibinai'.'iiniil -ei'ie-  a-  il  i-  rroiii  tlie  outer  bonlei'.  nar- 
rowly L-dired  witli  blaek.  and  this  by  a  similar,  blurred,  pale  rin;';.  and  tlii-.  inwardly  .it 
least  and  broadly,  by  a  riiseoiis  eloinl ;  the  -erii'-  extend  Croin  the  inner  border  In  the 
upper  siibeoslal  lierville,  the  snbniariiinal  linnile  of  llie  eip-io-siibeip-tiil  iiiler-paee 
lieiiiy;  eontiniioii-  with  il  :  the  iipperino-t  -pol  and  tlie  -nbinarninal  Inniile  of  Ihe  eo-to- 
siibeoslid  inter-paee  are  followed  interiorly  by  a  -liirlitly  a-liy  or  hoary  eloiid.  and  over 
IlKM'iwtof  the  outer  Imlf  of  the  wliiil  ari' sealtered  short,  ineonspieiions  thread-  of 
dusky  ferrnirinoiis;  thu  outer  inartfin  beyond  the  liinnle-  i-  \arieyaled  with  bliiek  and 
Avhile  and  an  adinixtiiriMir  a  few  scales  of  a  li\ely  eolor.  ,'iiid  ne.\l  the  very  border  i- 
tiiiijed  si  roniily,  but  least  so  ill  the  niiddle  of  the  border,  wit  li  dull,  brownish  oelinieeons  ; 
friiiife  of  iiii:iy;led  blaek  aiiil  tawny  scales  inlerriipted  with  while  on  the  inter-paees. 
Tlie  ?  diU'er- in  tlie  eoloratiini  of  the  under  -nrfaee  fif  both  w  inns  in  haviiiir  all  the 
colli ra-liiiy:  color-  -iibdned.  soinetiine-  lint  -liiilitly.  so  as  scarcely  to  be  distinuni-hed 
ill  llrst  siiilit  rronithe^.  at  ot  her- sip;j;i'eatly  as  to   make   llicni  appear  I'onfiised  and 

blended  into  a  dull  brow  ;i ;   llie  C  shapeil  mark  of  tin nire  of  the  hind  wintrs  i- al-o 

sleiideriT  anil  soiiietiiiies  even  fiiint. 

.\bdoliien  above  blaek.  Iieavily  eipvered  wilh  tawny  -eale-;  beiieat  h  of  a  dull,  il'ayisli 
brow  II  in  wliieli  -nine  yellowish  and  \  inon-  linl-  occur.  Male  appeii(lay;es  ("vS :  Hi)  : 
upper  organ;  hook  a-  in  coniina.  IpiiI  more  curved  and  at  base  depressed,  as  lonif  as  the 
body  with  a  snialler  basal  tooth.  Clasps  sti'dimly  arcuate  as  viewed  from  behind,  ^iv- 
iin;  them  a  smaller  appearance  llian  n-iial.  bill  really  twice  as  liroad  as  loiiit.  tlw  upper 
portion  of  tile  hinileriMliie  lieiiL  oxer  inward  to  form  a  small,  iiiconspiciioiis.  trianjiiilar. 
rounded  lobe;  ba-iil  process  of  upper  edire  bent  and  twisted  al  llie  e.Mreine  base  -io  a- 
to  be  hori/.onliil  and  depressed,  iiirvinu-  inwards  and  a  very  littledow  nwards  in  passing' 
uackward.  crossing  each  other.  \ery  iiiiieh  larver  tlian  lb.'  clasp,  -lender  ami  taperini; 
throiighont.  but  mos!  so  by  llie  -lopiii;;  of  the  outer  edire  of  tiie  apical  fourth:  ape.i; 
pointed;  intirior  linger  loiii:  and  -leinler.  eipial.  pointed,  arcuate.  Iravc'l'sing  the 
clasp  u  little  beyond  the  nruldle. 


.Mcasiireiiienls  in  inilliineties.    I  .M.VI.KS.  ,  

I.eiigili  ut  tipiigiie   II  mill.      I  Smallest,    .\vera-e.  j  Largest. ;  .Snmllest, 


I'KMAI.F.S. 


Avenige,  I/iirgcst. 


l.eiiglli  (pf  I'ipre  wings 'JI.T-'p 

antennae '  I  l..'i 

liiiiii  tibii.e  and  lar-i  ., .  T.ii 

fere  liliiae  anil  t;irsi..  :1.T,'p 
Upper  niediaii  nervnri 


111'  hind  \\  iiiL' 


lil.s 


'.;,p..p 
11. 

s.."p 

I.-.' 
i-.'.2r. 


■M.r> 
II.  I 
.x.ii 
■t.."p 

l-J.H 


llt.'JO 
.S.l>d 

t.lu 
I-.'. 


•27. 
14.2 

H."i 
t.l.-. 

i;i.2 


2,S.'i-> 
H.lCi 

N.li 

4.2.-P 

la.T.'p 


Descrilpcil  from  (itH    12  9. 

Egg  (64:21).  (irass  areeii.  of  cipial  height  and  breadth,  with  from  ten  to  thirteen, 
usually  elcM'ii  or  twelve,  vertii'ill  ribs  ruiinini:  from  extreme  base  to  e.xirenie  siiinmit. 
and  increasing  very  iiradiially  in  heiulit    in   p:i— iiiir  upward:    they  an    -trongly  eoiii- 


I*,'.'';,    il 


3^)2 


nil;  iiriii;i!ii,ir.s  (»i-   m;\\   i;.\(.i,am). 


fii/K 


>£«;. 


'Si? 


|il'c-.«('(l,  \cr.v  lliiu,  .■mil  liiivr  :i  ln-.-idi'il  ii|i|":ir,'iiirc'  Irdiii  .i|p|i,'u'fiil  iii'liiil:il  iiiii> 
wliCI'c  till'  iTd^^  lillr-  ~triUr  llli'lil:  I  lii'x'  ;u'c  \  CI')  I  ililll ,  X'iircrl  \  clcv  ill  nl  .-lllil  lllidlll 
.0;l  liilii.  iipilli.  'I'lir  IMI('l'(>)ivlc  liil»ill  is  mil  iIc|)|'i'>-.imI  lull  oiilv  iliclic'lllcil  li\  llie  ti'l'- 
iiiiiialiiiii  III'  till'  M  I'lii'iil  I'ilis  iiMil  i>  iiiiiiiit  .2  iiiiii.  in  iliiiiiii'tci':  II  l>  riiin|iii-iMi  i67  :  ln) 
<if  II  ri'iilnil  i-ircli'.  irciiiiiil  wlilrli  ni.ljjilc  cijlit  m'  niiir  Ullc— liiipcd  cclN.  >.in'iiiiii(lr(l  ;il 
llr^l  liy  ii'ri'i>iilM|-  .mihI  llini  liv  |irclly  I'l'iiiiliir  |iriil;iu;(iiiiil  i<v  lirxiiyuiiiii  cfll-   iti'i'^iiiL; 


iM^lniilh  iMTucr.     Ili'li-'lit  (if  I'lri; 


Catei pillar.  A 


(/■.s7  sldi/i 


(70: 


I  lend  i78  :  I'-'i  slilnini;-  iili\ 


MciMiii-  urccii.  |iici-(iii~ 


liy  sum..  I'cllrciiil  liulils.  its  ii|i|ii'mliia('.'  (•iiiii'iilorniis.  the  liaii's  hlni'k.  Mudy  |iiilr  ui-crii, 
iimrc  CM'  l('~~  liii.iry  in  llu'  rrcascs.  i  lie  iiliduiiiimd  ^c'u:iiii'iils  iimrr  m- Ics^  lii-nwnisli. 
(■s|ii'ciiiMy  iiliiiv  r,  rii|iill:ic  ;i  diirl^cr  u'l'i'rii  i  liiiii  I  lir  rc-1  id'  llir  Imdy  .  ilir  liMir^  li'mck. 
vury  Ichil;-.  ^niiu'  lii'iiin  iii'.'ii'ly  Iwici'  iis  Imiir  ns  llnMliiiiiu'li'riir  l  lie  body.  riii'viiiirorsimiiiU'. 
ami  iTiTl.  till'  ciirvi's  ;;i-m'i'iilly  riii'w.-iid  iir  ii|i\viiril.  l,i':r^  riiscuiis ;  inuli'irs  rolur  iil' 
liiidy  lull  :i|iic;illy  ti|i|ii'd  i'Nlri'ii;ill\  uilli  lilackisli :  siiinirlr^  lihick.  Lriinili. '.'.•.'.'i  mill.  ; 
(if  liiimcsl  liiiir.  .liL'  mill.:  Iirciidlli  id'  liriid.  .."i.'i  mm. 

Sri-dii'i  !<hiit, .  Head  i, 78;  1:1)  iiici'iiiis.  Miiily  dark  (liivaci'niis  arcni.  iiiiu-h  iiifiis- 
cati'd.  A  [lalo.  slciidi'i'.  \\a\y.  s,ili>ti«iiiat.'il  line.  I'l'iiiii  xvliicli  mi  llic  alidmiilmil  scu- 
liU'lits  s|iriiiti  similarly  «li'iidri'.  imlc.  ohliiiiic  lims.tun  lo  a  scuinciit.  I'limiiiiy;  oliliiniely 
backward  rrmii  cacli  side  nl'  l  he  ^piiii' :  a  iiari'ii\\  .  »iilidiir-ai  liaii  i  made  ii|inrtraiis\  ei'se 
imle  liiii's.  uairowiim  poslei'im'ly  .  and  ^miieliiiies  nearly  (pri|iiile  I'millneiit  mi  tlie  tun 
side-:  a  |Mih' anmilns  tirmiiid  Hie  base  (if  tile  lnl.enid(irs;il  spines  mi  Hk.  tlmraeie  sett- 
iiKMils.  smnelimes  faintly  emnieeli'd  mi  successive  sciiinenls  by  line-  iimniiii;-  frmn  tlu' 
upper  and  Inwer  (dues  b;iek\vard.  Spines  iis  liiy;li  iis  tlle  leinrlli  of  I  lie  se.j;iiieiils. 
lil;icU.  c\eeptiii:;-  Ihii-e  id'  tile  scemid.  fmirtli  and  sixlli  abdmninal  se^-nieiil-.  wliieli  are 
entirely  wliiti'.  ineliidinu  llie  iii,-iiiiill:ile  lia-e.  bill  exeludin;;  the  -pinnies.  «  liieli  are 
black  as  el-ew  here:  'ipieal  -pillule- :ilimit  :i-  Imi;;  :i-  the  -pine-,  eiirv  ed.  ;iiiil  in  the 
middle  sonieuli.'il  bent,  the  nliier-  neni'ly  .'i-  Imiy;  ;is  the -pine-  and  -trai'.dit.  I,e.:r- 
blaeU:  priili'i;-  id'  llie  enlcir  nf  the  bmly  bill  blneki-h  exterii'i'ly  I.en:;'lli.  ."i  liiin,  : 
bre:iillli  of  lie:iil.  ..-  linn. 

Third  nhiiic.  Ile:id  ( 78  :  1 1  ) .  brmi/e-lilack  :  most  nf  its  liia'h  liiberclcs  black,  but 
tliiise  at  back  id'  head  iiiid  tun  emispiciimi-  mies  al  front  base  of  eoroiiul  spines 
Avhile:  ino-t  of  tin' hair- iire  black.  Iiiil  llio-e  nf  tlie  Iwn  Inliercle-  jii-l  spe"ilieil  are 
■white,  as  are  the  apical  Iniir-  of  cnrmial  -pines.  Ilndy  pnrplisli  brown  with  a  ij'ri'enlsh 
liiiiie.  iiimdi  nn'irkeil  wiili  \\iiiti'  in  -liorl .  tran-v  er-e.  white  -lrc;ik-  in  dor-al  reiilun. 
^specially  about  l  he  ilor-:il  :ini|  hiterndoi'siil  -pine-  :  marked  also  by  :ni  irre^'iilar.  sU'iiilcr, 
iiifra-lij:niat:il  line,  frmn  wliicli.  mi  the  ;ibiloniin:il  -eminent-.  :iri-e  oliliipie  while 
line-  cross! nii'  I  he  -eirmeiil-.  Spines  and  -pinnies  lib  ck.  except iiiir  tlio-c  of  the  dorsal, 
and  hilcrodorsal  scries  mi  llie  second,  fourth  and  sixth  abdmninal  seymeiits 


iinetime:' 


also  the  l;ilei'o(lor-:il  ones  of  second  and  tl  ird  thoracic  segments  and  Uie  infrasliir- 
iii:i':il  ones  id'  fmirlli.  sixth  and  iiiiilh  abdominal  sciiineiils.  which,  but  rarely  their 
spiiiwle-.  iiri-  pellucid  white,  oci-tisionally  linncd  at  base  ■with  nraiiire;  soinclimcs  also 
the  slender  apic;ii  half  of  tlic  other  iibdmninal  tubercles  of  the  dorsal  and  latcrndor- 
sal  spines  are  wliite:  spiracle-  libick  \villi  a  p:ilc  or  uliite  :inniilns.  I.eiiirth  s-ln  mm.  ; 
brcadlli  of  head.  11  miii. 

Fdiiiih  stiiilr.  In  thi-  staife  the  head  v'8;  l."i)  is  :i-  bid'ore.  w  ilh  the  eormnil  Inbercle 
larirer.  In  fhe  body  the  upper  surface  is  divided  betw  ecu  an  ;inlcriiir  pali'.  dirty  orannu 
Held,  incindiim'  the  tlior;icic  and  two  abdmniinil  semiieiits.  and  a  po-terior  hoary  lield 
made  by  licary  parallliie-white  markiiiii's.  mostly  Imiiiitndiiialiy  disposed,  on  a  black 
uroinid.  .Most  of  the  dorsal,  -nbdoi'-al  and  laterodor-al  spine-  and  -piiinh's  are  white, 
bill  fnliaiiioiison  He",  hird.  liftli.  -I'vcnth.  ei^hl  hand  ninth  abdominal  scu;niciils,  while  Hu' 
bri-lles  ari'  always  black.  'I'lie  side-  of  the  .mdy  :ire  black,  marked  by  a  double,  clialii- 
like.  -liii'iiiatal  stripe  of  m':iiii;e.  in  the  upper  line  of  \\  hicli  the  picemi-  bases  of  the 
siiprastiirinalal  spines  ari'  sitnale.  Spir:icles  bhii'k.  with  a  Inleo-fiiscmi-  aureole. 
l.,en:;tli.  17  mm. :  breadth  of  lii'ad.  l.n  mm. 

h'ilVi  fliiij.'  (74:.'!:i).  Head  (78:  111),  bhick,  with  ;i  pale,  dull  Inleinis  W  mi  the  front. 
Hie  midillu  liai's  follow iiiu;  the  siilnre  of  the  frontal  Iriaii^le.  Hie  (inter  lonninariini  at 


NYiMl'IIALl>;AE:  POLYCiOXIA  FAUNLS. 


:]53 


tliu  froiil  l)aso  i)f  till'  L■l■l)^vuill!^■  tliunis ;  wliolu  liciul  c  )\  'I'imI  wilh  .-.cattori-il,  pali;  w  iU'ls, 
eiicli  giviiiif  ri.»u  t(i  11  loiiLt.  liipi  riii;:.  paU.',  hrowin^-li  yo'low  liair;  lU'Xl  Uii;  iit'i'k  lliu 
liDiul  is  iiiuttlud  Willi  (lull  liilcoiis;  (■I'owiiiii;;  thnni:  lilacii.  a>  well  a>  tlicii' spiiiiili's. 
tliL-ir  hairs  Ul\i'  tlii'  rust  of  lliu  liairs  mi  tlic  lioail.     Mo'itli  parts  lirowiiisli  riisc(iu>. 

Uoily  (lull  browiiisli  yi'llciw  in  si'''«t  P'lit,  cspociiiUy  mi  llio  sides;  thu' ilorsal  >urfaco, 
as  far  as  uiiil  iiii.'liuliii'i  the  latoro<U)rsal  sjiiuL's,  is  paler,  and  on  the  tliird  to  eighth 
aliddiiiiiial  sefiiiieiits  wliite,  in  eertaiii  liijlits  sinnvy  while.  Imt  generally  dull,  and 
always  foriiiinj.'  a  strikinu  contrast  to  the  other  portions  j  hiiidi^r  part  ol  liody  above 
tilacki>li;  m:  the  sides  of  the  alxluniiiial  seirnieiits  there  is  a  dmilile.  eliaiii-like,  dull 
orange  baud,  the  spiracles  seated  in  black  >pots  oi'cupyinii  alternate  links;  frciiueiit 
slender,  dusky  or  black  transverse  lines  allernatini;  willi  pale  brown  or  whitish  lines 
are  found  on  tlie  front  and  rear  of  each  seirinoiu.  least  coiispicnons  above;  on  tlie  >ide 
of  each  segment,  most  conspicuous  on  the  aljdoniiual  ones,  are  three  velvety  black 
spots,  one,  already  nieutioued.  enclosing  the  siiirade,  longituilinally  olKivate,  another, 
the  most  conspicuous,  mi  the  anterior  halves  of  the  segments,  occupying  the  si)ace 
between  the  laterodorsal  and  sniirasligmatal  siiines.  longilndinally  or  a  little  ol)lii|Uely 
sulilunate;  the  third.  >niallest.  cousistingof  an  ol)li(|ue  dash,  si'i)arated  from  tlie  snlilu- 
nate  spot  liy  an  oblii|ue  wliite  streak,  rnnuing  forward  and  curving  a  little  downward 
from  the  laterocUu'sai  siiine.  lieneath,  llu;  body  is  dark  lirayisii  lirown  witli  numerons 
blackisli  fuscous,  transverse  lines  and  dots,  and  encircling  tlie  |irolegs  wreaths  of  dusky 
orlilackisliblotclies;  outside  of  the  prolegs  wholly  blackisli.  paler  at  tip;  s|)iiies  (86  ■  x2) 
all  white,  with  whitish  spiuules  and  whitisli,  occasionally  a  little  dusky,  needles,  with 
the  exception  of  all  the  spines  above  the  stiginatal  line  on  thoracic  and  llrstand  s('cond 
abdominal  segments,  which  are  pale  browiiisli  yellow,  a  little  p.aier  than  the  ground 
color;  legs  black;  claw>  liiteous ;  ^piracies  black,  encircled  l>y  livid  in  a  black  llelil. 
Length.  ;>0  mm.;  breailth  of  liody.  4  mm. ;  of  liead.  L'.s."i  mm. ;  leimtli  of  iiciid  <piue>, 
1.2,")  mm.;  of  body  spines.  2.1.")  niiu. 

It  dill'ers  from  1'.  comma  in  tlie  possession  of  a  W  on  llie  front  of  the  head  and  in 
lacking  the  ferrnginous  s|iots  on  the  body ;  and  from  1".  progne  and  1'.  c-album  of 
Europe,  hi  not  having  a  pale,  supraorbital  band  on  the  head ;  from  the  latter,  with 
which  It  agrees  closely  in  ornaineiitaliou,  it  dill'ers  strikingly  in  the  character  of  tlie 
spines,  which  resemble  rather  those  of  1'.  comma.  It  is  readily  distingnislied  from 
all  other  Xew  England  species  in  tlie  contrast  of  colors  uiion  the  liack. 

Chrysalis  (83  : 111.  J!.!-;!,"))  I'ale  wood  brown,  streaked  witii  gri'eiiish  dn>ky  ;  tlie 
tubercles  are  generally  dusky  upon  one  side,  iiale  tii)ped ;  but  the  outer,  posterior  sur- 
face of  the  laterodorsal  tubercles  of  the  second  alidominai  segment  are  silvery  or 
nacreous,  extending  In  a  patch  to  the  hinder  edge  of  the  segments;  similar  nacreous 
spots  occur  on  the  llrst  al)dominal  segment  and  ou  the  metalliorax;  the  abdomen  is 
tinged  considerably  with  dark  green,  which  is.  liowever.  nearly  or  iiuite  absent  from  a 
luirrow  dorsal  streak  and  lateral  triangular  iiatclies  ou  each  segment  between  tlie 
suprastigmatal  and  laterodor'dl  tubercles,  broad  at  the  extremity  and  narrow  at  the 
l)ase  of  each  segment ;  there  is  a  broac!,  greenish  fuscous,  stigmatal  slri'ak  on  the  llftli 
to  eighth  abdominal  seirinents.  darkest,  almost  black,  beneath,  and  pale  along  the 
middle,  extending,  beneath,  ii  short  distance  upon  the  fourth  segment;  under  surface 
of  cremaster  longitudinally  streaked  Avilli  black  and  p.ile  salmon  ;  there  are  also  slender, 
curving,  sul)vcntral  streaks  of  the  latter,  most  distinct  upon  the  llfth  and  sixth  abdomi- 
nal segments;  each  pair  of  legs  marked  at  the  muhlle  and  just  before  the  tip  with 
black.  Mesonotal  tubercle  low,  twice  as  lomr  as  high,  well  rouudeil  in  front,  abrupt  ami 
angulated  behind,  tlie  edge  parallel  to  the  slope  of  the  mesonotnm  ;  ocellar  prominences 
very  long  ami  slender,  e(pial,  with  the  inner  angle  of  the  tip  |irolonged.  tapering  and 
turned  a  little  inward,  resembling  exactly  the  apical  half  of  that  of  progne;  as  there, 
too,  a  broad  U  is  formed  by  the  Inner  edges  of  the  ocellar  prominences,  but  it  is  deeper 
than  in  that  species.  Extreme  length,  23.5  mm. ;  ocellar  prominences  28  mm.  apart 
at  tip ;  width  of  thorax,  •>.(!  mm. ;  height  of  same,  including  tubercle,  <1.2.")  mm. :  width 
of  abdomen,  7.2  mm. ;  height  of  alxlomeu.  f!.  15  mm. 

45 


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fij: 


Distribution  (19:  *<).  This  huttertly  if  us  clmractoristic  (»f  tlic  Cana- 
dian t'iimia  as  loninia  is  of  the  Allegiianian,  i)iit  it  ranfj^es  across  tliu 
continent.  In  the  hiyii  nurtli  it  lias  been  recorded  from  Fort  Simpson  on 
Albany  liiver.  Kupcrt's  House  (Edwards),  St.  Martin's  Falls  (Urit. 
Mils.)  and  Moose  Factory,  Hudson  I'ay  (AVcii).  It  has  also  liceii  taken 
at  Doji's  Head  on  the  east  side  of  Lake  \\'inniiieg  (.Seiidder),  and  at 
(Jreat  .Slave  Lake  ( .Mus.  C'omji.  Zool.)*  .Mr.  Fletcher  infcu'ms  me  since 
the  map  was  |)rinted  that  it  is  foimil  in  Xewfonndlaiid,  and  accordin<r  to 
Edwards  at  Vancouver  Island.  ^^'ithin  the  United  .States  Edwards 
records  it  from  Washington  Territory,  Oregon,  Xeiiraskii  and  Miciiigan, 
Anieti  finds  it  in  Iowa.  Jind  Wortliington  gives  it  in  his  list  of  Illinois  Imt- 
tertlics  ;  hut  otherwise  it  has  not  been  nx'orded  \\est  of  the  Appalachians. 
It  occurs  in  abundance  among  the  Adirondacks  of  \ew  York  {  Liiitner,  Hill ) 
and  has  thence  undoubtedly  extended  to  the  Catskills  (Edwards).  Hiit 
the  most  remarkable  reconl  is  that  found  in  a  memorandum  on  Alibot's 
Georgian  manuscripts  in  the  Dritish  Museum  where  this  biittcrHy  uiKjues- 
tiunably  is  drawn  with  the  remark  *'  met  with  by  Mr.  Elliot  in  iiis  tour 
to  the  mountains.'"  Edwards  records  one  specimen  taken  in  West 
Virginia    by    Meyer. 

In  Xew  England  it  is  a  special  inliai)itant  of  the  hill  I'oiintry  and  is 
rarely  found  exce])tiiig  in  the  north,  the  southernmost  localities  from 
which  it  has  been  recorded  being  Williamstown  (Scudder),  AVarwick 
(Clai)p),  Lcvcrett  (.Sprague)  and  Amherst,  Mass.  (Marsh);  Dover 
(Faxon),  Stow  (Miss  .Soule)  and  Camei's  Iliinip,  Vt.  (S])rague)  ;  Dub- 
lin (Faxon)  and  Milford,  N.  II.,  two' siieciniens  (Whitney)  ;  and  Port- 
land "  rare"  (Lyman),  Orono  (Fernald)  and  Mt.  Desert,  Me.  (Thaxter)  ; 
to  the  east  it  has  been  taken  in  X'ova  Scotia  (Jones),  Newfoundland 
(Edwards)  and  on  the  southern  shores  of  the  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence 
(D'Urban,  Bell),  but  it  does  not  appear  to  inhabit  the  northern  coast  of 
the  same  Gulf.  In  the  valleys  of  the  White  Mountains  it  is  exceedingly 
abundant  and  is  the  butterHy  oftenest  seen  in  deep  ravines  and  on  moun- 
tain slopes  below  the  subalpine  region  ;  more  than  any  other  species 
belonging  to  the  mountain  region  it  mounts  to  the  very  summits  of  the 
highest  peaks,  and  both  male  and  female  are  often  found  there  far 
above  where  its  larva  feeds.  In  the  valleys  it  affects  higher  levels  than 
its  congeners. 

Oviposition.  The  eggs  are  laid  on  the  upper  surface  of  leaves, 
generally  near  the  edge.  Judging  from  specimens  in  confinement  they 
liiy  l)Ut  a  few  in  a  single  day,  and  indeed  on  dissection  I  have  never  found 
more  than  two  or  three  dozen  eggs  in  the  body  of  any  single  specimen. 
The  duration  of  the  egg  state  is  one  week. 

•  Iit!isiiuii;li  us  !St:iU(lin;,'ei',  Jlo.scliler  niid  c-albiiin,  is-  it  possible  tliat  speciinons  from 
other Eui'opi'uii  entomologist.'*  cliiiin  that  this  eastern  Siljeria  referred  to  tlie  latter  may 
species  is  ideiitieal   with    the   Eiiropeiin  P.      really  belong  to  tlic  former  species? 


\h'}., '' 


NYMl'IIALINAK     I'OIA't.ONIA    KAINIS. 


355 


Food  plants,  Tliu  larva  lias  I)i'lii  touiiil  on  willow,  Salix  iuiniilit- 
Marshall,  and  l)lack  l)lrcli.  lictiila  lenta  L.,  Iu'lonjrinjr  to  noifrlilioring 
t'amilies  ;  and  also  upon  currant  (Fernald)  anil  wild  t'oosoherry  (CaulHcld, 
liohorts),  spcfit's  of  Hiht's  lu'lonfrinfr  to  the  very  distant  family  of  (Jrossu- 
laceao.  Mr.  Edwards  wronj^iy  ijuotus  C'aidficld  as  Kndiiiji'  it  u[ion  nt'ttk'. 
I  am  ihchned  to  believe  that  lietula  is  its  favorite  food-]ilant,  having  found 
it  thereon  ".ijion  a  dozen  different  ueeasions. 

Habits  of  the  caterpillar.  The  eater|iillar  on  emerging  from  the 
egg  devours  only  its  erown,  and  tlmii.  altliough  as  stated  the  egg  is  always 
laid  on  the  upjier  surface  of  the  leaf,  crawds  inuncdiately  to  the  luidcr 
surface  where  it  spends  the  remainder  of  its  days.  Ex[ieriniented  on  in  a 
closed  hox  I  found  that  it  would  keep  to  this  surface  of  the  leaf  even 
when  the  latter  was  reversed  to  l)ring  it  upiiermost,  so  that  the  diti'eront 
texture  of  the  surface  may  have  a  special  attraction  for  it,  though  an 
instinct  for  concealment  would  seem  to  impel  its  action.  So  far  as  I  have 
seen  it  makes  no  nest  of  any  sort  in  tiie  open  field,  hut  may  do  so  on 
occasion,  for  in  one  instance  in  confinement,  when  about  to  change  to  the 
last  larval  stage,  it  spun  a  feeble  thread  attaching  three  or  four  leaves  an<l 
(h'cw  them  slightly  together.  Diu'ing  its  early  life  it  has  a  peculiar  party- 
colored  or  banded  ap))earance  produced  by  the  alternation  of  dark  and 
light  |)apillae. 

Life  history.  Although  this  butterffy  Hies  the  entire  summer  it  is  only 
single-brooded.  It  hibernates  as  a  butterfly  and  apjiears  in  the  early 
days  of  spring,  but  how  early  the  data  at  hand  do  not  enable  us  to  say. 
Gosse  speaks  of  taking  it  at  Compton,  Canada,  on  April  15,  and  Bowles 
says  it  comes  out  at  Quel)ec  at  the  end  of  May  ;  visits  to  the  White 
Mountains  are  usually  not  made  early  enough  to  speak  positively,  but  it 
nmst  certainly  be  in  flight  there  by  the  middle  of  May  and  probalily  much 
earlier.  In  this  same  region  it  continues  to  fly  in  considerable  nundiers 
until  the  end  of  June,  may  still  l)e  seen  occasionally  as  late  as  the  middle 
of  July,  and  has  been  taken  on  the  IrSth.  The  eggs  are  laid  here  during 
the  latter  half  of  May  and  the  whole  of  .June,  apparently  in  a  very 
deliberate  manner.  These  hatch  in  a  week,  the  larva  takes  about  five 
weeks  for  its  growth,  and  the  chrysalis  hangs  from  eight  to  fifteen  days. 
At  the  ^VIute  Moantains  fresh  butterflies  appear  about  the  middle  of  July 
before  the  ol  1  i>utterHies  have  disap.peared.  July  14  is  the  earliest  date 
noted.  A  caterpillar,  the  earliest  ever  f'oinid,  brought  to  the  neighborhood 
of  Boston,  changed  to  chrysalis  and  gave  the  butterfly  July  H,  and  in 
Montreal,  Mr.  Caulfield  raised  some  July  H  to  (i ;  it  is  generally  not  until 
toward  the  2()th  or  even  later  that  they  become  conunon  in  New  Hampshire, 
but  by  the  end  of  the  month  they  swarm.  Fresh  individuals  continue  to 
appear  throughout  the  first  half  of  August  (or  at  least  absolutely  fresh 
specimens  may  then  be    obtained),  they    generally    continue    abundant 


J  r 


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3lv 


356 


mi;  itn  TKiiFLiKs  ok  s\:\\  knclaxd. 


thruii^rliuiit  tlu'  inontli,  and  on  |)l('asiiiit  iliiys  tnay  lie  tuiinil  <ni  tlic  wiiijf  in 
trraduiillv  (liniinisliinLT  nmnlxTs  until  tlic  middle  ul'  ()('tnl)('f.  Xd  ci'i'm 
whatever  are  laid  l>y  these  hntterHies  (inriiiLr  the  season  in  whieli  they  are 
l)()ni.  Repeated  examinafinn  ut'the  aiidonien  i)t' speeiinens  taken  at  stated 
intervals  throiijih  the  season  i)ro\ed  that  the  ciiirs  are  then  entirely  nn- 
flovelopod.  Met'ore  the  end  ot'OetoKer  they  have  all  hibernated,  prohalily 
in  hollow  trees,  as  their  haunts  are  woodland  roads.  I  attempted  to  carry 
two  females  fhroii;:;h  the  winter  hy  enelosinu'  them  in  a  hox  (of  alioiit  ItiO 
cul)i(^  cm. )  and  plaeimr  it  in  a  cold  storai^e  warehonH<',  where  the  tem- 
perature was  unit'orndy  H;i  the  winter  tliroufih.  Imt  they  did  not 
siir\i\.    the  test. 

Comparison  with  the  life  history  of  P.  c-album.  Thu  Kiiropean 
c-idl>iim,  erroneously  considered  liy  sonic  European  entomoloffi.stH  aei 
identical  with  the  |irescnt  species,  if  said  hy  tlu'  late  Meyer  Diir  to  have  two 
^fenerations,  the  first  th.-m  the  hust  of  May  to  early  'h\\y,  mainly  from 
hiliernatinjj  pupae  hut  also  from  hiheriiatiiiij:  liutti-rtlies  ;  the  .second  from 
the  middle  of  July  until  September;  the  latter  brood  is  said  to  liave  loss 
auLiuIated  fori'  wiuifs  and  brii^hter  ixronnd  colors  than  the  spriuij  fxcnera- 
tion  ;   tiie  hu'va   is   said  to   live  on    nettle,  elm,   ciu'nuit   and  Lr<><>^t'berry. 

In  answer  to  direct  ciKpiiries,  Dr.  Meyer  Diir  wrote  that  he  had  never 
really  obtained  any  hibernatinir  pupae  of  the  European  .sj)eeic.s,  but  that  he 
based  his  lielief  above  mentioned  on  the  f^round  "that  in  the  early  sprinj^ 
(March  and  April)  not  only  rubbed  and  battered,  but  also  cpiite  fresh  in- 
dividuals are  to  lie  found."  Now  thi.s  docs  not  .seem  to  be  the  case  with 
fannu.s  in  the  White  Mountains,  for  all  s|)ccimens  seen  duriiiir  the  month 
of  ,Inne  ^showthat  they  have  hibernated,  and  the  June  and  Jidy  eaterpillar.s 
come  from  these  hibernators.  For  further  notes  on  the  subject  .see  the 
recent  paper  by  Mr.  W .  II.  Edwards  (Can.  ent.,  xi.x  :  2-4). 

In  this  same  pa|)er  Mr.  Edwards  speculates  on  the  jirobable  genetic  re- 
lationship of  these  two  forms  by  supposing  lioth  species  to  have  been 
derived  from  a  common  .stock  at  tlii'  noi-th,  inhabiting  both  continents,  but 
afterwards  becoming  separated  : — 

Wlicii  tlif  scparntiDii  took  placL',  tlio  Kuroiiean  liraiicli  split  into  numerous  varieties, 
anil  became  (louble-brnodcil,  yet  rotaineil  its  identity  as  one  species  (that  is,  if  the 
European  lepidopterists  of  to-day  are  right  in  their  views),  and  shows  nowhere  ditfor- 
euees  between  imy  of  its  jircparatory  stages — one  multiform  si)ccies.  And  the  other 
bi'aneh.  on  the  western  <'Ontluent.  tlirew  oll'diversi'  forms,  several  of  whieli  have  eonie 
to  luive  very  dillereul  caterpillars  from  the  oriiiinal  type.  Tliese  also  ('iinie  to  l)e  two 
to  foiu'-brooded,  and  two.  at  least,  became  seasonally  dimori)hic  in  coloration.  ]5ut 
one  form,  faunas,  remains  sinifle-brooded.  and  sliows  no  tendency  to  vary,  and  may 
be  presumed  to  be  nearer  to  the  I'rimevul  type  of  the  species  than  any  of  the  forms 
that  now  compose  the  group.  Of  course,  tins  one-brooded,  non-varyinir  form  is  to-day 
not  the  same  thins  ns  the  two-brooded,  veiy  variable  form  found  in  Europe.  They 
have  come  to  be  two  distinct  species. 

Habits,    flight,  etc.     AltlKJUgh  very   cpiick  .ind   active  in   its  move- 


NVMrii.M.iXAi;    roi.YcoxiA  iaims. 


85^ 


iiK'iits,  tliis  liiittcrtly  i,<  not  ■<(>  sliv  :is  most  specie.*  lit  I'olyji'oiiiM.  It  i-< 
ri'iidily  CMiitiircMl.  espeeiiilly  on  the  liij.''li\viiys.  uliere  it  loves  to  settle,  with 
wiiiffM  liroiidly  s|ii'(':ii!  ii|ioii  tlie  ;,rn)Uii(l  or  on  t\vi;rs  tVoiii  tlii'ce  to  ten  feel 
ahdve  tlie  frround.  pi'ojeetiii<r  towiird  the  roiid.  It  is  niiu'h  ndthcted  to 
till!  droppin^fs  of  horses  in  the  ro.ids  ;  Mr.  I''.  II.  ."^pr:it;ne  e\en  «:iy..  ihiit 
hv'  on.  I'  found  tliein  feedine' on  thi-  sir.'U'uc  t'ood  ••in  ;i  stiile  of  ,ipp;n'ent 
intoxieiition.  so  lh;il  I  piekei]  np  ninny  speeinieii-  in  my  finj;('rs  with  per- 
fect eiise  :  tlirei  in  one  spot."  It  is  seldom  found  fnr  from  the  woods,  ;d- 
thougli  rarely  detected  within  their  de|pths  hut  riilher  in  sniuiy  openin;;s, 
lieside  niomitinn  torrents,  or  in  liidf  slnded  fcu-est  roiids.  liintner  writinii' 
of  this  species  in  the  Adii'oiid.'iek-  smvs  :  "  I'sindly  extremely  shy  as  nre 
all  the  (iraptas.  .ny  approach  stailled  oidy  a  few  of  (heir  numlier.  which 
after  a  short  circuit  returneil  to  ilieir  repast.  I  ex|pcricnced  not  the  least 
(litHeuIty  in  eapturiiiif  twenty  or  more  hy  hand." 

Its  oi-dinary  Hiji'ht  is  from  three  to  ten  feet  aliove  the  uriauid.  where  it 
moves  in  a  toleralily  direct  hut  sliL;htly  ziuzau  I'oursc.  with  intermiitenl 
movements  of  the  wine's;  first  there  are  three  or  four  ia])id,  vieorous 
Haps,  then  it  sails  a  t\'\v  feet,  then  the  wini;'  heats  are  renewed  and  so  on. 
Bet  if  alarmed  it  will  dash  ahoiit  in  a  headloiiL;'  manner,  ahruptly  termiu- 
atinjf  its  tli<rhl  hy  pitchini!:  suddenly  on  a  tree  trunk  or  more  coniiiionly  on 
a  leaf  of  a  projeetinj:  twi^''.  At  such  a  time  it  is  as  darin;;-  as  it  is  impetu- 
ous, and  even  saucy.  Hanntinj;'  itself  in  your  face  and  dartiuii'  olf  aj;ain  : 
or.  if  a  dash  is  made  at  it  with  the  net,  it  will  donhle  and  throw  itself  after 
the  net.  Startini:r  up  a  |iair  just  at  luy  feet  one  day  on  tlu'  Blount  A\'asliiim- 
ton  carriaji'c  road.  I  stopped  ahrujitly  to  see  whether  they  would  settle 
ajxain.  After  tlyin^'  a  few  feet  away  to  esca|)e  the  cause  of  tluMr  disturb- 
ance, one  turned  hack  and  daslied  straijrht  at  my  face,  tiu'iiin;;  only  when 
within  three  or  four  inches  of  my  nose,  and  then  suddenly  whisked  oil' with 
a  distinct  c//c/'  as  it  did  so.  siiapjiine-  its  finirers  as  it  were  in  my  very  face. 

Ae  stated,  it  often  rests  with  expanded  wings  Hat  on  tlie  ^'round.  sun- 
niiiii'  itself:  the  front  pair  are  then  hrouu'ht  forward  so  as  to  leave  hetween 
them  and  the  hind  wings  a  gap  half  way  to  the  liase  ;  the  straight  antennae 
pre  raised  r.t  an  angle  of  j.r  with  the  vertical  (ahout  as  the  trunk  is  raised ) 
and  diverge  ahout  N.")'.  When  at  complete  rest  the  wings  are  tightly 
closed,  the  fore  wings  hrought  down  just  sufficiently  to  lea\e  no  o|ieniiig 
between  tlieni  and  the  hind  wings,  and  the  antennae  are  tucked  hetween 
the  wings  in  an  upright  position,  toward  the  middle  of  the  outer  margin. 
When  at  ordinary  rest  the  wings  are  held  erect,  hut  parted  from  each  other 
as  in  sunning,  and  the  straight  antennae,  diverging  'Ji'f,  are  in  direct  contin- 
uation of  the  extreme  base  of  the  costal  margin  of  tlu!  fore  wings  ;  the  tip  of 
the  hind  wings  touch  the  ground  and  the  body  is  raised  a  little  in  front. 
.Some  which  had  been  caged,  when  night  came,  hung  from  the  nnd 'i'  side 
of  twigs,  the  wings  pende.nt  and  held  as  last  desc.-ibed  :   the  antennae  were 


If 


i 


r'     ' 


358 


T:1K  BLTTKHFLIKS  OF  NKW   KNdl.AXD. 


!  1 


close  together,  ju'^t  not  tucked  l)et\veen  the  wingti.  the  cliil).-*  distiuit  from 
the  margin  ut'tlie  wiugf;  hy  only  tlieir  own  thickness. 

This  l)uttei"H\  will  feign  (leatii  l)y  lying  Hat  iipon  its  side  upon  the 
ground,  motionless  ;  and  when  in  the  position  of  ordinary  repose  will  often 
give  a  slight  treml)liug  vibration  to  the  wings  and  [antennae  for  many  min- 
utes at  a  time  as  if  suffering  from  cohl  ;  perhaps  tiiis  latter  trait  is  peculiar 
to  the  male. 

Noting  tlie  injurious  etlect  sudden  removal  to  a  lower  level  had  upon 
some  of  the  lifelong  denizens  of  the  up[)er  altitudes  of  Mount  Wasiiingtou, 
I  tried  the  experiment  of  taking  tiu'ee  femides,  captured  upon  tlie  summit, 
down  tt)  the  liasi'  —  a  distance  of  level  ofal)()ut  H()0(t  feet  —  in  an  liour's 
time.  Wliile  disastrous  to  ().  semidea,  it  luul  no  perce})til>le  ett'ect  what- 
ever \\\wn  tliis  huttertiy. 

Enemies.  Excepting  Ichneumon  versal)ilis  (88:  2),  one  of  which  kills 
a  single  larva  and  decapitates  the  chrysalis  on  its  exit,  no  parasites  are  yet 
known  to  infest  this  insect  in  any  stage  ;  hut  to  judge  from  my  experience 
with  rearing  them  in  C'amliridge,  tlie  young  caterpillars  nuist  sufi'er  ex- 
treiuely  in  their  earliest  stages  from  insect  foes.  An  attempt  to  rear  them 
on  growing  l)irchcs  out  of  doors  under  nets  wiiich  I'xciuded  l)irds,  was 
alto;retiier  unsuccessful,  and  I  was  oMiaetl  to  liriny  tiie  measrre  remnants 
of  a  considerahlc  lirood  into  the  house  to  save  them.  But  the  butterHy 
itself  lias  its  foes,  for  in  tlie  passage  already  (pioted  from  Mr.  Lintner  of 
his  x[)erieiicc  with  tiiunus  in  the  Ailirondacks,  he  sa}>  tiiat  a  collector 
had  already  preceded  him,  namely,  '•  a  large  toad,  whom  I  found  holding 
a  central  position  in  the  gnuip  and  earnestly  engaged  in  lap[)ing  up  witli 
his  l>'-oad  tongue  one  after  anotiier  of  the  company  with  the  greatest  dex- 
terity, seldom  missing  an  attempt ;  after  watching  for  some  minutes  the 
novel  performance,  I  left  him  still  gorging  iumself  upon  what  I  should 
judge  to  he  an  unusuiil  liatracJuan  diet.'' 

Desiderata.  In  view  of  the  reputed  history  of  its  European  ally,  it 
liccomcs  iniportanf  for  those  who  live  within  the  region  where  fa.unus 
aboiuids  to  mark  the  time  of  its  appearance  in  the  spring  and  autumn,  and 
to  note  the  sex  and  condition  of  eaeii  (iaptured  specimen,  or  to  raise  the 
larvae  in  large  nuuiliers.  under  conditions  as  nearly  as  possible  approaching 
those  of  nature,  in  order  to  determine  fii  illy  how  late  the  chrysalids  may 
disclose  butterflies,  and  whether  any  of  them  continue  in  the  chrysalis  state 
through  the  winter  and  disclose  the  imago  in  the  spring ;  the  last  condition 
being  imperative,  since  the  chrysalids  from  [larasitized  larvae  will  undoubt- 
edly often  hang  until  spring  before  the  parasites  make  their  escape.  .V  fuller 
knowledge  of  the  early  stages  is  moreover  j)eculiarly  desiral)lc  for  the  sake 
of  coiniiarison  with  the  European  species  with  which  this  butterfly  has  been 
su|»posed  to  be  identical.  The  place  of  iilbernation  of  the  butterHy  is  not 
known,  and  it  should  lie  noted  whether  the   larvii  in  its  natural  state  ever 


«-' 


NYMPIIAUNAE:  POLYGONTA  (iUACIMS. 


859 


coiistrnctf  a  netit  i)t'  iiny  sort  like  .some  of  its  coiiiieiiers.  The  details 
resi)OCtinff  the  (louthern  and  western  distrihution  of  this  hiittertly  are  still 
incomplete  and  its  parasites  nnknown. 


LIST  OF  ILI.rsTItATloXS.-l'OLYCOXIA    FM'yrs. 

(jduernl.  liiLiiijii. 

PI.  Ill,  lij;.  s.    Distribution  ill  North  AnioricM.       F'l.  :).  ii.:   2.     !■'.  „iiili',  iiiulor  >iii'lii('i'. 


.S8:  2.    Icluioiiiiion  vfi'sal.ili.s.  :i  linrnsito. 

I'i.W,  tig.  21.     I'laiii. 
07:  in.     .Microiiylo. 

C'ati'rpiU'if. 
ri.  71  Mi;.',  is.    Caterpillar  at  hirtli. 
7-1  :S2.    Mature. 

7s :  42-411.  Front  view  of  lioail  in  .ita.ios  i-v. 
S(i:,s2.  Ppniial  apiipiuia,!.'!'  of  full  irrown 
ealorpillar. 

Vhri/salix. 
PI.  SH:  111.'.  ;il.    Oiitliiio  of  lipad.  from  front. 
I!;i.     Siilo  view. 
iW.    Till'  sumo  in  outline, 
lio.    Front  view  in  outline. 


II.     .Male,  liotli  >nrtace.<. 
11:  ;i.     The  >aiiie. 

'■]'■) :  10.     .Male  alnlomiiial  ;i|i|ienilaues. 
.52:  S.     Siile  view  of  lieail  anil  a|ipen(la,s.'es 
eiilarniMl.  with  i|etai!.<  of  the  «tnieliire  •>( 
the  l.-<. 
0]  :  21.     Outline  of  hind  wiiiL'. 

;i<i.  rntii'uliir  proef's.se.-  of  the  food 
ri'.-ervoir. 

10.  Tlie  eonneelion  of  the  food  reser- 
voir ami  stomaeh. 

47.  Side  view  id'  the  ilii.'e>livitniet  in 
the  alidoinen.  to  >how  the  relative  size  of 
the  food   i-eservoir  and  stomaeh. 


POLYOONIA  GRACILIS.  -The  hoary  comma. 

[The  hoary  eomimi  (.Seudder) ;  lirown  luinded  eomma  (.Mayiiaid).] 

(ira/ild   !/)-'iri/is  Grotc-Rob.,  Ann.  N.   Y.  (ira/itu    c-iii-'ientcinn    riir.    .'^eiidil. 

lye.  nat.  hist.,  viii :  43243,1  (18G7) ;— Streek.,  Kss.  iiist.,iii;  10!)  (1W13). 

Lep.,  OS,  pi.  S,  ligs.  14,  14   (1.S74) ;  — French,  V'llij'jnnid    uikhhs    rar.    i/rarilis 

Butt.  east.  U.  S.,1S0-1!)0  (1880);— .Mayn.,  liuU.  liidl.  liutV.  sue,  nat.  se.,  ii :  2r''2  (1,87,")). 

N.  E,,  14,  jil.  2,  Ii;;,  lo,  liin  (18,80).  ]'<!iii;ssri  r^i/ilijinin  rar.  a.  iirai'llh 

Vunexaa  (jracilis  Kirb.,  Syn.  eatal.  Lep.,  Cat.  Am.  maei-olei...  131  (187.S). 
182(1871) 


,  Pi-oe, 
Seiidd. 
Streek., 


^l/mphfilis  r/rarilis  Kirh.,  .Syn.  eatal.  I,ep., 


Fiirured   by  (ilovcr.  Ill    N.  A.  Lep.,  pi.  315, 


•^//''K  .,    ,      ,,     ,  ti,-.7;pl.;!.8,Ii,.ll,ined. 

J'nli/t/(ini(ifir(ir,UiK>>n\i\i\. ,^y^t.  rev.  .\iner. 

butt.,  10  (1872). 

Two  doves  upon  the  selfsame  braueli, 
Two  lilies  on  a  siii:;le  stem. 

Two  bultei'llies  upon  one  (lower  :— 
<>  happy  they  who  louk  oulhein. 

AVIlo  look  upon  them  hand  in  liand 
Flushed  in  the  rosy  summer  liirht  ; 

AVho  look  upon  theii'i  li:iiid  in  hand 
.\iid  never  nive  a  llioimht  to  niirlil. 

CriiiisiiNA  Hossr.iri. — s'on;/. 

Imago  (3:  11).  Head  eovorod  with  minaloil  Imii;-.  viiiniis,  lio.'M-y  ami  olivneeons 
hairs,  the  last  predoiiiiuatiiii:  posteriorly,  with  a  frliiiro  of  yellow  scales  nt  the  hinder 
borders  of  llu;  eyes  miuijU'd  with  many  ferrnniiidus.  Sides  u(  palpi  lii^hlv  vnrieiriited 
with  a  kaleidoscopic  mixturo  of  white,  viiio-ferniiriuoiis  and  black  scales,  the  last  pro- 
doininntiiiir  nt  the  base,  the  llrst  ah)n,ir  the  cdiies  and  in  a  line  below  the  middle,  the 
vino.ferrusrinous  npicivUy ;  tlio  Inst  joint  ferruitinons  with  n  few  blnek  scales.  Aiiten- 
nne  black-hrowii  above,  very  spnrsely  flocked  with  pale  scales,  naked  nud  testneeons  on 
the  inner  inferior  fncc,  outwnrdly  heavily  mnrked  with  while,  wliicdi  on  the  basal  half 
of  the  antennn  is  mo.stly  conlliiod  to  tlio  base  of  the  seitineiits.  ami  tbrounliont  o<'cii- 
l)ips  more  space  nt  the  bn.se  tlinu  nt  the  apex;  club  black-lirown  above  Willi  a  few 


.iicoiisiiicnons  irolden  Iinirs.  blaidv  lleeked  with  fern 


iiiinons  on   the  outer  lower  side 


r 
\\\ 


m^^  1 


A 


:'^,l 


3G0 


rilK   IJUTTKIIFLIKS  OK   XKW   KXGLAND. 


imkud  aiul  I'ornijiriuo-ti'stjicoou.--  mi  tliu  iiiiii'i'  lower  side,  tlie  iii>iciil  joints  wlioUy 
naked,  yellow  hiteoiis,  slii;litly  iiifuseated  apiciiUy.     'I'on^^ue  liulit  ea.stiineous  at  l)aso. 

Thorax  covered  al)ove  witli  silky  hairs  which  ai'e  dark  green  olivaceous  chaniiiufj;  to 
golden  brown,  beneatli  with  Mungled  lioary  and  vino-ferruginous  hairs.  Fore  legs 
with  similar  hairs,  the  front  (jf  tlie  tibiae  willi  a  median  stripe  of  rieli,  l)lack-l)rowii 
scales  Hanked  by  silvery  white  scales.  Other  femora  black-lirown,  heavily  tieckod 
with  silvery  gray  within  and  with  ferruginous  without;  til)iae  and  tarsi  hoary  wliite, 
the  former,  along  the  middle  above,  and  especially  on  basal  half,  marked  with  bUick- 
brown.  Spines  black;  spurs  and  claws  dark  castancons,  tlie  latter  tiiiped  with  lilack; 
paronychia  dull  lutcons;  pulviUns  black-browu. 

Wings  above  r)f  precisely  the  same  colors  and  pattern  as  1'.  faunus  upon  both  wings, 
thougii  in  general  it  is  sliglitly  smaller.  Furc  iviiKjs  with  the  upper  portion  of  the 
outer  border  sliglitly  I'oueave,  the  dentation  nearly  rectangular;  tliat  at  tij)  of  lower 
median  iiervule  ratlier  proniiiienl.  strongly  rounded ;  outer  margin  sliglitly  crenuhite. 
lliiiil  ii-iit(js  (61:22)  with  the  outer  l)order  considerably  croimlate,  the  tail  of  the  upper 
median  longer  than  broad,  tajiering;  the  projection  at  tlie  tip  of  the  upiier  subcostal 
large,  broad,  including  the  middle  subcostal  and  well  rounded,  that  at  the  lower  angle 
considerable,  well  rounded. 

Beneath  the  contrasts  are  striking  The  se.\es  agree  in  coloration.  The  basal  half 
of  the  wings,  separated  from  the  apical  portion  by  a  line  of  deniarcation  which  foUows 
jxactly  the  same  course  as  in  faunus,  is  c)f  a  very  dark  lirowuisli  ferrngiuous,  deepening 
outwarilly.  while  the  outer  half  of  the  win;;,  excepting  the  markings  of  the  outer 
margin,  is  hoary  iilmost  to  whi'-eness,  crossed  esi)ecially  ne.xt  the  mesial  band  by  short 
ihisky  threads.  The  markings  of  the  base  of  the  furr  iriuijs  are  the  same  as  those  oi 
fauiius,  and  those  of  the  apical  half  of  the  wing  arc  also  the  same,  excepting  in  the 
almost  total  absence  of  ureen  scales  from  the  submarginal  lunules,  which  are  here 
generally  distinct  and  much  smaller,  nev(!r  fonniug  a  common  broad  lunule;  the 
interior  .ircuate  series  of  green  spots  is  supplanted  by  a  row  of  Inconspicuous  black- 
ish dots  and  the  whole  outer  margin  is  nnsuiiiilied  with  any  excepting  the  faintest  ochre- 
ous  cohu's.  the  apex  being  :iniy.  <  lu  the  himl  ifiiiiis  the  central  C  forms  a  well  bent  L, 
the  longitudinal  limli  seldom  more  than  half  as  long  as  the  transverse,  and  Ivotli,  Init 
cspe<'lally  the  lower,  tap  jrlnit  toward  their  tips ;  while,  as  in  the  fore  wings,  the  arcuate 
series  of  greenish  spots  is  reduced  to  a  row  of  inconspicuous  black  dots,  and  the  sub- 
marginal  lunules  are  but  slightly  i)rovide(l  with  enclosed  greenish  lunules,  though  more 
green  is  to  be  seen  than  on  the  fore  wings ;  ochreous  color.s  are  also  wanting  along  the 
outer  liorder,  which  is  colored  more  as  in  iirogne,  being  as  dark  or  nearly  as  dark 
as  the  base;  the  inner  border  Is  more  ilistinctly  ashen  than  in  faunus  outside  of  the 
series  of  deep  loops  of  black  threads,  which  ornament  this  part  of  the  wing  in  this 
species. 

.Vbd<unen  al-jve  witn  mingled  black  and  dark  orange  ferruginous  scales,  beneath 
gray  with  mingled  vino-ferruginous  and  hoary  yellow  scales,  the  last  two  joints  with 
dark  slate  brown  scales.  Appendages  of  the  male  (33  :  21)  ;  upper  organ  precisely  as 
ill  iirogne,  or  a  trillc  slighter  only;  clasps  with  the  main  body  the  same  as  in  progue, 
but  a  little  narrower  above,  the  liasal  process  of  upper  margin  slighter  than  hi  progiie, 
more  depressed  and  more  pointed;    inlorior   linger  the  same.  Imt   with  tlie  Incurved 


ap: 


orrii.ii  proportionally  longer. 


.Measuiemeiils  in  millimetres. 

M.VLKS. 

l'KM,\LK.S. 

Length  of  luiiHUe.  '.I.io. 

Smallest. 

2" 
"i. 

7.0 

i. 

in. 

Average. 

Liii'gesl. 

Smallest. 

211. 
12. 

7. 

:!.-) 

111.25 

Aveiiige. 

Largest. 

•a. 

12._ 

1.  t 

I. 

II. 

21. 
12..-) 

S.2 

4.1 

lU.O") 

■>H.o 
11.7.^> 

l().2r) 

25. 

12.2 

liiiid  llhliie  iind  tarsi... 

fore  tibiiie  and  tar.sl  .. 

upper  medliui  nervule 

of  hind  wings 

;i.75 
ii.n 

Bgg      (trass  green.  sli;j 


Desi'rilH'il  from  Hi  '   il   »  , 
ly  higher  than  broail.  well  rounded,  broadest  in  the  middle 


F 


wmmmmmmmmmmm 


NY.Ml'llALlXAE :    I'OIA'GOXIA  GfUACILIS. 


361 


ol'  the  lower  Imlf  or  sliglitly  above  this,  \\itli  liroail  base,  slij,'litly  llaltened  summit, 
aiiJ  nine  strongly  compressed,  very  sligjitly  olevnteil,  pclluciil,  vertical  ribs  whicli  in- 
crease in  lieiglit  from  tlic  middle  of  the  egg  to  the  summit  with  increasing  rapidity, 
but  at  the  liighest  are  only  .02.5  ram.  high.  Tlie  surface  bvtween  tliem  is  tlat, 
smootli,  crossed  Ijy  exceedingly  line  lines  .02  mm.  apart,  which  tiuvcrse  and  striar.e  the 
ribs.  The  termiinition  of  the  ribs  ut  the  summit  leaves  a  free  central  space  .'2'>  mm. 
In  diameter,  in  the  c.atre  of  which  the  micropylc  is  .  1  mm.  in  diameter.  Height  of 
egg.  .f,")  ram. ;    breat  ch,  .«  nmi. 

Dis.ribution  (19:  7).  Excepting  in  New  Engliind,  this  buttcrHy  haa 
rarely  been  met  with,  but  it  must  liave  a  wide  range  througli  British 
America,  for  it  was  taken  by  ilr.  Dall  on  the  Yuivon  Uiver,  Alaska,  fifty 
miles  al)o\e  Nowik.'ikat ;  there  is  a  specimen  in  the  Cambridge  Museum 
from  Great  Slave  Lake,  and  I  eai)ture(l  it  a*^  Pog's  Head  near  the  middle 
of  Lake  Winnipeg.  Strecker  alsi'  s[)eaks  .  t  it  as  ol)tainei\  by  (reffcken 
in  tiie  Athaba,sca  region,  Jenner  \\'eir  locords  it  from  Moose  Factory, 
Hudson  Bay,  and  Fletciier  found  it  at  Neitigon  nortii  of  Lake  Superior, 
and  at  Suill)ury  north  of  Georgian  Bay.  He  also  tells  me  that  it  has  been 
taken  in  Montreal.* 

In  New  England  it  has  only  been  reported  from  a  \'iiw  northern  locali- 
ties. It  has  been  taken  at  Jetf'erson,  N.  H.,  and  on  the  road  to  ^\'ilson's 
Mills  in  M;iine  (Tii-'kard).  It  is  sometimes  tolerably  eonnnon  in  the 
higlier  valleys  of  the  White  Mountains,  the  region  where  it  is  l)est  known, 
where,  however,  it  occupies  a  district  distinctly  lower  than  P.  fiiuiuis  :  for 
instance,  on  the  load  from  Fabyan's  to  the  Base,  I  found  faunus  far  more 
al)undant  on  tlie  [xirtion  above  Twin  Kiver  farm  (elevation  aliout  ioOO 
fei't)  than  in  that  i)clow,  while  the  reverse  wa.s  true  of  gracilis.  Tlie 
latter  Hies,  however,  higher  than  tiiis.  and  has  even  l)een  taken  on  the 
sununit  of  Mount  Washington. 

History  and  habits.  We  know  very  little  of  tlic  history  of  this  rare 
insect,  the  early  stages  lieing  (piite  unknown.  Etrort.s  one  spring  to  oiitain 
eggs  from  females  placed  under  muslin  upon  willow  were  unsuccessful 
althougii  tried  witii  several  ditlerent  specimens.  I'rou)  their  times  of 
appcMrance  and  condition,  we  may  judge  that  so  far  iis  seasons  and  broods 
are  concerned  the  liistory  is  identical  with  that  of  faunus,  and  it  was  this 
circumstance  niiiinly  that  once  led  me  to  think  it  a  dimorpiiic  tiirni  of 
that  abundant  species.  The  buttertlies  hibernate  and  are  to  bi'  lnund 
flying  as  early  as  anyone  visits  the  mountains  and  until  at  least  tiie  1  1th 
of -lune.  They  apjiear  again  in  the  latter  half  of  duly  and  lly  till  iiiiicrna- 
tion.  The  sjiccimen  taken  in  .Vlaska  wa.-  fnuud  .lune  li  :  that  on  Lid\e 
U'imiipcg  August  .i. 

1*.  gracilis  is  less  active  and  vigorous  than  1'.  faunus.  is  rutin  r  more 
shy  luid  ki'cps  company  with  its  kind  li'ss  ;  the  last,  perhaps,  a  mere  conse- 
fpience  oi' its  rarity.      In   other  respects    it  is  wholly  like  it.  alighting  like 


•  Itiiller  iM'edits  11  In    .Mi'iiduciiin  ( 'o.,  (,';d., 
lull  i'('i't:iiiilv  liv  all  iTiiir  nf  di'liiriniiialinii  ur 


of  etii|iii'tle.     " 
/iii)l..  \vi :  |i;7. 


.IhIII'II.     I.iiih. 


I.olld,. 


,3V 


362 


rilK    HITTKHFI.IKS  OF   NEW   KNGLAXD 


it    ill    tlic   muddy  roads   with  erect  or  widely   opened  wiiiLr-s,  sucking  the 
moisture  from  tlie  rut;'. 

Desiderata.  A  knowledge  of  tiie  esirly  stiigeiJ  and  coni])lete  life  lii.'Story 
of  till:-  l)iitterriy  is  imu'li  needed.  Females  should  he  coiiHned  on  Ithick 
liircli,  nettle  and  elm  as  well  as  willow.  Do  the  temules  wliicli  are  to  he 
found  in  duly  and  August  ever  have  developed  eggs  in  their  ahdomen  V 
If  they  siiould  he  found,  we  may  he  confident  tiiere  is  a  second  hrood,  and 
tiicii  tlu'  comparative  nunihers  and  freshness  of  iiidiviiluals  from  July  on 
should  lie  carefully  noted. 

L/sr  (IF  ii.Lisri;Arii)Ss-i'i)i,Y(i(>.\iA  aHAcius. 


/,„"y.,. 
PI.  3,  lii;.  11.    M:ili',  li'itli  <iirf:ic<'>. 

*!:21.     Miilc  !iliilimiin;il  Mii|u'iiil;i,uff 
(il:2J.    Outline- of  liiiul  wiiiL'. 


I'l.  II).  ti- 


lii'.nrr'i/. 
nistriliutiiiii  ill  Xortli  Aiiirri''?). 


POLYGONIA  PROGNE.— The  gray  comma 

[The  giay  nimiiiii   {(iussi);    >ilviM-c    (iriipla   (Kli-I)y);  i'l-uiinc  liiitti'i'lly    (IliUTjs);  l'i'in;in- 
vaiii's>  (Kiiiiiniiis) ;  .-|iiii(iiis  i'iin-;uil  culrriiilliir  (Li'  liiircml;   silvi'i'-l  Imilcrlly  (Uiks)  ;  i;r;iy- 

wiiii.'cii  cuiiiMin  (Mayimrcl) .] 

l',ipi'i<,  iH'i,)!,,    L'lviii..  l',i|'..'\.it..i:  !t,  1,1.  II, ix.  ins.  N'.  V..  110-lU  (is.')!!);— |,rli;ir.,  I!i'|i. 

.").  tiir>.  K.  v..  (17T.'>):— lltnlisi.  N'litnrsysi.  ins.  ins.  III.,  i.  .V,)-i!l  (IsTl). 

seUuiPtt..  vii:til.  |il.  lO;!,  t-.s.  :!4  (IT!t4).  Vdni'.nsu   prat/m-    Mow.,    8yn.     I,i.|i.    N. 

J'olij<iii)iiii  j)rii;/iiv  IIlilpM..  Vi'i-/.  scliniilt..  .Xnicr.,  ."lO-.'iT  (ISdi!). 

3(t  (ISlUi:— Soiidil.,  Iti'p.  lii'cil.   N.  II..  i  :  ini-  y>in)jili(il!.'<  /i)M.'/«r  Kirh.,  .siyn.  cnt.il.   Li'i>.. 

3,")2.  1,1.  A,  liu.  12  (lS7t).  (U,S  (1S71). 

I'^iittts.id  jiroiihc  Uoi\..   Kncy,  I.  iiR'lli.,  i.\ :  (irciitn    ixir'/ehtuHiu  (iossc  Xcwni.    Kn- 

292.  oO-i.  Sl!l,  ,s20  (lSHt);-l?,,is,l.-  I,h.'..  IXv-  toni..  ISS  (isti))  ;_I'n,.k.,  (iiiiilo  ins.,  -JCil.  li-. 

Auii5r.  Sfpt..  ISfS-lSit.  |il.  .'id,  li^s.  .ViidsliS);—  ISS  (l.sni)). 

Ilarr.,  Ins.  iii.i.  vc,^.,  ;!ii  ctl..  .'i01-;ji)2  (l.s(i-.>).  J'liiiflio  nrnf/m    Kalir..  Mam.  ins.,  ii :    .'m 

(frii]i>ii  jirnrni'-  I»ciuM.-Ili'wits.,(ii'ii.  iliiini.  (1787). 

L(M>.,i:l!>7(184,S);-I,intii.,ri-o,.  Knioiii.  si.r,  imh.younh    ritOdNM-;    e-.\H(iKNTKCM 

I'liilad.,  iii:  .")S(1S()H  ;— Hnwk's.  Can.  fnl.,iii:  .i,|||,  ijirjncr  furni. 


1(1-11  (1871);  —  Ivhv.,  Can.  cnl..  xii:!t.l( 
(lf*l);— -MiiMl.,  Hi'ii.ins.  111..  \  :s.-i(l.ssl);  — 
Siiunil.,  Ins.  in.i.  Irnil,  ;U(i-;i4s.  riu.  ;liiO  (is,s;!) ; 
— Ffrn.,  Riitt.  Jlc,  .Vi-,")(i  (IS.Sl);  — Fiiiidi, 
Hull.  t'Bst.  t'.  .S..  l'J0-l'J2,  ti,v'.  ."13  (18.sii);  — 
Mayn.,  Hutl.  X.  K.,  14-1.-|,  pi.  2.  li^;.  Hi,  Ilia 
(ISSli). 

Viiiicssii   {(^nijilii)  jii-'ii/m    Kili'li,3i|   Hep. 


Vuitiissn  lirdjtta  i:-iiri/f)il(:iiiii  Kirb.,  Faun. 
Imr.-anicr.,  iv:  2!12,  pi.  3,  lii;s.  t!-7(ls;i7). 

I'll!  ifiiiin  ill      iifoi/nv      i;iir.      I'-iirijenti'inii 
SiniM.,  Unll.  Itiitl'.  soi'.  nat.  sr.,  ii:2.')3  (]s7,i), 
coi.rcuNn  pHoo.NK  i.-.\niii:.\"n;rM 
Tlir  darker  form. 
I'i,li/i/iiii ill  jirni/iiii  var.  l-nriii.ntenra  .''Oinlil. . 
Hull.  ISnir.  sue.  nat.  se.,  ii  :2.")3  (1n7.">). 


1  .•  * 

■*...; 
; ;'/ 


'iCfy 

ill 


.  .  .  tlllise  lillltcl-tlies, 
(Jf  Earth,  wlm  »ei'k  the  skies, 
.Villi  sc,  I'lmie  down  aii'ain 
(Xevei'-eontenteil  tliln.irsl) 
Have  hrmnilil  a  speeimeii 
t'puii  tlieir  iiniveiiiiL'  wind's, 

I'm:. —  Fiiirij-hiiiii. 

Imago  (3  ;  ."> ;  16  :s).  Head  ciivereil  <in  upjier  snrruec  p(i-<ti;riiii'l,v  v.Mtli  uliviiceniis. 
uiiterioily  with  niiiiifled  black,  fn.xy  and  hoary  hairs  and  .villi  a  sniiill  whitish  tiift 
oiUsiile  the  btiseol"  the  iiiiteninie.  the'  sides  l)ehinil  (he  eye  with  iiiiiiiileil  white,  blackish 
and  I'erniiiiiiims  scales.  Uiisal  half  of  sides  of  palpi  white,  with  rather  a  broad  niodinn 
streak  nf  black,  eilu'ed  above  with  vinous:  apical   lialf  blackish  iiiuiiilcd  vvith  vinous 


W:V 


NYMl'IIAI.lNAK;    1'()I,V(.<)N1A    I'HOCiNK. 


863 


oi'  lawny  tlio  iipcx  ol'  tlic  siiiicrini'  Iriiim!  jind  tlif  l)iise  cif  tlu'  iiit'i'rUir  iriiijjtf  ii:H'n)^\  ly 
■\vliitisli,  and  a  luudian  loiiLritiiiliiial  pakT  r-tivak.  in  CDiitimiatUiii  of  tlie  white  parts  of  tlu' 
ba.-se  of  the  palpi;  llio  liairs  l)laclc;  bi'iicath,  tliu  wliito  inferior  friniie  is  seen  h>  liave  a 
very  broad  median  striiie  of  blaetcisli  and  ferrn^jinous  scales.  Antennae  very  ilarl< 
brown  above,  lijilitly  lleeked  with  paler  and  toward  tlie  tip  of  tlie  stalk  witb  Imai'x 
seales,  especially  at  the  baseof  the  joints  ;  lieneatli.  inwardly  naked  and  pale  Uiteons  ex- 
ceptinii'  near  the  l)ase.  where  it  is  wliile  outwardly  with  a  broad  patch  of  wliite  on 
the  basal  Inilf  of  eaeli  joint,  atteninited  toward  the  tip  bat  toMard  the  liase  of  the  (  Inl) 
forininii  a  more  or  less  comieeted  stripe;  ehib  dark  lirown  alxive,  lleeked  at  base  with 
whitish.  l)eyond  witli  ferruiiinons  scales ;  lieni'ath.  fnsecms.  tln^  apical  tlirei'  or  fonr 
joints  wholly  pale  Inteoiis.  Basal  tldrd  (d' tonirne  lu'eons.  lieyoiid  In-nwnish  fuseons. 
the  tip  lutoous  ajrain. 

Thorax  covered  al)ove  witli  olivaceous,  Iteneatli  willi  dark  chocolate,  lioary-tiiiped 
hairs,  l<"ore  lejrs  witli  a  stripi  of  Ijlack  scales  down  tin'  front,  bordered  externally  witli 
white,  internally  wit'i  niiiiiiied  white  and  fulvous  scales,  and  friiified  (ni  eitlier  side  witli 
uiiny:led  d.ark  vinous  and  iioary  hairs;  femora  of  other  leys  y;ray  witli  an  internilinrrni:; 
of  black  and  white  and  some  eidored  scales,  at  the  tip  yellowish,  beneath  with  a  line 
of  black  scales  inwardly;  tibiae  and  tarsi  hoary  while  mingled  with  pale  brown 
scales,  the  tiljiae  often  tinged  with  yellowish  and  with  a  broader  or  narrower  dark 
brown  stripe  down  their  front;  siilnes  bUicklsh  eastaneous :  sjuirs  dark  ri'ddisli.  paler 
at  base,  blaekisli  at  apex.  Claws  lark  reddish,  darkest  at  tip:  iiaronychia  pale; 
pulvillus  black, 

Winiis  aliove  fulvous  oran,:;e  often  iplite  pale,  almost  alwavs  deeper  on  the  basal 
fourth  id'  the  winus.  Fun-  "•(«(/(.•  witli  the  upper  portion  of  the  outer  border  sliiiiitly 
concave,  the  dentation  nearly  rectanjrnlaraiid  blniiter  than  in  tlu-  other  spei-ies.  that  iit 
tip  of  lower  iiiedian  nerviile  not  very  prominent,  broadly  roimiled,  outer  maricin 
scarcely  creiiiilate.  The  costal  edge  obscure,  throughout  marmonit  d  witli  blaekisli  and 
iluU  greenish  yoUow;  in  tlie  middle  of  the  cell  are  two  small,  oblinne,  snliovate  spots, 
the  upper,  more  nearly  transverse  than  hingitudinal,  depending  from  the  snlicostal 
nervnre  just  beyond  the  emission  of  the  llrsl  nervnle.  is  dirccleil  inward;  tlie  lower 
often  almost  circular  and  more  nearly  longitudinal  than  vm'ticiil.  is  of  thesamesize  a- 
tile  upper,  pliiced  midw.ay  lietweeii  it  and  the  median  nervure,  its  innermost  extremity 
lying  just  alxive  the  liase  (d'  the  lli'st  median  nervnle;  the  extremity  id' the  cell  is  niiirked 
liv  aliroad,  transverse,  black  liiir.  twice  as  broad  above  as  lielow.  and  partially  oliscureil 
liy  !iii  admixture  of  tawny  scales  ;  it  reaches  from  tlie  costal  margin  to  tlie  median  nervure. 
tmicliing  the  latter  only  by  its  inner  angle,  Its  interior  margin  concave  and  liest  delliied 
below  the  base  of  the  U)West  subcostal  nervnle;  on  the  subcostal  nervure  its  l)re;nlt!i 
reaches  from  the  base  of  the  llrst  inferior  to  that  of  the  third  superior  subcostal 
nervnle;  in  the  median  and  medio-submedian  iiitevspaces  is  a  nearly  strai;;ht  serie-  id' 
three  stdieipial,  roundish,  vaguely  detlned,  blaekisli  spots,  tliat  in  the  upper  median 
interspace  generally  ;i  little  smaller  than  the  others,  the  la"gest  seldom  nuu'c  than 
equalling  half  !iu  interspace  in  \vidth.  the  upper  (Uie  placed  just  before  the  middle  of 
tile  upper  median  interspace,  all  at  an  eipial  distance  from  the  median  nervure; 
depending  from  the  costal  border,  midway  between  the  transverse  mesial  bar  and  the 
ape,-,  of  the  wing,  is  ;i  second  transverse,  subtrianguhir,  dusky  patch,  more  or  less,  and 
nearly  always  considerably,  tinged  with  ferruginous,  espeidally  externally ;  it  is  parallel 
to  tlie  transverse  mesial  bar.  tapers  downward  and  reaidies  the  upper  median  nervnle,  its 
outer  border  passing  a  little  lieymid  the  last  divarication  of  the  subcostal,  and  has 
throughoiit  vaguely  detlned  biu'ders.  the  lower  i)ortion  beiiii!:  generally  clouded  iind 
soiiutiiues  (d)solescent ;  the  outer  border  is  very  broadly  margined,  nearly  to  llie 
depth  of  an  interspace's  widtli,  with  blackish,  and  above  the  snlicostal  ;ingulati(Ui 
broadens  as  it  approaches  the  costal  border,  so  as  to  leave  but  ii  narrow  space  between 
it  and  the  snbapical.  transverse  blotch;  tills  margin  is  directly  followed  In  the  inter- 
spaces by  a  series  of  fulvo-ochraceous  lumiles.  not  very  eoiispiciions  but  often  ren- 
dered more  so  by  an  interior  edging  of  fuseo-fcrruginoiis ;  below  the  lower  median 
nervnle  this  expands  into  a  large,  (piadrate  [latch,  irenerally  extending  sli:.ditiy  above 


,*!      ^i- 


<-  ■^r^ 


',^i^' 


Ami 


#1- 

j^'i  ■  ■■ 


•'■'<• 

i 

^'fl 

,  i;;:,j.";'j 


■rr; 


"  'a' 


364 


THE  BUTTERFLIES  OK   NEW   EX(;LAX1). 


the  niTvulo;  the  outer  border  Issometimes  faintly  enlivened  -witli  scnttered  piile,  oelira- 
ceoiis  or  tawny  scales,  mid  tlie  fringe  is  blacl<isli,  l)rondly  interrupted  witli  the  same 
colors,  but  mainly  witli  -white.  Occasionally  tlie  e<!!;e  of  the  winj;  lias  a  slight  hoary 
l)looui,  as  in  the  in'cvious  species. 

Iliml  triiii/s  (61 :  2;i,  24)  with  tlie  outer  border  a  little  crenulate,  the  tail  of  the  upper 
median  nervule  either  very  broad  at  base,  almost  triangular  (l-argonteuin)  or  broad 
and  gently  taperin;;.  tlie  tip  I)r()adly  rounded  (c-arsciiteum),  the  projection  at  the  tip 
of  the  upper  subcostal  nervule  sliirht.  anirulated,  that  at  the  lower  ani;le  small  and 
rouiidi.'d.  Color  of  the  tint  of  the  base  of  *^lio  fore  wiiiirs.  the  outer  border,  as  there, 
Miaru'ined  broadly  with  lilack.  but  also  reaching  further  toward  tlie  base,  and  bccoiniug 
more  or  less  sradually  mixed  with  ferruj;iiious.  until  the  boundary  between  it  and  the 
orunire  is  marked,  about  midway  liotwecu  the  tlrst  divarication  of  the  subcostal  and  the 
outer  border,  liy  a  multitude  of  .short,  transverse  threads  of  ferniitiuous  on  an  orauije 
ground,  becominj;  loss  and  less  freiiuont  interiorly  but  seldom  reaching  so  far  as  the 
last  (livaricatioii  of  the  median  iiervuro ;  within  tlie  apical  area  au<l  inarkin;^  the  limit  of 
the  outer  eduriiiu;  of  lilack,  which  can  seldom  otherwise  l)e  noted,  is  a  scries  of  very 
small,  roundish,  dull  ochreous  spots  suhparallel  to  the  outer  border.  The  basal  half 
of  the  costal  border,  as  far  as  the  subcostal  ucrvuro,  is  wholly  brownish  fuscous,  deep- 
eniiii;  into  l)lackisli  at  its  outer  limit,  just  bolow  which  in  the  upper  subcostal  iiil-r- 
space  and  iteuerally  crossins;  it  is  a  smaller  black  spot,  removed  generally  l)y  more 
than  its  own  diameter  from  the  base  of  the  interspace;  the  uppi.'r  half  of  the  nervule 
closinji  the  cell  is  marked  more  or  less  heavily  with  l)lack,  which,  when  it  is  broadest, 
extends  also  over  the  liase  of  the  nervule  above;  the  outer  border  is  edged,  much 
more  frei|Ucntly  than  on  the  fore  winj;,  with  a  hoary  bloom  ;  friiijie  blackisli  fuscous 
at  the  nervule  tips,  dull  ferruginous  elsewliere,  Iml  occasionally  interrupted  with 
white  in  the  middle  of  the  interspaces  and  not  infrecpuMitly  almost  wholly  concealed 
by  the  hoary  bloom. 

Beneath  gray,  the  basal  half  lirownish.  the  apical  half  <lull  ashen,  the  line  of  demar- 
cation on  the  J'orf  wini/s  being  sharply  delliied.  [lassiug  from  about  tlie  tip  of  the  costal 
nervure  to  the  median  nervure  just  beyond  the  tip  of  cell,  crossing  next  the  uiiper 
median  interspace  by  a  line  subparallel  to  that  which  strikes  the  upper  median  nervule 
at  the  base  of  its  straight  portion  ;  tlien  crossing  the  lower  median  interspace  by  a  similar 
line,  whose  orlgii.  ov.  the  middle  median  nervule  is  midway  between  the  base  of  the 
nervule  ami  the  point  where  the  line  in  the  upper  median  interspace  strikes  it;  and 
Unally  the  interspaces  below,  still  a  little  further  removed  toward  the  base ;  the  darker 
parts  of  this  basal  Held  are  toward  the  outer  limits  where  they  form  an  indistinct 
band  of  ai)out  the  width  of  an  interspace,  while  within  this  straight  threads  of  pale 
scales,  subparallel  to  the  lower  half  of  the  outer  border  of  the  basal  half  of  the  wing, 
and  enclosing  slender  stripes  of  slightly  varying  depths  of  brown,  variegate  the  whole 
base  of  tlie  wing;  in  particular  there  crosses  the  cell  one  stripe  of  a  plumbeous  color, 
narrowly  eilged  with  Iilack  and  this  again  faintly  with  pale,  extending  from  the  base 
of  the  subcostal  nervule  to  the  ineilian  nervure  just  lieyond  the  base,  the  homologue 
of  the  two  distinct  spots  of  the  other  species  of  I'olygonia  described  in  this  work;  on 
either  side  of  it  the  upper  lialf  of  the  cell  is  slightly  ashen;  the  costal  edge  is  inarino- 
rated  as  above  but  more  intarruptedly ;  excepting  next  the  outer  border  the  outer  half 
of  the  wing  is  gray  with  short,  transverse  threads  of  blackish  and  fuscous,  some- 
times commingled  to  form  sloiuler  streaks,  up<m  an  ashen  surface  more  or  less 
tinged  with  yellowish  iirown  ;  above  the  lower  subcostal  nervule.  however  (excepting  a 
narrow  band  next  the  middle  of  the  wing),  the  outer  half  is  more  or  less  clouded  with 
grayish  aslien  which  extends  to  the  outer  margin  of  the  wing;  below  the  first  superior 
subcostal  nervule  the  outer  border  is  broadly  bordered  to  nearly  the  depth  of  an  iiitor- 
siiace's  width  with  a  color  as  deep  us  the  base  of  the  wing  but  more  or  less  enlivened 
with  pale  or  ochreous  scales,  limited  interiorly  by  a  strongly  zigzag  black  line  or  scries 
of  connected  sagittate  spots,  enclosing  slenderer  lunules  of  dull  metallic  greenish ; 
tliese  black  sagittae  are  continued  in  the  ashen  tip  by  small,  blackish  dots,  that  of  the 
apical   snlicostal  interspace  in  the  middle  of  its  outer  two-thirds ;  it  Is  succeeded  in- 


Itf  ■/■■■' 

m 

P 


{if;. 


.ri!.: 


XY.MPIIAIJNAK:   POLYGOXIA   PR<)(;XK 


365 


wardly  by  an  arciiato  sorios  of  small,  hlack  dots  in  tlio  interspaces,  tlioso  in  the  iippir 
third  of  tlic  winii  most  distinet  and  larjiest,  tliat  in  tlie  apical  snbcostal  interspace  in 
the  middle  of  its  l)asal  two-tlurds  and  that  of  tlie  npper  median  in  its  centre.  Frinye 
much  as  aUovi;.  Jlhul  wimjn  with  similar  tints  to  tliose  of  the  fore  \vin}:s,l)nttliel)asal 
and  apical  lialvi^--  not  so  distinctly  separated,  tlie  wliole  winj;  covered  witli  tr.ansverse 
threads  of  l)lack  and  blaclsisli  brown,  on  tlie  basal  lialf  of  the  wini;  collected  to  a 
considerable  extent  into  slender  streaks,  all  \ipon  a  sordid  white  ^tronnd.  which  on  tlie 
basal  half  is  tiiiiied  with  dnll,  dingy  pale  ifreenish;  tlie  line  of  demarcation  l)elweeii 
the  two  passes  from  the  middle  of  the  outer  foiir-llftlis  of  tlie  costal  border  in  a 
sinnoiis  conrse,  to  the  middU'  of  the  basal  half  of  the  middle  snbcostal  nervule:  U 
starts  aaain  from  a  little  beyond  the  base  of  the  upper  median  nervnle  and  passe- 
with  a  tremulous  course,  faintly  impressiul.  toward  tlie  l)ase  of  tlieexcision  of  the  inner 
border  of  the  wins;  the  apex  of  tlin  ciMl  Is  marked  liy  a  plain,  efpial  or  nearly  ei|ual. 
silver  line,  which  does  not  attain  tlie  subcostal  iiervure  ami  which,  on  reachim;  tlie 
median  ncrvure  at  its  last  divarication,  follows  the  nppi'r  median  nervnle  to  a  distance 
nearly  cipial  to  the  transverse  portion,  and  at  it<  tip  tlie  darker  basal  color  of  the 
wini;  terminates ;  occasionally  the  lonsitudinal  limb  is  nearly  obsolete  and  it  usually 
tajiers  apieally ;  it  is  usually  twice  as  broad  as  the  nervules  at  this  part  of  tlie  wini.' : 
the  outer  maririii  of  the  wiiii;  is  scarcely  darker  than  tlie  surronniliuir  parts ,  tliouv;h 
iisnally  a  little  infuscatcd,  but  there  is  a  submarifiiial.  sinuous,  slender,  lilack  stripe,  at 
tlie  distance  of  nearly  an  interspaces'  wiiltli  from  the  outer  border,  wiiicli  is  alnio>t 
entirely  llllcd  up  witli  dull  ureenish  scali's:  a  short  distance  witliin  this  is  a  very  ol)- 
scure  transverse  series  of  black  dots  in  the  int<!rspaces,  almost  wholly  obliterated  by 
Ijoing  made  the  centre  of  a  transverse,  partially  connected  scries  of  blackish  streaks, 
hardly  as  far  from  the  snbmai'iiinal  stripe  as  that  from  the  outer  border.  Frinse 
much  as  .above. 

Abdomen  blackisli  brown  aliove  covered  rather  profusely  with  tawny  scales ;  lie- 
neath  asliy  grey  with  iningled  pale,  light  brown  and  pale  tawny  scales.  The  opening 
at  tile  extremity  in  the  male  is  constricted,  transverse,  rounded,  stromrly  arched  ahove, 
nearly  straight  below,  half  as  broad  again  as  hiith.  The  upper  organ  of  tlie  male 
appendages  (33  ;  ll')  has  the  hook  as  in  1'.  faiinus  but  ir.ore  strongly  arcuate,  as  lonii 
as  the  liody,  without  basal  tooth.  Clasps  nearly  three  times  as  broad  as  long,  the 
upper  hinder  angle  only  slightly  produced  and  rounded  .  sliglitly  incurved  ;  liasal 
process  of  npper  surface  twice  as  long  as  the  clasp  and  slender,  the  aiiical  half  directed 
backward,  eijual  and  scarcely  depressed:  at  the  middle  bent  abruptly  inward  and 
downward  iu  a  slightly  sinuous  curve,  depressed,  tajierhig  regularly  to  a  pointed  tiii: 
interior  finger  lonsi  and  slender,  tapering  sliirlitly  throughout  but  more  conspieiionsly 
toward  the  base,  arcuate,  on  the  apical  tliird  llnely  jioiiited  and  scarcely  surpassing  the 
upper  edge  of  the  clasp. 


roLYOONiA  pnooNr.  c-AnoExiT.r.M. 

Measnrenients  in  iiiilliinetres. 

MAI.MS. 

j                        I'KM.\I,i;S. 

Length  of  tongue,  !i.."). 

Smallest. 

.\verage. 

Largest. 

.Smallest. 

j    23.75 
'    12. 

7.4 

4. 

Average. 

25.5 
13. 

.><.2 

4.5 

Largest . 

23.5 
12.5 

7..S5 
4.4 

25.25 
13.5 
8.5 
4.(i 

2li.25 
14.25 

it. 

4.11 

2C.5 
13.'' 

hiiul  tiliiae  and  UwA 

tore  tibiae  and  tarsi 

S.5 
4. 

POI.YfiONI.V    I'ltOliXi;   I.-AI!(il:NTi:i'.M. 


.Measurements  in  milliinetres. 

Length  fure  wing 

antennae 

hind  tiliiae  and  tarsi 

fore  tiliiae  and  tarsi 


MAl.i.:s. 


I 


Smallest. Average. 


24. 

1    2(;. 

12. 

j     13.75 

7.5 

1       S.5 

4.2 

1      4.4 

Largest. 

27.5 

14.5 

S.4 

4.4 

Smallest. 
23.5 

7.1 

3.7 


Vveragc. 

Large.~i 

27.5 

27.5 

13.5 

S.25 

8.(i 

4. 

4.4 

■'■)'■  >      '!*       1 


-sSi^-^ 


'  \  'Wi 


'■^ 


*' t . 


Described  from  27'sper  linens,  (if  wliiih  !)  .'  11  9. 


PS/:'-     'J 


If'  ^'^'^ 


If: 


I  >v^s: 


x^. 


:iv 


i 


jOl 

i! 

■M 

u 

'.:  vl  i 

'S 

^•< 

'  ■-','   ;. 

■c 

;  .-1 

'5W,    . 

^;4'- 

-4 

■i, 

'  i 

•f.: 

'i 

•■  *;, 

■\ 

r    ■.;; 

.; 

r  , 

300 


iiir.  i'.ri'ri;i;i-i.ii>  oi'  s\.\\   lnci.ami. 


Dimorphic  forniH.  !■  r.  c-.M.'iiKMr.iM.  lias  lln' iii'diiiiil  Mill  nf  ilir 'iiiju'i- -iu'I'iht 
of  all  tlir  >vliii'>  I'liiicoliiroii- . 

1'.  r,  l.-.M!(iKNii:r\i.  IIiis  the  ImsiMif  Uic  hind  wiiius  dlisciircil  iilmvc  with  dii-ky  tiiit>. 
It  (llll'ers  I'roiii  the  iiri'ci'cllii!;,  so  liir  as  tlu'  iiiai'l<iiiL;s  luvcimcci'iiod.  Uiil  vurv  littU-  and. 
as  Ihci'f.  the  suxos  do  ni)t  <lilti'r;  llu'  fore  win^s  ai'c  idcid/K'al  on  bolh  snrlnci's ;  the 
ii|i|nT  siirfaco  of  the  hind  \vini;s  is  niorc  hoavily  infnscalcd  on  the  oiitci'  lialf.  I'farli- 
iiii;  fni'llnT  toward  the  basr.  lint  Mfvor  conci'alint;  the  distinctni'ss  of  the  black  spots 
of  till'  niiddh'  cd'  tlu'  winiis;  Ihc  ^idMiiai'irinal  si'rii's  of  fnlvons  spots  arc  almost  wholly 
tliDiifih  never  fnlly  obliterated,  on  tlic  nnder  surface,  the  L-sluiped  mark  at  the  tip  of 
the  cell  is  as  a  rnh'  slenderer  than  in  c-ariteiilenin,  l)eiiii;  of  about  the  width  of  t!iu 
iiervnlcs  in  this  part  of  the  winii.  althomrli  indivi<hials  of  the  fornu'r  occasionally  have 
it  as  inilistiiict  as  here,  ami  the  loniritiidinal  limli  is  always  much  sliorter  than  the 
ottier.  by  whicli  it  approarlie.^  more  tlu- exact  form  of  an  L  or  is  sometimes  wholly 
ol)litcrated. 


Egg  (64    '2'i).   I.aniiii:de  r;l)>  ten  in  miin' 


ommencinu;  below  at  the  roniided  ninler 


surface  and  continuing'  of  nearly  tin  -.ame  lieii.'lit  over  tlie  lower  liaK'of  the  ciru. 
leavinu;  a  free  space  on  the  summit.  .2  mm.  in  diameter;  the  ribs  are  .02  inin.  in  tliick- 
ness  mul  on  tlie  sides  v\-  .o'i't  nun.  Iiiirh.  wliile  on  the  summit  their  elevation  increases 
to  .07  mm.  ;  surface  sniooth.  trlistenim;.  broken  into  cells  by  strai;;ht.  oxeeedMiijly 
delicnte.  scarcely  raised  I'ross  lini's.  .ii2  mm.  apart,  visible  on  the  ribs  only  on  the  upper 
part  id'  tiie  eirii.  Color  pale  Lcreeuisli.  the  ribs  pellnciil,  lleiijlit  including  the  ribs, 
.'.•."i  mm.  :   breadth.  ..si  mm 

Kdwards  di'scril)es  tile  eiiii  as  liaviiii;  eiiriit  of  nine  ribs ;  all  that  I  counted   Icid   ten. 

Caterpillar,  Fii-fl  stinii  ■  Head  sliiuimr  piceous,  hairs  and  oi^elli  lilack;  the  mouth 
parts,  in  part  at  least,  pale.  lUnly  }rra--s  irreeii.  the  se;;iiu'nts  very  pale  avuvn  anteriorly, 
tintted  witli  reddish  brown  posteriorly;  w;irts  and  hairs  black;  sjiiracles  blackish  fus- 
cous; IcLTs  lilackish  fuscons ;  i'ndeLrs  m'eenisii  yellow  tipped  with  fuscous.  Lenyfth. 
;!  nun. 

Scniiiil  stiiij'..  Head  (.78:  17)  vei  y  dark  (■;istaneous  witli  lilackish  hairs  arising;  from 
tile  tniicrcles.  liody  dark  olivaceous  yreeii.  the  nianimirorm  bases  of  tlie  spines  and 
tile  last  fcpiir  or  live  se^'ineiits  nnirked  with  dull,  dirty,  yellowish  orange;  the  obliipie 
streaks  oi'  (he  adult  are  barely  disceriiable.  Spines  blackish  brown,  the  spinules 
emitted  mostly  near  the  summit;  the  latter  toruiiuate  with  Ion;;,  nearly  straight,  black- 
ish hairs,  and  the  main  spine  is  surmounted  by  a  longer  hair;  on  the  sec(md  and  third 
thoracic  segments  a  uiinute,  subdorsal  wart  gives  rise  to  an  erect  liliickish  hair.  Spira- 
cles fuscuus.  Lei;s  greenish  yellow  at  base,  beyond  fuscous;  prolegs  ;;reeiush  yellow, 
fuscous  at  ti|).     Lenirtli.  i!  mm. 

Third  slivji:.  Head  (78:  Is^  blackish,  imirked  to  a  greater  or  less  extent  with  spots 
and  blotches  of  obscure  reddish  orange;  the  spiniform  tub;'rcle.-N  :ire  blacki.-.h  (»r  red- 
dish at  liase.  while  at  tip.  surmounted  by  a  black  hair;  ocelli  orange  in  a  black  area; 
inontii  part>  mo>tly  black  Mody  pnrplisli  fuscous,  with  two  narrow,  transverse,  dull 
lemon  yellow  bands  at  the  posterior  border  of  the  segments;  the  mammi form  eleva- 
tions bearing  Ihu  si)iiios  are  dull  reddish  orange,  connected  with  liie  anterior  bonier  of 
the  segments  by  short  patches  id"  the  same  color;  spines  usually  dark  jiiirplish  ijliick, 
sometimes  iuteou^;  the  .siibsiiliary  spiuule.-  geuerally  blackish  but  sometimes  liiteous, 
Spir;icle>  black,  liro:idly  aiiimlated  with  Inteoiis.  which  is  itself  sometimes  narrowly 
liordered  witiioiit  Willi  whitish.  Ia'u>  black,  oliscnre  lutcoiis  !it  liase;  prolegs  riifo- 
Inteous.  browni>li  at  liiise.  ami  witli  :i  purplish  >pot  at  the  tip  exteriorly,  licngth,  1,") 
mm. ;  breadth,  ;!  mm. 

Fdiirtli  uliiiK  ■  Head  reddish  brown  obscured  by  blackisli,  tlie  suture  of  the  triangle 
dull  orange,  the  spiniform  tubercles  orange  or  whitish,  emitting  a  pale  hair,  the  laruer 
one  In  the  miiUlle  of  each  hemisphere  black ;  sunimil  spine  usually  black,  but  occa- 
simnilly  in  part,  orange;  the  hairs  all  black;  basal  joint  id'  auteiinae  reddish,  the 
apic;d  black  ;  month  [larts  reddish  brown.  Rody  marked  witli  black  and  pale  yellow; 
a  slender,  pale,  dorsal  line  extends  over  ;i  part  (;•;  the  tlnn-acic  segments;  behind  the 
spines,  each  seifinent  of  the  body  is  black,  with  three  narrow, transverse  baiid.s  of  pale 


XY.MI'IIAI-INAK     l'(»l,V(;()NIA    IMioCNK. 


30 


ylli)\V;    III  t'l'dllt    nt'   tile    >|iillc>    i»  .'l   -lllllll    liblrk    >|Mit  llllil  s,'|i:ir!ltivl  ll'olll  it  !llul  frcilll 

tiicli  other  li.v  iMlliiT  hniinlcr,  |iiili>  uniiini'  liiiinN.  iire  twcp  -iiill  wMi'v  iiicliiu'cl  stripi-  m' 
liai'-<;  II  iiiiiTow  lilack  haiiil  iiiiiti'>  the  liiliTculdrsiil  spiiit's  uf  tin'  Ihorncic  x'L'miciiIs;  tin- 
liist  -icuiiic'iit  is  liliicki-ii ;  ilii'iv  Is  11  very  nnrrnw.  pule  orinme,  infiiisti^riiiiilal  liin';  tlie 
lioily  l)eiientli  is  liliickisli.  nmrked  ■\villi  yelliAvish,  the  Intter  iireiloiiiiiiiitiiii;  mi  tln' 
si'veiilli  iiiul  eiiflilli  al)(l(iniliinl  seifiiients  'Pjie  sliort  spines  ni'  tlie  ilrst  tlioriu'ie  -eii- 
lllellt  !ire  iiraime  colored;  spines  of  liorsiU  series  pule,  seiileil  on  oi'nili;e  tuhcreles. 
their  spiiuiles  pule,  e.xei'pliiii;  tliose  of  I  lie  eiiihtli  alKloiiiiniil  scirnient  wliieh  are  lil«<k. 
and  the  spiny  liristles  are  black  ;  tliiwe  of  the  lntcrodorsiil  >erii''  black  on  the  tlior.ici' 
jiale  on  llie  alidoiiiinal  seirineiils.  the  spiniile-  nl'  t!ie  spines  ol'  llie  thoracic  seitnieiil- 
beiiii!  iilack  wlieii  their  insertion  is  hiirli.  oraiiL'c  at  l)as<'.  and  black  licyond  mIu'ii  it  i^ 
not;  tile  spinille-  and  liairs  of  the  ai«loniiii;il  spines  i?.  as  in  the  dorsal  series.  Spines 
of  the  laterostliiinatal  series  like  the  laterodorsal  llioracic  spines,  but  the  s|)iiiiiles 
more  exieiisively  orange;  the  abdominal  Iilack.  their  spiniileN  or.iimc  iit  tin'  base.  The 
spines  <d'  tile  infrasti;rmatal  series  are  oraiiire  or  p:il.'  witli  ■iraiii;i'  or  palo  spitinles. 
beariiiir  fusc<Mis  liristles.  'Plie  lonu'est  spiin.s  are  tliose  .  tin'  laterodorsal  series  on 
the  thoracic  and  eiiilith  alidomin,-il  seiiiiieiit-  The  tiilienles  upon  Avliicli  the  spines 
are  seated  bear  ;ilso  everywhere  miiuile.  p.de.  yeUowisli  papillae,  irivintr  rise  each  to  a 
short  delicate  hair.  Spiracles  black.  Lens  black,  the  claws  reddish  lirowii :  prolcL's 
(lark  reddish  brown,  covered  with  oraiiiie  piipilliie  bearing  sliort  iiairs.  Lciiirlli.  tiefore 
th('  L'rowlli  of  this  staire  is  fully  ;iltaiiied.  17..^  mm  ;  lireadth  of  liody.  :l  lutii.  ,  Icnirth 
of  loii;;est  spines,  2.5  liilii 

Fifth  xUnic  (74:  :U).  Head  (78-  lH)  lirownish  fiiscons,  oc<-asionally  tiniied  with 
fcrriiiiinous,  the  sutures  nmrked  with  ferruirinons;  lower  part  of  the  triaiiiile  and  the 
sides  of  tile  head  between  the  (K'cUi  and  laliriini.  dark  greenish  vinous.  Spiniforni 
tubercles  whitish  or  yellowish,  the  hariic'st.  in  the  middle  of  each  heiiiisphere,  blackish 
tipped  Willi  yellow,  all  emiltiiiif  short.  Inteous  or  lirownish  yellow  hairs.  Sniiiinit 
spines  black  and  some  of  tlieir  s|iiniiles  whilisli.  Tiie  coronal  spine  is  loiiii  and  slender, 
the  lateral  spinnles  emitted  near  the  centre,  and  alllionL".li  also  loiiir  and  slender,  not  so 
loiiii'  as  the  apical  half  of  the  main  spine;  above  them  the  main  stem  sometimes  emits 
occasional  short,  line,  horizontal  hairs  from  minute  raisid  points.  Kirst  joint  ol 
antennae  pale,  third  blackish,  the  bristle  pale;  ocelli  black;  labriim  dark  irreenish  \in- 
ous ;   mandililes  blackish. 

liody  yellowish  brown.  chaiiiiiiiL:,  especially  on  thi>  sides  of  the  abdominal  seijments 
to  dull  salmon,  and  marked  with  blackish  oliviiceoiis;  a  slender,  pale,  dorsal  line  on 
the  thoracic  semnents;  Mr  '  thoracic  seiiiiicnl  blackish  and  lihickish  fusc^  us;  upper 
surface  of  tin-  body  crossed  next  the  sutures  by  three  or  four  iiarrmv,  alternatinu, 
transverse  stripes  of  black  and  yellowish  brown;  the  abdominal  seirments.  and  espec- 
ially those  provldeil  with  iirolcirs,  Inive  a  siiiiiU.  triangular,  blackish  olivaceous  sjint  in 
front  of  the  dorsal  spine;  an  obll(|iie  snliilorsal  stripe,  which  is  sometimes  united  to 
it<  male  by  curving:  arouiul  liehind  tlic  dorsal  spinr;  liroad.  ciirvim;.  lateral  and  stln- 
matal  stripes,  each  of  which  passes  bcfveeii  the  s|i|ues.  and  an  irrciiular.  iiifrastia- 
matal.  yellowish  line.  Tlic  spines  (06 :  (Is)  ;n'e  furnished  \\\'ji\\  up  with  live  siiinules. 
foriniiin-  a  sort  of  wreath,  t^acli  spinnle  placed  at  an  anitle  of  aliout  tin-  with  the  ajdcal 
portion  of  the  main  stem;  there  are  seldom  more  than  one  or  two  spinnles  of  any 
magnitude  on  the  lower  portion,  and  the  latter  is  desliliite  of  pili';  they  are  mostly 
black  witli  whitish  spinnles  and  dark  rufous  bristles,  but  the  dors;il  ones  of  the  llrsl  to 
seventh  abdominal  seumeiits  and  the  laterodorsal  ones  of  the  second  to  sixth  abdominal 
sagments  are  alto<i;etlier  whitish  excepliim  the  bristles;  and  those  of  the  infrastiu'- 
raattll  row  are  wliitisli  exceptiiiir  at  tlie  base.  'I'he  short  spines  of  the  Ilrst  seu:nieiit 
arc  white  and  oraniie,  bearinii  rufous  liairs.  The  body  is  covered  iiifrei|uently  >vith 
very  delicate,  short,  nearly  invisible,  brownish  hairs,  seided  on  ininute.  whitish  papillae 
arraiiiied  in  transverse  rows  Spiracles  shiniiij:  black,  narrowly  •lunulated  with  pale 
slate  color.  I/C^s  black,  tiiiued  with  rufous;  proleiis  blackish  olivaceous,  black  at 
tip,  the  anal  pair  licset  with  wliite  papillae  uivinii  rise  to  rnfoiis  hairs.  Length.  '!'.:, 
mm.;  breadth  of  body.  4.2,'i  mm,  ;  breadth  of  Head.  •!.',:>  :iini.  :  len.i:tli  of  spine  on 
simmiit  rd' head.  :?  mm  :  leiiiitii  of  spine  .m  second   tlmraci'    s.-;iiueiit.  :>. !,">  mm. 


J,..^ 


•//Vf- 


) 


368 


THE   nUTTFKFI  lE.S  OF  NEW  EXGL.iND. 


I  til  till!  vuriiitiuii  ii'.  liiL:  !;'i'vii  siH-  Kilwiu'tU,  I'liii.  rut.,  xii :  li!-l;!. 

Chrysalis  (83  ;12,  :!7.  :!.-<}.  llciid  ami  front  wliitu  tlntutl  with  imlc  ()livaccoii>,  vit- 
mlculatu  witli  .siiliuoii  crousi'.-s;  tlio  hii.sal  joint  of  tlic  iiiitcnmiu  lunl  tliu  ocoUiir  proni- 
luuiices,  except' (ij^  lit'iieiitli,  ilusky  olivaceous,  often  marked  witli  brown  or  blackish 
fnscouH.  Occll'jr  proniineiices  not  very  loiifj,  with  tlie  basal  half  scarcely  taperlnif.  at 
the  iniiltlle  with  a  sll;;lit  notch,  leaving  outside  a  very  small  tubercle,  separated  from 
the  apical  half  vhicli  is  conical  and  curved  a  little  inwanl,  the  Inner  inar,i{iii  of  tiie 
whole  prominence  i orniini:  with  its  mate  a  broad  U  witii  curving  sides ;  middle  joints  of 
lesjts  heavily,  and  base  of  toiifjue  slightly,  tinted  with  dark  olivaceous  ;  the  basal  half  of 
the  tmtennae  more  or  less  'narked  w  itli  pale  olivaceous.  Willis  salmon  bull'  on  an 
obscure  whitish  };rouud.  or  ^^ItiuniiiLt  silvery  white  with  a  nacreous  tint ;  they  are  more 
or  less  sult'used  or  tin;;ed  in  broad  streaks  with  pale  olivaceous,  esi)ecially  near  the 
tip  and  across  the  middle  on  the  anterior  slopes  of  the  elevations;  exposed  surface  of 
under  wiiiK'*.  next  i!>e  lirst  abihininal  sediment,  fuscous.  Thorax  salmon  bull"  like  the 
wintrs  and  streaked  as  ihrrc;  or  pale  salmon  white  lontritudinally,  and  oblic|uely 
streaked  with  pale,  delicate  i;reen.  the  edite  of  the  dorsal  |)n)mineiice  sometimes 
black;  lirst  four  abdominal  sefiinents  pule  or  bull-salmon,  sometimes  irregularly  dls- 
c  ilored  with  lireenish  brown;  the  metathorax  and  lirst  two  abdominal  se;;nieiits  with 
pret.y  larj;e,  laterodorsal,  nacreous  spots;  tiie  lirst  abdominal  segment  witli  a  similar 
<lorsalspot;  laterodorsal  tubercles  of  fourth  abdominal  sejjment  scarcely  larger  than 
the  others;  behind  the  fourth  sei^meiit  the  abdomen  is  of  a  duller  or  dirtier  salmon 
color;  the  abdomen  is  marked  with  a  pale  salmon  colored  ilorsal  streak,  bordered  with 
;ireeuish,  or  with  subdorsal  trianiiular  patches  of  olivaceous  which  are  more  distinct 
at  their  posterior  extremities ;  llftli  and  snceeediui;  seifmenls  witli  a  distinct ,  broad, 
dark  olivaeeoii<.  stiuiniatal  stripe,  sometimes  blolclied  witli  black,  iiarrowinii  poste- 
riorly and  serrate  above;  followed  beneath  by  a  very  Ijroad,  pale,  substiifiiialal  band, 
stri'aked  oblii|iiely  with  ;:;reeuish  aloii^  the  middle;  there  is  also  a  lirciad.  ventral,  pale 
jj;reenish  band.  I'aiiiler  iiosteriorly ;  the  suprastiitmatal  warts  are  l)laek;  all  the  tuber- 
cles are  salmon  'Dlored.  greenish  or  pale  with  black  tli)s,  exceptini;  sometimes  the  last 
subdorsal  pair,  there  are  a  few  short,  transverse,  fuscous  punctures  on  the  lirst  to 
fourth  abdominal  segments.  Spiracles  black,  narrowly  and  faintly  edged  with  whitisli. 
('remaster  above  whitish,  longitudinally  streaked  with  fuscous;  bem.'ath  blacklsli  fus- 
ctuis.  tlie  rim  pale,  siiles  l)laekisli.  Leiiutli.  22  to  2.!. 2.")  mm.  :  ocelhir  prominences. 
2  mm.  apart  ut  tip;  widtii  of  1.  ad  at  liasi'  of  ocellar  proiniiieiices.  .i..')  mm.  ;  width  of 
tliorax.  li.l)  mm.  ;  of  abdomen.  '.'>  mm.  ;  heiy;ht  of  thorax.  <>.  1  mm.  ;  of  abdomen.  U.T.J 
IllUl. 

Distribution  (19:f'>).  Tliu  nmjre  of  tliis  l)utti.'rHy  corretiiioiuls  very 
closely  with  tliu  iqipur  liult'  of  that  of  P.  inton'oo-utiimis,  luit  tht;  liiiiit.s 
are  slio'htly  removed  to  the  northwanl ;  ultlioiij^h  mo.st  ))roperly  coiisideruil 
ii  iiR'nilier  of  the  Alleohiiiiiaii  fauna,  it  is  not  foiiiul  in  aluiiKlunce  toward 
tiie  e.xtrewie  soiitiieiii  limits  of  tliat  ilistrict,  while  on  tlie  north  it  more  fre- 
((iiently  and  coiisidefaMy  imadt's  tlie  reiiioii  of  the  Canadian  fauna.  .Mr. 
L'hler  eoiisiders  it  rare  in  .Maryland,  l»et  .Mr.  Kdwards  states  that  it  is  eoni- 
moii  at  Elk  lvi\er,  \\'e.st  N'irninia,  thoiiiih  it  is  not  found  nearby  at  (.'oal- 
l)iirgh,  Kanawha  Co.  :  these  ;ire  apitarently  its  soiithermiiost  stations,  for  it 
has  not  iieen  reporte'l  in  other   soiitherii  loeidities  wlieic    1'.  eonnmi  seems 

t.,    1, 11    .1 1 ,1 1  itf  1.1  II  t    '     tliii      ,  ii.i  I  I'l  ii.i  1      ti.il, It'll     irii'iiii     li\.    (  'i"iiiw.|.     {  '*   .1  .1  mil  iri'1        i      i^ 


to  he  aliiiMdaiit  :   tiie    or 
iiiKinestionaiily  erroneous,   as    well 
aniono'   the   Ciilian    s|ieei(s    h\-    Lii 


oriu'inal  hahitat  ui\en  hy  Criimer  ( •' -lamaiea "")  is 
the  enumeration  ot'  this  Initterily 
in   Saora"s    ('uh;i.      In  the  nortli  it 


ainono'  the  l..iii)an  s|ieens  liy  l.,neas  m  >aora  s  V  una.  in  the  nortli  it 
occurs  iit  (iiiebee  (Howies),  Montreal  (CaulHeld),  Ottawa  (Billings), 
Saiilt,  I.iake    .■Superior  (  l>efliiiiie),  the  Iviike  of   the  \>'oods   iaid    Duti'erin 


NV.MI'IIAI.INAI.     I'Ol.VdOMA   I'ltOliM;. 


■M\9 


(DiiwsDii),  Fort  Mc'Luod,  IJl'IIv  liivvr  ( (jtctldcs).  Ciiiiilifrlaiitl  Umise  on 
tliL'  Sa.ikatclicwiiii  (Ivirliy)  and.  it' wc  are  n-ally  to  crLilit  the  ri'ti'i'i'iicc.  on 
the  Arctic  coast,  wcMt  of  tlic  inoiitli  of  Mackenzie  Uiver  (  Wiiitc,  in  Hichard- 
(ion'n  .lournev ) .  Kvcrsniaiiii  even  ^ivei*  it  a  place  in  ii's  LcpidoptiTa  of 
eastern  Silieria.  statiiij,''  tliat  it  is  fonnd  in  Viloiii.  So  also  it  HLini'cs  in 
Staiidinjrer's  Cataioirne  from  Kaniscliatka  ;  iait  [)rol)al)ly  an  allied  species 
has  itcen  mistaken  for  it,  perhu|is  V.  zephyrns  Kdw.  Saunders  says  it  is 
tbiinil  north  of  our  territory  '•  to  the  I'acitic,"  l>ut  I  find  no  warrant  for 
it.  In  the  vest  it  has  lieen  tak(;n  in  I'nited  States  territory  in  \\  isconsin 
(Hoy),  Iowa  (Osliorn,  Parker.  Putnam),  Fort  Niohrara,  .Veh.  (Carpen- 
ter) and  the  Bijf  Horn  Mountains,  AVyo.  (Kdwards).  This  and  Kort 
McLcod  are  its  westernmost  known  stations.  IJeakirt  (|iiotes  Kdwards 
oidv  in  ri'fcrriiii!'  it  to  Colorado,  hut  the  species  concerned  was  afterwards 
descrilieil  as  distinct.  In  the  east  it  has  lieen  fonnd  in  Xova  Scotia  where 
it  is  ratlu!r  connnon  (pJones).  at  several  localities  on  the  lower  St.  Law- 
rence (Hell),  at  (Jodliout  Uiver  on  the  north  shore  of  the  same  (Corneau) 
and  at  Anticosti   (Conper). 

In  New  Kntrland  it  is  more  i^enerally  ilistrihnted  .md  universally  com- 
mon than  any  other  species  of  I'olyj^onia.  It  is  somewhat  more  adnn- 
dant  in  the  southern  than  the  northern  parts,  hut  has  heen  taken  as  far  as 
I\I<,'int  Desert  Island  (.Seudder),  Orono  (Fernald),  Hallowell  '•  v(>ry 
scarce'"  (Miss  Wadsworth)  and  Norway,  Me.  "  conunon  in  some  s(>a- 
sons  "  (Smith)  ;  Thornton  and  .Shelhurne,  \.  II.  (Fa.xon)  and  Sto\\',  V't. 
(Miss  Soule).  In  thi'  White  Mountains  it  is  occasionally  common,  hut  is 
rarelv  seen  ahovc;  2,0(10  feet,  idiove  which  it  is  replaced  l)v  F.  faunus. 
Thus  I  found  't  only  on  the  lower  half  of  the  wini'on  i-oad  from  Fabyan'sto 
the  i)ase  of  Mount  \\'ashinj^ton.  It  will  [U'ohahly  l)e  foui.d  to  he  compara- 
tively rare  in  the  elevated  reifions  of  northern  Xew  IIam[)shire  and  Maine. 

Oviposition.  The  eg^js  are  laid  singly  on  the  u[)per  surfaces  only  of 
leaves,  with  little  selcet'.on  of  the  exact  spot,  cxccptini^  that  they  are  fre- 
quently at  the  very  ed^c  ;  one  sent  hy  Mr.  Anuus  was  laid  at  the  extreme 
tij),  as  in  the  jjenus  Hasihirchia,     The  duration  of  this  stage  is  four  or  five 

•hiys. 

Food  plants.  The  food  of  this  insect  in  the  larval  stage  consists  of 
currant,  wild  gooselierry  (  Kilies  rotundifolium  Michx.)  and  rarely  elm 
(L'lmus  americiina  Linn.).  It  has  also  eaten  in  confinement  the  cultivated 
blackberry,  and  will  doubtless  live  e(jually  well  on  any  of  the  Grossidaeeae, 
wild  or  cultivated.  Dr.  Le  Baron  states  (1st  Hep.  nox.  ins.  III.,  <)0) 
that  it  has  done  considerable  mischief  among  the  currant  bushes  in  Kanka- 
kee Co.,  111.,  by  stripping  off  their  leaves,  and  ^Ir.  Saunders  rejiorted  in 
fCan.ent.,  xviil'Sl)  *hat  in  one  locality  in  West  Ontario  fear  was 


(< 


entertained  for  tlu;  currant   crop;  but  as   he  says  elsewhere  it  "rarely 
appears  in  sufficient  numbers  to  i»rove  troublesome."    Van  Duzee  suggests 


:^x 


^*;v)!;. 


■.r>  ^' ■•;^ 


';a 


■■    ~M 


870 


rilK  lU  nKKl-LIKS  OK  M;\V    KN(iI.AXI). 


1  -Vi' 


ii « 


¥' 
?'*> 


1^. 


;!il,'i 


m 


tliiit  troiii  the  R'tiL'inlilani't;  of  tlio  catorinlliir  on  well  sliadiMl  Kavos  to  ii  yel- 
low, pai'tiiilly  ilt'ud  leaf  of  Lroo.^elit'rry,  it  may  "  ilcrivc  pt'rlia|)H  r<oiiic 
protfi'tioii." 

Habits  of  the  caterpillar.  The  caterpillar  cat.-^  only  the  .■'tiiiinut  or 
at  \\n)M  the  upper  ipiarter  of  the  egf^  on  eneapiiiji  from  it,  li'aviii^f  the  main 
wall.-i  untoiiehed  ;  when  feediiiLT  it  oats  the  ed^'e  of  the  leaf  in  rather  deep 
yashes,  not  avoiiliny  the  midrih,  and  detaehin'!'  its  terminal  leys  from  the 
leaf  enrves  the  last  two  sej^mentti  upward  ;  it  eats  lait  sparingly  and  jfrows 
with  eorrespondin^i'  slowness:  it  is  ordinarily  very  ipiiet  and  feijriis  death 
when  disturia'd,  hnt  at  times  its  movements  are  very  rapid  and  unc'asy. 

The  eaterpillars  live  entirely  exposed  without  niakinj^  any  form  of  nest, 
relyinf^f  for  concealment  oidy  on  their  home  on  the  under  side  of  loaves.  "In 
the  later  stai^es  they  have  a  very  odd  haliit  of  holding  tiiemsdves  when  at 
rest  :  the  anterior  segments  iirehed  and  turned  itauid  at  a  rijfht  angle  to 
the  rest  of  tlic;  hody,  the  middle  se<i;ments  hent  in,  and  the  last  three  se>r- 
ments  often  thi'own  high  in  air,  as  in  certain  species  of  heterocerous  lar- 
vae ;  the  larva  then  rests  wholly  on  the  ahdominal  legs.  I  have  seen 
nothing  like  this  in  any  other  (irapta  larva  "'   (Kdwards). 

For  specimens  of  this  stage  of  the  insect  I  am  indelited  to  Messrs. 
Cla[ip,  Saunders  and  Sprague,  and  to  INIiss  (juild. 

Change  to  chrysalis.  The  transforinati(m  of  the  gray  comma  "  a|)- 
pears  to  consist  of  two  stages  :  the  first  is  slow,  gradual  and  almost  imper- 
ceptible, occupying  some  twenty-four  hours  of  time,  during  which,  it  may 
he  presumed,  there  is  eti'ected  a  gradual  separation  of  the  larval  from  (he 
pupal  envelope.  During  this  period  the  caterpillar  hangs  with  its  hody 
curved  forwards  and  upwards,  and  appears  to  he  almost  motionless  ;  hut 
upon  close  ohservation  it  is  seen  to  undergo  almost  continuous  though 
slight  changes,  consisting  of  a  nodding  motion  of  the  head,  and  an  occa- 
sional variation  in  the  curvature  of  the  hody.  The  second  stage  is  short 
and  active,  usually  lasting  hut  a  few  minutes,  the  object  of  which  is  to 
throw  oil' the  loosened  larval  skin  :  first,  by  bending  the  i)odyit  bursts  open 
the  skin  upon  the  liack,  and  then,  by  a  wriggling  motion,  works  it  up 
towards  the  point  of  attachment,  and  lastly  detaches  and  throws  it  entirely 
ort'  by  a  series  of  violent  contortions,  apparently  at  the  innninent  risk  of 
.severing  the  thread  ui)on  which  its   safety  literally  depends"  (Le  liaron). 

Life  history.  The  species  is  double  brooded,  and  like  its  congeners, 
the  butterfly  hibernates  and  is  one  of  the  first  to  feci  the  approach  of 
spring,  reapjiearing  on  sunny  days  at  the  end  or  even  by  the  middle  of 
March.  Toward  the  close  of  April  and  early  in  May  it  flies  in  consider- 
able numbers  and  continues  upon  the  wing  until  early  in  June,  occasion- 
ally to  the  middle.  The  eggs  are  laid,  apparently,  aoout  the  middle  of 
May  and  the  larvae  transform  to  chrysalids  from  about  the  middle  of  June 
to  the  early  part  of  >hi\y — at   least  in   the  vicinity  of  Boston ;  this  state 


Mr 


NYMI'llAI.INAi;;    I'(>1A(;()MA    riKHi.NK. 


871 


ciiiitiniics  from  ten  tu  nixtt'en  dayi**,  uccunlinjr  tn  tlic  iil)sorvn'ii)ii(i  of 
Iliinis,  (id.sr^c,  Kitcli,  I'ackiiid.  Lintncr.  Sprajfiic  .inil  Kihvnnls.  Tlic 
ciirlicst  l)Uttn-Hi('s  t'ntiii  llicsc  clirv.-'alid-i  <;en('rally  aitpcar  in  the  Hot  days 
of  .Inly.  HoiiietiiufK  as  hmou  an  tlie  "Jltli  of  .FiuR' ;  tlicy  arc,  however,  sel- 
(1(1111  ainmilant  ix'fore  the  second  week  in  .lidy  and  eontiinie  to  lie  xecn 
until  ahont  the  lOth  of  Aujrust,  or  in  northern  New  Kn<rland  later  than 
this.  The  e<r;fH  of  this  hrood  of  hutterHies  are  laid  in  .Inly,  ^'enerallv  in 
the  latter  half,  and  in  northern  Now  Kn}.dand  up  to  the  middle  of  Aufjust, 
and,  hatehinji  in  four  or  five  days,  the  larvae  ehan;re  to  chrysidids  from 
aliout  the  middle  of  August  until  early  in  Seiitenilicr  ;  this  stage  lasts  as 
long  as  in  the  first  lu'ood.  and  the  imttertlies  appear  again  generally  about 
the  22(1  or  2.3d.  sonietimes  as  early  as  the  iJSth  of  August,  i)econie  ai)un- 
dant  l»v  the  first  of  Sei)te!nlier.  and  eontiniie  to  emerge  from  the  chrysalis 
at  least  until  the  Mh  of  Septeinlier.  They  may  lie  found  in  much  greater 
ahundanee  than  the  first  iirood  all  through  Septemlier.  lint  liy  the  middle 
of  Oetolier  nearly  all  of  them  have  s(»uglit  their  winter  (piarters  beneath  a 
tree-limi)  or  in  some  sheltered  erevice.  Mr.  Lintner  intimates  that  the 
elirvsalis  may  also  oeeasionally  hibernate  and  disclose  the  butterHy  early  in 
the  spring  :  1  have  never  taken  fresh  specimens  in  the  spring,  but  tlu' 
suggestion  is  worth  careful  investigation. 

Habits  and  flight-  Though  much  less  active  than  P.  fauiuis,  this 
wary  and  .igile  insect  is  rather  ditfieulf  to  secure.  It  is  often  seen  sipping 
the  sweet  juice  of  drying  or  decaying  fruit.  It  fre(|uents  lanes  and  open- 
ings through  light  woods  iuid  even  ilusty  highways  ;  at  the  least  alarm  it 
darts  into  the  thicket,  returning  soon,  however,  to  ri'connoitre  and.  if  the 
enemy  is  still  in  view,  settling  only  at  a  safe  distance.  It  is  in  the 
habit  also,  along  woodland  roads,  of  "  alighting  in  the  dust  to  enjoy  tlu' 
hot  sunshine  or  may  be  seen  sipping  moisture  from  muddy  spots.  .  .  . 
"When  alighted  they  usually  keep  perfectly  (piiet  and  if  disturbed  the  wings 
are  spread  widely  open,  at  which  time  the  insect  is  quite  conspicuous  :  but 
when  slightly  alarmed,  the  wings  are  closed  and  then,  on  account  of  the 
gray  color  which  harmonizes  perfectly  with  the  surroundings,  the  butter- 
Hies  are  (|uite  ditflcult  to  detect  "  (Maynard).  According  to  the  obser- 
vations of  Dr.  \\'ebber,  it  is  fond  also  of  pitching  on  ajiple  trees,  opening 
its  wings  to  catch  the  full  rays  of  the  sun. 

In  hibernation  the  wings  are  placed  l)ack  to  back,  the  fore  jiair  separated 
from  the  hinder  ones,  the  internal  margin  of  the  fore  wing  being  visible  as 
far  toward  the  base  as  the  inner  limit  of  the  broad  pale  band  beyond  the 
middle  of  its  under  surface ;  the  antennae  are  hidden  between  the  fore 
wings  and  held  perpendicular  to  the  plane  of  the  body. 

Gosse  relates  (Can.  nat.,  25!*)  that  he  has  observed  on  nearly  every 
one  of  these  butterflies  which  he  took  in   Canada  little  soft  club-shaped 


■  -  .1 


'j^ 


*  l)r.    Lc   Baron   hail    specimens  (of  this 
lirooil!')  disclose  in  seven  (.lays,  at  a  time  when 


the  thernionu'tei-  remained  at  aliont  100  dog 
(Ucp.  nox.  Iii«.  III.,  1:00.) 


^Ui 


i-'.,-'' 


372 


TllK    HUTTKRFLIKS   OK   Ni:\\'    I:.\(;LAN]X 


filiinients,  biigs  of  ])()llon  of  Asclopiiifi  Howers,  iilioiit  oiK'-sixth  of  an  inch 
loiiiT.  projeotiniT  from  the  liciul,  liciicrally  from  the  eyes.  Similar  olycctH 
were  scon  l)v  him  in  Alabama  on  the  honds  of  cwallow-tails.  It  showf 
the  part  taken  by  these  butterflies  in  the  fertilization  of  Howers. 

Parasites.  Mr.  (,'oiij)er  states  on  information  received  from  Mr. 
CaiiHield  that  the  larva  of  this  sj)eeies  is  subj<rt  to  the  attack  of  a  "  small 
parasite"  like  a  I'teronialus,  which  issues  from  the  chrysalis.  The  egg, 
too,  is  subject  to  the  assault  of  a  tiny  enemy,  Telenonuis  graptae  (89:  '.'). 
which  J  have  ol>tainc'l  in  |)laee  of  the  caterpillar  I  desired. 

Desiderata.  Several  iioints  in  the  history  of  this  insect  re(piire  s]>ecial 
investigation.  The  larva  is  said  by  Harris  to  feed  on  elm,  but  no  one  else 
appears  to  have  found  it  thereon.  Was  this  a  mistake?  Does  the  chrysa- 
lis ever  hibernate  and  iiow  late  in  the  s]iring  may  the  hii)ernating  i)utfer- 
flies  i)e  found?  Within  what  limits  of  time  arc  the  eggs  of  the  first  brood 
laid?  What  is  the  exact  time  when  the  summer  lirood  of  butterflies  ap- 
])ears,  increases  and  vanishes?  How  does  its  flight  compai'c  with  that  of 
eth  r  species  of  the  genus  and  wliat  other  ])arasitcs  has  it  than  those 
ku'uvn? 

LIST  OF  lLLUSTl{ATl(>y,S.-J'fJLy(i(i.\lA  I'liOtiXE. 


PI.  I'J,  lij;.  ij.     DNtriljiitioii  in  Nortli  Aniprii'u. 
SO: It.    Teli'iioinus  •;riiiit;ti\  n  |iarasite. 

Eijij. 
I'l.  iA.  li-.  2r).     I'liiin. 

Vdtcriiillnr. 
I'l.  74.  lii;.  lil      I'dlorpil.  iniitiiiv. 

7s:47-l!t     Kroiit  views  of  lii'iul  in  sliiixos 

il.iii,  V. 

stiMVs,    Dermal  iippeiiiliijtt' of  last  st!ii;e. 


(Jliri/siilis. 
PI.  s;t.  liir.  :!-J.     Oiilliiic  dI'  lieail  troiiiiii  Ir(i:i!. 
eiilai-i;('il. 
:!"  SW.     .'^iile  view.-. 

Inuir/d. 
PI.  .'l.  liu'.  .').     Male,  liotli  Mil-faces. 
li>:s.      liotl;  siirfaees. 
.'!.'<:  18.     Male  ahcliiiiiiiial  a|)|>eii>laire.s, 
fil:il.    (iiitline  of    liiiiil   wirii.'  of    I',   p. 
i-aru'eiiteliiii. 

H.    The  .same  of  P.  p.  e-arireiileum. 


}■:■:.  ■    ■ 

HIHHH 

-;-  ,-«■■      ..,.■• 

"^r^    ''^ ' } 

,.' .  ■;  \    ; 

■      .■;« 

'■■?•  . 

T 

ml' 

|i;  /  '■  -i 

Ml 

<{\<''- 1  - 

m 

ij, ! 

Irf- 

■■ij.j: 

"?>■ 

?;.::.i  .. 

M 

a!  t,r , 

11 

»•■:' 

,,'i"' 

(i.i-, 

fi^ '  r 

Er(i()XIA    HUILNEH. 

KliL'oiiia  Hitlin,.  Veiv..  hek.  .•>i'liMietl.,:!ii  (jsid).       Vaiies.sii  (pai's)  .\iiel, 

Nymplialls  Seudil..  Svst,  Hev.  .Vmer.  Hull,  to  T>ipi\—J'iiii.  /tnli/ch/orns  Linn. 

(1S7:>). 

'I'lie  ■lowny  orelianl.  ami  lln'  iiiellin^  pulp 
of  Miellow' fruit,  the  ii!Uneless  iiation.s  feed 
(If  evane.seeut  iuseels. 

'I'llDMSON.— .S'»//(//tCT. 

Imago  (53  :i>).  Hoiul  pretty  liir^e,  pretty  densely  dotlieil -willi  lontrer  nml  shorter 
liairs.  Front  very  moderately  iuid  jiretty  uiiitorndy  swollen,  beinif  searcely  fuUi^r 
beneath,  broader  t'-fn  hijili,  searcely  so  broad  as  the  eyes:  upper  I'due  rather  sharply 
roniuled.  protuberant  in  the  middle  between  the  anteniuie  an  '  terinimitinu;  abruptly; 
lower  edj;e  lather  broadly  rounded.  Verte.v  rather  siiiall,  sli„,,i,l.,  tuinUl,  in  no  part 
rising  beyond  the  upper  level  ot  the  eyes,  very  broatlly  rounded  lieliiiul.  Eyes  larire. 
pretty  full,  pilose  with  sliort  hairs.  .Vntenuae  inserted  in  tlie  i>ilddle  of  tlic  snininit  in 
pretty  deep,  nearly  coinKMjted  pits,  their  interior  bases  separated  by  a  space  w  irly 
equal  to  twicethewidtlioftheauteiiiial  stalk,  their  exterior  elose  to  the  iiiaririn  of  the  eye; 


XYMPIIALINAK:   TlIK   (iKNTS   KliiONIA 


373 


>  ,1  !«^' 


half  iisloiiiiniraiii  nstlicalnlonipn.compnsoclof  fi)rty-fourj(iiiits.tlii'  last  twelve  of  whUli 
fi)rm  a  vory  nblimit-ovato  cylindrical  cliil),  a  little  ilei)ixw%eil,  about  twice  as  broad  a> 
tlic  stalli,  inoretluui  live  times  as  loniras  l)r(>ad.  tlie  ex'i'cmity  very  bluntly  conical,  tlie 
last  tlii'ee  or  fourjoints  cnterini;  into  tlu(  diiniimtion  of  si/e  and  siu'cessively  turned 
;i  little  outward,  so  that  the  outer  ediie  f)f  the  club  is  nearly  .--trai^ht  to  the  tip.  and  thi' 
iniie.'  liroadly  ronnded  ;  furnished  biaioath  with  a  very  sliirlit  trijilc  carina,  scarcely 
visible  on  any  portion  of  tlie  >talk.  I'aliii  stout,  .about  two  and  a  half  times  lon^rcr 
than  the  eye,  eouiprossed,  scarcely  curved  forward  abov(^  the  terminal  joint  aliout  n 
third  the  lenjith  of  the  middle,  the  whole  licnvlly  clothed  throuifliout  witli  somewliat 
erect  scales  and  furnislieil  witii  a  few  moderately  lonu'  >lenile;  liair<  lioih  aliove  and 
below,  all  directed  in  a  vertical  iilane. 

I'rothoraeic  l(d)cs  larjie.  tumid,  especially  behiiel,  tlie  ends  well  rounded,  scarcely 
smaller  outwardly,  a  little  apprcssed  in  front .  fully  three  liiiie-^  as  broad  as  lonir  and  as 
broad  as  hl;;li.  Tataiiia  twice  as  hniir  as  l)road.  very  broad,  wt'U  rounded  and  nearly 
circular  at  base,  scarcely  at  all  swollen,  the  |)osterior  lobe  very  slender  and  taperini: 
projeetiuii  backward  as  a  sliy;litly  falcate  blade,  the  tip  roundly  pointed. 

Fore  wiuir>  (38:>*)  considi'rably  more  than  half  as  lonir  airain  as  broad,  the  costal 
border  scarcely  bent  at  a  little  <listance  from  the  base,  beyond  tliat  nearly  >trai:;ht  to 
an  ei|Ual  distance  from  the  tip.  when'  it  becomes  more  curved  ;  outer  border  with  the 
portion  above  the  middle  of  the  hmer  subcostal  interspace  very  «liirlilly  concave,  hav- 
inu'  a  general  direction  at  a  very  lilllc  less  than  a  ri;:lit  auirle  witli  tlie  central  portion 
of  the  co>lal  l)order.  beyiuid  receding  su<lclcnly  at  a  little  miuvthan  a  ri^lil  auijle  to  the 
luiddle  of  the  subcosto-midian  interspace  and  eontiuninir  in  a  deep,  crenulate  curve  to 
just  below  the  lower  median  iiervure.  whore  a  prominent  rounded  tooth  is  formed  and 
below  which  the  border  is  (■xeised.  the  aniile  roun<led  oil';  inner  border  very  nearly 
straiirht.  scarcely  convex  ou  the  basal  two-thirds.  First  superior  subcostal  uervule 
emitted  a  little  beyond  the  middle  of  the  outer  two-thirds  of  the  upper  margin  of  the 
cell;  the  second  a  little  more  than  half  way  from  the  oriirin  of  tlie  lirst  to  the  tip  of 
the  cell;  tlu^  third  midway  between  the  tip  of  the  cell  and  the  oi-ijrin  of  the  fourth; 
the  latter  at  three-llftlis  the  distance  from  the  ti))  of  the  i-ell  to  the  apex  of  the  wiiijj; 
second  inferior  subcostal  uervule  arisins;  scarcely  one-third  way  down  the  cell;  the 
latter  considerably  less  than  half  as  Ion,!;  as  the  wins;  and  three  times  as  huiij  as  broatl 
Middle  of  the  basal  curve  of  the  last  median  uervule  connected  willi  the  vein  elosiiiii 
the  coll. 

Hind  wini^s  sli.nhlly  and  broadly  convex,  less  so  away  from  the  base ;  the  outer  aiiirle 
very  l)roadly  ronnded  oil'  by  the  irradual  slope  of  tlic  outer  border,  whicli  is  well 
rounded,  crenulate,  sliirhtly  and  very  broadly  prominent  in  tlie  sidicostal  rejfion,  pro- 
duced at  the  tip  of  the  upper  median  into  a  ratlier  broad,  well  rounded  tail,  a  little 
loiiLjor  than  broad,  scarcely  taperiu;.',  below  which,  exceptiiift  the  cronulations,  tlie 
border  is  nearly  straiirht;  the  inner  border  is  cousiderably  expanded  near  the  ba.se. 
beyond  a  little  convex,  broadly  and  roumlly  excis.-d  in  its  apical  third,  the  outer  anjrle 
ft  riiiht  aiuile,  but  well  ronnded.  Trccostal  nervure  oriuinatinii  C(Uisiderably  beyond 
the  divarication  of  the  costal  and  sulicoslal  ncrvnrcs.  miuutelv  forked  at  thetip.tlic 
lonirer  fork  directed  outward;  I'cll  closed  by  a  vi'i'y  fi'eble  vein. 

Fore  lc!j;sVmall.  cylindrical,  scarcely  depressed,  tliickly  clothed  with  a  bushy,  de- 
pressed bunch  of  lonir,  sonicwh;it  sprcadiuj:  liairs.  tliicker  and  more  widely  spn'ad  in 
the  nuilc  than  in  tlie  ftnnale;  tibia  tlirce-llfths  the  length  of  tin'  hind  tibia;  tarsi  about 
three-tlfths  the  leni;tli  of  the  tibia,  either  cousistinH;  of  three  indistinct  joints,  the  llrst 
a  llttlo  lonuier  than  the  others  toirether,  these  two  about  ei|iial.  all  nnarined  ((J)  or. 
distinctly  colui)osed  of  live  joints,  of  which  the  lirst  is  tliree  times  as  loiii;  as  all  the 
others  touethcr.  these  Lrrowluir  successively  smaller  toward  the  tip.  all  armed  beiiealh 
witli  a  ptiir  cif  very  small  and  slnu't  aidcal  spines,  the  llehl  in  which  all  but  the  lias.il 
pair  occur  beini;  liare  of  scales  (?).  Middle  tibiai' searc:'ly  so  loiiij  as  the  hind  [lair. 
furnished  on  either  side  beneath  and  ou  the  uiiper  porticm  n(  the  inner  side  with  a  rinv 
of  not  very  frotiiieut,  pretty  lonir  and  moderately  slendi'r.  sliiihtly  si)readinii  si)lues,  the 
terminal  ones  of  the  inferior  rows  lieveloped  into  -iiiort.  moderately  suuit  spurs     First 


■>:'9s 


■m 


■^ml 


374 


Till-:   IJL'TTEUFLIES  OF   NKW    KXCLAXH. 


fJ. 


joint  of  t!U>i  uiiualliiig  tlic  rest  toiiclln.'!',  t  lie  three  following  di  mi  iiisliiiii:  i-cguliu'lyin  A/.c. 
the  llftU  of  the  lenirtli  of  the  >econ(l ;  joints  furnished  1)eneiitlMvith  four,  the  terminal 
joint  with  only  two,  rows  of  ntodenitely  lonj;  and  slender  spines,  the  ajjical  ones  of  eacli 
joint  sliglitly  longer  tlian  tlie  others.  Claws  snniU,  rather  delicate,  curving  i)retty 
strongly,  tapering  to  a  pretty  sliarji  i)niut;  paronychia  bitid,  the  outer  blade  slender,  as 
long  as  tlie  claws,  curving  cons'deralily  and  tapering  to  a  very  delicate  point ;  the  inner 
scarcely  more  than  half  as  long,  very  delicate  and  slender  and  tajtering  to  a  ndiiute 
l)oint,  curving  slightly  inward,  but  otlierwise  nearly  straight;  pulvillus  wanting;  ter- 
minal tarsal  joint  with  four  apical,  very  long,  curved,  tliread-lilic  spines,  directed 
between  the  claws. 

Abdominal  appendages  of  the  male:  uiii)er  organ  closely  resenil)ling  that  of  I'olygo- 
nia,  its  inferior  arms  [irojecting  a  little  backward  below  the  anus.  Clasps  very  similar 
to  those  of  I'olygouia,  dill'ering  only  in  that  the  upper  l)asal  process  is  larger,  entirely 
al>ovc  the  upper  eilge  of  the  clasp,  and  altliough  somewhat  similarly  curved,  extended 
(ipMard;  it  is  siijiplicd  at  tlie  interior  base  with  a  ridge,  which  meets  another  falling 
from  the  upper  edge  of  the  cla,--!)  to  form  a  sn|)|Hn't  or  socket  forthetiji  of  tlieinteVior 
linger,  which  does  not  reach  the  upi>er  edge  of  the  clasj). 

Egg.  Barrel  sha|K'd.  witliralhertunnd  sides,  not  very  much tallerthan  liroail,  In'oadest 
in  the  nnildle  of  the  liasal  half,  furnished  with  seven  or  eight  compressed  laminate  ver- 
tical ribs,  which  start  from  near  t)ut  not  (piito  at  the  base,  or  at  least  only  become  di-- 
tiuct  above  the  base,  constantly  increasif  in  height,  but  even  at  the  summit  are  scarcely 
so  higli  as  in  the  preceding  and  following  genera;  the  interspaces  are  crossed  l)y  very 
numerous  and  crowded,  distinct,  raised  cross  lines  forming  cells  a  dozen  or  more  times 
broader  than  high.  They  are  laid  in  a  single  compact  mass,  one  layer  deep,  encirclinir 
n  twig. 

Mature  caterpillar.  Head  ratiier  small,  sul)ipiadrate  on  a  front  view,  tlie  sides 
regularly  ami  liroadiy  rounded,  broadest  in  the  middle,  the  summit  slightly  depressed 
in  the  middle  and  produced  at  the  anterior  outer  portion;  head  not  greatly  deeper 
t)elow  than  aliove,  a  little  broader  than  liigh;  tlie  triangle  half  as  high  again  as  liroad, 
reaching  more  than  lialf  way  toward  the  sunnnit ;  summit  bearing  on  each  side  either 
a  very  stout,  long  spine,  directed  np\v;ird  and  considerably  forward  and  outward, 
encircled  near  the  middle  tiy  a  stellate  arrangement  of  four  or  live  spreading,  greatly 
upturned,  stout,  slightly  tapering  spinules.  bluntly  rounded  at  the  tip  like  the  main 
spine,  and  emittliiir  a  long,  bristly  hair;  or:i  collection  of  simple,  tapering,  ratliershort 
and  Ijlnntiy  pointed  tuliercles.  The  iiead  is  also  beset  with  very  many  ehnigated,  stout, 
cylindrical  but  tapering,  spinous.  lUnntly  tipped  tubercles,  emitting  a  ratlier  long,  deli- 
cate hair,  some  of  wliicli,  especially  upon  the  hinder  edge,  are  very  long  and  large, 
while  others  are  small,  ahnost  minute,  .\iitennac  as  in  I'olygonia,  with  the  last  joint 
slightly  longer.  Ocelli  si.\  in  nunil)or.  live  arranged  in  a  moderately  strong  curve,  whose 
convexity  is  forward  ;  tlie  upper  four  are  at  nearly  eiiual  and  slight  distances  apart,  tlie 
upper  a  little  furtlier  from  the  second  tlian  the  others  among  themselves,  tlie  tlfth  at  a 
still  greater  distance,  and  tlie  si.xth  bearing  the  same  relation  to  the  others  as  in  I'oly- 
gonia; thesocimd  to  llftli  are  more  prominent  tlian  the  others.  Lalirnm  well  j-onnded, 
almost  the  entire  outer  portion  excised  almost  to  the  Ijase  l)y  a  triangular  cutting,  the 
sides  of  which  aie  less  than  a  right  angle.  Mandibles  not  very  large,  broad  and  stout, 
their  edge  straiglit  and  entire.  Maxillary  palpi  four-jointed,  each  sncceedinii  joint 
smaller,  the  (Irst  and  second  lialf  as  long  as  liroad,  tlie  third  half  as  long  again  as  broad, 
tlie  last  very  small,  conical.     Spinneret  ratlier  hnig  and  very  slender,  ecpial. 

Body  having  the  form  of  that  of  I'olygonia,  with  longitudinal  markings  most  con- 
spicuous in  tlie  dorsal  region  and  next  the  stigmatal  line  (at  least  in  the  European 
species),  armed  witli  numerous  siiines  arranged  in  longitudinal  rows,  one  to  a  segment 
in  each  row  as  follows  :  a  dorsal  scries,  placed  anteriorly  on  the  Hrst  to  the  eight 
abdominal  segments ;  a  laterodorsal  scries,  scarcely  in  advance  of  the  centre  of  the 
same;  a  snpratateral  scries  similarly  placed  on  the  second  and  tiiird  thoracic  segments, 
all  of  those  sometimes,  but  not  always,  markedly  longer  than  the  rest;  a  latcro-stlg- 
lutttal  series,  similarly  placed  on  all  thcalidonilnal  segments;  a  stigmatal  series  centrally 


mmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmm 


NYMrilAMNAE:    TIIK   (iENLS   KlCiONlA. 


375 


plftcud  oil  tlio  sei'oiul  anil  tliii'd  tlioriicic  sciiineiit^  ;  mul  an  infrastiiiiiintal  series  placet! 
centrally  on  tlu;  llrst  to  tlic  ei^litli  alulomiiial  M'lrnionts.  Tlic  siiincs  are  very  long  and 
stout,  not  unite  straiglit,  bnt  lieinliiiir  sligliily  toward  each  priiuii)al  sidnule.  Each 
spine  with  from  three  to  seven  spiiuiles  of  nearly  eqnal  length,  and  a1)ont  one-fonrth 
tile  lengtli  of  the  spine,  rather  slender  and  tapering,  armed  nt  tip.  Iil\e  tlie  spine,  witli 
a  ratlier  short,  tupi'rinu.  tliorny  l)ristle.  tlie  spinnles  emitted  with  great  irregularity  in 
the  middle  two-llft!:s  of  the  spine;  the  spines  arc  also  covered  with  infrequent  minia- 
ture spinr.ies.  each  emitting  a  rather  long,  delicate  hair.  Spiracles  oliovate.  twice  as 
loin:  as  Iiroad.     Legs  lather  long  and  not  stont.  tapering  gently. 

Chryialia.  Reseml)les  Polygi.nia  in  almost  every  particular;  tlie  anterior  lialf  of  the 
under -nrfai'i'  is  sliirhtly  curved  loniritudiii.'idy  ;  on  a  side  view  tlie  oeeilartuln'rcles  are 
rath'T slender,  tlie  lower  surface  ln>ini;  jilacrd  at  aslii^lit  aiiLrle  witii  theiiortion  beliiml, 
and  the  uiiper  surface  also  fonuinsia  sliglit  annle  with  tlie  dorsum  of  tlie  pro-  and  mcso- 
tlioras,  instead  of  l)cing  continuous  with  it  as  in  I'olygonia.  Dorsal  projection  of  tlic 
mesonotum  not  compressed  so  strongly  as  in  Polygonia,  not  very  large,  moderately 
high,  nearly  as  high  as  long,  higliest  posteriorly,  the  anterior  liorder  curved  but  little  and 
irregularly,  the  posterior  liorder  straiitlit  and  perpeiKlicular  or  sliurlitly  inclined  :  tie' 
supralateral  tubercles  of  tlie  mesouotmii  and  metaimtiim  are  more  in'omiueiit  tliaii  In 
Polytroiiia,  beini;  higher  tli.iii  broad  and  tlie  frn'iner  without  any  Inferior  rld^e.  .Vnal 
booklets  like  tliose  of  Polviionia,  but  rather  more  strongly  curved. 

Tliis  ifemisi  incliulcs*  five  known  sjiecic^s.  comprising  Inittcrtlics  generally 
above  the  average  size,  three  lielonging  to  the  Old  and  two  to  the  New 
World.  They  are  all  pccidiar  to  the  north  temperate  zone  and  nearly  or 
unite  girdle  the  earth.  Two  of  the  .species,  vaii-alliinn  and  .xanthoniela.s 
(the  former  closely  allied  to  onr  single  New  England  form  and  hy  some 
iiuthor.s  con.sidered  identical  with  it),  are  confined  to  central  and  ca-stcrn 
Enrope  ;  a  third,  polychloro.s,  is  spread  over  nearly  tiie  whole  of  Europe 
and  all  of  the  northern  iialf  of  Asia  ;  a  fourth,  californica,  occiu'.s  on  the 
western  coast  of  ^Vniei'ica  in  California  and  ( )regon  ;  and  the  last,  j-all)iun, 
is  found  idong  the  boundary  l)etween  the  rnite<l  States  and  Canada  from 
the  liocky  Mountain.s  to  the  Atlantic  :  and  also  throughout  New  England. 

A  fossil  butterriy,  Eugonia  atava,  found  in  the  tertiary  l)eds  of  Hado- 
l)oj  in  Croatia,  appears  from  the  description  and  illustration  given  by  Ileer 
to  belong  also  to  this  genus  and  to  resenil)Ie  most  closely  that  section 
wiiich  includes  our  Xew  England  species. 

The  butterriies  strongly  resemble  tiios(>  of  tlu!  jireccding  genus  in  tiio 
form,  color  and  design  of  the  wings,  but  on  the  upper  surface  of  the  fore 
wings  the  costal  markii'gs  are  much  heavier:  the  hind  wings  are  bordered 
nearly  or  (juite  as  distinctly  as  tlie  fore  wings,  and  all  their  darker  mark- 
ings are  confined  to  the  costal  and  sul)costal  areas  ;  the  central  comma-like 
mark  beneath  is  reduced  to  a  faint,  short,  iient  line  often  nearly  obsolete. 

The  butterfiies  are  single  or  doulile  lirooded  and  pass  the  winter  in  the 
imago  state  ;  p(jlychloros,  cccording  to  ^Ir.  Stainton,  inn-rics  to  its  winter 
((uarters  as  soon  as  it  escapes  from  its  chrysalis  in  the  autunni ;  it  tlien 
appears  early  in  the  spring  as  if  fresh  from  the  pupa,  and  has  tliercfore 
been  supposed  l)y  some  ( .Meyer  Diir,  I'rittwitz,  etc. )  to  winter  iioth  as  a 
chrysalis  and  as  an  imago  :  whether  the  other  Eiu'opean  butterfiies  of  this 


U  Ti  ft    »*» 


.  --■*■' "5'"' ; 


fe*4fe*»i 


376 


iiiK  iiciTi;i;!-i.ii;s  of  nkw  i;m;i.an1). 


i 


genus  liiivo  ii  !>imiliii-  liiil)it  is  not  stated,  lint  tiie  l)uttei'llies  of  onr  New 
England  species  are  anionu'  tiie  last  to  (lisappear,  so  t'ar  as  one  can  judge 
fVoin  siin|ile  dates  ot' capture,  'i'iie  earliest  huttertlies  iVoni  ehrvsaiids  of 
the  same  year  ajipcar  aliout  llie  middle  of  .Inly,  and  a  second  iri'Uption  or 
a  new  hrood  alioiU  the  first  of  Septemlier. 

The  egg's  are  laid  in  clustei's  around  a  twig  as  in  Kuvanessa  and  not  as 
in  Polvgonia,  and  naturallv.  as  in  the  former  genus,  the  hirvae  feed  in 
company,  mostly  upon  I'hnaceae  and  Salicaceae.  E.  (!aliforniea,  how- 
ever, is  said  to  feed  on  Ceanothus  tiiyrsiHorus,  one  of  tiie  KiiannuK.'eae. 
The  (caterpillars  have  the  liead  onhnarily  surmounted  liy  a  [)air  of  stout, 
K)ng  s[iines  supplied  with  a  win)rl  of  spinules  near  the  niidu.v.-  like  those  of 
the  preceding  genus,  and  tiie  liody  provided  witli  s[)ines  closely  resemhting 
those  of  tiie  caterpillars  of  I'olygonia  Imt  longer.  The  chrysalis  resem- 
bles that  of  I'olygoiiia  in  almost  every  [larticular,  liut  witli  a  less  com- 
pressed, dorsal,  tiioracic  proniinence  and  more  prominent  tuiiercles  on  the 
thorax.  Tiiese  huttertlies  have  generally  l)een  placi'd  with  ICiivanessa  and 
Aglais,  but,  as  will  he  seen,  liy  the  preceding,  they  are  moir  nearly 
related  to  Polvgonia. 


EX('L'R>^rS    K.  — BUTTERFLIES    AT    XKillT    AXl)   AT    SEA; 
OUT   OF  SEASON  AND    OUT  OF  PLACE. 


Vw  DiU  ill  >c:i — lliv  -Wi  w;i>  lii'.;li. 

WliilrVrcrril  till'  wiiiil  anil  llii|i|ii'il  ilic  -ail : 
\\'f  >a\v  a  >iiiiu-\vliitr  Imttciily 

Daiicin,;;'  Iji-I'oI'i'  tin'  lilliil  ualr 

Kar  (lilt  at  Ma. 

Till'  little  waiiili'icr.  w  lio  liail  lost 

Ills  wav.  of  ilaii^ii'i-  ncitliiii;.;-  knew; 
.Scttlcil  auliilf  iiiioii  the  iiia>t ; 

TUoii  lluttcriMl  u'lT  till'  watnv  liiiii' 
Far  init  at  >i'a. 
Aliiive.  tliiTC  '.iloaiiiril  the  1miiiiii1!i'«>  sky; 

licliratli.  the  iMiiiii.llr"  cM-cali  -hi'CII ; 
Urtwnii  tlii'lli  daU'MM  Ilic  hiillcl'lly. 

Tlir  -|iirll-iitV  lit  tills  va-t  -ci'iir. 
Kar  out  at  sea. 


Tlir  liny  -oiil  that  soared  auay. 

Seeking  llii' cioiuls  on  fragile  win;;-, 
Liirnl  by  till'  lirjjlitir.  |iiii'i'r  ray 

Wliicli  lio|ir's  <'i-statii-  niorniiiL'  liriii:;s — 
Kar  out  at  -ea. 
Away  111'  s|ii'i|.  with  siiiiiinii'rinu'ult'r, 

Si'ari-c  si'i'ii.  now  lii»t,  yet  onward  lionu'l 
Ni^ilil  I'oiiH's  with  Willi)  and  rain,  and  he 

No  more  will  daiiee  liefore  the  morn. 
Kar  out  at  sea. 
lie  dies,  unlike  111-  iiiali'>,  I  ween. 

rerhaps  not  xioner  or  worse  crossed  J 
And  lie  lialh  felt  and  known  and  seen 

A  larui'i  life  and  hope,  ihoii::h  lost 
Karoiil  at  sea. 

I!.  II.  \U)\{s\:.—(ii:niHs. 


BuTTKKFLl !•:.•<  lire  creatures  of  the  land  and  of  the  day.  Xo  aijuatic  litrm 
is  known,  or  one  that  is  aipi  'ic  in  any  stage  of  its  existence.  They  love 
the  sun  and  warmth,  being  essentially  troiiical  animals,  every  one  of  tiie 
larger  grou[)s  decretising  in  reiircsentatives  in  passing  from  tlie  tropics 
towards  the  [loles.  They  rarely  undergo  their  transforniiUions  other  than 
abo\e  till,'  ground,  and  mostly  in  midsummer.  They  Hy  by  day  and 
oencrallv  bv  lirighest  dav  and  in  clearest  weather.  Vet  there  are  some 
nroiips  whi(!li  lo\c  the  forest  gloom,  and  a  few  which,  in  tropical  countries, 
favor  the  twilight.  There  are  a  few,  too,  which  venture  to  make  their 
iiomes  in  the  frigid   zones,  and   on  high  and    bleak  mountain  sununits. 


Bl'irKUFLIES   AT  NIGHT   AND   AT  .SEA. 


3 


I  I 


There  are,  however,  exceptions  to  nearly  every  -reneral  rule,  and  a  few  of 
them  may  he  related  here. 

Ahout  fifteen  years  aj^o,  I  was  spending  the  summer  on  the  ii^land  of 
Nantucket.  Tlie  under  keeper  of  the  powerful  Hatih  light  at  Sankaty 
Head  l)r()Uglit  me  one  day  a  tin  l)ox  full  of '•  niothsi "  whidi  iiad  been 
fluttering  around  lii.-<  lantern  in  great  swarm.-*  tlie  night  previous.  On 
opening  it,  I  discovered  a  dozen  living  specimens  of  Eugonia  j-alhum. 
Hundreds  of  them  liad  Hown  into  tlie  lantern  the  preceding  niglit,  and  iiad 
given  him  a  great  deal  of  troni)le.  Tiiis  is  the  fir.'^t  instance,  so  far  as  1 
can  learn,  in  wiiich  l)utterHi('s  iiave  heen  known  to  tly  hy  nigiit,  and  it  was 
the  more  surprising  because  this  butterfly  had  never  licforc  and  lias  never 
since  l)een  found  i)y  me  upon  the  island  of  Nantucket.  Nor  do  I  tiiink 
there  are  enough  [)lants  there  u[ion  wliich  its  caterpillars  would  be  likely  to 
feed  to  supi)ort  any  consideralile  brood.  Since  tlien.  Miss  Murtfeldt  of 
Missouri  has  stated  (Psyche  iv:2()l!)  that  after  ten  o'clock  one  August 
esi'uing  a  specimen  of  l)oxo('o[)a  celtis  entered  tiie  open  window  of  her 
sitting  room  attracted  l)v  the  light  and  was  captured  in  a  butterfly  net. 
Anotlier  specimen  was  taken  (iarlier  in  the  evening  but  after  the  lamp.* 
were  ligiited.  A  hackberry  tree,  Celtis,  on  wJiicii  the  larva  feeds,  was 
niar  the  window.  An  instance  still  more  nearly  a])])roaching  tlie  first  i> 
stated  to  have  been  mentioned  at  a  meeting  of  the  liiooklyn  Entomolngical 
Society  in  October,  1<S(S5  ;  Dr.  C.  Hart  Merriam  was  (pioted  as  luniiig 
mentioned  that  a  light-house  keeper  on  liake  Ontario  had  been  greatly 
annoyed  by  the  large  swarms  of  Anosia  i)lexip[)us  that  flew  against  it  and 
ob.sciu'ed  the  light.  These  are  the  only  instances  that  I  have  been  al)ii' 
to  find,  cither  in  this  country  or  elsewhere,  of  the  attraction  of  l)ntterflie.'* 
to  ordinary  liijlit ;  l)Ut  since  the  'utroduction  of  electric  li'dits  into  our 
cities,  entomologists  have  made  use  of  them  for  the  capture  of  insects, 
many  nocturnal  anhnals  being  attracted  from  all  the  surrountling  country 
by  the  lirilliancy  of  the  light,  and  among  them,  .according  to  Mr.  Henry 
Edwards  and  others,  several  species  of  buttertlies  (  Ent.  amer.,  i:  ir>(*). 
Most  of  tliem.  like  the  pirceding,  were  members  of  the  highest  family, 
Nymphalidae,  viz.,  Anosia  plexippus,  Vanessa  atalanta,  \'.  cardui,  V. 
huntera,  and  Euvanessa  antiopa  ;  and,  liesitles  the.>*e,  Cyanii-is  pseudargio- 
lus  and  Eu[)iioeades  troihis.  .\s  all  these  instances,  ('xce[)ting  that  men- 
tioned l)y  Miss  Murtfeldt.  were  cases  of  exceptional  brilliancy  and 
magnitude  in  the  light,  it  is  hardly  to  i)e  presumed  that  we  shall  change 
our  opinion  that  butterflies,  as  a  rule,  are  insects  of  the  day,  altlxaigh,  as 
is  well  known,  there  are  certain  groups,  cspeciidly  of  the  Satyrinae,  which 
in  the  tropics  are  accustomed  to  Hy  by  twilight  and  even  in  the  rain. 

My  attention  was  early  called  to  the  occurrence  of  butterflies  far  out  at 
sea  by  seeing,  on  my  first  natural  history  expedition  over  thirty  years  ago, 
a  specimen  of  Euvanessa  antiopa,  which  visited  our  vessel  on  the  2(!th  of 


■^':ilS 


'.^  '■ 


I        !""«» 


^ 


378 


Till-:    lUTTKUKLIES  OK    NKW   KNOr^AND. 


Fel)niiiry,  while  off  the  coast  of  North  Carolina  anil  some  twenty  or  thirty 
miles  tVoni  land,  nial'ing'  u.><  a  fhort  and  Hi^hty  visit.  One  of  the  most  re- 
niarkal)le  instances,  howevei,  is  that  related  l)v  Darwin  in  his  "Naturalist's 
voyage  around  the  world,"  p.  15S  :  "One  evening,"  he  says,  "  when  we 
were  aljout  ten  miles  from  the  Bay  of  San  Bias  [northern  Patagonia] ,  vast 
ninnhers  of  buttcrHies,  in  l)ands  or  Hocks  of  countless  myriads,  extended 
as  far  as  the  eye  could  I'ange.  Even  hy  the  aid  of  a  telescope  it  was  not 
possible  to  see  a  s|)ace  free  from  butterflies.  The  seamen  cried  out  '  It 
was  snowing  butterflies,'  and  such  in  fact  was  the  appearance.  ^lore 
species  than  one  were  present,  but  the  main  part  belonged  to  a  kind  very 
similar  to,  but  not  identical  with,  the  conunon  English  Colias  edusa. 
Some  moths  and  Hymcnoptera  accompanied  the  butterflies;  and  a  fine 
beetle  (Calosoma)flew  on  Ixiard.  .  .  .  The  day  had  l)een  fine  and  calm,  and 
the  one  previous  to  it  crpially  so,  with  light  and  variable  airs.  Hence  we 
cannot  suppose  that  the  insects  were  blown  off  the  land,  but  wo  must  con- 
clude that  they  voluntarily  took  flight." 

Observers  in  India  and  other  tropical  regions  have  noticed  on  many 
occasions  vast  swarms  of  Pierinae  moving  in  a  line  along  the  sea  coast,  and 
occasionally  such  swarms  have  been  seen  in  similar  situations  in  temperate 
regions:  tluis  Dr.  Schulte  (Ent.  nachr.,  iii:71)  relates  tliat  in  a  dead 
calm  off  Nordeney  in  the  Baltic  Sea,  he  steamed  for  three  hours  and  a  dis- 
tance of  thirty  nules  through  a  continuous  Hock  of  Pieris  rapae  from  ten  to 
thirty  miles  from  the  main  Land  and  only  five  miles  less  than  that  from  the 
neai-est  island  ;  afterward  the  shore  was  found  strewn  with  their  dead  bodies. 
And  on  our  own  ■  ide  of  the  ocean  we  have  a  curious  instance  related  of 
Eurema  lisa  by  Mr.  J.  M.  Jones,  who  states  that  early  one  October  morn- 
ing several  persons  living  on  the  northern  side  of  the  main  island  of 
Bermuda  perceived  what  they  thought  to  be  a  cloud  coming  from  the  north- 
west, which  turned  out  to  be  "an  inunense  concourse  of  small  yellow  buttcr- 
Hies, which  Hitted  about  all  the  open  grassy  patches  and  cultivated  grounds 
in  a  lazy  manner,  as  if  fatigued  after  their  long  voyage  over  the  deep,"  and 
fishermen  out  that  morning  stated  that  their  boats  were  literally  covered 
with  these  buttcrHies.  Other  instances  are  recorded  by  C'aldclcugh  and 
Cornelius.  I  have  elsewiiere  rccoi'dcd  the  tendency  of  Anosi.  plexippusto 
swarm  along  the  water  edge  as  if  preparing  for  a  great  Hight,  and  also  the 
fact  that  tliis  l)utterHy  must  have  Hown  vast  distances  over  the  Pacific 
Ocean  to  have  tenanted  the  scattered  islands  where  it  is  now  found.  Also 
that  it  was  seen  by  one  natiu'alist  in  the  south  Pacific  five  hundred  miles 
from  the  nearest  island,  and  on  the  Atlantic  ocean  "hundreds  of  miles 
from  land."  There  is  also  a  single  record  of  the  occurrence  of  Pieris 
rapae  on  one  of  the  transatlantic  steamers,  when  more  than  a  thousand 
miles  from  land  (Psyche  i:  152).  This  last  might  perhaps  be  accounted 
for  on  the  supposition  that  the  insect  had  emerged  from  a  chrysalis  on 


NYMI'IIALIXAE ;   ELIJOXIA  .l-ALHLM. 


Ijoanl,  wliicli  Imd  matured  during  tlie  passiige.  Hut  a  t<till  more  striking 
instance  of  tlie  oecurrenee  of  Lepidoptera  far  out  at  sea,  on  aceount  of  the 
numlier  of  species  concerned,  is  given  in  a  recent  nunil)er  of  Science 
(ix  :  340),  wliere  Mr.  Lucas  records  tliat  while  in  hititude  ih°  soutli  and  a 
thousand  miles  from  the  nearest  portion  of  the  coast  of  Hrazil  iiif  [)arty 
"encountered  several  light  squalls  of  wind  aiul  rain,  during  one  of  which 
two  l)Uttcrtlios  were  driven  psist.  The  weather  continued  s([ually  all  night 
and  for  jiurt  of  tlic  next  day,  the  wind  coming  from  the  westward.  The 
following  morning  it  was  foimd  that  quite  a  numhcr  of  Lepidoptera  liad 
heeu  blown  on  hoard,  and  ensconced  themselves  in  various  jthices  sheltered 
from  the  wind.  They  were  mostly,  if  nt>t  wholly,  nocturnal  species  of 
small  size,  although  one  large  hawk-moth  was  among  them.  Al)out 
twelve  or  fifteen  si)ecimens  representing  nearly  as  many  species,  were 
cajitured,  and  others  seen  ;  so  that  not  less  than  twenty  or  thirty  individ- 
uals must  have  reached  our  shij)."  This  numlier  of  specimens  at  so  great 
a  distance  is  certainly  very  remarkable  and  shows  that  the  occurrence  of 
huttertiies  at  sea  must  not  l)e  looked  upon  iis  excessively  rare,  and  explains 
without  doul)t  one  means  by  which  the  natural  distril)ution  of  butterflies 
from  one  region  to  another  may  take  place. 

»'»  For  fuller  iliUiiils,  .see  papi'i's  iiiiuIimI  iiuili'i'  Aiiosia  |ilfxi|iiiu>  iiinl  Kiiroiii:i  li.«a;  ami 
Miilli'i-'s  paper  oil  the  (U.-persal  uf  iiuii-iiiiu'iatury  iiiscets  liy  atmusplieile  aireiieies,  l.olululi.  IJTI 
(Ti'aii.<.  t^nt.  sue). 


EUGONIA  J- ALBUM.— The  Compton  tortoise. 


[The  Cimiptoii  lortoise  (Gossc) ;    The  whitc-j  Imttcrtly    (Harris);   eoinnia  Imlterlly   (Kni- 
inoMs);  many  eoloreil  vaiu'ss  (Emmons);  thej-biittcrtly  (Uoss).] 


Vimessa  j-nlhnni  Hoisil.-LcO.,  I.fp.  AmiSi. 
st^pt.,  INVISO,  pi.  5(J,  liirs.  1.  '2  (ls3;J);  Morr., 
isyii.  Lep.  N.  Aiiier.,  .')()  (ls02);— Ilarr.,  Ills. 
iii,L'.  ve-..  3;1  e.l.,  '.>9S  (ls02). 

(iniptd  j-(illiHin  l^lntii.,  I'roe.  Knloin.  soe. 
lMiila-1.,  iii:  5s-.')!)  (18(i4);— Kern.,  Hntl.  Me., 
uU-.'iT  (1SS4);— Freiu'h.  lintt.  east.  I'.  .**..  I!t2- 
19,S  (issr>);— Jfayn.,  Itntl.  X.  K..  l.Vlli,  pi.  2. 
ti-.  IT.  17a  (iss(i). 

\iimpliiili.s  j-iilhinn  8euchl.,  Sysl.  rev. 
Anier.  Iiutt.,  11  (1872). 

\'aiiessa  urdcae  llarr..  llllelie.  rep..  .")!)0 
(1833). 


I'anenfia  pnUjchloros.'  Ennn..  .\,>;ri''.  N 
Y.,  V  :  208  (1851). 

Viii\c!i!<ii  I'liu-iilhum  (liars)  Klrb.,  Syn. 
eatal.  I.ep.,  l.-^  (1S71). 

.\'>/»iiiliii/i.i  i-nit-filhum  (pars)  Kirb.,  Syn. 
eatal.  Lep,,  (i+s  (1871). 

Vnni'UHti  j)tic<ili(i)itns  Harr..  MS. 

KI,'iireil  by  (iliiver,  111.  N.  A.  Lep..  pi.  o7, 
li;;,  2,  ineil. 

[.Vol  Pap.  urtieao  Linn.,  luir  Tap.  poly- 
eliloros  Linn.,  nor  I'ap.  vm-alhum  Wien. 
verz.] 


A  few  pale  llowers  of  summer  late 
Kiir  lanLTuiil  lintlerllles.  wiml-tost,  that  leave 

Tlieir  uanlen  asters,  tempted  to  their  fate' 
l!y  the  Willi  bees. 

Toi>iuxTi;ii.— /«  ScpUinlier. 

Imago  (3:  It).  Head  covurod  above  with  a  mass  of  lonj^,  ininiiled  ferruifiUDUs.  pule 
and  bhiekish  hairs,  the  ptilcr  ones  pivdomiiiating;  sides  and  beneath  witli  pale  browti 
scales,  behind  tho  upper  part  of  the  eye  mimjled  profusely  with  tawny  and  dnslvy  ones ; 
palpi  dull  wliitisli,  with  a  slight  tuft  of  black  scales  at  the  base  on  either  side,  a  slender 


,IH 


880 


rilK   IJLTTKUFMK.S  <)l'   NKW    KX(iLAXl). 


.N 


row  of  tlio  siiiac  aloiifi  tlio  iniiUllo  of  the  iiiuk'i' stirfiicu,  one  or  two  sciittoreil  olat'k 
scrilos  nloiii;  the  sidos,  mid  all  the  Ion;;  hairs  below  and  at  the  sldcH  black,  pxcoiitint! 
on  the  apical  joint,  where  tlioy  are  partly  rufous;  the  npieal  joint  and  the  uppi'r  sur- 
face of  till'  middle  joint  pa.e,  diir;;y  rufous,  t!ie  superior  fringe  of  middle  joli.t  oalo, 
blaekisli  at  base,  causini;  a  bliukisli,  slightly  ol)li(|iie  stripe  from  the  upper  ed^-^ 
of  the  iniddle  of  tlie  joint  ti  or  nearly  to,  its  apex;  antennae  blackish  above,  fni-'tiy 
and  irreuularly  enlivened  with  rii'ous,  lieiieath  naked  and  tlien  eastaiieous,  the  basal 
half  of  eacli  joint  on  its  inter  inferior  surface  licavily  lieckcii  witli  wliitish ;  clnli 
blaekisli  above,  dusky  beneath,  the  white  lleckiiii;  dyina  out  on  soiik;  of  the  basal 
joints,  the  apical  three  or  four  joints  wholly  luteons ;  tuiigne  luteous  at  base,  with 
lilackish  edites,  beyond  lilack,  paler  intoriorly.  tlu;  tip  lirii;lit  luteons. 

Thorax  covered  above  with  olivaceous  and  tawny  liairs,  beneatli  witii  pale  yellowisli 
brown  ones;  fore  leifs  deep  black  down  tlie  middle  of  the  front,  friniretl  with  pale 
brownish  yellow;  the  other  Icifs  clayey  lirown,  the  femora  marked  abo\('  and  narrowly 
beneath  witli  purplisli  black,  tiieir  tips  sliirhtly  tawny,  the  tarsi,  esiiecially  of  tlie  hind 
pair,  sliirlitly  dusky  above;  spines  ri'ddisii  luteons,  the  spurs  the  same,  but  black 
tipped;  claws  reddish,  their  a|iieal  tliird  darker;  paronyciiia  lilackish. 

i-'ojv  jr(»i/(i  above  at  base  for  scarcely  more  than  one-fourtli  way  to  the  apex,  dark 
tawny,  more  or  less  Infuseated;  tlie  costal  edije  mottled  with  blaekisli  and  yellowish 
white ;  erossiiiij  tlie  cell  is  a  broad,  irregular  black  bar,  the  outer  upper  corner  of  whicli 
is  at  tlie  oriiiiii  of  the  (Irst  subcostal  lirancli,  and  which  just  fails  of  reaeliini:!  the 
median  nervure;  it  is  generally  rudely  an^iular  or  protuberant  in  tlu!  iiiiddle  of  its 
exteri(  •  liorder.  and  is  nearly  twice  as  liroad,  from  nervure  to  nervure,  as  loiii;; 
beyond  this  is  a  larire  black  pateii  depeiidim;'  from  the  costal  bcu'der  and  reaeliins;  tlio 
median  nervure ;  its  interiiu-  limit  follows  tlie  outer  limit  of  tlie  cell :  its  exterior  forms 
an  irre;;niarly  siniions  curve,  wliieli  passes  usually  just  witiiiii  the  ori,;;in  of  tlie  third 
superior  sulicostal  nervule;  tlie  patcli  is  half  as  loiiii  ay:ain  aliovo  as  below;  beyond 
this  is  anotlier  black  patch  of  similar  size  and  form,  but  with  less  sharply  dellned 
borders,  dependinijc  from  the  costal  inari;iu,  roacliiii!;  scarcely  past  the  lowest  suli- 
costal nervule,  its  interior  liorder  separated  at  the  costal  margin  from  the  precedlnsf 
liatcli  by  the  same  distance  as  tliat  is  from  the  spot  in  tlie  cell,  and  recediiii;  a  little 
from  it  as  it  passes  downward;  it  tapers  rapidly  in  its  posterior  'alf,  is  rounded 
iieneatii,  and  followed  next  its  upper  half  liy  asmall,  transverse,  diaijonal.  white  stripe, 
broken  liy  dusky  nervulos;  lieyond  this  to  tlie  mar;iinal  liaiid  the  wins;  is  blaekisli  in 
the  upper  sulicostal  area;  lietweeii  these  two  black  patches  the  whij^  is  of  a  more  or 
less  deep  orange  tiiwny.  paler  or  yellowish  in  the  upper  third  or  more;  these  two 
tints  oceuiiy  all  of  the  wing  beyond  the  Iiaso  not  covered  liy  black  patches ;  a  largo, 
reniform.  iilack  patch,  witli  ill-detlned  liorders,  occurs  just  below  the  second  divarication 
of  tlie  inedian  nervure,  and  crosses  both  tlie  lower  median  and  the  inedio-sulimedian 
interspaces  diagonally,  in  a  direction  at  riglit  angles  to  the  costal  iiorder;  in  tlie  median 
interspaces,  at  a  similar  distance  from  the  outer  liorder,  their  outer  edges  next  the 
iniddle  of  the  iniddle  median  nervure,  are  two  large,  ileep,  subnuadrate,  black  lunules, 
scarcely  reaching  tlie  median  nervules,  wliicli  are  edged  with  deeper  tawny  than  the  rest 
of  the  wing;  tlie  extreme  liase  of  tlu  upper  median  interspace  is  more  or  less  infuseated  ; 
In  the  niedio-sulnnedhin  intci  space,  midway  iietween  the  large  reniform  spot  ami  the 
outer  border,  is  a  large,  transverse,  ovate  blotch  of  the  same  color  crossing  tlie  whole 
interspace,  lying  parallel  to  tlie  lowest  extremity  of  the  outer  margin,  and,  witli  the 
spots  in  the  median  interspaces  and  the  costal  patch  In  tlie  iniddle  of  the  outer  half  of 
the  wing,  forming  a  rude,  interrupted,  transverse,  sinuous  band,  whoso  outer  limits  arc 
snliparallei  to  tlie  outer  liorder,  and  wliicli  is  folioweil  in  tlie  lower  two  subcostal  inter- 
spaces, and  all  those  lielow  it  excepting  next  the  inner  border,  by  orange  tawny,  more  or 
less  begrimed  with  lirownish,  and  enclosing  in  the  middle  of  the  intersiiaces  faint,  ill- 
dellued,  longitudinally  ovate,  pale  patches;  outer  margin  to  the  depth  of  lialf  an  inter- 
space dusky  brown,  occasionally  enlivened  witli  greenish  yellow  or  tawny,  and  almost 
always  paler  in  the  interspaces,  and  especially  in  tliose  of  the  median  area;  this  is 
deepened  interiorly  into  dark  ferruginous  lirown,  sometimes  mingled  with  blaekisli  and 


NYMl'IIALIXAK:   EIGONIA  .I-ALIIIM, 


381 


niilily,  ami  followtMl  l)y  a  paler  streak,  varyi'iii  fniiii  wliitUh  to  yllowlsli  tawny  nr 
(jret'iiisli,  wliicli  aiinln  is  separatoil  fniiii  tlio  paler  spnts  by  asleinler,  traiisvorsp.  black- 
ish brown  band,  broadest  in  the  median  area,  exeept  next  the  costal  nnir;4ln,  where  it 
reaches  the  white  spot ;  fringe  black,  interrnpted  rather  narrowly  in  the  interspaces, 
and  especially  those  of  tlie  nu^ilian  area,  with  whitish.  Hind  irhujs  oraniro  tu\\i.y, 
more  or  less  l)e2riiiied  witli  dnsky.  profnsely  elollu'd  with  lonir.  Iln<'.  lawny  hairs 
(tinned  witli  olivaceous  n(mri!st  the  liase  of  llie  wiii'.;)  in  l!i''  hnver  inner  piirl  of  tlie 
wlnir;  tlic  limit  ol'  It  wonld  lie  marked  l)y  a  line  foUowini:  llie  upper  liorder  of  the  coll 
and  sweepinif  around  to  jnsl  befon.'  tlie  tip  of  tlie  inner  border;  exieptini;  some  paler 
donds  on  the  costal  nniririn,  llie  npper  basal  hnif  of  tlu'  winir,  inclndiiiic  tlie  base  of  the 
lower  and  tlic  basai  third  of  the  upper  subcostal  interspai'e,  is  blackisli  brown,  followed 
above  tlio  middle  subcostal  norvnle  by  a  white  bar.  nearly  an  interspace  in  width,  in  the 
upper  subcostal  interspace,  removed  a  little  toward  the  liaso,  tapering  np.vnrd.s,  and 
ill-delliied  in  the  interspace  abfive ;  tills  is  airain  followed  by  a  dusky  friannular  patch 
taperiuii  downwanl  from  tlie  costal  margin,  where  it  is  llei'ked  with  paler  colors  to  a 
rudely  formed  apex  at  tlie  middle  subcostal  uervule;  connected  with  the  exterior 
border  of  this  patch  is  a  submarginal,  comiecli'd,  sli  lilly  crenulate  series  of  ferru- 
gineo-blackisli  transverse  bars,  openiiiir  outward,  at  a  distance  of  about  three-fourths 
of  an  interspace  from  the  outer  margin,  aiigulated  like  tlie  wing,  but  to  a  less  degree, 
at  the  iippiu-  median  nervule,  and  followed  interiorly  by  a  series  of  liigli,  greenish  yel- 
low lumiles,  more  or  less  connected,  especially  in  the  middle  of  the  wing.  Into  a  series 
which  tapers  toward  either  extremity,  and  does  not  pass  beyond  the  subcostal  nerv- 
nles;the  tawny  portion  of  the  wing  next  to  tliem  is  also  more  or  less  broken  by 
ligliter  tieeklugs  of  tin;  same  color;  the  outer  marghi  is  also  of  this  color,  l)nt  is  more 
or  less  obsenred  with  dusky  or  liecked  with  iiiinixlcil  ttiwiiy  and  blackisli  scales,  frc- 
(pieiitiy  in  transverse  llircads:  fringe  mingled  yellowish  and  dark  brown,  interrupted 
narrowly  with  white  in  the  interspaces. 

IJeneath,  in  general  dark  brown  on  the  basal  li.alf  of  the  wings,  darker  in  J  than 
in  ?,  the  apical  half,  excepting  a  submarginal  stripe,  lioiiry  "incrcons  ((J)  or  dusty 
cinereous  (?);  wliole  surface,  excepting  the  ajiical  thiril  of  fore  wings,  profusely 
coven^l  with  exceedingly  deli(^ato.  blackisli,  aculeate,  recnmbent  hairs,  lu  tlie  furr 
iriiKjs  the  limit  of  the  darker  liasal  half  riias  from  the  co-tal  niaririu  just  opposite  the 
base  of  the  third  supi'ri(U'  subcostal  iiiTvule.  turns  directly  toward  the  base  so  that  It 
crosses  tlie  subcostal  nervure  as  far  witliin  the  base  of  the  third  nervule  as  that  Is 
from  the  costal  margin,  and  then  runs  straight,  but  often  iu  a  crenulate  course,  to  the 
upper  median  nervule  or  just  below  it.  just  where  it  completes  its  basal  curve;  from 
here  it  continues  iu  a  sliglit  curve,  opening  outward,  to  the  middle  of  the  basal  four- 
fifths  of  the  inner  border:  tills  exterior  limit  of  the  tlarker  base  is  sometimes  marked 
by  a  blackish  line,  especiallv  iu  the  npper  subcostal  and  upper  median  interspaces;  it 
also  marks  the  outer  limit  of  tl.e  darker  part  of  the  base,  which  forms  a  broad,  nearly 
e(pial  baud,  broadest  above,  reaching  the  upper  outer  liniil  of  the  cell,  and  there  only 
distinctly  dellned.  being  marked  like  the  upper  imrtion  of  the  exterior  limit  by  a  black 
line,  followed  l)y  gray  markings;  within  tliis  band,  whicli  is  least  dellueU.  ii."rrowest 
and  lightest  in  the  subcosto-inediau  interspace,  tliere  is  an  oblhpie  black  streak  in  the 
upper  subcostal  interspace,  joining  above  the  exterior  margin;  within  the  cell  arc  three 
small,  darker,  clouded  patches — one  slender,  obliipie,  black  bordered,  witli  ronnded 
extremities,  seated  on  tlie  median  uervnre  a  little  less  than  half  way  from  ino  base  to 
its  lirst  branch,  directed  parallel  to  the  subcostal  uervnre  and  almost  reaching 
the  second  spot,  which  is  similar,  not  ((iiite  so  slender,  bordered  with  black, 
excepting  at  the  inferic  r  part  of  its  liasal  extremity,  its  upper  outer  extremity  toucli- 
inu:  the  base  of  the  tirt  subcostal  nervule,  its  lower  ill'v;-.eil  between  the  first  and 
third  spots;  the  latter  snbrhomboidal,  similar  and  pariUel  to  the  second,  but  broader 
and  not  or  scarcely  bordered  witli  black,  is  seated  on  tlie  median,  its  outer  edge  next 
the  first  divarication  of  the  nervule;  the  base  of  the  mcdio-submedlan  Interspace  is 
also  clouded,  limited  by  tlie  cimtinuation  of  the  outer  margin  of  the  outer  spot  in  the 
cell.     The  whole  costa'  edge  is  marmorate  with  blackish  and  whitish.     Relow  the  next 


3S2 


TllK  IJL'TTKUFLIKS  OF  NKW   KN(;i-ANI). 


f««    • 


to  till'  Idwit  .sulicdst'il  iicrviili'  tlii'i'i'  is  a  siilimirniiiil  liluck  sti-ipr.  |)iii'iiUi'l  to  aiiil 
illstiiiit  by  tlic  wldtli  of  nii  liitoi'spiicc!  from  the  outer  margin.  LMiclosliiani'Xt  Itsoxterlor 
limit  an  oi|iial  stripe  of  (lark  (lull  hlnisli,  lialf  a.^  Willi!  as  t\ni  black  stripe  In  wliii'h  it 
oeciirs;  between  tills  anil  the  dark  basal  hall'  of  the  win;;  it  is  mottled  and  idnrred  in 
the  i  with  black,  white,  pidi^  brown,  pale  yellowish  brown  and  ferriiu:iii(iiis  scales, 
forinln;;  a  freckled,  ashy  «ray  band,  more  or  less  oelirey  in  the  apical  half,  with  paler 
patelies  ne.xt  the  costal  maru;lii  opposite  the  iiirhler  parts  above,  and  with  darker 
donds  in  tlie  Interspaces  down  tlie  inlddie;  in  tin?  $  it  is  nearly  uniformly  dull,  dirty 
gray  brown,  paler  in  the  costal  patches  and  next  the  darker  base;  in  both,  the  Interior 
half,  tjelow  the  iniddle  median  lUM-vule,  Is  traversed  by  freipieiit,  sliort,  transverse, 
nearly  straight,  black  or  dusky  threads,  and  there  is  a  transverse,  sinuous  series  of 
l)lackisli  dots  subjiarallel  to  the  outer  border  In  all  the  interspaces  tiiat  open  on  the 
outer  border  above  the  lower  median  iiervule;  that  In  the  up|)er  median  interspace 
occurs  111  Its  centre:  the  outer  nKir;tin  of  the  wintr  Is  darker  a^aiii.  esiieclally  between 
the  next  to  the  lower  subcostal  and  the  lower  meilian  nervnles,  where  It  is  n-.ually 
marked  by  a  darker  stripe  lylny:  midway  between  tiie  edL'c  and  the  subiiiarirlual  -.trilie. 
KriiiKe  as  ai)ove,  or  not  so  dark,  Jliml  ("(«;/,•*  havluir  the  darker  basal  half  limited, 
across  tiie  whole  or  nearly  the  whole  wlii^,  by  a  slender  black  stripe,  which  starts  iit 
about  the  middle  of  tlie  outer  two-thirds  of  tlie  costal  margin  and  runs  to  the  middle 
of  the  basal  two-thirds  of  the  upper  subcostal  nervnle,  just  i)eforo  wliich  It  is  t)ent 
outwards;  It  then  curves  ontwards  In  a  series  of  bent  Hues  to  the  lower  subcosla 
nervule  at  a  short  distance  bey(ui(l  the  base:  a  second  similar  cirve  carries  it  to  the 
middle  of  the  basal  two-thirds  of  the  lower  median  Interspace;  here  it  starts  a;rain  on 
a  similar  curve,  but  passes  as  far  only  as  the  lower  median  nervnle.  then  starts  aaalu 
from  beyond  the  middle  of  tills  nervule  and  passes  in  a  series  id'  deep  loops  opeulnit 
inward  to  the  base  of  tiie  excision  of  the  Inner  iniirsin;  lost  for  a  short  distance,  a 
continuation  of  the  line  is  seen  passing,  wiien  most  complete,  In  a  series  of  large  and 
deep  loops,  toward  the  base  of  the  wing  parallel  to  the  inner  border,  crossing  the 
iuternai  nervure  two  or  tliree  times;  the  base  of  the  wing  is  traversed  at)Uiidantly  by 
transverse,  sluu't  blackSh  threa.is,  and  by  one  niori!  distinct  nearly  straight  stripe, 
p;issing  from  the  cost:il  mari'ln  at  right  angles,  and  striking  the  subcostal  at  Its  llrst 
div:irication ;  two  ihirker  clcmils,  faintly  edged  with  Itlack,  cross  the  cell,  one  at  the 
tip  and  a  broader,  sligiitly  ;iiimilar  one  in  the  middle;  there  is  also  a  small  roundish 
s|)ot  at  the  extreme  base;  a  slender,  angulated,  white  line  follows  the  lower  half  of  the 
vein  ,'loslng  tlie  cell  and  tlie  ujiiier  edge  of  the  upper  median  vein  beyond  it,  the 
longitudinal  limit  of  the  L  thus  formed  being  sometimes  twice  as  long  as  the  trans- 
verse; sometimes  it  is  wlifdly  or  partially  (ibs(dete:  distant  from  the  outer  niaririn  by 
the  width  of  an  interspace  Is  a  series  of  nearly  or  (pilte  connected  bluish  crescents, 
edged  on  eillier  side  with  black,  ueuerally  more  heavily  in  the  middle  of  the  win;;  on 
tile  interior  side:  and  between  these  and  the  mesial  lilack  line  the  wing  is  colored  mncli 
as  in  the  ai)ieal  half  of  the  fore  wings,  excepliiu;  that  it  Is  more  or  less  clouded  with 
oHvaceons  ochrey  in  the  middle  of  tiie  outer  Inilf  of  tlie  band,  and  within  wliicli  the 
arcuate  series  of  black  dots  is  found  above  the  lower  median  nervule,  that  In  the 
ujiper  median  interspace  scarcely  beyond  Its  centre;  tlic  wing  Is  margined  as  the 
middle  of  the  fore  wing  and  fringed  as  on  tlu;  upper  surface  of  the  hind  wing, 

.\bdonieu  above  black,  more  or  less  Hocked,  especially  on  sides  and  at  the  apex  of 
the  sei;nients.  with  tawny  fnlvmis.  beueatli  dark  brown  toward  the  i)ase,  gradually 
merging  into  tlie  dull  yellowisli  brown  which  marks  the  ai)ex  of  the  segments  and  tlie 
wlioh'  of  tile  terminal  joints.  Male  appendages  (33:17,  IH)  :  upper  organ ;  liook 
almost  straiglit.  a  little  tniiiid  on  basal  third,  beyond  e(|nal.  depressed  at  Ijase,  and 
bearing  beueatli  a  prominent  tooth.  Clasps  nearly  four  times  as  broad  as  long,  diag- 
onally fabiform,  tlie  upper  hinder  angle  sliglitly  but  broadly  produced  and  incurved  a 
Utile;  njiper  basal  process  nearly  as  Ion:;  as  the  breadlhof  the  clasp,  tapering  through- 
out but  less  so  on  the  basal  three-Mfllis  than  lieyond ;  basal  portion  compressed, 
rilekeiied  aloni;  the  np|ier  edge,  directed  backward  and  somewhat  upward  and  sliglitly 
curved   inward,  beyond  curved  slroiiifly  inward  and  sliglitly  downward,  tlie  apex  ex- 


?'»  ,!. 


XY.MrilAMNAK:    Kr(;(>NIA  .(- M.l'.r.M. 


383 


toiidccl  ilclicntcly  iiinl  siiuii>ii-.ly  tn  a  line  point;    Interior   llniicr    Ion:;  iind  slondor, 
t.'ipiTliii;  ifiMilly  tlinmirlioul,  ^triii^'lit,  I'xreptin;;  ;i-i  it  follows  tin-  curve  of  tlic  clasp. 


McHsnrpiMi'ntH  in  niilliinctrcs. 

.M.U.K.S. 

KKMAI.KS. 

Lcnjrtli  of  l()n;,'iui  12,.")  luin. 

Sinallr.sl. 

;w..". 

[.■•..•) 
ID. 

.■)..S 

Average. 

j  l.arj.'1'st. 

Snialli'st. 

AviTHftf. 

Larjjc'iit. 

Li'ii^tli  of  foi'c  \vin",s 

I(i.T."p 

io.,-i 

1    :>"■       ! 
1     u.      ' 

1         "i-^        ' 

;w.3 
.i.i 

Iiiiiil  til>la('  and  tarsi  ., 
fore  lll)ia('  and  tarsi.. 

Diwrllx'd  from  V>i    I?. 

Caterpillar.  Lunl  nlmjr.  Head  li;,'lit  colored,  llu'  trianijiilar  suture  dusky,  the 
l.ottoin  of  tlie  trian;rle  fuscous,  and  all  the  sides,  froiri  (lie  interior  liase  of  the  siiniinit 
spine  to  tlic  anterior  portion  of  tln'  ocellar  Held,  and  e.veeiitini;  a  curved  streak  runiiini; 
backwards  iibovc  the  oceliar  Held,  lilackish  ;  summit  spiin'  entirely  hlack,  very  stont, 
the  spimiles  emitted  about  the  niichlle,  the  Ijasal  portitni  half  ns  lonjjaL'ain  as  broad,  tlio 
si)lnnlos  very  stout,  scarcely  taperliii;,  abruptly  ilocked,  not  so  lonjj;  as  the  apical  por- 
tion, and  dheriilni;  from  it  at  an  aiijrie  of  about  :!0  to  to  ,  the  nniin  stem  provided 
with  a  few  nnniature  spinules  emillin<^  ratiu'r  hnii;  hairs;  other  spiniform  papillae 
pale,  the  hairs  also  pale;   niandililes  very  dark  reddisli. 

Body  ••  light  green,  the  dorsal  and  subihu'sal  rows  of  spines  sliining  lilack,  except  at 
liase,  which  is  rufous,  with  long  l)ranches;  those  of  the  anterior  segments  nn)re 
numerously  branclied  than  the  others  nnil  iuiving  each  point  tii)ped  witli  a  seta;  the 
super  and  substlgmatal  rows  rufous,  ti|)pe(l  with  black.     Length  two  inches  "  (fiintiier). 

Chrysalis  (83::li;,  tl,  1.5)  of  a  "  beautiful  green,  delicately  reticulated,"  the  nieso- 
thiu'acie  and  llrst  and  second  abdondnal  tiil)ercles  of  the  laterodorsal  series  "  golden  " 
exteriorly  and  posteriorly;  nu'sonotal  tubercle  similar  to  that  of  I',  comma  and  ridged 
"with  black  anteriorly  ...  stigmat.a  brown  with  a  brown  ^pot  beneath";  eremaster 
■' bordered  with  brown"  (Lintner).  Length '2.")..")  mm. ;  heiirht  at  mesonotal  tubercle 
it  mm.     liy  Mr.  Liutner's  favor  1  have  seen  the  skin  of  his  original  speciuu'U. 

Distribution  (20:  I).  ThLs  l)iitterHy,  more  properly  a  mcmlter  of  the 
( 'aniidiiin  than  of  tlie  Alleglianian  fauna,  occupies  nevertlieles.s  nearly  the 
whole  northern  iiaifof  tlie  latter,  being  I'eportcd  from  Iowa  (Atistin,  Os- 
i)orn),  northern  Illinoifi  "al)im<lant"  (Thoina.s),  Wi^seonsin  (Chamher- 
lin,  Hoy),  southern  Miehioan  "common"  (Harrington),  New  Harmony, 
Ind.,*  (Boifuluval-LeConte),  lloekport,  Poland  and  Cleveland,  Ohio 
(Kirtland,  Kirkpatrick),  Fredonia,  N.  V.  (Mark),  Philadelphia  "rare" 
(Hlake),  Maryland  "rare"  (L'hler)  and  Long  Island  (Graef).  A  single 
individual  of  what  was  prohaltly  this  species  ("  polychloros  ")  is  re[)orte(l 
by  Jones  as  taken  in  IJermuila  by  Canon  'rri.stramf.  In  the  north  this 
.species  is  generally  very  connnon  throughout  all  the  inhabited  part  of 
Canada  It  has  even  been  found  within  the  limits  of  the  Arctic  fauna,  at 
Okak  in  Labrador,  whence  it  was  iironght  by  Dr.  Packard,  and  specimens 


•This  seems  doulilfni;  for  it  may  simply 
have  lioen  reeeivecl  from  Say. 

t-It  is  also  (pioted  in  Sagra's  Cuba  among  the 
lintterllies  of  tliat  island,  but  so  many  other 
biatertties  foreign  to  Cuha  are  eataiogned  in 
the  same  work,  that  its  testimony  is  of  little 
value;  yet  there  Is  a  single  worn  specimen  of 
this  species  in  the  JIuseuni  of  ( Oniparative 
Zoology,  purporting  to  have  lieen  taken   in 


•  nba  by  Mr.  <harles  Wri'.'ht;  this  botanist 
has  certainly  eolleeted  largely  in  the  nionn- 
taius  of  Culia.  but  Dr.  (inndlai'h  has  I'oryears 
devoted  partieuhu'  a.leiition  to  the  inseils  of 
this  island,  i'olle<'tlng  in  every  part  of  it  with- 
out meeting  this  butterfly.  It  seems,  there- 
fore, more  probable  that  tliere  has  been  some 
error  in  the  labelling  of  this  specimen  In  the 
Cambrid'.'c  .Museum. 


BH  ■V'lt''-.-svit;v 

fir  ■'''H'ii-:?'^-. 


11     -..i-iVX',^ 


384 


Tin:  Id  rn:i!i'i-iKs  or  nkw  i:n(;i,ani). 


:§:,:1 


;  &:-: 


vis 


* 


Ll'M 


■feji 


'i^^i 


1ii1)l1K(1  '*  Arctii'  Anuriea.  Iioss  "  may  lie  nccii  in  tlic  IJiitisli  Mii.»i>iiin, 
pniliiilily  CMlli'cti'd  in  ilu'  vicinity  oC  (irral  Slave  Laki'.  Tlic  loralitic- 
already  spi'ciHi'tl  indicate  all  that  i.s  known  of  its  wcMtei'ii  extension,  excciit- 
inj;  tliat  Mr.  iMlwards  fonnd  one  specimen  in  a  collection  from  Lake  La- 
i)aclie,  IJritisii  C'oinmliia,  Captain  (leddes  records  it  from  Kickinji'  Horse 
Lake  in  the  Kocky  Mountains.  I^ord  from  \'anconver's  Island  (  under  llie 
name  of  polyciduros) ,  anil  Kletclier  lias  rcci'ivcd  spi'cimens  from  Carilioo, 
Uritiwli  C'oinmliia,  collected  liy  Cowley.  Eastward  it  reaches  to  (lodl)ont 
liiver,  Gaspe  and  Nova  Scotia,  and  will  proliiihly  he  found  in  Ncwfonnd- 
land,  thonjih  (iosse  did  not  find  it  there. 

It  occnrs  throiiLrhonl  New  l'-n'j;land,  although  very  rare  in  tiie  southern- 
most portions:  yet  it  has  liicn  taken  in  New]»>rt,  Iv.  I.  ( Ili^Lrinson )  and 
Nantucket  (S<'uddci),  and  was  one  si:i;,de  year  reported  vi'ry  connnon  in 
SpriiiLrKeld,  Mass..  thouiih  very  rare  since  (lOmcrv).  It  is  also  reported 
from  Farmington  anil  New  Haven,  Conn.  It  lias  iieen  taken  occasionally 
in  several  localities  aiiout  I'mston.  while  in  the  \Vliite  Mountain  district 
and  its  vicinity  it  is  almiidaiit.  as  it  doulitless  i-  throuy'li  all  that  [lortion  of 
New  Kiiirlaiid  lyinu'  iiorlii  nf  the  isotherm  ot'  111'  for  the  sprinj;  months. 

Periodicity-  'riii>  is  annlhir  of  tlic  Imttertlies  of  which  we  sec  vastly 
more  in  one  vear  than  in  another.  Harris  noticed  this  as  loii"'  ayo  as 
li^lJT,  as  ap]iears  from  his  note  liooks,  lint  it  is  never  very  common  in  the 
southern  half  of  New  I^nnland,  where  moft  of  onr  onlonioloo'ists  live,  and 
no  years  can  he  <pecitied.  Howies  says  (Can.  ent.,  xii  :  l.'ifi)  '"they  were 
so  ahundaiit  one  siimiiier  that  I  even  saw  them  drinkinu'  spruce  heer  from 
the  old  aj)ple-wonian"s  keys  in  the  r[iper  Town  .Miirket,  (^uehec,  while 
next  season  the  only  specimen  I  found  was  a  poor,  dilapidated  individual 
which  I  took  smijrly  tucked  away  under  the  eoiiinj;  of  a  fence,  where  it  had 
evidently  passed  tlu'  winter." 

Haunts.  Like  liie  I'lilyironias  "  it  seems  to  have  a  predelietion  for 
ripe  or  decaying  fruit,  and  ot'ten  visits  our  cider  mills  when  apjiles  are  col- 
lected in  large  nnniliers  "  (Kirtiandj.  At  other  times  it  may  he  seen  in 
comiianv  with  the  I'olvyonias  and  re!<enil)les  them  in  its  tliirht ;  it  atiecis 
high,  open  woodland  and  hilly  roadsides  :  it  is  alsi)  wont  to  pitch  on  the 
trunk  of  a  tree,  with  its  head  downwarc'  and  its  wings  tightly  shut  hack 
to  hack  ;  in  such  a  position  it  is  with  diHiculty  discovered,  even  hy  one 
who  has  seen  it  alight,  so  eloselv  do  the  irrav  tints  of  the  under  snrfai'e 
correspond  to  the  color  of  the  hark  upon  which  it  rests. 

Food  plant  of  caterpillar.  The  only  specimen  of  larva  known  was 
full  fed  and  crawling  when  captured,  so  that  the  food  plant  is  not  certaiidy 
known.  lUit  .Mr.  Canlfiild  informs  mc  that  Mr.  I'.  Knetzing  says  it  is 
the  white  iiireh  (Hetula  al!'a  var.  popidifolia).  It  has  commonly  iieen 
sujiiioscd  that  it  was  willow,  i.nd  poplar  has  also  been  suggested.  It 
has  lieen  taken  at  willow  hlossoms. 


I 


m 


NY.MI'HAMNAE:   KUOONIA  .I-ALIU'M. 


385 


Life  history.  Tliedutu  at  hand  rcgiinling  this  iiiHcct  and  our  ignoriiiioc 
of  the  larval  history  do  not  iicrmit  lis  to  Hj)cnk  with  confidence  regarding 
its  MeasonM,  nor  l)C  sure  whether  in  the  southern  part  of  its  range  it  is 
single  or  douMe  lirooded.  In  the  White  Mountain  region,  where  I  Imve 
most  frequently  seen  it,  it  is  certainly  single  hrooded,  and  I  am  inclined 
to  think  that  the  same  is  true  of  it  further  south.  It  hil)ernates  as  a 
buttej-Hy  (and  occasionally  as  a  chrysalis?).  The  huttertly  is  one  of  the 
earliest  to  leave  its  winter  (|uartors,  specimens  heing  seen  occasionally  hy 
the  middle  of  March,*  becoming  al)umlant  by  the  end  of  the  first  week  in 
April  and  flying  until  early  in  June.  Mating  takes  place  early  in  the  spring, 
but  the  eggs  can  hardly  l)e  laid  before  the  leaves  are  fairly  out,  and  the 
only  information  we  have  of  the  sul)sequent  changes  before  the  advent  of 
thel)utterfly  is  that  a  caterpillar  at  ."^coliarie,  N.  Y.,  fouiul  by  Mr.  Lintner. 
changed  to  chrysalis  on  June  27  and  emerged  in  thirteen  days.  All  ob- 
servers agree  that  this  spring  flight  is  ruch  less  extensive  than  the  num- 
bers which  a[)pear  in  the  autumn,  but  exceptions  are  known  when  a  change 
occurs  from  a  year  of  plenty  to  the  reverse  ;  the  spring  flight,  the  relics  of 
the  abundant  harvest  of  the  previous  year  are  then  found  to  be  conuuoner 
tiian  their  next  descendants.  The  first  brood  of  the  year  makes  its  appear- 
ance about  the  10th  of  July  or  a  very  little  earlier  (rather  later  at  the 
White  Mountains)  and  becomes  more  and  more  abundant  as  the  season 
progresses.  Specimens  of  tiie  female  examined  at  the  \\'hite  Mountains 
in  the  latter  half  of  July  and  all  through  August  showed  that  the  eggs 
were  completely  undeveloped,  so  that  the  larger  numbers  one  finds  there 
the  latter  part  of  August  are  not  due  to  the  advent  of  a  new  I)rood,  but  to 
tlie  fact  that  they  continue  to  emerge  from  the  chrysalis  from  their  first 
api)earanee  in  July  until  the  end  of  August,  the  cause  of  which  it  is  hard 
to  divine,  since  it  is  highly  probable  that  the  eggs  are  laid  in  masses,  and 
within  a  [jeriod  the  range  of  which  is  very  limited,  certainly  not  abt)ve 
tiu'ec  weeks.  Whether  further  south,  where  the  time  for  development  is 
longer,  the  butterflies  of  the  <hi\y  brood  lay  eggs  or  not,  is  uncertain  ; 
it  is  only  clear  that  though  the  first  butterflies  appear  early  in  July, 
they  are  far  more  numerous  late  in  August  and  September  and  continue 
on  the  wing  througli  October  and  sometimes  even  into  November.  These 
butterflies  hibernate,  selecting  old  buildings  for  their  refuge  and  appearing 
to  have  a  desire  for  higher  culture.  Kev.  Mr.  Fyles  discovered  them  in 
an  unused  room  in  the  upper  story  of  the  Missisquoi  High  School  in 
Canada.  Professor  S.  I.  Smith  once  found  two  specimens  in  a  school  house 
in  Norway,  Me.,  in  December  or  January,  which,  on  being  placed  in  a 
warm  spot  in  the  sun,  revived  and  flew  about  the  room.     Mr.  Lintner  has 


•.Since  this  was  written  Mr.  F.  II.  Spriiftuo 
writes  nie :  "  It  nuiy  interest  you  to  Iviiow 
tlint  I  saw  n  speoinien  of  j-allmm  in  pretty 
fjood  oonilition  anil  quite  lively  Hying  by  my 


window  this  afternoon  (Feb.  12,  l«ss).  The 
ttinptiutut'  wiLs  at  ;j;i  deg.  at  the  time  and 
there  were  •Ix  '.nehes  of  snow  that  hail  fallen 
the  previous  night." 


-      •f'SK, 


-v-i 


-'.'iMIi 


li! 


^- 


-  'i-^"  ■■-■ 


;..;  i;.. 


1 1 


386 


THE  BUTTKRFLIf:S  OF  NKW  ENGLAND. 


suggested  thiit  some  of  the  second  brood  of  chrysnlids  may  continue  in  that 
stage  thi'oughout  the  winter,  althougli  he  has  since  had  reason  for  doubt. 
The  hite  appearance  of  many  l)utterflie8  certainly  renders  it  likely,  although 
it  still  remains  to  be  established. 

Habits,  flight,  etc.  "  This  insect  is  one  that  is  most  difficult  to  catch. 
It  rests  with  closed  wings,  and  the  dull  hues  of  the  exposed  under  sides 
closely  resemble  those  of  the  fencing  on  which  the  insect  usually  settles. 
As  an  intruder  upon  its  haunts  approaches  it,  it  dashes  away  with  a  speed 
that  sets  pursuit  at  defiance  "  (Fyles) .  It  is  to  be  found  along  the  roadsides 
in  the  White  Moiuitains  in  peaceful  company  with  Polygoni,".  faunus,  suck- 
ing the  juices  from  the  droppings  of  horses  and  cattle.  It  is  rather  more 
wary  than  its  smaller  companion,  but  resembles  it  closely  in  its  actions. 

In  sucking,  or  at  rest  on  a  horizontal  surface,  the  wings  arc  tightly  closed 
and  erect,  the  front  wings  well  forward,  the  antennae  spread  nearly  at 
right  angles  ;  but  alighting  in  the  sun  the  wings  are  sometimes  spread  to 
tlieir  full  extent.  Resting  in  cloudy  wcatlier  on  tlie  ground,  the  wings  are 
held  erect  and  tigh.tly  closed  as  before,  the  palpi  nearly  and  the  antennae 
quite  vertical,  tiie  latter  diverging  only  20°  from  each  other;  the  thorax 
has  an  anji'le  of  about  140°  with  the  alxlomen.  The  same  jjcneral  attitude 
in  reverse  is  assumed  when  hanging  from  a  horizontal  surface. 

When  settled  for  tiie  night  on  a  vertical  siu'face,  it  rests  with  the  head 
downward,  the  wings  tightly  shut,  the  costal  edge  of  tiie  front  pair  at 
riffiit  an^rles  to  the  iiodv,  the  antennae  tucked  toijcther  next  the  fnnit 
wings,  attingent,  the  outtjr  half  scarcely  projecting  beyond  the  costa. 
Some  that  were  iianging  thus  on  the  window  frame  of  my  room  were  evi- 
dently disturbed  by  the  tremor  occasioned  by  a  cart  passing  on  the  road 
fifty  feet  di'^tant. 

Buttci-flies  are  not  generally  known  to  fly  by  night,  but  a  curious  in- 
stance iiapj'Cned  a  dozen  years  ago  wiien  on  a  cloudy  and  unusually  warm 
night  in  September,  i)iitterHies  of  this  species  flew  into  the  lantern  of  San- 
katy  Head  Light,  Nantucket,  a  powerful  flash  light,  in  such  numbers  as 
to  give  the  keepers  much  troul)le  iiy  obstructing  the  flow  of  oil  in  the  lamp. 
One  of  the  keepers  brought  me  a  dozen  of  them  alive,  saying  that  hun- 
dreds had  flown  into  the  lantern  and  there  were  many  more  outside.  Yet 
in  a  five  years  summer  residence  and  collecting  there  I  had  never  seen 
the  butterfly.  Is  it  possible  that  the  species  regularly  migrates  and 
i)V  iiitj'ht':'  Attention  sluuild  here  be  calle<l  to  Mr.  Thaxter's  observations 
(Can.  cut.,  xii :  38)  that  lie  has  seen  "clusters  of  Vanessa  j-album  on 
tree  trunks  at  dusk  in  New  Ilampsliire." 

Desiderata.  Where  so  little  is  known  of  the  history  of  a  species,  a 
list  of  desiderata  seems  superfluous,  for  notes  of  every  sort  arc  desirable  ; 
yet  it  is  wortli  while  to  invite  enquiry  into  the  eflTeet  that  butterflies  from 
wintering  ehrysalids  would  have  upon  the  time  of  appearance  of  the  first 


;;' .,  ; 


m 


w 


NYMPIIALINAE:  THE  GENUS  EUVAXESSA. 


387 


brood  of  larvae ;  also  to  ask  wliy  it  is  tliat  the  butterflies  are  so  much  less 
abundant  in  tlic  spring  and  in  midsummer  than  in  the  autunm  as  to  have 
entirely  escaped  the  notice  of  many  collectors  ;  to  direct  attention  to  the 
question  of  the  number  of  broods  in  southern  New  England,  and  finally  to 
retjuest  observers  to  note  how  soon  after  edosion  the  autmnn  feneration 
seeks  its  winter  quarters ;  all  facts  regarding  swarms  of  this  species  are 
worth  publication. 

LIST  OF  ILLUSTRATIONS.-EmWXIA  ,1-ALBUM. 


Uenerul. 
ri.  20,  lig.  i.    Distril)iitloii  in  North  Aiiifiica- 

Chrysulis. 
ri.  83,  (it;.  3«.    Outline  of  tiie   iiii'sotlioraelc 
tuljerclc. 

■14.    Side  viow. 

48.    Ventral  view  in  outline. 


ImiKjii. 
ri.  3,  lig.i).    Mall',  lioth  surfaces. 
33:  17.    Male  aljiioniiiial  anpendagus. 

1,S.     Insiile  view  of  sauio. 
3S:8.    Xeunition. 

53 :  (i.  Siile  view  of  lieatl  ami  appendaijes 
eMlarL'cil,  witli  details  of  the  strueture  of 
the  lo!.'s. 


EUVAXESSA   SCUDDER. 


ci 


m 


-t? 


\\i\n\M  Liiui.,  .Syst.  nat.,  ed.  .\.,i:  4.")8  (ITiW); 
8eudd.,  Syst.  rev.  Anier.  liutt.,  ]  l-l(i  (1872) ; 
L'loc.  Anier.  acad.  se.,  x;  238-240  (1875). 


.■.ieuddei-ia  «irole,('an.  •nt.,  v:  14t(\u,i,'.1873). 
[Xot  Seudderia  Stal  (.Vpril  1^73).] 

Tiipe.—J'dpilio  antiopa  Linn, 


This,  this!  Isheauty:  east.  1  pray,  your  eyes 
Ihi  this  uiy  irliiry  1  sec  the  irracel  tlie  size! 

These  hrilliaut  hues  arc  all  distinel  and  clean. 

CitAllllK. 

1  cannot  tell  what  the  dickens  Ills  mune  is, 

SilAKE.spKAUK.— iUc»T//  Wiocs  (if  Wimtsof. 

I.nago  (53:4).  Head  pretty  lar<;e.  densely  clothed  with  ii  t)usliy  mass  of  lonn  and 
■she rt  hairs.  Front  well  rounded,  tumid,  protuberant  beneath,  broader  than  hiirli,  of 
just  the  l)readtli  of  the  eyes;  upper  edjre  bluntly  rounded  and  protuberant  in  the  mid- 
dle, falling  ratlier  abruptly  into  the  transverse  pit  of  the  antcinnie:  lower 'l!?e broadly 
rounded,  alnio.st  doekod.  Verte.\  moderate,  very  tumiil.  projeclliii;  very  considerably 
and  throuffhout  its  wlude  lenj;th  above  the  level  of  the  eyes,  very  broadly  rounded 
behind,  in  front  i)rojecting  with  curved  sides  ileeply  anil  ratlur  sharply  into  the  space 
between  the  uutunuae,  where  it  is  deenly  sunlcou  and  connected  with  the  front  by  a 
narrow  bridge.  Eyus  pretty  larjre,  full,  sparsely  pilose  with  pretty  nearly  uniform 
louff  hairs.  .Vnteniiae  insc'rtcd  very  slliilitly  indeed  in  adviincc  of  the  middle  of  the 
sunnint  in  deep,  nearly  eonnected  pits,  their  interior  bases  separated  by  a  space  ei|ual 
to  the  widtli  of  the  antcnnal  stalk,  and  their  exterior  closely  crowded  upon  the  ma'-fiin 
of  the  eye.s;  they  arc  about  half  iis  lonfr  afiaiu  as  the  abdomen,  consisting  of  44  or  45 
joints,  the  last  eleven  or  twelve  of  which  form  a  very  olilon;;.  ovate,  cylindricid  clul), 
about  two  and  a  half  times  as  broad  as  the  stalk,  four  and  a  hiUf  times  as  lonjras  broad, 
the  o.\tromity  very  bluntly  conical,  the  last  three  or  four  joints  euterln>j;  into  the  diminu- 
tion of  size,  and  successively  turned  a  little  more  outwaril,  so  that  the  outer  I'dije  of 
the  club  is  nearly  straifjlit  to  the  tip,  while  tlie  Imier  is  liroadly  roinnled ;  terndnal  joint 
nunute,  furnished  alonj;  the  under  portion  of  tlu' inner  side  with  a  delicate  triple  carina, 
contininng  indistinctly  over  a  portiini  of  the  stalk.  I'alp;  nn)deralely  stout,  fully  throe 
times  as  long  as  the  eye,  couii)i'essed,  curved  ont\>ar(l  above,  the  tcrmimil  joint  two 
and  a  half  times  shorter  tlnui  the  penultimate,  the  whole  furnished  sparsi'ly  above  an<l 
beneath  with  very  h)ng,  bi'istly  hairs,  directed  in  a  vertical  plane  and  heavily  clothed 
witli  somewhat  erect  scales. 


i±* 


^i 


388 


THE  IJUTTEHFLIES  OF  NEW  EXCLAXD. 


!W^:f:'^.^^i 


Prothorncic  lobes  pretty  large,  not  very  tumid,  niitcriorly  npprcsso(l,t)ron(lly  rounclccl 
postoriorly,  tapei'in.!;  a  little  exteriorly,  but  scarcely  at  all  interiorly,  four  times  as  l)ron(l 
as  lonj;,  considerably  liljjlier  tlian  long.  Patagia  scarcely  twice  as  long  as  broad,  gently 
tumiil,  very  broad  and  nearly  sipiare  at  liase,  tlie  outer  border  stralglit,  the  inner  ratlicr 
deeply  concave,  so  that  the  posterior  loljc  narrows  rapidly  at  first  and  tlien  tapers 
gradually  to  a  rounded  point,  the  posterior  portion  lieing,  as  it  were,  triangular  with 
the  outer  lunder  angle  greatly  produced  ;  tlie  interior  liorder  is  roundly,  rather  broadly 
ridged. 

Fore  wings  (38;  15)  a  very  little  more  than  half  as  long  again  as  broad,  tlie  costal 
margin  considerably  bent  at  a  sliort  distance  from  the  liase,  l)oyoud,  nearly  to  the  apex, 
almost  straight,  very  sliglitly  convex,  the  apical  part  curved  somewhat  backward;  tlie 
outer  border  is  a  very  little  crenulate,  its  upper  portion,  as  far  as  the  ndddle  of  tlie 
lower  subcostal  interspace,  sliglitly  concave,  having  a  general  direction  at  right  angles 
to  the  middle  of  tlie  costal  margiii ;  Iiclow  this,  to  the  middle  of  the  succeeding  inter- 
space, suddenly  receding  and  then  passing  in  a  nearly  straight  course,  broken  by  tlie 
crenulations,  and  by  a  little,  l)road,  ronudod  projection,  just  lielow  the  lower  median 
nervule,  to  the  well  rounded  lower  angle ;  inner  margin  very  nearly  straight.  First 
superior  branch  of  tlie  sul)costal  nervure  emitted  in  tlie  middle  of  the  outer  half  of  the 
upper  margin  of  tlie  cell ;  second,  half  way  from  tlie  origin  of  tlie  first  to  tlie  tip  of  tlio 
eell — botli  a  little  further  fnmi  tlie  liase  in  the  male  tlian  in  the  female;  origin  of  tlio 
third  midway  between  tiie  tip  of  the  cell  and  the  liase  of  llie  fourth,  the  latter  arising 
at  more  tlian  lliree-flftlis  the  distance  from  the  tip  of  tlic  cell  to  tlie  apex  of  tlie  wing- 
second  inferior  brancli  arising  scarcely  more  than  one-(|uarter  way  down  the  coll ;  the 
latter  two-flftlis  as  long  as  the  wing  and  aiiout  tliree  times  as  long  as  liroad  ;  the  dis- 
tance trom  tlie  origin  of  tlie  second  median  nerviile  to  tlie  vein  closing  the  cell  is  lialf 
that  to  tlie  base  of  tlie  first  m<!(liau  nervilc. 

Hind  wings  with  tlie  costal  margin  somewhat  liowed,  ratlier  more  strongly  im  tlio 
basal  than  on  the  apical  half,  the  outer  margin  ratlier  liroadly  rounded,  projecting  at  the 
lip  of  the  upper  median  nervule  into  a  moderate  rounded  tail,  tapering  at  tlie  base, 
longer  than  broad,  and  with  a  slight,  rounded  i>rojectiou  at  the  tip  of  tlie  lower  median 
nervule;  inner  border  liroadly  expandsd  at  the  base,  beyond  straight  nearly  two-thirds 
of  tile  way  to  tlie  tip,  then,  reccMling  suddenly  but  a  littli^  diagonally  to  a  ijreat  ilistaiice, 
it  resumes  its  former  direction,  and  with  a  slight  convexity  passes  to  tlie  abrupt,  but 
well  rounded  anal  angle.  Trecostal  nervure  bent  inwar.l.  originating  considerably 
beyond  the  ilivarication  of  the  sulicostal  from  the  costal  nervure;  cell  closed  by  a 
fet;l)le  vein. 

Fore  legs  small,  cylindrical,  a  little  depressed,  thickly  clothed  witli  a  depressed, 
liusliy  bunch  of  long,  somewhat  spreading  iiairs,  lieavii-r  in  tlie  male  than  in  the  female; 
the  tibia  slightly  less  tlian  half  as  long  as  the  hind  uibia;  tarsi  of  nearly  or  ipiite  tlio 
length  of  the  tiliia,  in  tlie  male  consisting  of  a  single  joint,  with  exceedingly  sliglit 
indiiiiticiiis  of  divisions — one  being  marked  by  a  sliglit  constriction  near  the  tip — and 
wliolly  unarmed;  in  the  female  distinctly  composed  of  live  joints,  of  wlileli  the  first  is 
tliree  times  as  long  as  the  otlu'rs  taken  togetlier,  and  these  sncci'ssively  smaller  toward 
tlie  til),  <-'"^^''  i"'"'  fiii''ii-'l"'t'  !it  t'"-'  tipbcneatli  with  apairof  very  short,  slender  spines, 
the  first  joint  witli  others  along  the  undei  edge.  .Middle  tibiae  scarcely  longer  tliau  the 
hind  ones,  furnished  on  eitlier  side  beneath,  and  on  the  upper  portion  of  the  inner 
side,  witli  a  row  of  not  very  freiiucnt,  long  and  moderately  stout,  spreading  spines, 
besides  a  few  sliorter  scattered  ones  along  tlie  outer  side,  tlie  terminal  ones  of  the  in- 
ferior rows  developed  into  iiiiKlerateiy  long  and  slender  spurs;  tarsi  witli  the  first 
joint  as  long  as  the  tliri'e  succeeding  ones  logeflier,  the  second  and  llftii  equal,  the 


third  and  fourth  scarcely  siiial 


icpial  to  eaeli  other;   furnished  witli  four  (tlie  last 


joint  witii  two)  rows  of  rather  short  and  moderately  stout  spines  lieiieatli.  and  a  few 
scattered  ones  above  at  tlie  base  of  the  first  joint.  (  laws  moderately  slender,  not 
large,  tapering  to  a  flue  point,  pretty  strongly  curved.     Paronychia  slender,  tapering  a 


little,  as 


long  as  tlie  claws,  but  curving  less  tliough  regularly,  finely  pointed,  a  little 


incurved  at  tip.      I'ulvillus  wanting.      Last  joint  of  tarsi  furnished  aliove  wltli  four 
excessivelv  line,  long,  aeieulalc  spines,  dlrecteil  between  the  claws. 


mmmmmmmm 


^    % 


NYMrilAMXAK:   TIIK   CENUS  KUVAXKSSA. 


389 


AlKlomen  short  and  stDiit.  tlip  nppor  or^aii  of  male  appcndaiics  small,  the  hook  much 
loiiirer  than  tho  body,  iinarly  straiiiht,  swollen  on  its  basal  lialf.  ('(lual  beyond;  its  in- 
ferior arms  as  in  Ena;onla.  Clasps  very  broad  and  short,  mnch  lonpfer  above  than 
below,  with  the  nppcr  basal  process  very  broad  at  l.iase  and  taperin}?,  much  lonjiorthnn 
the  clasp,  directed  niucli  as  in  Eni^onia  but  not  so  elevated ;  interior  llnjrer  sleniler. 
taperiuft,  directed  upward  and  l>ackward,  not  nearly  so  Ions;  as  in  the  precedlns 
!i;enera. 

Egg.  Broadest  at  base,  narrowing;  sliirlitly  above,  biffher  tiian  l)road,  the  summit 
broad,  distinctly  marked,  only  sliijlitly  convex,  the  l)ase  broadly  docked  and  externally 
rounded.  It  Is  furnished  with  a  few  rather  ijrcnniiient,  compressed,  regular.  ei|ui- 
dlstant,  loniritndinal  ril)s,  commencinj:  below  the  broadest  part  of  theej;};  and  incrcas- 
ins  a  little  in  lieisht.  turning  abruptly  at  the  edge  of  the  summit,  where  they  arc 
higliest,  and  extending  halfway  to  its  centre,  terminating  ratlier  abruptly;  nurfaeo 
between  tlierilis  slightly  flattened,  especially  on  tlienppt'r  Indf,  and  lirokeninto  cells  by 
delicate  raised  crossed  lines.  Micropyle  formed  of  nearly  uniform,  cr(v"-iled,  roundish 
cells. 

Caterpillar  at  birth.  Head  smooth,  well  rounded,  even,  very  slightly  and  angularly 
prominent  in  tlie  middle  of  tlie  sides,  wliere  it  is  l)roadest,  consi(ieral)ly  broader  tliau 
high,  with  a  few  jiretty  long  liairs.  Bo(iy  nearly  uniform,  taperiui;  very  slightly, 
armed  witli  longitudinal  rows  of  very  long,  nearly  straight,  very  delicate,  tapi^ring 
liairs,  seated  on  minute  warts ;  these  are  arranged  on  eitlier  side  in  a  subdorsal  (t)oconi- 
ing  laterodorsal  on  the  second  thoracic  segment,  and  al)sent  from  tlio  (Irst),  one  to  a 
segment  placed  scarcely  in  advance  of  tlic  centre,  a  suprahitiral,  one  to  a  segment 
placed  l)ehind  the  middle,  a  laterostigmatal.  one  to  a  segment  placed  in  the  middle,  a 
stigmatal,  one  to  a  segnu>nt  placed  on  tlie  posterior  portion,  and  an  infrastiginatal  row, 
one  wart  to  each  segment  placed  on  its  anterior  portion.  Legs  pretty  long  and  not 
very  stout,  tapering,  tiie  claw  with  a  large,  tajieriiig.  basal,  interior  process,  itself 
moderately  long,  tajiering,  very  strongly  bent  and  sliglitly  curved.  Hooks  of  tlie 
anterior  prolegs  seven  in  unmber,  tapering,  and  very  strongly  curved. 

Mature  caterpillar.  Head  not  very  large.  suli(|uadrate  on  a  front  view,  the  sides 
being  very  liroadly  rounded,  almost  llat,  tlie  suinmit  hollowed  a  little  at  the  middle 
suture,  tiie  apices  of  eacli  iialf  a  little  tumid;  a  little  full  aliout  the  ocellar  Held, 
broadly  appressiid  in  front,  tlie  triangle  scarcely  sinikeii.  the  head  hardly  deeper  below 
than  above,  covered  all  over,  but  especially  on  the  tumid  summits  and  tiie  liinder  por- 
tions, with  a  large  number  of  sliort,  stout,  conical,  blunt  tnlicrcles.  and  more  freiiuciit 
minute  ones,  the  latter  emittliii;  each  a  sliort  liair;  Iriaugl  •  more  than  half  as  high 
again  as  broad,  the  sides  slightly  curved,  scarcely  extending  more  than  half  way  to 
the  smnmit.  Antennae  Mitli  tli.'  basal  Joint  scarcely  exscrtod,  tiie  second  half  as  long 
as  broad,  stout,  the  tiiird  half  tlie  diaiiiL'tev  of  tlie  second,  fully  thrice  as  long  as 
broad,  the  fourtii  very  small.  Ocelli  six  in  number,  tlvi?  arrangeil  in  a  moderately 
broad  curve,  its  convexity  forward,  the  iniildle  three  at  equal  and  very  sliglil  distances 
from  each  otlier,  the  tlrst  removed  from  tlie  •second,  and  tlie  linii  from  the  fourtli  liy 
their  own  diameter;  the  sixth  is  situated  at  little  distance  beliind  at  ('(pial  distances 
frmn  the  llrst  and  fourtli,  with  wiiicli  it  forms  a  riirlit  angle;  all  ecpial  in  diameter, 
the  second  to  the  liftii  very  protuberant,  Laljrum  very  sinall,  deeply  excised  in  the 
middle.  Mandibles  moderately  large,  stout,  augiilited,  tli"  edire  straight,  entire, 
above  with  some  scarcely  impressed  Hues.  Maxillary  palpi  exei'edingiy  small,  not 
at  all  exerted.     Spinneret  small,  conical,  tapering. 

Uody  eyHiidrlcai,  nearly  e(|iliil  on  the  abdominal  seirnn'iits.  llie  thoracic  sea:iiienls 
tapering  somewliat  forwards,  armed  with  i|iiile  loiii:,  stout  spines,  each  one  tapering 

reu'Ularly  to  a  line  point,  and   beariui;  a  few  niiiiuti'.  >lii)rt.  iieedle-like  thorns,  -icai ly 

visible  to  the  naked  eye,  and  often,  generally  above  Uw.  middle,  one.  two,  or  tliree  little 
short  spinules,  tipped  with  a  sliort  tliorn  ;  tliesc  spines  are  arrauired  inloniritiidinai  rows, 
one  to  a  segment  in  each  row  as  follows  :  a  dorsal  series,  placed  anteriorly  on  the  third 
to  the  eiglith  abdominal  scirnients;  a  laterodorsal  scries,  placed  a  little  in  ".dvauee  of 
the  centre  of  the  tlr-t  to  the-  eiLr'il'i  ab  loiiiliial   s'ltiiient-i;  a  snpralaterai  series,  placi'd 


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390 


THE  BUTTEIIFLIKS  OF  NEW  E^'GLA^'U. 


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similarly  dii  the  .sccontl  nul  tliiril  thoracic  segmoiits ;  those  of  the  last  two  jrios  are 
soinewhat  larjior  tlmii  the  others;  a  laterostijtinatal  series,  placeil  similarly  on  all  the 
abdominal  segments ;  a  stigmatal  series,  placed  centrally  on  the  second  and  third 
thoracic  segments;  and  an  i.ifrastigniatal  series,  i)laecd  centrally  on  the  llrst  to  the 
eightli  alKlomimil  segments.  The  body  is  abmulantly  supplied  with  minute  warls,  and 
profusely  furnislied  with  still  minuter  ones;  tlie  former  emit  short,  delicate  hairs,  and 
on  tlie  posterior  parts  of  the  segments  are  arranged  in  transverse  rows.  Spiracles 
suuill,  obovate,  less  than  twice  as  broad  as  long.  Legs  rather  slender,  tapering,  the 
posterior  pair  long,  the  others  rather  short,  tlie  hist  joint  compressed ;  tlie  claw  small, 
a  little  curved,  compresseil,  heavily  heeled  at  the  Ijase.  Prolegs  long,  rather  stout, 
tapering  considerably,  vvitli  a  multitude  of  booklets,  clo.sely  crowded  In  more  than  a 
single  row  around  the  inner  two-thirils  of  an  oval,  the  booklets  slender,  nearly  cquali 
not  curving  greatly. 

Chrysalis.  Viewed  from  al)ove  tlie  liead  and  prothora.v  tajjcr  very  sliglitly  as  far 
as  the  liase  of  the  oeellar  tubercles,  the  outer  edges  of  which  are  parallel;  ocellar 
prominences  conical,  their  inner  edges  inclined  toward  each  other  at  a  little  more  than 
a  right  angle,  the  space  between  tlieni  .j(|Uarely  docked ;  on  a  side  view,  the  under  eilge 
is  continuous,  or  nearly  so.  with  tlie  under  surface  of  tlie  appendages,  slightly  curved 
downward  at  tip;  tlie  upper  edge  is  continuous  witli  that  of  the  protliorax,  forming 
an  angle  of  about  llfty  degrees  with  the  lower  edge.  The  mesonotum  is  greatly  ar'.'lied 
longitudinally  and  eariiiatcd  along  the  middle  line,  the  carina  ra|>iilly  and  regi  larly 
elevated  just  liehind  the  midiUe  to  a  great  height,  formiiig  a  projection  wliich  is  hij.;hest 
posteriorly,  half  as  high  as  long,  with  sloiiing  sides  placed  at  an  angle  of  about  thirty- 
live  degrees  witli  eacli  other,  and  p(^steriorly  falling  almost  perpendicularly  to  the  gen- 
eral curve  of  the  segment.  Inferior  surface  of  the  liody,  including  all  tlie  appendages, 
forming  an  almost  exactly  straiglit  Vnw,  from  the  lii)  of  tlie  ocelhir  proiniuences  to  near 
tlie  tip  of  tlie  wings,  where  it  slopes  upward.  The  midille  of  llie  niesonotum  is  also 
fiiniishod  witli  a  pair  of  small,  snpralateral.  rounded,  conical  wiirts,  as  high  as  broad; 
basal  wing  tubercle  and  snporminierary  tubercle  nuicli  as  in  I'olygoiiia.  separated  by  a 
rather  deep,  somewhat  angular  excision  ;  wings  protuln'rant  in  tlie  middle  of  the  upper 
half  of  tlie  posterior  liorder  and  elevated  into  a  blunt,  conical  tubercle,  making  the 
body  here  as  liroad  as  at  the  supernumerary  tubercle;  iiietauotum  with  snpralateral 
tuliercies  similar  to  tliose  of  the  mesotliorax.  Abdomen  shaped  as  in  I'olygonia, 
fnriiisheil  with  a  (hu'sal  series  of  low,  small,  conical  warts  on  the  anterior  edges  of  tlie 
third  to  tlie  eighth  segments ;  a  series  of  greatly  elevated  conical  tubercles,  the  tips  of 
eadi  produced  to  a  shari).  hard  point,  each  perpendicular  to  the  surface  on  wliicli  it 
rests,  arrangi'd  in  a  laterodorsal  line  on  the  centre  of  the  second  to  the  eighth  segments, 
that  of  the  third  seginciil  considerably  larger  than  the  others,  directed  slightly  back- 
ward, that  of  the  eighth  diminutive,  scarcely  i)rodneed  at  tip;  the  llrst  segment  has  a 
pair  of  small,  rounded,  laterodorsal  warts,  placed  anteriorly;  there  is  also  a  series  of 
small,  low,  ronudcd,  suprastigmatal  warts,  placed  a  little  in  advance  of  tlie  middle  of 
the  second  to  the  ninth  segments;  and  an  infrastigmatal  series  of  similar  warts  in  the 
miildlc  of  the  llftli  to  the  eighth  segments.  I'reanal  Imtton  bounded  by  a  low,  coarse, 
corrnguteil,  eiiual,  slightly  curving,  longitudinal  wall,  terniinatiug  anteriorly  in  a  stout, 
irregular,  subspherical  tubercle;  creinaslcr  postericn-  to  it  deeply  hollowed;  it  is  cor- 
rugated throughout,  above  liollovve<l  broadly  but  shallowly.  the  bounding  wall  very 
thick  at  base,  slender  beyond;  on  a  dorsal  aspect  it  is  considerably  longer  than  lu'oad. 
ta|)ering  soincwliat  to  a  well  arched  tip;  viewed  at  tlie  side  it  is  nearly  t'liual,  a  little 
broader  at  the  base,  the  apic.il  Held  of  booklets  circular  and  small.  Ilooklets  long, 
sli'iider  anil  straight,  until  close  to  the  tip.  when!  each  is  rather  suddenly  and  consid- 
erably enlarged  into  a  strongly  curving  club,  the  end  produced  to  a  blunt  tip,  directed 
towaril  the  base. 

Synonymy.  As  I  liavu  sliowii  in  my  Historical  sketcli  iit'  tiie  oonora 
of  ImtterHics,  tlie  laws  which  govern  the  stability  of  names  in  zoology,  if 


f 


NYMI'IIALIXAP::  tiik  cknis  ki-vanessa. 


391 


logically  carried  out,  woulil  compel  us  to  restrict  tlio  old  Linnean  name  of 
Papilio  to  tins  butterfly  and  its  congeners.  This  I  iiave  done  since  1  first 
pointed  it  out  in  1^<72  (Syst.  Rev.)  ;  hut  no  one  lias  seen  fit  to  accept  a 
logic  80  severe,  although  no  attempt  has  been  made  to  controvert  the  points 
raised,  t:'^  ^.tr  as  regards  the  liistory  of  the  name  since  17.')8,  where  its  his- 
tory properly  begins.  The  virulent  sentimental  objections  that  have  lieen 
raised  to  its  restriction  to  tiiis  group  and  its  remo\al  from  one  where  com- 
mon usage  has  placed  it,  and  the  fact  that  such  removal  would,  by  the  rules 
I  have  adhered  to  in  the  present  work,  carry  with  it  also  tlie  family  name, 
induce  me,  in  injustice  to  Schrank,  and  against  my  judgment  of  what  would 
really  be  best  and  finally  permanent,  to  leave  Papilio  where  it  is,  and  has 
been,  l)est  known.  It  i)C('omcs,  therefore,  necessary  to  introduce  a  new 
term  for  the  present  group,  which  I  have  accordingly  done. 

Geographical  distribution.  This  g<;nus  consists  of  only  two  known 
species,  one  of  which,  K.  cyanomelas,  is  reported  from  Mexico  alone,  while 
the  other,  the  species  described  below,  has  a  mucii  more  extensive  range, 
including  Mexico  and  embracing  tiie  larger  part  of  the  north  temperate 
zone.  Its  distribution  in  America  .appears  to  be  greater  than  in  Europe 
as  far  as  regards  differences  of  temperature  and  climate ;  and  tliis  fact,  to- 
gether witli  tiie  occurrence  of  a  distinct  type  of  the  gcmis,  as  here  restricted, 
in  North  America  alone,  have  long  led  me  to  consider  this  continent  as  the 
proper  home  of  the  widespread  antiopa.  Walsii  long  ago  argued  (Proc. 
ent.  soc.  Phil.,  iii :  2 lit)  tiuit  it  must  have  l)een  introduced  into  this  co>m- 
try,  if  at  all,  from  Europe  and  not  from  England,  because  our  specimens 
agreed  with  the  continental  and  not  tlu;  angiican  type,  l)ut  his  argument 
was  based  on  the  sujjposition  (wiiolly  gratuitous  and  utterlv  improbable) 
that  it  was  transported  in  the  egg  state  on  growing  plants.  Tlie  presence 
of  the  Mexican  species  seems  to  me  to  put  its  introduction  (if  introduced 
at  all)  l)ack  into  geological  time;  while  the  larger  numl)cr  of  near  allies  in 
the  ( )ld  World  than  in  tlie  New  ( i.  e. .  of  species  of  Nymphalis  in  the  sense 
in  which  it  is  used  in  Kirl)y's  catalogue — excluding  the  Polygoniae  jiroper) 
tends  toward  the  o|)inion  that  its  earlier  ancestors  were  Asiatic.  I  may 
here  quote  from  a  letter  received  from  Dr.  Hchr  of  San  Krancisco,  on  re- 
ceipt of  my  paper  on  tiie  distribution  of  \''anessa  cardui  (Am.  nat.,  x  :  302) , 
presenting  a  curious  bit  of  evidence  for  its  ])roi)al)le  American  origin. 
"There  is  another  Vanessa,"  he  writes,  "which  may  perliajis  be  of 
American  origin.  It  is  antiopa.  I  am  led  into  this  lieiief  i)y  the  cir- 
cumstance that  old  missals  decorated  by  monks  in  mediaeval  times  witii 
life-like  insects  and  fiowers,  show  frequently  \ .  io,  but  never  V.  antiopa, 
whoso  striking  beauty  certainly  would  have  inspired  the  mediaeval  ((illege 
father  with  the  same  desire  to  ornament  with  its  figure  the  missal  uiuh'r 
his  hands." 

Cliaracteriatics  and  history.     The    buttcrfiies    of   tliis    genus    are 


^\ 


,    I 


iU 


WCr 


892 


THE  liUTTEKFLIES  OF  NEW  ENGLAND. 


nioderatt'ly  large  in  size  aiul  nearly  black  in  color,  darker  above  than 
beneath,  the  under  surface  profusely  streaked  with  short,  transverse,  slender 
threads  of  black  ;  the  outer  margin  has  a  broad  border  of  some  brighter 
color  more  or  less  marbled ;  small,  transverse,  pa'"  bara  depending  from 
the  costal  margin  of  the  fore  wings  at  one-half  and  three-fourths  the  dis- 
tance from  the  base  indicate  an  affinity  with  the  butterflies  of  the  neigh- 
boring genera.  We  know  the  history  of  only  one  species  ;  in  tliis  there 
are  usually  two  broods  of  butterflies,  one  appearing  in  July  and  the  other 
in  September,  the  latter  hibernating.  In  northern  localities,  however, 
there  is  apparently  only  one  brood,  api)caring  in  August ;  while  the  south, 
on  the  contrary,  will  proliably  be  found  to  produce  three  broods  annually. 
The  l)utterflie8  liave  a  bold  active  flight  and  frequent  sunny  openings  in 
light  woods. 

Tiie  eggs  are  somewhat  barrel-s'iaped,  a  little  higher  than  broad  and 
furnislied  witii  seven  or  eight  ratiier  prominent  strongly  compressed  ribs ; 
they  are  laid  in  clusters,  partially  embracing  the  terminal  twigs  of  the 
plants  on  which  the  larvae  feed.  The  larvae  are  social,  those  from  each 
cluster  of  eggs  living  in  company  throughout  tiiis  stage  of  their  existence. 
AVhen  just  from  the  egg,  tiiey  have  a  smootli  head  furnished  with  a  few 
very  long  iiairs,  and  a  cylindrical  body  supplied  with  eight  rows  of  minute 
warts  (two  of  wliich  arc  below  the  spiracles),  each  giving  rise  to  a  long, 
straigiit,  slender,  tapering  hair.  The  mature  caterpillars  have  a  some- 
wiiat  similar  head  and  a  cylindrical  body,  the  thoracic  segments  of  whicii 
taper  forward ;  tiie  body  is  furnished  with  one  dorsal  and  three  pairs  of 
lateral  rows  (two  above  and  one  below  the  spiracles)  of  long,  tapering, 
thorny  si)ines  ;  tlie  dorsal  series  is  wanting  on  the  thoracic  and  first  two 
abdominal  segments.  The  chrysalis  is  strongly  angulated  and  furnislied 
witli  rows  of  conical  tul)ercles.  ■<11  of  which,  as  well  as  the  other  promi- 
nences, are  ratiier  siiarply  pointed  ;  the  dorsal  protuberance  of  tlie  meso- 
thorax  is  nearly  as  liigii  l)ut  not  so  comiircsscd  as  in  Polygonia,  and,  as 
in  tiiat  genus,  the  i)ody  is  much  stranguliited  dorsally  lietwccn  the  thorax 
and  abdomen.  Excepting  i)y  Iliibner,  the  genus  Inaciiis  has  always 
been  intimately  united  to  this,  altiiough  the  buttei-fly  ditters  so  remarkably 
in  coloration,  and  the  caterpillar  is  wiiolly  destitute  of  the  dorsal  spines. 


:1- 


EXCURSUS  XL— BUTTERFLY  SOUNDS. 

Hiist  thou  licard  the  bulttM'llles 
Whiit  thfv  siiy  hctwixt  their  wiiij^s? 

Tkn.VVSoN.— i'l(/i/i»e. 

It  iius  long  l)een  known  tliat  some  South  American  butterflies  during 
their  flight  give  utterance  to  peculiar  clicking  sounds,  but  it  is  far  less 
known   that    such    noises    are    made    bv    our  own  butterflies :    we    shall 


,■     It;  .-' 


BUTTERFLY  SOUNDS. 


393 


hope  to  (jhow  that  it  is  not  improbably  a  common  feiiture  in  tlie  life  of 
butterflies.  The  first  account  of  the  noises  made  by  l)utterHie8  (l)elonging 
to  the  genus  Ageronia)  appears  to  l)e  that  given  by  Darwin  in  his  cele- 
brated Journal,  who  states  tliat  "  several  times  when  a  pair,  probably 
nuile  and  female,  were  chasing  each  other  in  an  irregular  course,  they 
passed  witliin  a  few  yards  of  me  ;  and  I  distinctly  heard  a  clicking  noise, 
similar  to  that  produced  by  a  toothed  wheel  passing  under  a  spring  catch. 
The  noise  was  continued  at  short  intervals,  and  could  be  distinguished  at 
about  twenty  yards' distance "  (pp.  c>3-34).  But  the  most  interesting 
account  we  have  seen  of  these  sounds  is  that  given  bv  Mr.  Higg-Witiier. 
This  initlerfly,  which  he  and  his  friends  christened  the  *'  whip  butterfly," 
is  said  by  him  to  settle  upon  tlie  boles  of  trees,  iiead  downward  and  wings 
outspread,  closely  embracing  the  bark.  "  In  tliis  position,  which  is  mure 
common  to  moths  than  to  butterflies,  it  remains  undetected  by  the  casual 
observer,  as  it  resembles  merely  a  patch  of  lichen.  If  approached,  how- 
ever, it  will  give  warning  of  its  disapprobation  by  sharply  shutting  and 
o[»enlng  its  wings  once  or  twice  (more  generally  twice)  in  quick  succes- 
sion, producing  by  this  sudden  contact  the  whip-like  snap  from  which  we 
gave  it  its  name."  One  notices  exactly  this  nioveiiienf  in  many  of  our  tem- 
perate Vanessidi,  wiicn  half  alarmed.  "  Frequently,  too,  it  makes  the 
same  sound  when  on  the  wing.  The  suriKjud  [a  bird  with  a  sharp  beak 
and  abnormally  big  mouth]  is  very  partial  to  this  butterfly,  and  is  at  once 
attracted  by  the  whip-like  crack,  forsaking  its  branch  on  which  perhaps  it 
has  been  perching  for  half  an  hour  without  having  given  tiie  smallest  sign 
of  life,  and  darting  after  the  '  whip-cracker'  with  great  eagerness.'' 
(Pioneering  in  South  Brazil,  i:  3()G.)  lie  even  states  that  the  l)ird 
freciucutly  aligiits  upon  a  tree  trembling  under  tiie  blow  of  the  axe,  the 
viijration  of  the  leaves  caused  by  the  strokes  of  tlie  axe  deceiving  it  in 
imagining  that  butterflies  are  flitting  about  it.  Mr  Walker  (Ent.  monthl. 
mag.,  xix  :  2(5)  states  that  when  these  butterflies  are  approached  after 
alighting  they  start  off  at  great  speed,  "making  at  the  same  time  a  loud 
and  most  singular  sna[i[)ing  or  crackling  noise,  which  I  can  best  compare 
to  the  sound  of  a  slight  electric  spark,  at  intervals  of  one  to  five  seconds. 
This  sound  is  particularly  distinct  wiien  the  male  is  chasing  the  female  and  I 
have  heard  it  at  a  distance  of  at  least  ten  yards.  1  think  it  is  produced 
by  botii  si;xes."  Wallace  observed  the  same  thing  at  Para  and  l)elieved 
tliat  it  was  i)roduced  in  some  way  iiy  the  contact  of  two  insects,  as  lie  only 
heard  it  when  two  insects  were  chasing  or  frolicking  with  each  other,  and 
it  seems  to  be  the  general  belief  that  the  sound  is  common  to  i)oth  sexes, 
which  Mr.  Van  Volxem  positively  asserts. 

But,  as  stated  above,  these  sounds  are  emitted  also  l)y  liutterflies  of  the 
temperate  regions.  Thus  Mr.  Swinton,  who  has  written  a  good  deal  upon 
this  subject,  states  that  Aglais  urticae,  about  to  liil)ernate  and  in  a  drowsy 


50 


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f'!''^ 
*'"^*> 


J''':;V:- 


■  V 
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^^H  i 

vi      ! 


3'J4 


IIIK    ItlTTKUFLIKS   OK   NEW    KXfiLAM). 


W^^J 


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■■.;•■-» 


Wii 


condition,  wiif*  induced  l>y  him  to  dcpn-HH  and  sluit  tlic  winjiH  succostiivcly, 
iind  '*  each  time  slie  testily  |iertuniie(l  this  aetion  I  lieard  distinctly,  us  the 
fore  \vinf,'s  wore  I)n)ii!j:iit  forward,  when  only  the  extreme  basal  portion  of 
the  winf^s  was  in  contact,  a  sound  soft  and  refreshing,  like  evening  foot- 
steps on  the  pavement,  or  grating  sand-paper."  Tiie  same  thing  has  been 
observed  long  since  by  the  Rev.  Mr.  Green  in  the  Kuropean  Inaehis  io, 
who  accidentally  disturbed  a  colony  of  hibernating  l)uttertlies  and  heard  a 
faint  liissing  noise  issue  from  the  cavity  in  wiiich  they  were  concealed, 
while  the  wings  were  slowly  dei)ressed  and  elevated  ;  the  noise  resembled 
"that  mudo  by  blowing  slowly  with  moderate  force  through  the  closed 
teeth."  The  late  ^[l.  Ilcwitson  of  England  also  ol)served  the  same  thinjr 
in  Inachis  io,  but  compares  the  sound  of  the  wings  when  rubbed  together 
to  the  friction  of  saud-pa[)er.  ^Ir.  A.  H.  fJones  (Eut.  month,  mag., 
xiii :  208)  noted  the  same  thing  in  hibernating  Euvanessa  antiopa,  which 
produced  a  grating  sound,  and  I  have  myself  not  only  heard  this  butter- 
fly make  the  noiso  while  fanning  its  wings  as  it  resteil  upon  a  window  sill, 
but  have  artificially  ])roduccd  the  same  sound  by  rubl)ing  the  wings  of  a 
dead  specimen  togetiicr. 

Other  butterriics.  but  tropical  species,  arc  also  stated  to  produce  si'ch 
sounds.  Thus  Distant  gives  the  ol)servation  of  a  Captain  (lodfery  as 
noticing  that  one  of  a  pair  of  a  species  of  Thaumantis  (a  genus  allie.l  to 
the  great  l)lue  Morplios  of  South  America),  while  fiyiug  around  its  mate 
*'  produced  a  most  curious  crackling  or  rustling  noise,"  which  "  was  evi- 
dently emitted  at  tiie  creature's  will  and  was  distinctly  audilile  within  two 
or  three  yards  of  the  insect"  ( Khop.  Malay.,  42()-27).  Fritz  Miiller, 
who  adds  his  testimony  to  the  clicking  sound  emitted  l)y  Ageronia,  states 
tliat  (juite  anotiier  buttcrfiy,  a  species  of  Euniea,  equally  produces  the 
noise,  and  he  also  heard  a  sound,  even  louder  than  that  made  by  Ageronia, 
"  produced  by  two  small  brown  butterflies  which  I  did  not  succeed  in 
catching." 

Tiie  sounds  made  by  butterflies  of  the  temperate  zone  and  compared  by 
nearly  all  observers  to  that  of  the  al)rasion  of  one  rough  surface  upon  an- 
(jther,  more  or  less  faint,  would  hardly  seem  at  first  sight  to  be  entirely 
analogous  to  the  clicking  sounds  made  by  their  more  noisy  l)rethren  of  the 
tropics ;  but  no  organs  can  be  found  in  the  one  which  do  not  exist  in  the 
other.  Now  experiments  made  after  death  upon  Polygonia  faunus  show 
that  they  nuist  be  capable  of  producing  the  same  sounds  as  Euvanessa 
antiopa  ;  and  in  this  connection,  an  instance  wiiich  occurred  to  me  last 
Slimmer  on  the  top  of  Mount  Washington  has  a  direct  bearing ;  for  while 
walking  on  the  carriage  road.  I  started  up  a  pair  unol)served  just  at  my 
feet.  I  instantly  stopped  motionless  to  see  whether  they  would  settle 
again,  when  one  of  tiiem,  which  had  flown  to  a  short  distance,  turned  and 
flew  rapidly  back  straight  at  my  face,  turning  only  when  within   three  or 


miy 


III?''.''-' 


i 


BUTTKUfLV   SOUNOS. 


395 


four  inches  of  iiiv  nose,  and  then  suddenly  whiskin''  off  with  a  distinct 
click  at  turning. 

All  the  instances  thus  far  "iven  relate  to  the  family  Xyniphalidae,  and 
therefore  the  following  instance  recorded  by  Hev.  A.  H.  Eaton  of  England, 
is  of  unusual  interest.  lie  states  (Ent.  nionthl.  nuig.,  xix:)S!l)  that  he 
heard  Parnassius  apollo  make  a  rustling  noise  l>y  "slowly  tiap[)ing  her 
wings"  while  clinging  to  a  tiower,  "and  scraping  tlie  hinder  pair  with 
her  four  potjterior  legs,  wiiicii  were  thrust  l)ackwards  sinudtaneously  each 
time  that  tlic  wings  opened '" ;  it  continued  to  do  this  even  after  tiie  J'ro.tl 
wings  were  Krndy  held,  l)ut  stopped  when  the  hind  wings  were  seized. 

The  only  persons  wiio  seem  to  have  endeavored  to  discover  the  cause  of 
these  sounds  are  tlie  late  Mr.  I)oul)leday  and  .Mr.  Swinton.  .Mr.  Douide- 
day  examined  tiie  species  of  tlie  genus  Ageronia  in  tiie  British  Museum  in 
vain  for  any  sulticient  cause  drawn  from  the  external  structure  of  the  ani- 
mal, lie  foimd  certain  iieculiarities,  one  of  tiiem  a  cavity  on  the  imder 
side  of  the  upper  wing  near  tiie  region  of  tiie  costal  nervure,  and  anotlier 
in  tile  swollen  part  of  tiie  costal  nervure  of  tlie  same  wing,  hotli  of  tiiem 
parts  not  covered  liy  tiie  hind  wings  in  tiiglit.  lli-  rigiitly  disclaims  any 
attempt  to  discovi'r  "  a  connection  hetween  eitlier  of  tiiese  [leculiarities  in 
structure  and  tiie  sound  iiroduced  liy  tiie  insi'ct."  Mr.  Swinton,  liowevcr, 
in  several  places  lias  attempted  to  sliow  tliat  the  liase  of  the  anal  veins  of 
tiie  front  wing  in  tlie  striduloiis  \'aiiessidi  and  in  Ageronia  lias  a  certain 
structure  comiiaraiile  to  a  Hie  or  lima,  [larallcl  indentations  or  slight  striae 
beiiiu  seen  across  its  surface  under  a  strc.iL''  magnifviim'  power.  Hut  tliis 
exjilanation  can  in  no  way  answer,  liecause  an  exactly  similar  feature  may 
be  found  in  all  the  otlier  veins  of  all  these  iiiittertlies.  tliere  being  notliiiig 
distiiictivi'  in  tlie  veins  themselves,  either  in  the  front  or  hind  win<r,  in  the 
regions  which  naturally  overlap.  When  ou"  examines,  however,  the 
Vanessidi  of  the  teiii[)erate  regions,  he  will  discover  that  the  hind  wings 
are  in  many  cases  furnished  not  only  \  itii  scales  but  with  long,  pointed 
bristles,  an<l  I  at  first  thought  that  these  bristles  might  be  the  cause  of  the 
sounds,  although  they  seemed  to  be  just  as  abundant  in  other  parts  of  the 
wing  as  in  those  which  were  naturally  (.'overed  by  tiie  opjjositc  wing.  Not 
having  at  my  disposition  any  specimens  of  Ageronia  at  the  time  these  ob- 
servations were  made,  1  re(|uested  Mr.  iJutler  ot  the  liritisli  .Museum  to 
examine  the  wings  of  ,\geronia  :  but  he  found  upon  them  no  bristles 
whatever.  If,  however,  one  will  examine  the  surfaces  brought  into  con- 
tact between  the  two  wings  in  the  insects  known  to  produce  audible  sound, 
he  will  note  that  nearly  all  the  scales  on  the  under  surface  of  the  front 
wing  and  those  on  the  upper  surface  of  the  hind  wing  next  the  base,  that 
is,  in  just  those  i)ortions  of  the  wing  which  overlap  each  other,  are  much 
suHiIhf  (1)1(1  more  erect  than  in  any  other  part  of  the  wing,  even  than 
those  in  the   immediate  vicinity,  and  by  expca'inu'nt   can   show  that   when 


:\'^^U 

'  yi 

'  ''1% 

'•■  -'f'^ 

"A'M^ 

:§M 

'•-^  -jH^ 

"  V  ■*  .,y» 

;.,>  ''■mm 


396 


TIIK  HUTTKUFLIES  OF  NKW   KXCiLAXl). 


m\ 

1^'  '' 

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Mil 


theac  portions  of  the  wing  arc  rubbed  together  a  noixe  is  proiluccd  ; 
while  in  otlier  butterflies,  sucli  as  Brenthis,  not  nearly  so  nuieh  contrast 
appears.  On  exaniiiig  these  surfaces  in  the  wing  of  a  species  of  Agero- 
nia  in  the  Cambridge  Musenni,  where  I  was  kindly  permitted  to  dissect 
one  specimen,  tiiese  scales  were  found  to  have  in  addition  a  more  or  less 
conical  shape,  as  if  to  make  the  sound  jjroduced  by  their  rubbing  upon 
their  mates  more  intense,  but  of  course  it  would  l)e  impossible  to  imitate 
the  "click"  by  any  clumsy  action  of  the  hand. 

Many  ol)servers  liavc  noted  the  [)eculiar  movements  of  the  wings  of 
buttei-fiies  which  are  not  accompanied  by  audible  sounds,  especially  in  the 
family  Lycaenidac,  wiiere  tiie  hinder  wings  alone,  erect  when  the  insect  is 
at  rest,  are  rul)bed  together  in  a  curious  way,  giving  them  "  the  appear- 
ance of  revolving  disks,"  as  Mr.  Wallace  calls  it ;  and  many  observers 
have  attempted  to  discover  whether  any  sound  followed  this  motion,  but 
none  have  succeeded  in  doing  so.  Yet  any  other  explanation  of  the  in- 
tent of  the  movement  would  seem  to  be  almost  out  of  place,  inasmuch  as 
it  is  invariably  made  by  certain  species,  including  many  of  our  own  native 
kinds,  directly  upon  aligiiting  and  at  a  time  when  there  may  well  be  no 
other  butterflies  in  sight.*  Movements  of  some  sort  are  made  bv  a  large 
majority  of  butterflies  ;  as  for  instance  in  most  of  our  Argynnidi  and  other 
Nymplialinae,  which  gently  wave  their  wings  upward  and  downward  upon 
aligiiting,  as  if  panting  from  their  exertions.  A  marked  instance  of  this 
is  seen  in  Vanessa  atalanta.  Still  more  striking  instances  are  the  quiver- 
ing movements  of  the  male  settled  beside  the  female ;  or  of  a  butterfly 
eagerly  sucking  a  flower  when  another  alights  beside  it,  and  is  thus  warned 
to  "  keep  its  distance."  These  motions  I  am  inclined  to  regard  as  move- 
ments for  the  sake  of  producing  sound,  though  the  sounds  are  inaudil)le  to 
our  ears.  It  is  probal)le  tliat  this  is  on  account  of  their  faintness.  There  is 
a  limit  of  human  pcrceptii)ility  of  sounds  from  their  shrillness  and  also  from 
their  feel)leness.  It  is  known,  but  perhaps  not  well  known,  that  there  arc 
a  certain  ninnber  of  saltatorial  Orthoptera  which  can  be  .seen  to  stridulate 
but  whose  sounds  are  inaudible  to  our  ears.  (Compare  Yersin  on  the 
stridulation  of  Orthoptera,  Hull.  Soc.  Vaud.  sc.  nat.)  From  the  fact 
that  certain  butterflies  produce  sound  during  certain  movements,  we  can 
hardly  fail  to  believe  that  otlier  butterflies  making  the  same  motion  also 
j)roduee  sound,  althougli  inaudible  to  our  ears. 

Xor  are  the  sounds  made  by  these  friends  of  ours  altogether  limited  to 
the  butterfly  state,  a  large  number  of  caterpillars  making  sounds  by 
striking  their  heads  against  the  leaf  upon  which  they  are  resting,  or  by 
swinging  the  head  from  side  to  side,  catching  the  mandibles  in  the  rough- 
nesses of  the  le.af  orupon  the  silken  strands  wliicli  they  have  spun  upon  it, 
to  produce  a  scraping  sound  to  drive  away  intruders  ;  and  Scliild  (Stett. 

♦The  iiiechniiiam  of  this  presumable  stridulation  is  disvusscd  further  on  under  the  Lycaeninac. 


t    ' 
1 


un 


unt.  zcit.,  xxxviii :  8())  ytatcn  that  the  clirvsalis  of  Ciillophryi^  rulii  when 
ili«tiirl)cd  prcihiiTs  l)y  it.s  inovciiients  a  8liy;ht  wharp  chirp,  or  an  Kh-i'- 
nian  called  it  in  1774,  a  clicking  noise.  Hut  thoii<rli  I  have  8cen  many 
chrysalids  of  Nymphalidae  in  exccss-ivcly  active  motion,  I  have  never 
observed  any  sound  from  this  sounie. 


bihliooijapjiy. 

Sec  SwlntoM'H  two  impors  on  striiluliitloii  In  tlio  ifi-ncni  Vmiipssii  ami  Ai,'cronin  (Knt.  month, 
rani,'.,  xiii,— 1H77),  imil  tin?  section  on  stniliihitlon  of  tlic  Li'|]Mo|iii'ni  (ii)).  Ui-lil)  of  hU  work 
cutltlcd  Innect  Vnrlely,  puMlslieil  in  Ivimlon  (without  iliitc)  in  l(W(). 


EUVANESSA  ANTIOFA.— The  mourning  cloak. 

[The  nionniin;;  eloiik  (Aiict.);  Triinermaiitcl  ((ierm.) :  CamliiTwell  l)c:inty  (Kn^l.);  Morio 
(Freni'h);  antiopa  ImttiTtly  (Flarris);  willow  hnttcrtly  (Kininons);  aiitiopc  vaiii!<s  (Kinnions) ; 
yellow  hnrilered  hiittrrlly  (Mayiianl):  whitc-honliT  (Kiiijl.);  ;,'ranil  snrprise  (Morris).] 


P'lpiliii  ((nti'ijia  lAi\\\.,S\i'l.  nat.,  Ulth  eil., 
4"(i-4"7  (ITiVS);— Ahli..  Draw.  Ins.  (Ja.  Hrlt. 
nnis..  vi:37,  li^'s.  24-25;  xvl:  27,  tal).  o  (I'a. 
1800);— f^i'iiil.l.,  niitt..  08,  tii;s.  23,  24.  27,  10, 
81.137(1881). 

Ai/liiin  <i)\tin)in  Dalin..  Koni:!.  vetcnsk. 
acad.  hamll..  x\-xvii,<U-(l.")  (ispi). 

Eiiijunid  iintinpn  lliilm.,  Vcrz.  sclinii'tt..;i7 

(ISIIi). 

Vmiogsn  nntiopa  Oclis.,  .'•cliniott.  Kur.,  iv: 
17  (181(i):  — Itols(l.-l,p(.'.,  \A\K  Ani(?r.  sept.. 
173-174  (ia'13);— riarr..  Ins.  in),  vr;,'.,  Ildcil.. 
2!KV20S.  li^'s.  121-123  (isti2);  Kntoni.  iMrrcsp.. 
2S0  (18(>0);— Kirli.,Kaiin.  lior.-aincr..  Iv  :  203- 
204  (ia37);— Knini..  Airric  \.  York,  v:  2"-21. 
pi.  0.  li^rs.  iV7  (18.")4):— [IVI'rIi.].  Can.  nat. 
freol..  ii :  03-00,  tij.'.  1  (1x57) ;— Morr..  Syn.  I.cp. 
N.  Amcr., 57(18(12) ;— Lintn.,  Troc  Kntoin.  so^^ 


trust 
iiiilci 


Kats 
An.l 
I'lit 
Am 


I'hilad.,  iii :  .■>i)-r,l  (1S(U)  ;_Saiin(l..  Can.  ent.,  i : 
7.V7II  (IS(iO):— ir.  I'Mw.,  I'ac.  coast  Lop..  II ; 
0-10  (1873);— Krrnc-h.  Uop.  Ins.  III.,  vii :  l.>3 
(\<t^):  Itiilt.i'ast.  I'.  S.,  l(i:j-l().-).  Ii;;.  .M  (ISHO); 
— .Mi.lill..  Kfp.  ins.  111.,  x:s.-.  (1S.S1):  — Co(i.. 
iliiil..  l(i3(18Sl):— Ki'rn..  Mutt.  Mi'..57-")8.  tl^'. 
li)(|Hst):_.Mavn..  Hiitt.  X.  K..  10-17.  pi.  2,11;;. 
IS.  18a(l,S80). 

IIinDiidriiii.i  niiijulntd  nntinpa  IKilm.. 
Vcrz.  cur.  «ihim'tt,.  2  (1822). 

\i/iiiiiliiili.i  tintiojin  l,atr..  Hist.  Mat.cnist. 
Ins.,  xiv:83,  pi.  105.   lij;.  1  (180.")), 

I'lipitii)  innri'i  Kctz.,  (icii,  sp.  ins..  31 
(17S3). 

KiL'urcil  liy  .\lili..  Draw.  Ins.  Oco.  Oonilor 
Coll.  liost.  soc.  nat.  hist..  13;— (ilovor.  111.  X. 
Am.  l.cp..  pi.  1.  Ik'.  12;  pi.  21.  tiir.  2?;  i)l.  33, 
til.'.  1 ;  pi.  02,  111.'.  20.  Iiicd. 

Look  you.  the  worm  Is  not  to  lie 
cd  lint  In  the  k('(pini,'of  wise  people;  for 
il.tlure  is  no  1,'oodness  in  the  worm. 

.SilAKKSi'KAliK.- v1h^<M(/  iiikI  Cli'rqtatva. 
.  ,  .strips  the  tnes, 
the  life  out  of  everv  luscious  plant. 
.  when  Scplcnilier  lind>  them  sere  or  scant, 
forlli  two  wondrous  winirlets.  alters  ipiite. 
Ides  him  after  unforeseen  deliijht. 

It  ■!( )  w  X I  so.~S(ir(lello . 


Imago  (2  :  4  ;  11 ;  2).  Head  cnvereil  nliovcwitli  a  profuse  admixture  of  dark  brown, 
fulvous,  white  and  black  hairs,  the  hitter  lonijer  than  tlie  others;  at  the  base  of  the 
ant  'uiiae  is  a  tuft  of  dull,  palo  yellow  hairs;  tliereare  many  straw  yellow  scaler  behind 
the  lower  part  of  the  eyes  aiul  a  few  skirl  the  upper  part  also,  backed  by  dark  brown 
scales.  Palpi  pale  dirty  straw  yellow,  with  a  slender  streak  of  blacklsli  down  the  middle 
of  the  sides  of  the  ba.sal  half  and  a  similar  streak  al()ii4:  tlie  upper  edixe  of  the  sides  of 
the  apical  half,  the  last  joint  and  much  of  the  rest  infuscated.  the  lon<:  spinous  hairs 
which  fringe  the  palpus  above  and  below  black,  Avitli  pale  yellow,  black  tipped  apices. 
Antennae  blackish  brown,  the  inner  side  of  the  stalk  and  base  of  the  club  touched, 
especially  on  the  basal  half  of  the  joints,  with  whit.':   Iieiieath,  exceptin;?  near  the 


'.^^ 


\% 


I 


■Mi 


s  >         ;■ ; 

•     r                    ■■>    ■ 

398 


nil;   IIL'TTKUFLIKS  ()1     NKW    K.\(.I-AM> 


biiM'  ;inil  nil  tlir  clill),  diirk,  iliiU  iiistaiu'ous ;  time  iipliiil  ji>liit>  of  clul),  ui|imlly  ahiivc 
and  Ih'Uiw.  liituiiiH.  'I'oiijiriK'  imlo  liiti'ciii.s.tluMi|iiciilli:>lf  ilark  lutcoii»;  |)a|>iUat' liiillaii- 
clnl)  «.lia|ic(l,  alidUl  llvf  tiiiifs  as  li)ii«  a?,  lirnail,  aiiprcsscd,  tnincatu  and  (nip-NlmiU'd  at 
tip,  till'  iciitral  IllaiiuMit  >li'iidcT,  blmilly  poliitfd.  Iialf  a>  Ion;;  us  tlio  width  of  tlu' 
papilla,  tlic  ciluc  iif  tlio  cup  \vltli  four  or  llvf  tlmrns  half  as  loin;  as  the  lUaiiieiit;  not 
crowded,  with  room  for  Iwiic  the  iiuudiir  in  flic  space  occupied,  which  is  ahout 
the  apical  seventh  of  the  toniiue. 

Thorax  covered  aliovc  with  fiilvo-uiarooii  hairs  and  l)clow  wltli  coarser  white,  or 
yellow  tipped  black  hairs;  fore  lejts  black,  covereil  with  similar  lialrs;  femora  of 
other  leas  dark  fiiUalinuis  brown,  enlivened  above  ami  at  tip  with  smne  pale  yellowish 
brown  scales;  Llblac  and  tarsi  wholly  pale  yellowish  l)rown,  the  tarsi  urowln^  a  little 
dusky  toward  the  tip;  ■,pur>  red.  lipped  wHli  lihiek:  spines  bla(  k,  claws  dark  red. 
paronychia  blackish. 

Wiiii:^  ;iliove  (lark,  rich  iiiiirooii.  Dniamcutod  with  l)lack.  blue  and  yellow  ;  on  l\if  Inn 
viiiiis  the  maroon  vei'fies  toward  l)iack  or  lilackisli  brown  alonu  the  co>tal  border,  .above 
tliesubcoslid  iicrvurciind  its  lUst  inferior  branch;  lui  "ostal  cdi;e;ind  the  whole  marjfin 
to  tlie  costal  ncrvnre  cm  the  ba.-al  Inilf  id'  the  win;;  hiru^ly  llecked  uith  short,  blender, 
broken,  tvansviTse  lilies  of  str;iw  yellow  ;  at  the  tip  of  the  lux't  su|ierior  branch  of  tlie 
subcostal  nervure  ji  -m;ill.  tniiisver^e  yi'llowlsh  spot  depeiuls  fnmi  tlie  costal  mariiln 
just  crossiiitr  the  bhick  ;irca.  ;iiid  directed  slightly  outward- ;  further  on.  midway 
between  this  and  the  ;ipex.  is  ii  -Imilar  -pot,  e(|ually  narrow  and  liavini;  a  similar 
direction,  whlcli  reaclio  the  ilr>t  inferior  subco-.tal  nervure  sometiiiu's  attenuati'd 
below:  directly  beyond  llii-  -put  ccjiMinence- a  transverse.  ci|U!d.  blai'k  liand.  liavinu 
stnmaly  crcnulate  borders,  slijrhtly  narrower  lliaii  the  marginal  band  iind  subparallel 
to  tlu;  outer  inarj;lii ;  il  eiudoses.  In  e;icli  of  tlie  iiittU'spaces  which  (Ppeii  im  the  outer 
mariiin,  a  not  very  lar,a;e.  lomfitudinal.  sulioval  or  -ubtri;iui.'ular.  dark,  caerulean  blue 
-pot.  broiidesi  oiitwiirdly:  outer  niariiin  for  fully  the  width  of  an  interspace  pnlc 
straw  yellow  (in  hiliernated  specimen-  wliitislij.  laraely  llecked.  especially  (Ui  the 
upper  half  of  the  wlim,  particularly  in  the  iieiiiliborhootl  of  the  nervules,  and  nntst  of 
all  at  the  deutathm  of  the  winu  fiUMiicd  by  the  pndonitiition  of  the  llrst  inferior  -ub- 
<'ostal  nervule,  witli  excecdiiiuly  -hort.  tran-ver-c.  irrciiular  lliread-  of  lilackish 
bniwn.  frecpieiitly  iiiiiii.'led  on  the  dentation  with  pali'  blui-h  -c;des.  Kriiiyie  iit  the 
nervure  tips  bhicki-h  marked  with  dirty  broxvn.  on  the  inter-p;ice-  wiiitish  llecked 
with  dirty  brown,  Jliuii  u-iniis  with  the  miirooii  base  less  deep  than  cm  the  fore  wlii^rs, 
beiujf  more  or  less -pecke<l  with  dark  brown;  the  l)hick  subuuirjrlnal  band  encloses 
blue  -pot-  similar  to.  but  usually  laruer  than,  tliosf  on  the  fore  wlnjjs,  and  Is  itself 
broader  than  on  the  fori'  wini;-  and  liroader  than  the  mariilnal  band,  taperinii  toward 
either  eiiil.  It-  own  liorders  Ic—  creiiulate  than  on  the  fore  winy;-,  sometime-  nearly 
reu:ular;  outer  inari.'iii  -imilur  to  that  of  the  fori  wiiin-  in  color  iiiuUvldth.  lint  narrow- 
ing: Inward  tlic  .anal  aiiLtlc.  llecked,  especially  (as  a  licneiMl  tliiiiK)  in  the  median  area, 
with  iran-vcrsc.  rathe?'  short,  irrcirular  thread-  of  blaeki-li  scales,  coarser  and  more 
distinclly  separated  than  on  the  fore  wiiii;-.  less  profu-ely  and  yfenerally  distributed, 
but  still  more  abundant  ui)oii  the  nervules  than  elsewliere,  and  nearly  conceallni:  the 
yellow  at  the  extremity  of  the  upper  median  nervule.  which  forms  the  dentation. 
P'rlnire  white,  occasionally  llecked  liu;litly  with  dusky  at  the  nervure  tips. 

lieiieatli.  very  dark  pluinbeo-metallic  blue,  profusely  streaked  witii short,  transverse, 
-traiiiht.  black  lines,  comiiosed  Irrcirularly  of  from  one  to  three  rows  of  scales,  ami 
enlivened  very  sliiihtly  with  scattered  dull,  pale  ferruttinous.  whitish  and  pale  straw 
yellow  scnU's.  cidlected  to  a  certain  extent  in  delicate  clusters,  and  ^'enerjdly  found  In  the 
immediate  vicinity  of  the  nervules;  scattered  over  all  the  winir-,  but  more  abundantly 
on  the  hind  pair,  and  nearly  absent  from  the  lower  half  of  forcwliiiis.  are  iiifrecpient. 
lonsi.  lon.u'itudimdly  recumbent,  blue  black,  spinous  hairs,  tipped  witli  yellowish  brown. 
On  thc7'i('(  //•//);/.-.'  the  two  co-tal  spot-  of  the  upper  surface  appear,  but  less  distinctly, 
and  of  ;i  arayi-h  white;  the  iii'iri;inal  band  I-  of  the  s;niie  width  as  above,  but  is  here  pre- 
ceded not  liy  a  black  band  iiiid  blue -pot-,  but  by  ii  stronirly  creiiate.  slender,  eipial,  Incoii- 
spicous  stripe  ( correspond  ini;  in  direct  ion  to  tlie  exterior  inaniin  of  the  black  band  of  the 


M 


XY.Ml'll.MJNAi::    KIVAM.S.SA    ANIIOl'A. 


309 


iip|ii'r  -.iirfucci  of  .li-.c(iiiMi'cl'''l.  iliii'k  Mintallii'  iiliii'  >i'iili'..  mi  ;i  hlacU  liiisi' ;  iiiiii'ij'm.il 
liiiiiil  xinlid  wlilli',  lii'nvily  lU'ckcd,  <'-|iccliill\  ■lnuii  it,-.  iiiiiMIr  iiiiil  |iiirllriilin'lv  ill  tin'  ilcii- 
ttitlnii  ipf  ii|)|ii'r  Imlf.  Willi  sliiirt.  iiiori'  or  Ic^^  coiiiii'rti'il  iiinl  IiIciiiIimI.  u•llll^^vl•l•'|'  -Iri'iik* 
of  liliick,  iliirk  pliiiiiliiMiiis  mill  <liill  dark  hliilili  scaler*,  most  coiH|ilciiouHiiitlu'ii|)|u'i-liii1f 
of  the  whin;  '"•  ':li'ii'i'  •*lilr.  liul  csiiccliilly  oiiiwiirilly.  tin' limi'l  I"  wiisliccl  with  vitv 
pnli'  ycUowlsli  iinil  cxliTiinlly  with  piili'  yellowish  lirown.  Krhiitc  wliito.  Uniiully 
liiti'rnipl''il  lit  till'  ni-rvurc  lips.  I'spiTially  in  llic  upper  Imlf  of  tlii'  wliiu.  witli  pule  -lato 
brown.  /liiiil  iriiiijs  closely  n'si'inhliiii  I  lie  fore  wiiins  in  the  >uliinir;;iiial. 'ir'iii^ily 
(Teimte  St ri pi'  of  lilnisli  scales,  ami  in  the  outer  honler.  the  dent  illon  oniiciipper  nieillaii 
niM-viin-  Ui'Iiil;  similar  to  lln'  upper  dentation  of  ilie  forewliias  Tliehaseof  tliewin^is 
is  similar,  hiit  the  transvorsi?  Ulack  lines  collci't  to  form  slender,  rather  iiullstlnct. 
often  obsolete  stripes,  ono  crossln;;  the  niiddh^  of  the  wiiix  in  an  irreaiilar  course,  tlic» 
other,  less  distinct  and  nentirally  presont  only  in  the  middle  of  the  win^,  lyiiia  midway 
lirtwoen  the  tlrst  and  the  tiiarirlnal  hand;  on  the  lower  half  of  the  ^vini.'  tlie  spinons 
hairs  are  not  recniiiln'til.     Kriiiiri'  wiiilish. 

Ahiloinen  aiiove  liiack.  the  Imse  witii  many  inaroon  hairs.  henoatU  dirty  yellowish 
white  or  yi'liowisli  in-own.  willi  inlerinini;liMi  black  hairs  tipped  wiUi  browni^ii  yellow, 
the  last  se;riiicnt  ii«naliy  blackish.  Male  appi'iidai;es  ,  33  :  '27.  '^s)  :  upper  oritaii ;  hook 
narrowing  rapidly  iiefore  the  middle,  imt  a  little  rounded,  beycmd  a  little  compressed, 
taperinsi,  very  bluntly  pointed.  i)itt  littl(!  cnrveii.  ("iasps  alxmt  two  and  a  half  times 
lu'onderthan  lonj;,  liu^  posterior  eilae  roundly  and  broadly  cKclsed  (ui  llio  upper  half, 
tile  upper  outer  amjlc  proilueed  a  very  little,  slinlitly  anifulated,  sHijlitly  Incurved  ami 

di'iieately  covered  with  prickles  at  the  ediie;  upper  basal  pi ess  compressed  a  littio, 

sulciforiu.  tiie  inner  edije  a  little  thickened,  roundly  bent  at  a  ri'.ilit  aiii;le  at  the  middle 
of  Us  liasal  Iwo-lhirds,  the  outer  ixu'dcr  similarly  i)eiit  at  liie  l)ase.  up  to  tills  point 
ecpiai.  l)i'yoiid  laperinn  rapidly  to  a  littii-  proilueed.  arcuate  and  lliiely  poinlcd  ape.x ;  it 
is  nearly  four  times  a-  Ioiil:  as  tlie  breadth  of  ilie  base,  directed  at  lir-.t  backward  and 
considerably  upwarii  and  i)eiii  a  little  iiiw.'ird,  l)'yonil  du-'"  "li  b;ickward  and  eurvinn 
inward;  interior  llnirer  liuely  pointed,  nearly  straiirlit.  and  reaching'  tlie  edi;e  of  the 
outer  border  of  the  clasp  at  the  lower  portion  of  Its  excision. 


.Measureiiieiit>  in  niiliinii'ters. 

M.\I.K.S. 

' 

FEMALK.S. 

I.ellu'tll  nf  liillulle,  llJ.."i-U.."i. 
Lciiffth  of  fore  wiu.';» 

8iiiiillesl' 

.11. 
14. 

U. 

I.l 

AveraiTe. 

.•17. 
17. 
11.2.) 
5. 

Uir^'est. 

Si). 
17.5 
11.5 
5.5 

.SliiulU'st 

;!2. 

u.2 
,       10. 
1.2 

Avi'nige. 

U. 
10.5 
12. 
5.5 

Largest. 
10.5 

hii'd  tibial' and  tarsi., 
fore  tiliiae  and  taisi. . 

12. 
6.5 

Malformations.  Dr.  Hasieu  has  pul)lislicd  (Mem.  itins.  comp.  zool. .  ii,  No.  9)  a 
curious  instance  of  a  llra/iiiau  i)Utterlly  (.Morpiio)  bearinir,  insti'ad  of  its  own  proper 
liead.  that  of  its  larva,  and  lias  referred  to  several  siuiilar  freaks  of  nature,  one  of 
wliicli,  observed  iiy  Zeller  in  tiic  present  species,  we  ipiote  in  full  from  the  orlitinal 
source  (Isis,  IMU'.t,  'i'l'.)) ;  "  .\s  a  remarkable  case  of  infreipient  occurrence  I  may  men- 
tion an  antlopa  wliicli  I  raised,  totfotiier  witii  about  one  hundred  and  tlfty  others,  and 
which  bore,  instead  of  ilic  Initterlly's  head,  a  perfect  iicad  of  the  caterpillar.  With  lliis 
exception,  the  specimen  is  perfectly  formed  and  ditl'ers  in  uothinj;  froiu  tiie  ordinary 
~uinmer  Iirood.  The  liead  is  perpi.'udlciilar.  as  in  the  larva,  and  its  mouth  is  closed; 
liaviiiij  lirokeu  a  fraLtment  from  tiie  oeellar  Held  of  the  riitht  side.  1  noticed  that  tlie 
slicll  ill  front  and  above  was  not  connected  with  the  iulerior.  l)iit  was  se|>arated  from 
it  by  a  narrow  space.  Since  a  further  investiiration  canuol  l)e  made  without  complete 
destrneliou.  I  leave  it  for  another  oi^'asion.  On  tlie  prolhorax  of  tlie  Ijuttiu'tly.  lieiiind 
tills  caterpillar  iiead.  and  yet  not  connected  ■with  il,  the  two  anterior  plates  (Xw/iCii- 
fhttleu)  of  the  chrysalis  are  placed.  Tills  remarkal)le  l)utterliy  emertted  in  my  ai).sence 
at  the  end  of  .Fuly,  and  was  iuipalcd  without  further  observations  on  its  behavior.  I 
could  not  discover  its  dirysalis  amon4r  the  uiass  of  crushed  skins." 

I  once  took  a  spcciuieii  of  this  luittertly  on  the  Boston  Pnliiic  Gardens,  in  wliicli  the 
tarsi  of  the  risiiit  middle  le-;  were  i|uite  useless.  Ijeini;  curved  outward,  backward  and 
a  little  upward. 


••'■Vl;. 
'.■■,■•«*• 


■fcf;. 


'm 


:.■  ".W 


400 


TIIK  HLTTEKFLIES  OF   NEW  ENGLAND. 


i;^ 


'■•! 


)  t 


in 


Suffused  aberrations,  i;.  a.  iiyhiaka  (  Van.  hi/ijiaea  Hcyd.,  Vcr/..  cur.  .sclimctt.,  7. 
Van.  Hntiii'H  Fitcli.  TiMiis.  X.  Y.  ajjric.  soc,  is.")(i,4.s.").  Kii^iired  by  AFayii.,  Butt.  N.  E. 
pi.  2,  llg.  ISb).  Tlio  tlrst  spcciuieii  I  s.iw  of  this  variety  wa.s  oue  from  Albauy,  in  tl/o 
collLTtion  ot  Mr.  T.  L.  S(enil,  tho  upper  surface  of  wliicli  (cxceptiuj;  tlie  uiottleil  costa'. 
border  nf  the  fore  wiugs)  is  uiiiforuily  inaroou  as  far  as  the  outer  of  the  twi  yellow 
costal  burs  of  tlie  uorui,  and  nearly  as  far  as  the  inner  edire  of  tlie  blue  spots  of  the 
norm;  iun-ond  this  tlie  wliolo  outer  portion  is  of  the  normal  yellow,  gri/z.led  with 
l)rowi',  as  in  tiie  nppiT  part  of  the  foie  wing,  normally ;  there  is  no  iimer  eostal  striga 
on  the  fore  wings ;  Ix'ueath  tliere  are  similar  peculiarities,  with  only  slight  traces  of 
forruginoi's  on  the  outer  edge. 

.\nother  specimen  in  tlie  collection  of  Mr.  W.  I).  Denton,  and  which  he  obtained  on 
the  wing  at  Ciiillicolhe.  Ohio,  ditl'ers  in  tiiat  the  yellowisli  margin  of  the  hind  wing  is 
very  much  liroader  on  tiie  right  side  tliau  on  tiie  left,  being  more  than  double  the 
normal  width  and  having  a  nearly  straight  inner  margin,  suppressing  not  only  the 
l)lack  Imiid  wliicli  slionld  Ixirder  it  upon  the  inner  side.  l)utalso  tlic  l)luo  spots  included 
in  this  liorder.  Tliese  lilne  spots  are,  moreover,  wanting  in  all  llie  otiier  wings,  except- 
ing a  few  scales  in  tlie  lower  meilian  interspace  of  all  the  wings  and  tlie  upper  median 
iuterspac"  of  tlie  left  liind  wing. 

Mr.  .S.  V>.  Elliott  says  (Science,  ii :  ;i,");!)  tiiat  of  ;!,si)  specimens  of  one  lirood  raised  by 
him  twenty-live  were  varieties.  ••'I'wo  of  tlie  varieties  were  lintiieri,  from  which  all 
the  blue  had  disappeared.  Tlie  third  liad  tlie  prii  .aries  lintueri,  while  tiie  secondaries 
had  tlie  usual  liiue  spots.  Tlie  fonrtli  liad  tlie  secondaries  lintueri,  while  the  primaries 
bore  tlie  l)lue  spots.  In  tlie  remaining  twenty-one,  the  whole  upper  surface  of  the 
wings  liail  a  inottled  appearance,  sliowi.ig  tiiat  the  colors  had  lieeii  disturl)ed.  They 
retaiiii'd  tlie  liliU'  spots,  l.ml  the  spots  were  mueli  smaller  tlian  usual."  None  of  these 
couid  lie  looked  ill  as  typical  liygiaea.  unless  tlie  black  liand  in  whicli  tlie  Ijlue  spots 
occur  liad  given  place  to  yellow. 

In  the  museum  of  tlie  Hostoii  Society  of  Natural  History,  there  is  a  specimen  (No. 
47i!)  of  tills  bntterlly.  collected  by  the  late  Mr.  C  \.  Shurtleiriu  the  neighborhood  of 
Boston,  which  seems  to  liehuig  to  this  variety  l)ut  to  vary  mucli  less  from  the  normal 
form.  Tlie  black,  subiiiai'giual  stripe  of  the  upper  surface  of  the  wings  is  narrower 
tiiaii  Usual,  and  the  marginal  yellow  band  correspondiiigly  broader,  es|)ecially  upon  the 
upper  lialf  of  the  liinil  wings:  tiie  limit  between  the  two  is  less  sharply  dellued  than 
usual  and  the  same  is  true  of  tlie  eostal  bars;  tlie  series  of  blue  spots  in  the  black 
band  above  and  the  zigzag  bluish  striiu'  below  are  visilile  only  in  detached,  inconspicu- 
ous remnants. 

Strecker  (Cat.  .Viuer.  Macrolep.,  l:!.">)  notes  brielly  another  sull'nsed  form,  i|uite 
distinct  from  tlie  aliove.  in  which  the  yellow  margin  of  the  upper  surface  is  replaced 
by  black. 

Egg  (64  ;'2(i.  .'1:1).  Ijamhiate  ribs,  seven  to  eight  in  number.  .01.")  mm.  in  height  at 
the  edge  of  the  summit,  leaving  on  the  summit  a  free  space,  .;!!  iiiin.  in  diameter;  sur- 
face glistening,  siuootli.  broken  by  delicate  tninsverse  liiiiis,  M'i  mm.  apart,  which  be- 
come more  prominent  on  eillier  side  of  tlie  ribs,  forming  buttresses  for  their  supjiort. 
Micropyle  .Oil  nun.  in  diaiii -'er.  con- 'sting  (67  :.'!,  li)  of  a  central  circle  .02,")  mm.  in 
diameter,  followed  by  two  series  of  rounded  poiyg  mid  cells,  about  half  the  outer  row  as 
large  as  the  inner,  the  other  half  consiileraljly  larger,  the  inner  (Uies  averaging  .012  mm. 
iniliameter,  separated  by  lather  prominent  ridges.  The  inicro|)yle  is  followed  directly 
by  very  large,  transverse,  polygonal  or  hexagonal  cells,  often  stretching  across  from 
one  rib  to  another,  as  the  succeeding  row  always  does,  or  rather  to  the  sleniler,  zigzag 
ridges  which  are  the  '■(iiitinuatioii  of  the  ribs.  Color  when  laid,  pale  olivaceous  yellow, 
chaugiiig  afterwards  to  dark  yellowish  brown,  and  just  before  hatching  to  inky  black; 
rilis  pellucid,      lleigiit.  .ss  mm.  ;  lireadlh.  .71  iiim. 

The  developineiit  of  this  egg  (63)  is  fully  treated  in  tlie  Introduction. 

Caterpillar.  Firnl  Maijf  (70: 12).  lU'ad  (78:  .")0)  shiuiiig  piceous  with  a  few  pretty 
lonn  liair." ;  ocelli  black;  liasal  joint  of  antennae  pale;  mouth  parts  blackish,  exi.'ept- 
ing  the  upper  edge  of  hibrum  which  is  pale.      Body  dull  brownish  olivaceous,  tlie  lirst 


|.  .jjHiP.i.n.ii.^iqtipiigi 


NYMl'IIALINAK:    KUVAXESSA   AXTIOl'A. 

tliorafic,  suHiiiunt  Inl'uscntod  ;  wiirts  of  tla'  ooloi'  of  the  lioily  tipiJOil  with  l)lack ;  hairs 
exct'crtiiiirly  loiijj,  sometiincs  a  littlt-  curveil,  browni.-ih;  li'i's  iluli  lutoous,  tlic  apical 
thinl  l)lackisli ;  prolejis  of  the  color  of  the  body,  each  with  n  moilcrately  loni;  hair  pro- 
jectiiiLt  from  the  anterior  portion  of  the  l>a>e.  Leiiiftli  of  l)oi1y,  2  mm. ;  Ijroadth  of 
body.  .4  mm. ;  lenntli  of  liairs  on  body.  .4  mm. ;  l)readtli  of  liead,  .fi  mm. 

After  eatinir  a  siujilo  ninlit  the  bodies  1.,'come  i)lnnip  and  distended  as  if  they  had 
eaten  to  reph'tion;  tliey  also  clniniie  to  a  hrownisii.  olivaceous  color,  ami  have  a  wiry 
look. 

Seniiul  xtufjc.  Ileai.  shininy;  piceous,  with  a  few  not  very  lonj,',  curviiiir,  black  hairs. 
Body  yellowi.sli  brown,  the  llrst  thoracic  seirment  blackish;  a  dusky,  straiiilit,  dorsal 
line  and  dnsky,  wavy,  lon-ritndinal  stripes  on  the  sides.  Tlic  arnuUnre  in  tins  stn'io  's 
intermediate  lietwecn  the  juvenile  and  adult  sta;;es,  consisting:  of  small  tubercles  l)oar- 
iim  eacli  !i  cnrviu?;  black  liair,  arranu;ed  like  tlic  spines  of  tlie  later  staples.  Leics 
blackish  fuscons ;  pniley:s  yellowisli  brown,  tipped  with  fn-cous  Lenirth.  H  mm.; 
bicailth,  .7."i  mm. 

'I'liiril  Kltii/f.  Head  sliinini;  piccon-.  IJody  black,  mottled  with  dark  Liriiy,  the  dorsal 
stripe  consisting  of  two  couti;;u(ins.<il(lonj;,  oval  patches  of  dull  fcrrn;iinons.  separated 
olther  In  whole  or  in  part  by  !i  narrow  line  of  black  :  the  body  is  armed  now  with  shin- 
inir  pli.'eous  spines  nearly  a  luilliinetre  in  leiiuth.  ejcch  bearimr  at  tip  a  lony;.  pale  hair. 
an<l  !it  the  sides  a  few  short.  Iilack  hairs  projectinii  directly  from  the  spine  and  not 
mounted  as  iifterwards  upon  spiinile-  ;  liairs  of  Urst  seL'tnent  pale.  r,cirsshiniliu;  piceous. 
Leiiiilh.  l.">..">  miM.  :  brcndtli,  2  mm. 

Fiiiirtli  Khiiji-  The  fourth  st!i;ie  ilitl'ers  but  little  frcnii  lln'  ilfth  and  scarcely  war- 
rants a  sepiirate  description  In  it  the  dorsal  spot~  arcdividi'd  by  the  ilorsal  line  which 
becomes  obliterated  in  the  last  staue  and  the  spinnle-.  i>(  the  -pine-  (86  :.•<.">)  have  not 
attained  their  normal  size,  altlioufih  conspicuous. 

LiiKt  hOkji-  (74:-',s).  Head  (78:.')l)  dull.  bron/,i>  libick.  the  warts  black,  ijivinn  rise  to 
white  hairs,  arraiiiicd  to  siune  decree  in  vertical  ro\\s  conviTirinir  toward  the  summit 
of  either  lii'inisphere ;  mouth  parts  black.  Hody  velvety  black,  covered  w.tl.  while 
warts,  often  narrowly  encircled  witli  fainter  white  ;in(l  iiivinn  rise  to  white  hairs;  the 
third  thoracic  and  tlrst  to  seventh  ididominal  scirineid-  with  a  lariic.  dorsal,  oralis  •  red 
spot  reachinu  as  far  a-  the  inner  iiase  of  the  hiterodorsal  -pines;  spines  (86 .  Ml  i 
bri.siht.  bron/.e-black.  minutely  wrinkled  transversely,  the  hair-  black.  I,eu:s  (87;l;ii 
brijiht  bronze  black;  proleas  (87:2!)  reddish  testaceous,  the  booklet-  reddish  brown 
Ijenjjtli,  50  mm.;  breadth  of  body.  7  mm  ;  lein;th  of  -pine-.  .">.7."i  mm.:  Iireadth  of 
head,  4  mm. 

The  exact  staiie  of  u;rowtli  of  this  c;itcrpill!ir  is  easy  to  determine,  for  no  niiitter 
what  tlie  size  nniy  be.  however  fostered  by  ;ibumlancc  or  emaciated  by  iusnillciency  of 
food,  there  are  certain  structural  features  characteristic  of  eac  '  stairi'.  In  the  llrst 
stajic  the  body  is  armed  witli  liairs  arlsini!  fnnn  littU-  Marts.  non<  of  wliicli  are  placed 
in  a  median  dorsal  series;  in  the  second  staife  tlie  body  i-  fiirnislud  with  similar  liairs 
liavlnu  an  entirely  distinct  distribution,  some  of  them  forming'  a  dorsal  series.  In  the 
third  staiie  the  body  i>  armed  with  spines,  emittiua  little,  brisilx  hairs  directly  from  its 
sides  without  the  intervention  of  spinnles;  in  tlu'  fonrtli  the  -pines  arc  the  same,  but 
the  lateral  bristles  are  moniited  on  very  sluu't  spinnles  -ciirccly  lomrer  than  the  wlilth 
of  the  spine;  while  in  the  tiftli  staire  the  same  spines  be;ir  lonu  -pillules,  often  nearly 
one-third  of  their  own  leiiiith.  witli  apiial  tlicu'iis. 

Chrysalis  (83  :.")1,  .'is., ")!)).  Dark  yellowish  brown,  more m- less  iiiiirkcd  with  blackish 
fuscous,  often  covered,  especially  on  the  thorax  and  apiiendaiics  witli  a  very  pale, 
bluish,  fjray  bloom  and  often  tinired  with  roseate;  dorsal  and  lateral  surfaces  of  oecllar 
promlnei.  c"  and  the  sides  of  tlie  diu'sal  tubercles  of  inesoiiotnin.  streaked  with  black; 
basal  joint  of  antenujie  and  later(..lorsal  tulu-rclos  of  niosonotiini  Infusciited;  abdo- 
men dotted  iufreiinently  with  blackish  fuscous,  the  dots  arran;;ed  -oincwliat  In  traiis- 
vprse  rows;  very  obscure,  Infuscated,  stiurmatal  and  ventral  bands;  sidt  s  and  front  of 
the  basal  lialf  of  the  laterodorsal  rbdoiiiinal  tubercles  black,  tliei"  apical  l,'\lf  red  tipped 
with  black;  Hinaller  tubercles  black;  spiracles  black  with  obscure  lips;    sides  of  the 

5> 


iif 


402 


TIIK  lUriTKRFLIKS  OF  NHW   K\(;LANI). 


11,4 


ly . 


-m 


croniastcr  l)lnck  ;  ^vnll  of  tlip  preaiml  button  lutoous,  hordorocl  inwardly  witli  lilackisli. 
Lentrtli,  25-28.")  mm.:  Ijvcadtli  of  ocoll  ir  prominoncps,  4-4."i  mm. ;  height  of  thorax, 
!•-!•. "j  inni ;  broadtli  of  l)ody,  !i..")-!i,7."     im. ;  lioiirlit  of  alHlonion,  8.5-11. .">  mm. 

Tlio  at)ovi'  dcscrilu's  tlic  ii-<nal  form,  l)nt  there  frccjuently  occurs  an  iudivl(hml  of  a 
:;ray  apjiearanee.  so  ditVerent  in  ireiieral  aspect  as  to  merit  a  special  description. 
Whole  body  speckled  jrray.  formed  by  blackish  fuscous  spots  and  streaks  oii  a  livid 
ulnte  (rround,  the  paler  color  sometimes  tiuu:ed  witli  faiut  purplish;  the  upper  and 
most  of  the  under  surface  of  tiu'ocellar  prounneuces  are  lilack;  the  sides  of  the  dorsal 
tubercle  of  mesouotum  are  also  black,  but  the  posterior  flank  and  the  superior  edjic  are 
pale  and  from  the  anterif)r  emi  a  narrow,  obscure,  pale  band  runs  toward  either  ocellar 
prominence,  and  from  the  posterior  end  a  faiut.  intcriijitpd,  pale,  dorsal  streak  extends 
over  tile  abdomen;  tlie  apical  ludf  of  the  toii^iue  is  lilack  and  the  nervure  tips  are 
marked  by  a  pale  dot :  ou  the  abdomen  there  is  a  broad,  dusky,  ventral  band  and  a  nar- 
row, dusky,  stiirmatai  stripe;  the  laterodorsal  tubercles  are  t)lack  at  base,  red  at  apex, 
tipped  witii  black;  the  other  warts  and  tubercles  are  wholly  black;  the  upper  edjrcs 
of  the  cremnster  are  pale,  the  lower  black. 

Geographical  distribution  (20:0).  This  Inittcrfly  is  appiircntly  tlis- 
tril)iite<l  over  tlio  ciitirc  hri-fMllh  of  tlic  northeni  lioiiiisjilipro  l)ol()w  tlio 
Arctic  circle,  si.s  fur  as  tlie  tliirtii'tli  i)iinillel  of  latitiiilc.  It  i.s  reported 
in  the  Old  World  from  Eiiijlaiid*  and  northern  Spain  to  Anioorland 
and  Japan,  inchidinfr  tlic  Himalayas  on  the  south  in  Sikkim  and  Uhiitan. 
In  the  New  \\'(irld  it  extends  from  Alaska  (Dall,  Kennieott,  Edwards)  to 
the  Athaiiasea  rejrion  ((iettcken),  .Moose  Factory  (Weir),  Lalirador 
(C'hristoph,  Mi'ischler),  and  Xewfonndland  ((iosse)  ;  and  from  South 
Carolina  ((jihhes),  (Jeorffia  (Alihot).  north  Florida  (Chapman)  and 
Bermuda,  "very  rare;  one  si)ecimeu  seen"  (Jones),  to  California  and 
Mexioo  as  far  as  Cordova  (Salle),  near  Aeapidco  at  an  elevation  of  2000' 
(Hehr),  and  Oaxaca  ((lodman  and  Salvin).  (todman  and  Salvin  even 
obtained  two  specimens  on  the  table  hinds  of  Guatemala  near  Antifiua  and 
Dnenos,  and  Boisduval  and  LeConte  state  that  it  is  found  in  Coloml)ia  ! 
It  occurs  sparingly  thronohoiit  the  central  plateau  region  of  the  I'nited 
States,  and  is  rare  throiiirhoiit  the  southern  states. 

It  is  found  in  no"rly  e<pial  abundance  through  all  parts  of  New  Eng- 
land, tlics  to  but  does  not  breed  on  the  highest  summits  of  the  ^^'hitc 
Mountains,  and  is  nearly  everywhere  so  numerous  ns  to  become  positively 
injiu'ious  on  aceoimt  of  the  damage  done  to  some  of  our  choicest  ornamen- 
tal trees.  There  is  no  remedy  but  to  destroy  the  caterpillars  wherever 
seen,  or  the  eggs  if  fortiuiate  enough  to  find  them. 

Haants.  The  butterfiy  may  be  fetind  nearly  everywhere,  but  is 
especially  abundant  in  the  neighborhood  of  woods,  where  it  sports  in 
sunny  nooks,  and  in  spring  time  may  be  seen  "hovering  in  mmibers  about 
the  sappy  stumps  of  recently  cut  trees"  (Saunders).  In  Switzerland  it 
feeds  tip  to  a  height  of  2,.'»n()  feet. 

Periodicity.     I^il^c  manj'  other  butterflies,  this  is  more  or  less  irregidar 

•  It  has  always  lieen  very  riire  in  Kufrland       sren.exeepliriij  in  IST'J,  when  hun<lrp<ls  were 
and  for  the  last  {{cueration  has  scarcely  been       taken. 


NYMrilAI.IXAE:   EUVAXESSA   ANTIUPA. 


403 


in  its  fippeiirance,  being  vastly  commoner  in  sonic  years  than  in  others. 
This  lias  often  l)een  noted  on  hot!)  sides  of  tiie  Athmtle.  In  1?<8(),  for 
instance,  it  was  mueli  commoner  in  New  Enghind  than  in  1»H5,  both 
around  Boston,  as  observed  l)y  several,  and  in  [)laccs  as  distant  as  Ilallo- 
well,  Maine  (Miss  Wadsvvorth)  and  Stow,  Vermont  (Miss  Soule).  Mrs. 
Ileustis  observed  its  rarity  in  New  Brunswick  in  1<S7.S  (Can.  ent.,  xi : 
3i)).  In  England,  Mr.  Swinton  has  endeavored  to  connect  its  periodicity 
with  tlic  eleven-year  cycle  of  sun  spots,  by  tabulating  the  numl)er()f  recorded 
cai)tures  for  forty-four  years  in  four  colunms  of  eleven  years  each,  the 
taide  showing  the  following  numbers  oi'  captiues  of  antiopa  in  each  series 
of  four  years,  conunencing  with  lis;{2,  l^i4H,  1)S54,  and  1^(55:  i;5,  1,  5, 
7il,  14,  ;5,  1,  7,  0,  "),  (>, — but  with  indifferent  success,  as  the  maximum 
8im-s[)()t  period  falls  just  imtwcen  the  maximum  and  mininuim  period  of 
aljundance,  and  the  three  years  of  mininunn  sun-spots  show  an  aggregate  of 
nineteen  captures  against  an  aggregate  of  eigiiteen  for  the  three  years  of 
maxinuuu  sun-s[)ots,  a  ditfercnce  wliicli  is  not  wortii  discussing  ( Nature, 
xxv:  r).S4).  Certainly  the  first  re((uisitc  of  such  an  hypotiiesis  should  be 
the  common  sui)cral)undance  of  antiopa  in  given  years  on  f>'t//i  continents, 
which  no  one  has  yet  attempted  to  show. 

Food  plants.  The  cater^iillars  live  i)rincipally  upon  willows  (Salix), 
anil  will  apparently  cat  any  of  the  numerous  species;  po[)lars  (Populus) 
of  which  they  seem  to  have  little  choice,  though  they  perha[)s  prefer  the 
Balm  of  Gilead  and  Lond)ardy  poplars  ;  elms,  particularly  the  American 
elm  (Ulnuis  americana)  and  Celtis  occidcntalis,  on  which  Mr.  Beuten- 
niiiller  has  taken  it.  In  Labrador,  MJischler  says  they  feed  upon  B«>tula 
humilis,  but  I  have  seen  no  other  si)ecification  of  birch  as  a  food  plant  in 
this  country,  though  it  is  always  given  as  one  of  the  resorts  of  the  larva  in 
Europe.  Lang  also  gives  nettle  and  Kaltenbach  linden  (Tilia)  in 
Europe  :  I  should  think  these  errors,  but  that  Mr.  11.  Edwards  informs  nie 
that  he  has  taken  them  on  rose  bushes  in  California,  the  leaves  of  which 
they  stripped  bare  after  the  way  they  treat  willows  ;  so  that  some  latitude 
of  choice  must  i)e  allowed  them.  I)oui)leday  has  stated  that  their  favorite 
food  plant  in  Europe  is  the  willow  and  in  America  tlie  elm,  but  the  willow 
is  generally  looked  upon  here  as  ccpially  tlie  favorite,  though  the  devasta- 
tion of  the  elms  on  cultivated  groiuids  may  be  a  little  more  conspicuous. 
Altbot  figures  it  upon  Salix  nigra. 

Oviposition.  <)iie  cluster  of  fourteen  eggs,  found  by  Mr.  Trouvclot, 
was  laitl  July  1(1  at  2  I'.M.  ;  the  eggs  were  crowded  rather  Irregularly  and 
closely  together  (one  lying  on  its  side),  and  enchjsed  half  the  terminal 
shoot  of  a  willoNV  at  the  base  of  a  leaf,  most  of  them  (jcciirrlng  upon  the 
under  surface  of  the  shoot.  Another,  a  imich  larger  cluster  (64 :  •'!.'!), 
almost  encircleil  a  twig  of  elm,  two  millimetres  In  diameter,  only  tJic  u|)per 
surface   being  free   from  eggs ;  they    were  disposed  regularly,  l)earlng  a 


'  4n 


I'Q 


WT^ 


■*::■ 


f     ! 


V 
■■'  'J 


Ml 


II 


404 


TlIK   BUTTEHFLIES  OF  NEW    EXCIEAM). 


resemblance  to  the  ejrg-clusters  of  Clisiocainpn  americana,  eneh  row  forni- 
infi  a  nearly  titraiglit  line  aloiijj  the  stem,  and  the  eggs  of  one  row  UBually 
o})posing  the  interspaces  of  the  preceding  series ;  there  were  ninety  in  all, 
in  twelve  rows,  the  longest  row  containing  nine  eggs  ;  the  mass  was  7.75 
mm.  long  and,  including  the  stem,  2.75  mm.  hroad  ;  these  eggs,  found  by 
Mr.  Clapp,  were  laid  May  <!,  and  [)resented  by  him  to  tlie  lloston  .Society 
of  Natural  History  ;  altliough  immersed  in  benzine  for  two  or  three  minutes, 
every  one  hatched.  A  third  cluster,  laid  May  11>,  consisted  of  nineteen 
eggs  side  by  side  in  irregular  rows  on  one  side  of  a  terminal  twig.  The 
twig  was  cut  off  with  a  pair  of  shears  and  fell  to  the  ground,  the  liuttertly 
with  it,  and  she  only  left  the  twig  after  it  had  reached  the  ground.  The 
female  during  ovi[)osition  rested  head  downward  with  closed  erect  wings. 
A  female  in  confinement  laid  one  hundred  and  fwentv-tlu-cc  eygs  in  several 
masses  on  the  imder  surface  of  a  willow  twig.  She  lived  eight  days  after 
it  and  still  had  numerous  eggs  in  her  body.  A  fourth  instance  was  last 
spring  on  May  1?<,  when  Dr.  (icorge  Dinunock  was  fortunate  enough  to 
observe  in  New  Hampshire  a  fcsale  in  tiie  act  of  oviposition.  She  was 
seated  on  the  tip  of  a  twig  of  willow,  head  downward  with  outspread 
wings.  The  insect  was  i)n)l)alily  frightened  away  l)ef()re  oviposition  was 
completed,  l)ut  she  had  already  laid,  l)y  eleven  oVlock  in  the  morning, 
three  clusters  of  eggs  on  this  one  twig,  containing  altogetiier  over  two 
hundred  eggs.  They  were  intcrru|)ted  at  both  ends  by  the  half-opened 
leaves,  which  evidently  caused  the  separation  of  the  mass  into  three  parts, 
one  of  them  containing  sixty-four  eggs,  mostly  arranged  in  six  rows  down 
the  twig  ;  another  thirty-four,  irregularly  disposed  ;  and  a  third  more  than 
one  hundred,  tlic  last  more  nearly  encircling  the  twig  than  the  others  and 
partly  arranged  in  somewhat  I'cgular  row^s,  though  in  no  case  could  any 
row  be  traced  regularly  through  the  mass. 

Tlieir  time  of  duration  in  general  is  from  nine  to  sixteen  days. 

Habits  of  the  caterpillar.  In  hatching, — an  operation  which  often 
consumes  half  a  day, — tiie  caterpillars  bite  the  shell  only  around  the 
outer  edge  of  the  sumnu't,  sometimes  leaving  the  prominent  ribs  until  the 
last,  and,  when  only  one  or  two  are  left,  force  up  the  lid  thus  formed, 
usually  tearing  it  quite  off  in  their  exit.  They  do  not  eat  the  forsaken 
shells,  but,  moving  rapidly  off,  seek  a  leaf  upon  wiiich  they  at  once  range 
themselves  side  by  side  in  compact  rows,  their  heads  always  thereafter  re- 
maining together  at  the  edge  of  the  eaten  leaf.  If  placed  separately  upon 
the  same  leaf,  they  immediately  range  themselves  side  by  side.  When 
young  they  cat  (inly  the  i)arenehyma  ;  afterwards  they  devour  the  whole 
leaf  excepting  the  principal  veins  ;  finally  all  but  the  midril).  They  spin 
a  sort  of  thin  web  (81:  1)  which  Meyer  Diir  has  comj)ared  to  that  of  the 
European  Gastropacha  lanestris,  enclosing  the  whole  twig  (but  not  the 
leaves)  upon  which  they  are  feeding,  nor  ever  leave  this  carpet  nest  until 


praPrt*il  W?W~  ^rsW^srlPfl^i 


XY.MI'IIALIXAE:   EUVAXlvSSA   ANTlOl'A. 


405 


the  l)ram;h  in  stripped  of  its  Iciivcjs,  when  they  reiiMivc  to  a  nein'hltoi'iiitr 
twijj.  They  are  f^enerally  t'oiiixl  hii^li  up  in  the  tree  and  remain  isoeial 
throiiglioiit  their  caterpiUar  life  ;  for,  although  the  leaves  of  the  trees  on 
which  they  feed  cannot  support  a  row  of  the  full-grown  caterpillars,  they 
are  still  found  in  the  closest  possible  proximity,  following  each  other's 
footsteps,  the  l)ranchcs  upon  which  they  are  clustered  borne  down  hy  their 
united  weight.  Their  progress  on  a  tree  may  sometimes  be  traced  by  the 
clusters  of  cast-off  skins  they  have  left  in  their  track,  the  first  on  a  leaf- 
rib,  the  others  on  a  stem  of  one  of  the  twigs  ;  for  they  crowd  together  at 
the  time  of  ecdysis  as  at  others,  and  as  they  undergo  their  changes,  at  least 
the  earlier  ones,  at  nearly  the  same  time  these  clusters  of  cast-off  skins 
(which  they  never  eat)  remain  to  mark  the  steps  of  their  progress.  When 
the  cater[)illars  have  finished  a  repast,  they  retire  to  the  strij)ped  twigs  and 
leaf-stalks  for  a  siesta,  where  tlicy  })lacc  themselves  almost  invariably  head 
downward  and  remain  immovable  for  a  long  while,  their  liead  and  first 
thoracic  segment  a  little  raised,  so  that  the  front  jjair  of  legs  is  lifted  from 
the  twig  and  directed  forward,  while  the  body  hangs  from  the  other  legs 
and  pndegs  which  thus  have  a  backward  direction. 

Mr.  T.  (t.  Gentry  givL!s  the  following  picture  of  the  occasional  abundance 
of  this  insect,  the  caterpillars  of  which  were  f>eing  attacked  Ijy  a  large 
beetle : — 

AUlion^rli  thi>  (lostniction  was  on  a  simtnlarly  y:i'niiil  scali',  yet  Immlnnls  of  larvae 
reniaiiioil  to  niulerjfo  tlicir  traiisl'onnations  lUu'iiii;  tlie  latter  part  of  Anfinst.  The 
oaves  of  the  l)uililiii;;s,  .  .  .  fence  rails,  anil  in  short  nearly  every  available  place,  were 
hnnirwitli  tlie  anjrnlar  chrysalides.  So  nnnierons  were  tlu^  latter,  tliat  after  the  tlnal 
nietamorphoses  had  passed,  tin-  red  flnid  wldeli  was  ejected  by  tlie  tender  and  newly 
formed  Imttertlies  i;ave  evcrytliinf;  tiie  appearance  fif  liavinir  I)eeM  in-ofnscly  spattered 
witli  blood.  Tlio  area  sul)jected  to  the  desolatin;;  inllnence  of  tliese  larvae  did  not 
cover  less  tlian  two  acres  of  ttronnd.     (Troc.  acad.  nat.  se.  riiilail.,  IST.'i,  24.) 

Dr.  Harris  says  of  this  caterpillar  (Ins.  't-'.  vcg.,  ?)i\  cd.,  ^tu)  : — 

It  was  formerly  snpposed  that  they  were  venomons  and  c.ipalilo  of  inllicting  dan- 
gerons  wo  mds  ;  and  witliin  my  remembrance  many  persons  were  so  mnch  alarmed  on 
this  acconnt  as  to  cut  down  all  the  poplar  trees  around  their  dwellinifs.  Tliis  alarm 
was  unfounded  |  for  althouirh  there  arc  souie  citerpiliars  that  have  tlie  power  of  intlict- 
ing  venomous  wounds  with  tlieir  spines  and  hairs,  tliis  is  not  tlie  case  witli  tliose  of  the 
antiopa  butterlly*.  Tlie  only  injury  winch  can  lie  laid  totlicirc.hariic  is  tliat  of  (lcs))oiliiiiu; 
of  tlieir  foliage  some  of  our  most  ornamental  trees,  and  this  is  euonirli  to  induce  us  to 
tal\e  all  proper  measures  for  extermiuatiui;  the  insects,  short  of  destroyin<;  the  trees 
that  they  infest.  I  iiave  soinetiines  seen  tlieiii  in  sucli  ])rofusion  on  tlie  willow  and 
elm  that  tlie  limbs  lieut  under  tlii'ir  weiirlit  and  tlie  long,  leafless  liranches  which  tliey 
had  stripped  and  deserted  gave  snlUcieiit  proof  of  tiie  voracity  of  lliese  caterpillars." 

Dr.  Kirtland  also  says  :  "  The  larva,  which  often  feeds  on  the  foliage 
of  the  lombanly  poplar,  excited  strong  prejudice  some  years  since  against 
such  trees,  from  an  erroneous  belief  that  the  tenant  was   venomous,  like 

'Harris  elsewhere  says  that  the  species  o(  able  to  e.tperieiice  any  sensation  from  con- 
this  I'aterpillnr  irritate  the  skin,  but  I  have  tact  with  them,  mure  than  any  pointeil  ol)- 
e.xpcriineiiteil  directly  and  have  never  been      ject  would  give. 


^       J 


yfew-'a-w^m 


406 


THE  HLTTKKFLIKS  OF   NEW   EN(iLAXD. 


Cleoj)iitrii's  iisp."     This  popular  projiulice  led  to  the   selection  of  the  lines 
I  hsive  placed  first  at  the  head  of  the  speeies. 

Life  history.  Tiic  spceies  is  usually  doulile-hrooded,  the  butterHies  of 
the  later  hrood  hihernatinj^  and  uijpearinjf  on  the  win<;  again  in  tiie  fol- 
Ittwing  year, — the  harljingers  of  spring.  Tiiey  come  out  of  their  winter 
quarters  very  early  in  the  year, — the  first  of  all  our  butterflies,  often  be- 
fore the  snow  has  wholly  vanished  or  indeed  the  storms  are  over,  but 
ahnost  always  with  ragged  wings,  the  yellow  well  nigh  faded  from  the 
outer  margin  ;  they  may  be  seen  si)orting  in  warm  and  sheltered  spots, 
such  as  o[)enings  in  woods  or  the  neighl)oriiood  of  buildings  in  whieii  tiicy 
may  have  hibernated,  as  early  as  the  first  of  March,  occasionally  even  on 
warm  days  in  Fcl)rnary  ;  indeed  they  may  be  seen  during  any  of  the  win- 
ter months  when  a  succession  of  those  warm  ilays  occurs,  whicii  seem 
characteristic  of  every  \ew  Kngland  winter ;  certainly  it  is  re[>urted  as 
flying  Dccemiier  20  at  Mt.  Carroll,  111.  (Sc.  news,i:  14;5)  ;  Mr.  Clap[)  lias 
seen  them  near  Uoston  in  .lainiary,  and  Dr.  Sturtevant  records  one  which 
lit  on  the  snow  in  Framingham,  .Ma<s.,  on  l'\'l)ruary  1(!,  1.^75,  after  six 
weeks  of  intense  cold,  and  when  the  thermometer  had  not  marked  2()°  F. 
all  day  (Am.  nat.,  ix  :  247). 

They  generally  l)egin  to  grow  abundant  altout  the  middle  of  April, 
when  pairing  is  said  to  take  place  (European  observations),  and  continue 
to  fly  until  the  end  of  May  ;  indeed  a  few  battered  individuals  may  not 
infrequently  be  met  with  very  early  in  .lune.  Mr.  Saunders  has  re[)orted 
several  captures  about  London,  t)nt.,  as  late  as  the  second  week  in  June. 
1  have  seen  specimens  about  IJostonas  late  as  June  13,  and  in  the  White 
Mountain  region  as  many  as  three  or  foiu- on  the  17th  of  June ;  once  I 
saw  two  worn  specinrens  in  the  Connecticut  Valley  at  Granby  on  .Inly  1. 

Although  file  l)utterffy  nuiy  be  seen  so  long  in  the  spring,  the  eggs  a[)- 
pear  to  be  laid  dining  a  brief  period  only, — in  the  early  days  or  middle  half 
of  May.  These  hatch  at  this  season  in  from  twelve  to  fifteen  days  and 
the  cater[)illars  reach  maturity  the  last  of  .lune;  they  remain  in  the  chrysa- 
lis state  at  this  season  from  eight  to  twelve  days,  usually  about  eleven, 
and  the  butterflies  are  disclosed  early  in  .luly,  the  most  advanced  by  the 
first  of  .luly  or  last  of , lune  (rarely  by  the  2l>th*),  the  nniss  by  the  7th  to 
0th  of  .July,  or  often  not  until  the  12tli,  and  they  remain  on  the  wing  un- 
til after  the  next  l)rood  has  made  its  a|)i)earancc ;  the  eggs  arc  deposited 
very  soon  after  the  females  are  disclosed, — l)y  the  middle  and  i)rol)al)ly 
during  the  latter  lialf  of  -luly  or  later  ;  they  now  hatch  in  about  nine  days, 
the  caterpillars  attaining  matiu'ity  during  the  month  of  August.  At  this 
season,  according  to  the    l)servations  of  Mr.    Lintner,  the  insects  remain 


Y'-V-'' 


•Mr.  MiitiiiM' rri'ui'ils  oiu'  !i>  niiiiiim- cjiii  of  .Iiinc  s,  lMil>  (Kill.  cdiiIi-.,!  :  lil).  WlicDicr  a 
I'lirjsiilis  (which  \w  now  thinks  lie  nuMt  wliilii-iiiL.' I'hrysalis  or  duo  of  the  saiiii!  sfii.suii 
h;ni'  i'oHimMimI  In  tlic    lU'liI   lh;il   sciison)   on       il  is  ((inally  .sni'in-islni.'. 


mi^nwum 


'•'•  '" '-  *A 


NYMI'IIALIXAK:    Kl'VANKSSA   AXTIOPA. 


407 


in  tlio  clirysiiliH  state  for  sixtoon  dayn  and  tlic  l)\ittcrHi('.s  appear  again  early 
in  Scptonilicr,  .sonietinu's  l)y  tiie  Hr.st,  usually  not  until  tlio  fJth  nr  JStli : 
they  continue  to  onicij^e  from  the  chrysalis  even  to  the  first  week  in  ( )eto- 
l)er*  and  reniiiin  upon  the  \vin<j;  through  Octolicr  and,  if  the  weather  is 
favorable,  the  early  part  of  NoviMuher.  Saunders  says  (Can.  ent.,  i  :  7.")- 
7(i)  that  "  about  the  middle  of  ,Iune,  the   imago  heeomes  very  scarce, 

then  disapijcars  until  the   advent  of  the  seconil   hr 1  idrlij  in  Anriiixt  " ; 

hut  I  think  there  nuist  he  some  mistake  in  this  ;  for  it  is  scarcely  possible 
that  the  broods  of  this  insect  in  London,  Ont..  correspond  with  those  in 
the  White  Mountain  district  and  similar  regions  with  a  limited  summer, 
where  there  appears  to  be  but  a  sinr/li.'  lirood,  appearing  aliout  the  end  of 
the  first  week  in  August.  The  same,  according  to  Fernald,  is  the  case  in 
central  Maine.  In  the  extreme  southern  states,  on  the  other  hand,  there 
are  probably  three  l)roods,  for  Al)bot  records  the  disclosure  of  a  butterfly 
in  (leorgia  on  the  4th  of  May,  eleven  days  in  the  chrysalis,  and  this  cer- 
tainly allows  time  for  two  more  broods. 

Hibernation.  The  butterfiy  hiiiernates  late  in  the  autunm.  (lossc 
says,  "  one  of  the  latest  seen  of  all  our  butterflies."  Harris  states  that 
he  has  found  it  "  in  midwinter  sticking  to  the  rafters  of  a  barn,"  as  Mr. 
(irote  has  since  (h)ne,  "  and  in  the  crevices  of  walls  and  stone  heaps, 
huddled  together  in  great  munbers,  with  the  wings  doubled  together 
above  the  l)ack  and  apparently  benumbed  an<l  lifeless ;  l)Ut  it  soon  re- 
covers its  activity  on  being  exposed  to  warmth."  It  may  also  be  found 
singl}'  in  similar  situations.  .Mr.  Ilolden  found  a  specimen  in  Februiiry 
on  tiie  underside  of  a  board  lying  on  the  ground  ;  and  in  ^[r.  Kdwards's 
Uutterflies  of  North  America  will  lie  fi)und  an  account  of  some  found  in 
tln'  cavity  of  a  tree.  Siewei-s  says  •'  it  is  occasionally  found  in  stone  piles, 
but  I  think  its  most  conunon  hiding  place  is  in  the  culvert  walls  of  our 
country  roads,"  and  Caulficld  '*  under  stones  on  dry,  sunny  slopes,  with 
scattered  trees."  De  (Jarmo  saw  it  select  "the  open  end  of  a  street 
drain  built  of  stone.  For  two  or  three  days  it  renniined  there,  but  a 
warm  sun  called  it  out  and  I  tried  to  catch  it.  it  was  very  a  -tive  and 
alert,  but  fini'.lly  went  to  its  hiding  place,  where  it  felt  so  perfectly  secure 
that  I  took  it  in  my  fingers  with  ease"  (Trans.  Vass.  inst.,  ii :  1H2).  I 
once  found  it  hidden  in  the  interior  of  a  woodpile.  In  Europe,  von  IIo- 
mayer  says  it  selects  corded  wo  id  in  the  forest. 

Hut  it  is  also  a  question  whether  some  chrysalids  of  the  aiitiunn  brood, — 
there  at  l^ast  where  two  broods  oc<  ur, — do  not  also  (Mintinue  suspended 
throughoutthe  winter  and  disclose  the  butterfly  in  the  sjiring.  Mr.  Lintner 
in  his  remarks  published  many  years  ago  upon  this  species,  says  of  the 
autumn  generation  ;    "A  portion  only  of  the  chrysalids  of  this  brood — those 


•On  oiin  oconsioM  I  fouiij  a  full  ,i;rn\vii  liiit 
starved  niterpillar  in  CaiiilirMgi",  ScptenilH'r 


2fi.    If  liiiti;.'  lip  tlip  saiiip  (lay  and  pincrjfod 
aliout   till'  niiiMle  of  Octolicr. 


■yi.  ■■t'i 


■^Ms 


.••-.('■. 


.4 


"J 


(lilt 
(Is* 


i! 


ti 


■I 


408 


■nil-:   ISITTKHFLIKS  OF   NKW    KNCJLAND. 


wliieli  were  the  "rst  to  reuch  that  sta^o  or  sucli  as  may  have  had  positions  more 
tiivorahle  tor  their  devel(i|)incnt — disclose  their  l)iittertiieB  at  this  iiiit'riendly 
season,  when  the  cohl  autumnal  winds  so  soon  eompel  tiiem  to  shelter  them- 
selves in  winter  retreats."  On  writing  to  M;v  Lintner  for  confinnation  of 
this  assertion,  he  replies  :  "  My  statement  seems  as  if  I  had  earried  some 
of  the  ohrysalids  through  the  winter  to  emerge  in  the  spring,  i)Ut  I  have  no 
reeoUeetion  of  sueh  an  occurrence,  nor  do  1  find  any  record  of  it  among 
my  notes."  In  accordance  witli  his  early  opinion,  however,  are  the  state- 
ments of  several  correspondents  that  tl»ey  have  taken  specimens  in  April 
apparently  quite  fresh,  and  as  these  InitterHies  almost  invarial)ly  Hy  several 
we(;ks  l)efore  hihernating.  tiiey  would  not  l)e  likely  to  ap[)ear  very  fresh  in 
the  s]iring  :  moreover,  since,  as  above  stated,  the  females  of  the  early  brood 
oviposit  very  soon  after  edosion.  tiiose  from  wintering  chrysalids  would 
have  an  opi)ortunity  of  laying  their  eggs  at  the  same  time  as  the  hiberna- 
ting l)utterHics  and  tluis  produce  no  confusion  in  the  appearance  of  tiie 
broiid.-i.  On  tlic  ntiier  iiand,  (Josse  mentions  (Oan.  nat.,  85t!)  Hnding  a 
l)U|)a  on  I)eceml)er  'lb  ;  and  Mr.  Saunders  says  he  lias  "several  times  kei)t 
tile  chrysalids  of  this  insect  over  the  winter,  but,"  he  adds.  "  they  have 
invai'iiil)ly  produced  ichneumons  in  tiic  spring" ;  and  iiiy  experience  hao 
been  the  same.  Tliere  is  also  a  ditlerence  of  oi)inion  among  lepidoiiteriste 
eoueerning  the  hibernation  of  tiie  species  in  Europe;  Dr.  Speyer  thin'is 
they  winter  only  in  the  imago  state ;  Dr.  Meyer  Diir  says  in  his  memoir 
on  tiic  Swiss  butterflies  that  the  first  butterflies  of  the  spring  are  those 
which  have  hilternated.  but  tiiat  others  flying  from  the  lieginning  (tf  May 
until  toward  tiie  end  of  .luiie  are  disclosed  from  hibernating  chrysalids  ;  he 
has,  however,  since  written  me  that  he  does  not  believe  they  winter  as  chry- 
salids. Herrcn  von  Prittwitz,  Zeller  and  Wicscnhiitter  all  speak  of  it  as 
wintering  only  in  the  imago  state,  so  that  the  balance  of  authority  is  de- 
cidedly against  the  hibernation  of  chrysalids.  It  is  certainly  not  very 
creditable  to  the  zeal  of  entoiiioh)gists  that  this  part  of  the  history  of  a 
butterfly  so  common  on  tv,-o  continents  should  be  undetermined. 

Wintering  without  hibernation.  Experiments  made  within  doors 
show  the  possibility  of  carrying  this  butterHy  through  the  winter  in  the 
house.  Mr.  .Siewers  of  Newport,  Ky.,  placed  one  caught  Septemlier  7 
(Can.  ent.,  x  :  115-1  l(i)  in  a  |)a[)er  box  in  a  cold  room  where  water  would 
freeze,  with  half  <an  ajiple  in  a  small  dish  covered  with  sugar  and  filled  up 
with  water,  renewed  once  a  week. 

It  |ilii(.-i'(l  itsilf  on  llii'sidt  (if  the  Ixix.  ilii'L'otly  ovi'f  1111(1  within  I'eilcli  of  tlio  dlsli, 
iiiul  li(nvev(.'r  I  mkivcmI  tli(?  iipplc  I  !ilway>  found  tliiit  it  followe-d  it  iiround.  It  t-vi- 
dc'Utly  fed  on  warm  days.  l)Ut  never  oi)ened  its  win,i;s.  ...  It  iillowed  nie  to  handle  it 
and  would  lie  Mat  on  my  liand  witliout  nioveinciit.  In  Fel)ruHry  I  tliouglit  tlicre  were 
■.ynii)t(Mns  of  weakeninjj.  It  no  lony;er  perched  on  tlie  side  of  tlie  hox,  hut  remained 
on  the  l)ottoin.  haninir  (ivei- very  much  to  one  side.  I'laciufi  it  in  sunslilno  tlie  Inst 
week  in  Feliiuary,  it  heyan  to  open  its  win.'s  liltleliy  little,  with  short  jerks.  .  .  .  When 


X; 


NYMI'IIAI-INAK:    KIVANKSSA    AXTIOI'A. 


409 


liiiir  "pi'ii  it  wii»  |iiM  iiWiM  iimiiii.     I  111   Marrli  II.  a  wiinii.  cldiidy  iltiy.  I  lodk  il  on  my 

'I'lic  ^1111  ^iiijili'iilv   -hiiiii'  mil.  ami   llic  iicnI   inniiii'iit  it. 


llll^lT  I'l  !(ll  DjI'MI  WIII'lilW. 

wii»  i;cpin'    ...  I  roiiiul  it  four  (iay>  al'liT  In  a  »ir/.'ir  i-aiii|>.  .  .  I  |-.'c(i;jiii/'Ml  il  a1  nurf  by 
II  I  mil  hiTnl  ill  iIh'  li|>  of  till'  \\  iiiLi-^. 

Mi's.  li.  1*.  Nicliitls  niiidc  till'  iiitiinjit  to  kci'|)  uiu'  in  ;iii    urciniicil  rooiu 
ill  l>ii>tiiii. 

Wlirii  I  ili'-l  liail  it.  oli^i'i'viiii;  i.'i'a|ir-  -.iiilril  il>  palat  '.  I  savcil  a  fi-w  for  a  irouil 
\vliili'.  .M'liT  a  time  I  llioiinlil  my  liillii'lly  luliavril  a^  if  iiiloxii'iili'il.  Iiiiiilirni^  ilowii 
iMiilcr  tlic  Mower  staiiil  mill  arcutly  ri'-icmliliiiij  ilic  noiilc  ri'i'aliirr  man  iiiulcr  -jmilar 
I'ii'rilliistaiK'cs.  it  tlit'ii  occiii'i'cd  to  mo  timl  llii'  unijii's  liiiil  rci'iiii'iitcil.  wliirli  I  I'oiiml 
to  Im'  till'  fact.  I!ri'al<rii>tiii:;  on  ^iii;ai'  anil  watrr  It  lu'liavcil  liki'  any  wcll-ronililloiUMl 
liiiliirlly.  hilt  a  rrp 'tilioii  of  tin-  irriipi's  hroiinlii  alioiU  lIic  miiii,'  i"siiil~.  .\-i  it  sili 
ii|ioii  my  lliiifcr  pi'i'pai'iiiir  to  lly  it  iiiakrs  a  loinl.  Inimniiri^  soiiinl  wliili'  vilii'titin^  its 
wiiiirs.  Wlii'ii  till!  Mill  is  liriijlit  ami  tin'  room  warm,  il  ili'liiilit-  in  tlyiiiix  alioiil  llii> 
iippi'r  pari   of  iliu  room.     Il    folii>  its  aiitciiiiai' on  a  liin' willi   lUi'  iippir  wiiiit  wlu'ii 

I'i !■ 


iislei'p.  anil  Is  as  ilillii'iiil  to  waken  until  it   lias  Iiaii  its  nap  out.  a's  any --leepy 

lioy.     I  tliiiik  it   knows  me.  for  it  is  always  reinly  to  eniwl  upon  my  limter.  from  lis 

waniilli.  perinips.  ami  >eeins  to  parliinlarly  enjoy  ri'siimr  on  Uie  palm  of  my  liaiiil. 

WIu'tliiT  My».  Xii'hols  ciii'ricil  tlic  liiittcrfly  ([iiitt'  tiiruuoli   tlic  w  iiitiT.  T 


•  In  not  ivow  rccn 


II. 


Flight  and  habits  of  the  butterfly.  Its  tliojit  is  sri'mio-  sinil  ninililo  ; 
I  oiici'  nlisiTvcd  il  spcciiiu'ii  Iiitc  in  Fcliriiarv  tVuin  tlic  ilcck  nt' a  vessel  off 
IjiilvDiit  Sliiials.  X.  ('..  t'lill  twenty  miles  t'roin  lain!  :  it  iinist  have  already 
liraved  the  perils  uf  hiheniatinn  ;  lint  thoiioh  e\ciiino;  was  fast  elusiiiLC  in, 
it    s,i  in  disa|i|);'areil.  [Mirsiiiiio:  its  ventiires'iiiic    tli^dit,  iindaiinted  still.      It 


makes   two  or 
dist 


three   lio-ht   Hntters    in  iiiiii'k  siiecessiun.  then   s.iils  a  short 


ilistanee  in  an  irreoiiiar  ami  iiroken  eoiirsi 


I  l> 


ini'siies  Its  wav, 


It  I 


lives  to  return  to 


mil  sailino-  easiiv  i-oitni 


I  and 


:  heats  its  wiiios  aLtaiii  and  thus 
ilaee  wiienee  it  has  Howii.  tlyinir 
round  in  oradnally  nari'owino'  and  deseendiiiLr 
eiri'les  t'roni  a  heio-ht  ot'five  or  ten  teet  and  liiially  seMliiiL;'  ii|ion  the  iilcii- 
tieal  sjiiit  it  had  i|iiitted,  e\eii  when  tliere  is  no  a|iiiarent  cause  tor  attrae- 
tion.      When    two    friends  meet,  they  simr  aloft  rapidly   to  a  o-reat  lieio-ht. 

The   hntterlly   often    aliii'lits   on    the 
aiUide   to  the  wind  anil  idlows  itself 


alternatelv   meetinir  and   retrealiii 


ifroiind,  wr 


ites   Dr.   (".    S.  .Minot. 


to  he  hlowM  o\er, 

Mr.     ,1.    (i.    .la.'k 
lttishe.'«   of  choke 


•h 


<    once    oiiserveil    several    specimens    ••iiovi'rmo'    om'I" 
,    the    lca\i's  ot'  which   were    nmcli    infested   with 


ihidcs.      The  hiittertlv  would  aliuiit  on  the   curled   leaM's   containino-  tli^ 


aphides  iiiid  e.xteiidiiio;  its  toiione.  insert  il  amoiio'  them,  and  when  enoaoed 

drinkinir  the  .sweets  furnished  Itv  the  aphides,  it  could  reinli'    he  taken  with 
."*  ,  .1 

the  hand." 

Mr.   .Saiiiiilors  cat-.iloo-iies  this    hnttcrtly  as  one  which  was  attracted   hy 

le  '•did    not 


rht   to  the  electric  liifht  in  London,  Out.,  hut  he  adds  that 


mo:l»t  to  tlie  electric  li}f|it  in  i.,on(ion, 
H'.'j  it  in  111  )tion  :  it  wms  in  rathi'ra  sleepy  condition,  and  m  ly  possihiy  have 
Hown  thero  hy  daylight  ;"  Init  .Mr.  Henry  Kdwards  has  ;ilso  ohsi  rved  it 
at  the  electric  liu'ht  in  New  Vork. 


■■■*'  I? 


■iy^m 


'    « 


>\ 


I 


^  ' 


:a 


"*  A  ^       1         .  ' 


410 


Tin;   111  TIKHII.IKs  OF   \K\V   K\(;i,AM», 


,v     S  ' 


si      4, 


4i 


Mr.  riiutni'",  writiiij;'  tit'  tliis  liiittcrHy,  .sa_\.-  : — 

All  iiitore;<linif  lu'ciiliiirilv  ol"  IliK  species — nut  obsorvcMl  by  me  in  itny  otlier  iliiir- 
mils*  mill  not  to  the  siiine  extent  anion;;  the  noetnnials — is  Us  lialdt  of  eoiniterfeitiiii; 
(lentil.  When  newly  emertfed.  within  the  hreediii-;  ea;;e.  it,  may  he  tal<en  between  the 
tinners  withont  tlie  slii;hte>t  show  of  resistance;  at  the  first  toiicli  it  fohU  ii|)  it>  Icjs 
anil  be<'i)ines  seeiiiim;ly  inanimate.  Iteleaseil  from  the  Imml.  It  ilrop-  upon  its  >|i|i' 
mill  will  e\en  allow  il>elf  lo  be  to>sei|  from  side  to  shle  witliiinl  attemptiii!;  tiliilit.  If 
loft  niiilistnrlieil  for  a  short  time,  it  slowly  r'ises  itself  anil  simply  rosiime»  It^  nii- 
ri;:lit  position. 

WliiMi  at  rest  tlic  \viii;^.s  hit  .somctiincs  tio;Iitly  closed,  the  coMtal  I'lljro  of 
the  hind  wings  reaching  the  hiwcr  median  intcrsjiace  of  the  fore  wings  ;  or 
more  often,  es|iceially  when  in  tiie  sun,  they  are  i'.\|ian(h'(l  hori/ontaliy, 
the  inner  margin  of  the  fore  wingi*  reaching  the  lower  siihco.stal  nerviilc 
of  thi!  hind  wings  ;  In  the  former  ease,  at  Iea.st,  the  hotly  is  raiseil  anteri- 
orly "on  ti|i  toe"  at  an  angle  of  aitoiit  Jtlt"-.")')",  the  anal  angle  of  tiie  hintl 
wing.s  resting  iii>oii  tlie  grtiiind  ;  the  straight  antennae  are  raised  still 
higher,  at  an  angle  of  otr-dO"  with  the  body  unil  are  spread  at  an  angle 
of  od'-l'i.")".  One  chilly  morning  a  hiittcrfly  was  oliscr\eil  apparently  jiar- 
tiiilly  lieinimlietl  with  cold,  walking  with  its  antennae  thrust  horixontally 
forwartl.  slowly  antl  slightly  raising  ami  lowering  its  wings. 

Miscellaneous.  The  resemhlance  to  this  InitterHy  of  Klymnias  sing- 
hahi  Moore  of  Ceylon  is  very  singular  and  wotdtl  reasonahly  hi.'  lookctl  on 
as  a  ease  of  genuine  mimicry  did  the  twti  occiu-  in  the  same  regit. n. 

K.  aiitio|ia  is  saiil  to  make  a  slight  rustling  noise  with  its  wings  antl 
the  same  is  stated  of  other  hutterHies  closely  allied  to  it.  Hov.  J.  (Jreen 
states  ( I'roe.  cut.  soe.  Lond..  Feb.,  IXH;'))  that  he  foinitl  hibernating 
specimens  of  Inaeliis  io  moderately  active  and  making  ii  slight  hissing 
sound  ttn  being  disturbed,  at  the  same  time  slowly  depressing  and  elevat- 
ing the  wings,  giving  the  impression  that  this  movement  was  the  cause  of 
the  noise  ;  the  soiuul  was  similar  to  that  produced  by  blowing  slowly  w  ith 
moilerate  force  through  the  closed  teeth.  Wc  have  elsewhere  endeavored 
to  show  to  what  the  somid  is  due, — probably  to  the  character  of  the  scales 
where  the  wing.s  tiverlaji. 

Here  are  the  comments  of  a  careful  oliserver  of  luiture,  who,  however 
carefully  he  noted  the  movements  of  higher  beasts  or  the  habits  of  plants, 
has  left  us  scarcely  another  trace  of  his  being  attracted  by  insects  : — 

March  2s.  ls,"i7.  .\t  I.ce's  ClilV  ami  this  sitle.  I  see  half  a  tlo/.cn  Imll'-etl^ietl  biitter- 
rties,  Vanessa  antiopa.  iinil  pick  up  three  dead  or  ilyin;{ — two  tosother,  the  ctljjcs  of 
their  wiiiirs  •loiic.  Several  are  llntterinjr  over  tlie  dry  rock  tlc'liris  under  the  clitl",  in 
whose  crevices  proliably  they  iiave  wintered.  Two  of  the  three  1  pick  up  are  not 
d(!nd.  thoii;;h  they  will  not  lly.  Verily  tlieir  tlay  is  a  sliort  one.  What  has  checked 
tlielr  frail  lifcV  Within  the  biilt'-ed^e,  is  black,  with  bright  sky-lihic  spots.  Those 
little  oblim;f  spots  on  the  black  jtrouiui  are  lljLjht  as  you  look  tlirectly  tlown  on  tliein, 

*l  have  iiiitieeil  exiictly  tlie  same  lliiii!.'  in  l'ip|y,u'oiil!i  fiiiiiiu»  anil  in  a  Knropcan  speriei 
thi-  species,  as  well  as  in  Toly^ioiiia  pro^'iie,      t>f  Hreiithis. 


nv.mi'IIai.in.m::  i;i  vani>sa  anikm'A. 


411 


Inn  fi'inii  iiiH-  -ilili'  ilicv  (liiiiiirc  ilii'oiiiili  \  lolri   III  11  <'rv-ialliiii'  ni^c  piiriilr. 


iH'iiiiil  IiiiII'-imI^c  iif  i!ic'  N'mn'ssii  iiiitii>|iii'»  wiii^;^  liarmuii' 


dill  I  Ik 


.  Till? 

I't  lil'nilllll    it 


lllltlcl'-i  over,  mill  IH  It  -1111111-  ciiiicciili'd  ill  llic   wiiilcr.  W    lIl  It-  willir-   I'lililnl  iilmxc  It- 
liark.  ill  II  rli'lt  ill  111!'  I'lick-    llic  iiniv -lirowii  imdcr-lili!  nf  it-  wliiirs  pri'Vi-iit-  it-  licinij 


(li-tillirili-lii'ii  fl'iiiii  tile  i'ii(lv>  |1ii'Iii-i'Im- 


TllliKKM.   I,  ll'lv  Spii 


III  Ma- 


ll, -jy. 


•) 


lillC    III     ><C|I 


it'  tl 


siiccirs  \v 


itl'MlllC 

liirli 


iSli'.l.  Mr.  |» 

'CIM-   to    ll 


■<|ii'a{iiic  t'liiinil  M  lirukcii  clirysiilirt 


lia.l 


:i  fiificiiis    liistorv. 


'I'lic  clirv.xitli.t 


was  tiiiitiil  .-iisjiciiih'il  lit'ticatli  a  rriicc.  it.-<  iiiitcriiir  cxtrt'inity  s(|iiai'<'ly 
•  Imki'd  ;  ilif  api'itiiiT  flni«  turiiiid  was  tilled  witli  <lay  :  tliis  was  aftcr- 
wai'tls  liriiki-n  ami  ii  icIinciiiiiiiiiiiK'iius^riilxlisfliiscd,  tof^ctlici'  with  four  or 
(i\c  liiiimiilx'd  tciitlircdiniiloiis  liiivai' :  the  '^vu\>  siilisi'(|ii»'iitly  s|iim  a  silk 
|iartition  to  coiiccal  itself.  l'iii|iiestioiialilv  the  laf\ii  of  aiiiiopa  had  lieeii 
stiiii;^'  liy  Hoplisniciiiis  inoiiiliis,  whieli  in  emcfj^niiji'  from  the  chry.-alis  liad 


iiilled  the  anterior  extreinitv  after  its   fashi 


nil    nisii 


le  it 


s   eseaiM 


rn\in{^  wasp  discovered  the  eni|>ty  chrysalis  case  and  <<oiieliided  to  adopt  it 
as  ii  home  for  one  of  its  youtiir.  provisioning:  it  with  false  eaterpilhirs. 
Mr.  K.  T.  C'resson  has  kindly  determined  the  wasp,  which  siil)sei|iiently 
luado  its  appeai'iince.  to  lie  a  viiricty  ot'  Odyncriis  alliophaleratiis  Sati-s. 
with  imniaciilate  scntelliini. 

'i'lie  name  *•  .Moiirninjr  cloak."  now  larjicly  in  use  in  America,  is  mi- 
doiilitedly  due  to  the  (iermaii  iiiHiience  in  oiir  country.  Iicinj^  it  direct 
translation  of  'rrimermtintcl  :  as  it  seems  to  lie  jfaininji'  in  fa\or  oxer  the 
strictly  Knglisli.  and  here  mcanini^icss,  name  of  ( 'amiiei  well  licaiily,  niortf 
e  iiimionly  applied  to  it  in  Caiiaila,  I  Iimnc  chosen  to  adopt  it. 

Enemies.  This  loii<r-spined.  red-spotted  cater|iillar  has  plenty  of  foes. 
l'"ive  Ilymcnoptera  arc  known  to  attiiek  it  in  this  conntry.  and  three  in 
I'^iirope,  incliidiiii;'  one  nt'  tliosc  fmind  al-o  in  this  country.  First.  Ich- 
ni'imion  fossorins  i-  said  hy  Ivatzelmrj^  to  destroy  it  in  Mitrope.  Next,  a 
European  spe<'ies  of  lloplismemis,  II.  territi<Mis,  is  said  liy  (iiraiid  and 
LalioiiHienc  to  have  heen  l)rc<l  from  it.  Another  species  of  the  same 
ucniis,  II.  mortihis  (88:1').  dectipitates  the  chrysalis  on  this  side  of  the 
.Atlantic.  Then  we  hiive  two  species  of  I'teromaliis  which  iittiick  it.  1*. 
vanessac  (89:;i)  't'ld  I',  piiparmn  (89:1--).  the  hitter  found  also  in 
Kiii'upe.  and  the  former  also  iittackiiiLr  other  lintteitly  caterpillars.  Dr. 
Harris  reared  I*.  Viinesjiae  on  Anj^nst  'i  :  iind  it  is  perhaps  of  this  -pccie.s 
that  Harriet  Keyes  writes  (Can.  cut.,  xv  :  2M),  that  she  •■conntcd  one 
hundred  iind  forty-Kvu  little  green  Hies"  emerjfe  from  oiu'  chrysalis  of 
antio[ia.  Dr.  Harris  also  ohtaiiK  d  front  this  hiitterHy  a  Derosteniis,  D. 
aiitiopiie  (89:7)  on  .'^eptcmlter  1.').  .^ml  lastly  Mr.  (\  W.  W'oodworth 
citifflit  Telenomiis  graptiie  (89:'.i)  at  the  White  Mountains,  in  the  very 
act  of  ovipot^itin<r  on  the  «'ifjr**. 

Hilt  it  is  idso  attiicked  hy  dipterous  piirasites.  I'horoci'iii  concinnata 
attiieks  it  in    Kiirope,  and   in  this  country  1'.  eihvardsii  (89:  1-',  -'•"')  i«  its 


;''^ 


^ 


i 


■■f  '5? 


r>;;w 


:i'. 


r:\' 


:^.     i 


m 

» 

W:"^'- 

J 

fc''^' 

\ 

^>:'.?! 

.1 


I 


'M 


\V2 


nil:  111  n'Kiti-LiK>  (»k  m;u'  i;n(.i,.\M' 


tlriHliy  liic.  Tiii"  inject  wiis  lii>(  inmlc  kiii>\Mi  fii  iiif  liy  Mr.  \\'.  Sjiiimlcr^, 
will)  "(lit  nil'  I'riiiii  ()iil!iriii  tlircc  i  Mti'i'|iilliii'N  dl'  \'.  aiitiii|i:i,  ciirliul  wliicli 
|ii'(»v('il  til  liii\t'  liccii  >tiiiii;'  iiy  it,  Inr  un  iiiTi>iil  tlir  ('titc'r|iilijii.'<  writ-  (Iciid 
ami  tlii'cc  tiirliiiiiil  |iii|ia('  lay  at  llir  Imtiiiiii  nf  tlic  imx.  It  is  tlicii  |iriil>a- 
Itlc  tliMt  in  lliiis  ca-i  till'  Icinaif  I'lun'ticcra  laid  liiit  a  >injilt' c^fM;  in  cacli  iMt- 
criiiliai'.  and  a>  it  cUccti'd  its  dcatli,  we  can  readily  iinaii'iiH'.  knciwin;^'  Imw 
|iri>litic  flic-i  arc.  w  liat  a  dcMi'lalinn  of  antinpas  tliis  iii>cct  may  create. 
Tlic  lar\ae  eiiicru'cd  IrKiii  llic  caterpillar-  nt'  antiojia  lictwccn  duly  ."!  and 
ll»,  and  Imike  the  |iii|ia  shell  on  May  I  ol'  the  fnllowin;.'  year.  It  tlien- 
t'liri'  liilicrnatcs  in  tli  ■  |)ii|i  i  state.  Hut  tins  |tarasiti''  Hy  pnilialily  sniiie- 
tinie»  lays  mure  tlian  one  ^■\J:'JC  in  a  cater|iillar,  or  a  caterpillar  may  lie 
attacked  liy  inure  tiian  uiie  Hy  ;  t'ur.  jndii'inu'  f'rum  specimens  and  iiules  in 
|)r.  IIarris">  cullcctiuri.  lie  ulitaincd  t\\  u  tiic-  I'rnm  a  single  elirysalis  :  and 
Mr.  .1.  I'etlit  ul'  (irim-liy.  a«  I  learn  t'runi  |)r.  Packard.  Innnd  llircc  tliji- 
tcruiis  lai'Mic  (ut'sume  kind)  in  a  clirysalis.  "\\liicli  tliey  liad  eaten  tu  tin' 
sliell." 

These  are  all  the  parasites  a>  y<'t  kiiuw  n  :  imt  (icntiy  relates,  in  a  pas- 
sa;ie  already  referred  tu.  Iiuw  a  scure  ul"  the  caraliide  lieetle.  Caliisuma 
serutatur.  discuxerinii-  an  alinndance  ut'  tlie.>e  "harmless  thuiij:h  tcniMi' 
"luukiiii;-  caterpillars"  "w  ere  wa^inj;'  a  des|ierati'  eneunnter  w  ith  them,"  can— 
inu:  '•(lesiriictiuii  un  a  siiiL'-idarly  jfraiid  scale."  .\iid  Aliliut  records  that 
ill  (ieuru'i.i  •■the  laru'c  red  wasps  are  urcat  enemies  tu  this  species,  seiziiijf 
on  a  caterpillar  and  enttinu  it  tu  pieces  tu  niake  into  a  lump  the  hetter  to 
carry  it  tu  their  nest  tu  teed  their  yoniiji'  with." 

Desiderata.  With  rcjiard  to  the  diH'crent  Inoods  of  this  insect  wc  need 
nnieli  mure  delinite  intormation  over  a  wide  extent  of  country  liefore  wc 
can  determine  the  limits  w  ithin  which  it  is  siiifrle,  doiihlc.  or  triple  lirooded  ; 
proliahly  tla'se  \ariations  in  its  annual  history  will  he  found  to  eorres]ioud 
tu  the  ('anadian.  Alle<r|ianian.  and  Carolinian  *':;nia.s,  so  that  olisi'rvations 
should  lie  pi-incipally  directed  toward  the  lioiiii;'  ,ries  of  these  districts.  In 
the  ('anadian  fauna  |iarticular  attention  should  lie  paid  to  the  hiliernatioii 
of  the  insect,  for  it  is  not  impossilile  that  the  AiiffUst  lirood  of  l)uttertli«'s 
may  lay  euu's  and  die  the  same  season,  while  their  pro<j;eny  pas.s  the  winter 
as  chrysalid-  and  so  ]iro(luee  an  early  crop  of  huttcrllies  :  thus  making'  the 
species  doulde-lirumled,  as  fiirther  south,  hut  hy  a  dirt'ercnt  process.  'I"lit> 
same  tpiestiun  uf  hiheruation  in  the  Alleu;lianian  fauna  lu'cds  careful  exam- 
ination, as  w  ill  he  seen  from  the  preeedinj;'  ohserxations.  It  is  tpiitc  possi- 
lile  that  the  lialiit  of  winterini;'  as  clirysalids  may  ohtain  in  one  place  and 
not  ill  another.  Iii\('stij:atiuns  upun  the  sounds  jirudiiced  hy  our  hiitter- 
tlics  can  hcst  he  undertaken  upon  this  specie.*. 


NVMI'IIALINAK:   IIIK  (iKMS   A(.I,.\ls. 


LIST  ill-  ii.i.rs I ii.\ii(t\s.^h:r\-.\\h:ss.\  .\\rit,i\\. 


41. J 


I'l.  L>it.  II.'.  ."■.     OMHIiiillMii  III  Niivili  AiiiiHcii, 
.v<:  II,     llii|ill>iiii'iiii>  iiiiinilii..  :i  |i:ini.||i'. 
SH:  I,  -.'.      I'trl'illllalll^  |>ll|>MI'lllll,  II  |llll'll<l|r. 
li.     I'lri'iMiiiilii'  Miiiioiii'.  II  |iiii':i>lti', 
7.      |l(rii>lcliii- iililliiinir,  II  |i:iiii«ili'. 
1  J.  'J."),   riicirniirii  i(l\>  iiriMI,  ;i  inii'ii-llr. 

I'l.  lil,  ll>:.  -Jii.     (  (ijiil-nl. 

X'l.     rlii>li  r.  |il:ilii. 

Ibl,       Kllllinn|li;;li'|l|  ill'V  "lli{ll||l'|lt . 

liT:  ■'■.  li.     .Mirri)|iylr. 

Ciituriiilliir. 
I'l.  TO.  Il;r.  r.'.    (■iitrr|illliii-;il  liirtji. 
-A:-l!*.    .MiiliiiT. 

7,S:  ."HI.  ."il.    Krilllt\ic'H  nf  JiciMJin  .|;i-c«l,\. 

N|:l.     Well. 

isii:  K\.     hcriiiiil  iipiii'iiclimi'.  fdiirlii  -l:ii;r. 

.'^I.      'I'llr  »illll"  llf  fllll'.'l'ti\Vlli"llil-|ii|l;ll-. 


X':  l;l.     I.i".:  iif  lliinl  lln.nirir  jniiit, 
'.'I.     I'i'iili".'  mill  liiiiikli't', 

I'l.  Vl:  lii;..M.     Sj.lc  virw. 

,Vs.     .Siilr  \  jrw  ill  iiilllilir. 

■'ill.       |llll>lll   \  il'W    ill    lllltlllll', 
hiKHIII. 

I'l.  J.  II;.'.  I.     Cnliirnl.  linMi  olirriii'i'-, 
II  : '.'.     IIkIIi  ■•iirfiii'i'-'.  |iliihi. 
1I:!::.'T.     .MmIi-   iiImIiuiiIiiiiI  ;i|i|>r|ii|;i:; 
>lilc  \  Irw  . 

•JX.     'I'lii-  -:iiiii'.iiiit-ii|i'  \  iiu  . 
:I8:  l-'i.    Nninilliiii. 
•*i:l:4.    slilc  \  lew  III'  lii'.'iil  mill  :i|i{H 
fiiliii'i.'1'il.  \\  illi  ili'liiil-  III  till'  -tnii' 

Hull--. 

M  :  :ll.     I'll  I  ill  hi  III'  liiiiu'iii'. 
.Vi.     'I'liii'.'iii'  \\  illi  iiiiliilliii'. 


iiiliiui'i 
nil f 


A(JLAIS  DALMAX. 

TORTOISE-SHELLS. 

.Vl'IiiI-  Kiilin..  Vilrii-k.  ihihI.  Iiiiinll..  wwil:       \'mir--:i  l|i;ii'-i  .\iirt. 
OU.liH  I.Hlli).  '  V;//"  .-/'<',!.  "i7(V".   I. inn. 

Till'  ^'iilil  lim-r'il  l.iiltiTllir-  In  iiihI  Ini 
Ami  iiM'i'  till'  Wiilri-lilr  HmiilciM  miil  wuvr 
.\«  liciilli'"  mill  iillr  ii»  I'lmiiK  lli;il  i-uvr 
Amlilrill  liv  Hie  pinks  ol'  pcriirliiiil  iimu  . 

.Ill.Mil   IX    MlI.I.CI!. 

Imago  i53:l).  Ili'.nil  iiiiiiU'riitclv  Inrirc,  nitlicr  ili'ii^i'ly  clutlied  with  luiii;  ami 
sliorl  crci't  hairs.  Knuil  vt'i'v  iiioilt'nitely  swolk'ii.  scarcely  fuller  hciicalh,  as  limad  as 
\\\]l\\,  scarcely  as  broad  as  the  oycs;  upper  e(lj;i'  rather  hmadly  rounded  aiitl  protiiber- 
aiil  ill  the  middle,  where  it  falls  rather  abruptly,  and  nearly  as  mueli  as  at  the  sides; 
lower  edjjre  well  rounded.  Vertex  nithor  small,  partly  tumid.  Imt  posteriorly  pro- 
jeelinj;  beyond  the  heiijlil  of  the  eyes  only  a  very  lillle.  broadly  rounded  liehiud.  in 
front  advanciuir  with  curved  sides  deeply  and  sli;irply  into  the  space  between  the 
antennae,  where  it  is  ifreally  snukeii  and  coniiccted  with  the  front  by  a  narrow  bridsie. 
Kyes  not  very  lariic,  pretty  full,  sparsely  pilose  witli  loiiu;  hairs,  longest  In  front  in 
the  middle  of  the  upper  half.  Antennae  inserted  deeply  in  tlie  middle  nf  tlie  summit 
in  nearly  connected  pits,  their  interior  buses  separated  by  the  width  of  tlie  autennal 
sttdk.  and  on  Iheir  exterior  l)ases  closely  crowded  to  tlio  niar;;lii  of  the  eyes;  nearly 
luiir  lis  loinr  airain  as  tlie  abdomen,  cuiisistliiir  of  from  thirty-live  to  thirty-six  juints, 
the  last  nine  or  ten  of  which  expand  ifradually  Into  an  obloim-ovate.  depress, .,|  dub, 
alioiil  four  times  as  broad  as  the  stalk,  four  times  as  loni;  as  broad,  the  extremity 
broadly  roiimled.  three  joints  eulerlmr  into  the  diminullon  of  si/.e.  but  the  las|  dl-tiirb- 
iiiii  the  iinifonnlly  liy  beliiy;  very  blnully  conical,  depressed;  club  fnrnlshed  ahiiiy:  the 
under  portion  of  the  Inner  side  witli  a  sliy;lit  triple  carina.  >vliicli  contiunos  indistinctly 
alonj?  llic  ijreator  portion  of  the  stalk.  I'ulpi  stout,  scarcely  three  times  as  loiii;  as  the 
evo.  compressed,  curved  sli;;litly,  the  terminal  joint  one-third  the  leniith  of  the  penul- 
timate, the  Avhole  furnished  with  line  longer,  and  coarse  shorter  hairs,  most  conspicuous 
on  tlie  pennltimato  joint,  and  restricted  ircuerallv.  and  especially  above,  to  a  xertlcal 
pUiiic.  adilin!;  to  its  ctnnpressed  appearance. 


■.''(. 


•i- 


414 


THE   HUTTKin-I.IKS   OK   NKW    i:\f;LAXI>. 


m 


»^vj»-''." 


mi 


riMllioi'iU'ic  lobos  iiKPilcratcly  liirf;e.  M'lii'ci-ly  iircliod.  not  vi  ry  tmiiiil.  the  aiilci'iiir 
liiirili'i"  straijflil,  tlii-  posterior  ami  s'linTior  sli;;litly  curNeil,  well  niiiiKliMl  and  tiiii'rini; 
nearly  I'qnally  at  citliiM'  end.  about  the  times  as  l)roa<las  lonic  and  slii^liily  liisfliei'  than 
lii'oad.  I'ata4;ia  alxmt  twice  as  lonir  as  l)road.  very  sli^lilly  tumid,  very  liroad,  well 
riimided  and  nearly  eireiilar  at  liase,  tile  po-lerior  lol)e  projeelin;?  as  a  «tr.diilil.  nar- 
row. 4Jrrea;ly  tapering  lilade.  the  lip  enrveil  sli^litly  downward  and  l)lmitly  pointed. 

Kore  «  ini:s  i  38  :  1:1)  rather  more  than  halt"  a-  lonir  iiirain  as  liroad.  the  eostid  nniru;in 
liunt  ronndly  just  lieyond  the  base,  beyond  it  >traii!ht  nearly  to  th<'  lip.  which  iscnrve  1 
ilownward  a  little :  <Miter  mariciii  sliiihtly  crennlatc.  thi'  tipper  portion,  aliove  tlie 
middle  of  the  lower  snlicostal  intersi>ace,  a  very  little  concave  and   liavimr  a  lieneral 

direction  -at  a  little  less  than  a  risjht  aiif.'lt!  with  the  iniildle  of  the -lal  inarijiii ; 

lu'hind  this  sMildenly  reepdimr  to  the  middle  of  the  succeeding  interspace,  ami  then 
passim;  in  a  sliiilit.  broad,  concave  swell  to  jiisi  lielow  the  lower  meilian  iiervnle,  where 
it  is  li^iain  sMithtly  amrnlated:  the  inner  l)order  is  slraij;lit.  tlie  allele  broadly  nmmled. 
l-'irst  superio.' l)rancli  of  the  siiln'ostal  m'rvure  emitted  a  little  ))eyond  the  niidille  of 
the  outer  ha  f  of  the  upper  nniry;iii  of  the  cell ;  second  half  way  between  tin'  husr  of 
the  llrst  and  tin'  tip  of  tlie  cell;  both  a  little  further  from  the  l>ase  in  llie  male  than  in 
llie  female;  third  rather  less  than  one-third,  fonrtli  a  little  more  than  one-half  the 
distance  from  the  tip  of  the  cell  to  the  a|ie.\  of  the  wiiiir;  second  inferior  branch  of 
the  subcostal  iirrvnre  arisiii!;  from  one-finirtli  to  one-third  way  down  the  cell;  the 
latter  consideralily  less  than  half  as  loiij;  as  the  win^,  and  less  tlian  three  limes  asloiijf 
as  liroad;  the  distance  from  llie  oriijin  of  the  second  median  nermle  to  the  vein 
dosiiiij  the  cell  is  one-lialf  that  bet  ween  the  bases  of  the  llrst  and  second  iier\  ules. 
Hind  >\'nirs  with  the  costal  border  scarcely  convex,  the  outer  border  delicately  crciiii- 
lite.  rather  broLidlv  curved,  protuberant  as  a  sli'ilit  amrular  deiit'.ition  at  the  lip 
of  the  upper  meilian  nervnle;  the  inner  border  scarcely  c<)iive.\  for  nearly  twolhirils 
its  distance  beyoid  the  basal  expansion,  then,  roundly  excised  for  a  short  distance,  it 
continues  Its  direction  nearly  parallel  to  the  former  portion,  the  outer  am^le  abrupt 
but  rounded.  I'recostal  iierviire  directed  straiiflit  upward,  not  inclined  in  either  direc- 
tion, orijiiiialimt  considerably  beyond  the  divarication  id'  the  siibcosial  from  the  costal 
nerviire.     Cell  closed  by  a  feeble  vein. 

l-'iu-e  le;;s  small,  cylindrical,  a  littledcpri'sscd.  clothed  w  itii  adeprcssfd.  Inisliy  bunch 
of  liim;  spreadliiu:  liairs.  rather  heavier  in  the  male  than  in  the  feimile:  the  tibia  alioiit 
lialf  the  leiiiftli  of  the  hind  tiliia :  t.irsi  scarcely  shiirler  than  the  tibia,  in  the  male  con- 
>istiim:  of  a  sluiflc  joint,  with  exceediuy;ly  slight  indications  of  any  divisions  and 
wholly  unarmeil :  in  the  female  distinctly  composed  of  live  joints,  of  w  lilch  the  llrst  is 
Iwice  as  lorn;  as  all  the  others  united,  and  tiicsc  successively  siiorter.  each  armed 
beneath  at  its  tip  willi  a  pair  of  minute  slender  spines.  Middle  and  liiiid  tibiae  of 
e(|ual  lem;tli.  furrished  on  either  side  lieueath  ami  on  the  upper  portiini  of  the  inner 
side  w'-tii  a  row  of  iufreipienl.  loiiii  and  pretty  slender,  sli^lnly  s|ireadinu  spines,  the 
li'rminal  ones  of  the  inferior  rows  prolointed  to  loii'j;  anil  vc>ry  slender  spurs;  tarsi 
liaviiiiT  the  llrst  joint  nearly  as  loiii;  as  the  otliers  taken  toirelher.  the  second,  third  and 
fourth  siiecessively  decreasius;  in  size,  the  fourth  half  as  loni:  as.  and  tin'  tiflli  a  little 
loniier  than,  the  second-  J  diits  fnrnlslied  benealli  with  four,  the  last  witli  only  two. 
rows  of  small  and  slender  spines,  tlia  terminal  ones  on  each  joint  scarci'ly  lon^jer  than 
the  others.  ('la«s  delicate,  not  vry  loiii;.  taperinir  to  a  line  point,  pretty  stroii;flv 
curved,  i'aronycliia  slender,  laperiiii;.  uciirly  as  Icm;;  as  the  claws,  enrvliiy;  less  and 
nearly  strai;;lil  on  the  apical  half,  ru'viilus  wantlnu'-  I-ast  joint  of  tarsi  furnished 
above  at  the  tip  willi  four  very  minute  and  slender,  but  pretty  loiii;.  sliijiilly  dlvei'if- 
iiiif.  acicnlate  spines,  direcled  bi'tv.eeu  the  claws. 

.Vppendaaes  of  the  male  abdomen  :  upper  orijan  small  but  verv  broad,  and  very  broadly 
rounded,  both  transverselj  and  lonnitndinally.  the  hook  as  lon({  ns  the  body,  rapidly 
iiarrowlmr  on  the  basal  half,  beyond  nearly  rijiinl.  Chisp>,  of  moderate  sl/.(!.  bnllate, 
twice  as  lonir  as  broad,  nearly  eipial  on  the  b:i-al  three-fourths,  beyond  taperlii); 
rapidly  to  a  point,  the  upper  Imsal  process  parallel  to  the  clasp,  but  incurved  more 
than  If.  la»'};e.  expanded  at  base,  taperiiifj  beyond  to  a  point ;  interior  tinker  pretty  hirife 
and  Ion;;,  tapiu-in;;,  extemliiiK  aloun  the  middle  of  the  clasp  mi  I  reuililnu  to  its  tip. 


wmmmmmmm 


NYMl'HALINAi::    TIIK  (;!:Xl"S   A(;i-AlS. 


415 


Egg.  ItnKiil  iiviili'.  III'  alioiit  i'(|n:il  licliiht  aiul  wiiltli.  I>t'i>aill.v  roiiiulcd  bonciitli.  still 
iniii'c  M)  alMivc,  iiari'iiwiiiit  sliifhily  in  i-<iiia;  upward,  1ml  appai'i'ii.iy  iil"  i"i|ual  widt-li 
from  the  (MUi>t«iitl.v  liici'1'ar.iiiir  liroadtli  of  llu'  rll)s  in  piissin;;  from  llic  base  to  llu- 
siiinmit;  tlii'se  lire  few  in  miinbt'i',  well  arclu'd  at  llic  Mtnimil.  after  tlic  style  of  Va- 
nessa, but  are  not  so  iiijjli:  tiiey  are  »lnmi;ly  (•ompres.»ed  and  pn.miiu'Ut:  cross  ribs 
sli;;lit  butdislinel.  especially  above,  leavini;  between  tliem  spaee>>  alioul  four  times  as 
loui:  a>  l)road  in  llu'  middle  of  the  ei:u. 

Caterpiilar  at  birth.  Head  snuiotli  and  well  ronnded.  broadest  in  llie  middle  of  the 
upper  half  wlu're  it  is  very  Ineonspieuously  auitulate,  a  little  broader  tium  lil;rli,  slijjlitly 
snleate  abo\  e,  and  furnislied  with  a  few  scattered  hairs.  Body  uniform,  taperiuij  only 
on  the  last  two  or  three  segments,  armed  with  loniiiludinal  rows  of  hairs  like  lliose  of 
Kuvaue'-a  but  somew  hat  shorter  and  iirrauiied  in  similar  rows.  e\<'eptin;;  that  those  of 
the  subdorsal  series  are  more  anteriorly  placed,  llnceof  the  supralateral  decidedly 
pi)..(erior.  and  the  inrra--liii:nnilal  dislinclly  in  iidvance  of  the  -.iiiracles. 

Mature  caterpillar.  Head  not  very  larire.  pretty  well  romnled,  llie  <ides  Droadly 
roiMuled.  broadest  in  tin?  ndddle;  the  snmndt  <d'  i-ither  lialf  pretty  broadly  rounded, 
very  slijfiitly  elevated,  the  suture  between  a  very  little  depressed:  the  wlnde  fivun  is 
subapprcssed.  hardly  deeper  below  than  above,  coveri'd  with  pretty  freipient,  small  am! 
minute,  short  coul<.al  tubercles,  all  the  latti'r,  and  sinne  of  the  fornu'r  emittini;  pretty 
limy;  hairs;  trhumie  fully  half  as  liiith  a;iain  a-,  broad,  extendlnir  fidiy  half  way  to  the 
summit,  .\nleunai' Willi  the  second  joint  not  half  so  bniir  a-  broad,  tiie  third  tlirce- 
nuarters  the  diameter  of  tiie  second  i;nd  half  as  lou'r  iiirain  as  bioad.  eylimlrieal, 
si|n«rely  doiked.  emittiiiir  a  iiiodcu'alely  lonj;  hair;  fourth  joint  not  noticeable.  Ocelli 
as  in  Kiivanessa.  l.aiM'iim  small,  half  as  iiroad  aiiain  as  Ion;;,  well  roumied,  pretty  deeply 
excised  in  the  middle.  Mandibles  very  small.  imMJeriitely  stout,  the  edtje  straiy;bt, 
coarsely  and  slightly  deiiticnialc.  Maxillary  palpi  small:  (Irst  and  second  joints  of 
nearly  eipiul  diameter:  third  slightly  smaller,  fully  half  aslonir  ai;aiii  as  brou.l.  rounded 
at  apex  ;   fourth  minute,   kmdi-iike.     Spinm'rel   rather  ion;;,  slender,  curved,  taperiui;. 

Uody  cylindrical.  liirKc-l  in  the  miililleof  tliealidomeu.  taperinj:  more  anteriorly  l!i:iii 
po-teriorly.  armed  vvith  pretty  lonn,  moderiili'ly  --tout  spines,  eaeli  one  taperiuy;  rciiii- 
larly.  docked  at  Hie  lip,  and  bearintt  a  brislle-likc  lliorii.  scarcely  siuall"r  than  a  coii- 
tinuation  of  the  spine  would  havi!  been,  tliiely  pointed  and  about  one-third  the  leiiu;tli 
of  the  s|>ine  itself;  these  spines  bear  numerous  lHry:er  and  smaller  cylindrical  tu- 
Ix-relen.  from  the  larger  of  which,  f^cnerally  three  or  fourinmimber, arise lonjiacieular 
thorns,  longer  than  the  apical  thorn  of  the  spine,  and  dlver;;eut  at  an  an^cle  from  the 
spine:  from  the  smaller  ones,  w  liieh  are  much  more  niiinerous,  shorter  and  innelimorc 
delicate  needles  take  their  ri-e.  The  spines  are  arraii;;ed  in  loiifiitudinal  rows,  one  lo 
n  sejiiiieiit  in  eadi  row  .  as  follows  :  a  dorsal  series  inserted  au\eriorly  on  the  second  to 
the  eiulitli  abdominal  seirmeiits  ;  a  laterodorsal  series,  plaied  a  little  in  advance  of  tlie 
middle,  directly  over  the  spiracles,  on  the  Ihst  to  tlie  eiixlith  abdominal  sefiincnts;  a 
supralateral  series,  placed  leiitrally  on  the  second  and  thiril  thoracic  sediments;  the 
spines  of  the  last  two  series  are  slightly  longer  than  the  others;  a  hiterosllgmatal 
series,  placed  similarly  to  the  row  above,  on  all  the  abdominal  sef?n>ents:  a  suprastig- 
iiiatal  series,  placeil  centrally,  on  ti.i'  second  ami  third  tiioiacic  seiriiK':^;  and  an  in- 
frastijiniatal  seric~,  |(',accd  c"iitrally  on  the  llrst  to  the  eightli  alidomiual  segments. 
The  body  is  supplied  prcl'y  aluiiidaiill.  v,  iiii  minute  idiiical  warts,  some  exceedingly 
minute,  each  eniittliig  a  hair,  proportioUf.!  in  length  to  Hie  sizeof  Hie  wart,  the  largest 
more  than  Iialf  as  long  as  the  spines,  and  on  Hie  posterior  (larls  of  Hie  segments 
arranged  in  traiis\ersi'  rows;  the  sinuUer  oiie^  wilii  no  regularity  of  disposition:  tlrsl 
segment  with  a  triinsverse  anterior  ,ser"en  <»f  t\w  Iturgf^l  lUies.  Spiracles  rather  small 
ol)o\  ate,  nearly  twice  as  broad  as  long      l/«'sf'<  iukI  iiroifun  as  In  Kiivauossa. 

Chrysalia.  Viewed  from  above  tue  prothorax  mid  licud  scarcely  taperto  the  lljisof 
the  ocellar  projections,  which  are  conical,  bluntly  pointed  hikI  liavi'  their  inner  edges 
iiicliiied  at  a  right  angle  to  each  other,  Ih';  spai«  l/mtweeu  them  sipuirely  docked;  on  a 
side  view  lliey  arc  directed  straight  forward,  a  iittU-  protiilM'rairt  at  base,  their  lower 
edge  eonsldorably   Inclined  to  the  under  surface  itf  flic  ehrysirlis.  their  upper  nearly 


.  '> 


:■&! 


■CSJ 

.4  3 


■'n-i 


fi 


m 


i 


410 


Till-:  lU'TTKUFLIKS  OK  NKW   i:n(;i.ani>. 


cciiitiiiMoii-  \\itli  tlu'  lino  of  lliL'  prolliunix.  'I'lic  inc.-nnotiiiii  U  loii^idcralilv  art'liod 
loiiiritiuliiiiilly.  ciiriiiiiti'  slijilitly  aloiiu;  tlio  iiRMliaii  line ;  on  lln>  anterior  lialf  jnst  licyoml 
till'  iiiiililli'.  uk'vatt'ii  lo  an  anti'riorlv  <'nin|irr--  'il.  ti'ii|ui'tnil,  pvraniiiial  liiln'rcli'.  not 
vi'i'v  lai'trc  not  so  Iiiuli  as  lonii',  scari'rly  poiiiii'il.  Int'iTioi-  >iiriai-i'.  iiiriiiilinir  llu'  ap- 
pi'inlairi's.  straiirlit  Ironi  llic  liasc  ol'  tlui  oci-llar  promini'iiri's  lo  near  llu- lips  ol"  tlio 
wiiiiTs.  .Mi'so- and  nii'l  allot  mil  fiiniislicil  witli  a  iiiciliaii  --iipriilati'nil  pair  ol'  ratlicr 
small.  I'oiindi'il.  cU'vali'd  warN.  liiirlicr  tliaii  liroad;  ^viiiir  IhIu'itU's  of  a  similar  fonii, 
with  a  sliort  riditc  niiiiiiii;r  from  its  liasc  towiinl.  and  away  I'rom,  tlu;  siipnilatoral  tn- 
liercli's  of  the  ini'sonotiini.  and  a  larircr  one.  (■inniL'ctinj;  it  with  the  siipcrnnini'i-ary 
wiiif;  tnliprclcs ;  the  latter  Is  little  more  than  an  elevation  of  this  ridite  to  the  lieiiilit  of 
tlie  basal  winu  tnl)ercle.  from  which  it  is  separated  liy  an  aiia:iilar,  but  not  deep  exeiHimi. 
Winifs  protuberant  in  the  middle  of  the  upper  half  of  the  posterior  border.  Imt  not 
elevated  to  a  tnbereh'.  .\bdonieii  U'ss  arched  than  in  roly;;oiiia.  furmslied  willi  a 
dorsal  series  of  small,  low  .  ineolispicnoiis  warts  on  the  anterior  edire  of  tlic  second  to 
the  eijrhth  sey:ments :  a  lalerodorsal  series  of  iiliintly  conical  tiiliereles  on  the  middle 
of  the  tirst  to  the  eiirhth  sejjmeiits.  similar  to  those  on  the  sides  of  the  thoracic  seir- 
ments,  bill  somewhat  larger,  especially  on  the  fourth  segment,  and  excepting;  on  Hie 
tlrst  and  eighth  where  they  are  smnller;  a  siipnistiamatal  serle.s  of  low.  inconspieiioiis 
warts  a  little  in  advance  of  the  middle  of  the  tliird  to  the  seventh  seu:iiieiils;  and  an 
infrastiirmatal  series  of  similarwarts  on  themiddleid'  thellflli  to  the  elLrhtli  seirments. 
I'l'eaiial  button  siiiiih  r  to  that  id'  Kiivanessa.  iiie  boundiii'j;  rid-rcs  very  heavy,  ('re- 
master, viewed  fron  above,  nearly  half  as  lonj;  asiaiii  as  liroad.  scarcely  taperiiiir.  the 
lioimdiiii;  walls  low  broad,  eipial :  viewed  from  tlie  side  sliifhtly  taperinu.  consider- 
ably enlariied  at  the  tip.  llooklets  rather  shor'.iiot  iiiiich  eiilaru;ed  at  the  tip.  w  liicli 
is  bent  roundly  at  riiihl  ainjli's,  and  has  a  sharp"   prodiiceil.  short,  downward  direct eil 


apex. 
Tl 


1'.!-      ii'l'(>ll|l 


IS      I 


('lircscntcd   liv  t\ 


sp, 


iiiotlcriitc  size 


Hill' 


mil 


lici'ti.  is  t'oiiiid   ill   North  Aniericii   nortii   xt'  tlio    I2d  piiralK'l  :   tiic  otln 
iii'ticiu',  sprciuls  over  llic  whole  ot'  Kiir(i|i.   iiiul  iiortliwcstcrii  Asi;i.   tiiiit  i 


the  wcstiTii  two-tliirds  of  the  (  Hii  World,  north  of  tl 


D'ltli 


ilel. 


tolllli 


1  alik 


!<(>  (Ill  iihiiiis  iiiKi  iniiiin 


Ai 


lUM'lt'illl 


I 

I'it's  is  t'oiiiK 


I  tl 


iroiiii' 


itililis.  f..  the  height  of  N.Odll  reel, 
hunt    New    Kiijiland,  hut 


anil 
The 


IS    \civ  rare    ill 


le  southern  iiortioii 


The  t 


iiii'  the  s|i 


\vn  sjiecies  i 


lill'er  eoiisideralilv,  tlie  |- 


tiropeaii  insect  LirealK  resenilil- 


(f  l'".ilfi'oiiia  nil  ils  ii|)|ier  siiitaee,  e.xcept  in  liavini;-  tiie  liasal 


hah'ot'  the  hind  wi 


I'holix'  dark,  and  iliiis  leaving  a    liroad,  t; 


I'lt 


ln'tweeii  it  and  the  outer  liorder  :   while  tl 


'rieiiii  t'oriii  has  most  ot'  tli< 


liase  ot'  the  ton 


iiiiarlv  (ihseiired.  -o  that  the  eolureii   licit 


eolll- 


lllol 


1  to  liiiih  wiiio'- 


'II 


(h 


the  (inter  liaU',  the   whole  travel 


thread 


d  tl 


le  outer  niaru'in  i 


atoms  (III  a  dark  o^i'imnd.    The  ehano; 


•  siirtac 

e    IS 

•SIM  I    h\ 

sho 

•  hseiire 

y  III 

iano:e.s 

iiiidc 

s   dii.skv,  the   liasal  darker  tl 


•t,  d 


elieate.  triiiisN (Tse,  dai'kei 


iked 


with   greenish  or 


I.I 


lll.sll 


I'lfone  iiv 


the  K 


iiropean  siieeie.s 


ill  its  loiio'itndinal  ran<re  in   their  direct   relation  to  teinperatiire  liaxc  lieen 
discussed  hv  Ikeiehenan  fKosmo.s.  xii  :    -|(>-l!t). 


tl 


lere  are  three  iiroods  o 


these  ijneets  in  the   mosl    tax  iirahle   loealitii 


iltl 


lltliou^r 


Tl 


le  III 


h  M( 

itterH 


Di 


,s     tl 


lere   l^    Init   one  ot'  nrtieae  in  the  liiffh  .Vlp 


ies  iiiliernate  and  also  mntiv  chrysnlids.  Dr.  Meyer  Diir  writcH 
that  he  has  ot'teii  carried  elirysalids  ot'  the  Knropean  species  tlii'(iiiirli  tlit( 
winter,  which  inviiriahly  di.selosed  /e^/'f/cs  in  April,     'i'lie  lirsl   lirood  ap- 


mmmn 


NY.MIMIAMXAK:   Till-:  (iKNTS   A(iLAIS. 


41" 


peiirs  aliKiit  tlic  middle  ot'  .Iiino,  tlie  second  in  the  latter  part  of. July,  and 
till'  third  I'arlv  in  Sc[)ttinl>er ;  and  since  hilieratinj^  IttittcrHies  contiinic  on 
the  winjf  late  in  the  spiinji-.  the  imago  may  l)ctbniul  at  almost  every  season. 

The  luitterHies  ha\('  an  actixe  flight,  and  are  fonnd  by  roadsides  and  in 
gardens,  tields  and  snnny  open  spots  in  wooded  districts.  The  caterpillars 
8id)8ist  on  nettles,  and  are  rapid  growers ;  tlic  chrysalis  state  averages 
from  ten  to  fourteen  days  in  duration. 

The  eggs  are  laid  in  ('lusters  upon  the  under  surface  of  leaves,  usually 
near  tin'  top  of  the  plant,  and  arc  cylindrical  in  sha|)e.  scarcely  taller  than 
liroad.  and  furnishc<l  with  eiglit  to  ten  prominent,  compressed  ribs.  The 
young  caterpillar  closely  resembles  that  of  Kuvancssa,  but  has  somewhat 
shorter  hairs  with  a  slight  ditl'ercnce  in  their  arrangement.  The  head 
of  the  mature  caterpillar  is  regular,  and  covered  with  bristly  hairs,  starting 
from  short  tnbeiiles.  uid  the  body  l)ears  on  cither  side  two  rows  of  htng, 
tapering,  thorny  ,-j        -,  and  also,  behind  the   first   abdominal  segment,  a 

dorsal  series   of  simuar  ap|)ciidages.       During  early   lif( the  first  twn 

or  three  stages  —  tlu'  caterpillars  are  sociable,  living  together  under  a 
conmion  weii ;  subscipiently  they  disperse  indiscriminately  over  the  plant. 
The  chrysalids  arc  very  similar  in  general  a|)|iearance  to  thuse  of  Ku\  ane>>n. 
but  all  the  ])ri)tuberances,  especially  the  dorsal  projection  of  the  moo- 
thorax,  are  unich  less  prominent.  They  hang  a  varialile  length  of  time, 
from  four  to  eighteen  days,  tle'^e  ot' the  Kiiropean  apparently  longer  tlian 
those  of  till'  Ann-rii'an  species. 

Uy  way  of  comparison  with  the  habits  of  our  own  speeies,  1  may  here 
give  a  brief  account  of  my  observations  on  the  I'^iro[ican  lu'tieac.  Tin  egg- 
arc  laid  in  rude  clusters  on  the  under  side  of  leaves  of  ncttlo.  :iliout  the 
middleoftlie  leaf,  the  ui)pcrmost  leaves  l)eing  usually  seli'cted  :  bul  I  found 
one  patch  on  a  leaf  about  halfway  np  the  stalk,  and  the  little  caterpillar- 
(all  of  which  had  not  then  hatched)  had  formed  a  nest  at  the  bax  of  the 
leaf.  When  very  ytamg.  and  a[)parently  until  their  ,-eeond  moult,  ihe-e 
cater[)illais  live  wi'hin  nests  formed  by  ciiif-tering  the  terminal  lialf-o[)ened 
leaves  of  the  nctile  into  a  glubnlar  mass,  liberally  covered  with  web; 
after  that  the  colony  divides,  ime  going  in  one  direction  some  in  an- 
other, but  keejiing  company  in  fl"  k-.  which  wander  from  the  summit  ot 
one  plant  to  a  neighboring  <me,  and  K'ave  the  marks  of  their  (irogress  in 
the  bhuxhed  films  of  the  U[)per  leaves,  all  besmeared  with  web:  they  seem 
to  (trcfer  the  upper  leaves  of  a  plant,  and  thn-  they  sometimes  swarm  over 
the  wlioii'  surface  of  an  c.\tensi\('  lied  ot'  nettles  in  full  \iew,  huddling  in 
dusters  of  iiulividmds,  which  are  constantly  creeping  and  reereeping  over 
each  other  ;  when  they  wish  to  moult  they  seek,  sometimes  singly,  some- 
times in  companies  of  as  many  as  three  or  tour.  le»(-es  growing  lower  on 
the  stem,  or  which    at   anv  rate  Inne  been  inii  littk',  oi-  not  at  all    eaten. 


;i 


.i.m 


.v<n 


\^i-SM 


and  fold  the  leaf  together  iiniih  ani'r  tke 


iiamner 


oi'  T.   atalaiifa :    the 


418 


Tin;  BUTTKItFI.IKS  OK   NKW   KNdl.ANI). 


opciiinj;  toward  tlic  apex  of  the  leaf  is  clo.swl  l)y  a  (K'licatc  tilin  oi'  silk, 
attaclu'd  at  lialt' a  dozen  points  totlieleaf.  and  tliickest  in  tin- middle  ;  those 
which  contain  more  tlian  one  usually  have  the  film  denser,  as  if  all  had 
partaken  of  the  w(nk  ;  in  this  j)osition  one  niijtht  easily  think  one  had 
found  the  larva  of  V.  atalanta,  especially  should  a  portion  of  the  tip  of  the 
leaf  l)e  devoured  :  hut  the  leaf  is  never  pendant,  as  when  the  nest  conceals 
atalanta,  and  the  gate  to  keep  out  intruders  is  also  wanting  in  tiie  latter ; 
the  ohjeet  of  such  a  performance,  at  the  critical  moment  of  moulting,  on 
tiie  part  of  a  caterpillar  which  at  other  times  lives  in  such  disgusting 
familiarity  with  the  other  niend)ers  of  the  family,  is  apparent. 

A  worn  speeimen  of  the  European  species,  A.  urtieae,  was  taken  tni  the 
wing  in  .lune,  1<S7;5,  at  ^\'atertown,  Mass.,  hy  ^[r.  Outram  Hangs,  who 
lias  shown  me  the  sjiecimen.  It  was  also  reported  to  have  heen  taken  in 
Mexico  (Kntoni.,  xx  :  .i;};?),  hut  Mr.  Druee,  the  exhihitcn-,  writes  me  that 
it  was  an  unfortunate  tyj>ographical  error  for  Mosvuir.' 


EXCl'llSUS   XII.—IIOW  BUTTEHFLIES    WINTIJh'. 


No  I'lilltillj  IlilN  lliiuir^li  NdvciiiIh'i's  nloom, 
\<i  liini  mil  ■  ciiihcrs  on  its  frosty  air. 

I.|l|■l^^•.  ClIAMir.Kli   Mori.TON.— ,  I /(^o/l/ic. 


ifv/'- 


bt" 


Onk  would  su]tposi'  tiiat  nature  w.iuld  have  so  tirranged  msitters  thiit 
delicate  creatures  like  hia.crHics.  pn+^Iiig  a  [tortion  of  their  lives  in  ti 
(piieseent  condition,  would  neleet  th'  winter  its  tlu!  sesisou  in  whicii  to 
jiifs  this  state,  iiiid  not  waste  the  ]ireciiiiis  nioiiients  of  a  too  lirief  siunmer, 
wiien  flowers  au<l  sucriiieiit  [li'iit?-  arc  ;iiiundiuit  as  food  tor  hutterHv  or 
caterpillar,  in  iin  ciiiorccd  iiuu'tiTir\'.  Tet  a  very  coii>ideralih'  proportion 
of  the  liuttertlics  of  New  Knf.'and  pass  the  winter  in  some  other  state  than 
that  of  the  clirysalis.  Soiuc  iiitss  it  in  either  of  two  or  more  states,  tip- 
parently  as  a  precautioti  against  tin'  total  ilcstnictioii  oi'  tin'  species. 
Many  pass  the  winter  iis  <'atcrpillar-.  some  as  eggs,  and  not  a  tew  as 
initti'rflics  themselves.  .\[ini\  of  tht  Tiieclidi  ti>r  iii-rianee  pass  the  winter 
it)  the  v<r<r  state,'  while  on  the  other  hand  tiie  \  aiit-~idi.  a  irrouii  which, 
whether  in  Europe  or  Aiiieri<'a,  may  lie  considered  a-  aiiiiiost  character- 
istically pert  aiming  to  the  temperate  zone,  wh 're  tW- winter  is  pi'onouni'cd, 
pass  the  winter  in  Hie  iniiigo  «tar> .  ( )n*'  reamnn  for  this  is  that  there  is 
nearly  always  an  sttitiunn  l)irood  nf  liuttertlies  wliii'h  disport    tiicmselves   in 

crroiicDUH.  Ill  N.'W  Kiiirliiiiil  \\f  l,ii(iw  tliat 
>r\('riil  iif  till  riiiM'liili  ('riii'cia  li|iiir(i|is  ami 
stryiiHMi  tituh  iMTtiiiiii) )  ami  •nine  nt  llii- 
(  lirvMiMttuiKli  »iiili'riii  litis  cnMilitiiiii,  ami  it 
i~  not  liii|iroliiil>lr  lliiil  il  may  In'  iiccaKion- 
:illy  tlic  CUM'  ill  -oMii'  (II  till'  Ai'i-'ynnlill.  I'ar- 
iiuKsliis.  an  al|ilm'  .xciiu*.  wiiiti'i's  in  this  way. 


*  riic  |{<'\ .  »r.  ■ikIUmi  of  BiiirlM»<  toiniil 
l(liiitk«u»  arson  aiiit  SmniilN  i'kiwmi  iWfKini.' 
the  wiiB«T  m  tlii*  I'jrtr  ■«•»•.  aixl  mn  ("rtttwilz 
iliiilliMtlii'smiii' for  scvi'mil  s(i««'-i,-«  of  'riii'rliill 
ami  <  oi'iioin  iii|ili»  |>aiit(itiilii.-.  — lii-siilfs  two 
oilii'ri*.  siiliwinirni  nliMTMitioin'  on  wliii-h 
linvi- iMiovfil  III- I'onjtx'tMn'K  alioiit  ilii'iii  to  In- 


i 


iiou'  iiiTri:i!FLii;s  wintku. 


419 


"•'  '■"'■■'■  '41 

■   r, 


"^icat  minilicrs  in  the  latt(M'  part  of  the  vcar.  I>ut  liavc  not  time  to  uiidcrtro 
fiirtlicr  transt'orniation.s  so  as  again  to  reach  the  chrvsalis  wtajje  before 
winter  wouhl  cut  them  ott';  i)ut  in  some  instances  some  of  tiie  (ihrvsalids* 
whieli  shnuhl  pnuhicc  the  autumn  hrood  do  not  give  out  tiie  l)utterHy  until 
the  following  spring.  According  t(»  Wiesenhiitter  such  chrysalids  of  Kuva- 
nessa  antiopa  as  pass  the  winter  are  presumably  females,  inasmuch  as  the 
female,  according  to  his  observation,  is  generally  fresh  colored  in  the  spring, 
whereas  the  males  arc  always  very  much  battered  and  worn.  .So  far  as  we 
know,  in  the  case  of  these  wintering  butterHies,  j)airing  always  takes  place 
in  the  spring.  (See  the  observations  of  Schilde.  AN'iesenhiitter,  and 
(ioossens  on  Kuvanessa  antiopa  and  Inachis  io. ) 

Those  hearing  for  the  first  time  of  the  existence  of  butterflies  in  winter, 
invariably  incpiire  where  the  butterflies  may  pass  the  winter  period.  Kach 
species  has  its  own  peculiar  hiding  places,  but  in  general  they  may  be 
found  beneath  piles  of  rocks,  in  hollow  places  in  the  trunks  of  trees,  es- 
pecially near  the  roots,  beneath  the  rafters  of  old  i)uildings,  in  corded 
wood  in  the  forest,  and  even  in  some  instances  probably  simply  hanging  be- 
neath the  branches  of  trees.  Thus  uandois  saw  the  Kuropean  Inachis  iotake 
up  its  winter  (piartcrs  in  an  ivy,  hanging  from  a  branch  I)y  its  hind  legs, 
folding  all  its  other  legs  on  its  l>reast  and  closing  its  wings.  During  a 
warm  spell  in  the;  early  spring  it  disappeared,  only,  when  the  weather 
again  changed,  to  return  to  the  sanu;  s[)ot  and  reassmne  its  formt'r  position. 
Woo(hnen  sftinetimes,  in  cleaving  open  a  tree,  will  discover  a  little  colony 
of  hibernating  butterflies,  as  has  been  done  in  the  case  of  .Vnosia  plcxip- 
pus  ;  and  (Joossens  of  Paris,  in  beating  small  trees  over  his  open  um- 
brella (a  favorite  mode  of  collecting)  in  the  cold  days  of  November,  twice 
brought  down  Polygonia  c-album,  which  fell  upon  its  feet  with  closed 
wintrs.  It  would  seem  that  thev  must  therefore  have  chosen  the  under 
side  of  the  branches  for  hibernation.  He  made  some  interesting  oliserva- 
tions  upon  these,  bringing  them  home  and  placing  one  in  an  imwarnied 
apartment,  the  other  in  the  open  air  on  the  north-cast  side  of  a  window. 
They  did  not  stir  until  February,  when  they  resumed  their  activity.  'J'he 
one  in  the  ^>en  air  had  experienced  a  temperature  of  at  least -."»°('..  and 
(ioossens  discovered  that  numbness  only  comes  on  at -2°(".,  for  when  it 
was  warmer  their  i)ositi()n  showed  that  they  apprcciati'd  tiie  ditference  l)e- 
tween  day  and  night.  .Vt  such  a  time  the  hind  wings  are  ke[it  motionless. 
but  in  the  day  time  the  fore  wings  are  advanced,  so  that  the  inner  margin 
is  at  right  angles  to  the  body  ;  at  dusk,  the  fore  wings  creep  backward  and 
finally  pass  partly  behind  the  hind  wings,  nearly  filling  tiie  empty  space  be- 
tween the  two  wings  in  this  genus,  due  to  their  great  excision.  The  jirocess 
is  again  reversed  in  the  morning,  showing  that  the  butterflies  are  not  com- 
pletely benumbed  and,  however  (piiet,  recognize  the  distinction  lietween 
night  and  day.      (Hull.  Soc.  ent.  Fr.,  1HH7,  2\K) 


fit. 


;l 


,-"4.f' 


;.  .-.■.y»»),i£ 

'■tm 


^{i:'<im 


"'HI. 


"I    "^ 


420 


nil-:    lUTIKlJllJKS  OK   NKW    KNiil.AM). 


M 


All  IiilnTiiatinjr  Imtti'iHit's,  so  far  as  known  at  pirscnt.  iicloiiji;  to  llic 
\\  inplialidao  aiitl  l*a|>ilioniihu>,  aiul  almost  i-xclnsivcly  to  the  X'ani'ssidi 
and  l\iio(lo(vri(li,  iioitluM'  Lv(>a(>ni(lac  norlloHpcriilao  l)cin<r  known  to  liihor- 
nati'  in  tlio  jjerfoct  sta<;«'.  Almost  all  tlw  X'ancs.Hidi  of  Kin-ope  as  well  a« 
Colian  rliamui  arc  known  to  liihi-rnato  in  tlu*  ima<j:o  state,  and  in  our  own 
country  Anosia  picxippns.  all  the  l*oly'i;<mias,  Kuf^onia  j-allaun,  Kuvanessa 
antio])a,  A<;lai8  n>il))crti,  all  the  species  of  Vanessa  and  .Innonia  coenia, 
as  well  as  llypatus  hachmanii,  and  amonj^  the  lihodoceridi,  ("allidryns 
cuhiilc  and  Xanthidia  nicippe. 


HIHI.IOOUAI'HY. 

Xd  spi'iiHl  piiiiiT  liiis  liicii  written  dii  lliis  subject  in  tliiscoimtry,  Iml  for  tin' Kiin)i)<'i\n  Imt- 
trrtlii'w.  lii'i'  /fliiT's  List  of  tlir  l.t'|)iil(iiiti'rii  of  tlir  Oilor  winterin):  over  in  tlie  iiiTfect  stiiuc 
(Si)'tt.  I'nt.  /I'it.,  \i\  :!'.));  von  I'rittwitx's  List  of  Inittorllii's  of  Silesin  anil  tlir  conililinn  i',i 
wliicli  tlii'v  piiNs  till'  winter  (lliiil..  x\ii:  11)1);  aii<l  llellin's  List  of  llritisli  M:ierole|iiil'>i>teni 
wliieli  liilierniitp  in  the  egx  stiitv  (Knt.  nionthl.  mn^'..  Miireli,  Isto), 


AGLAZS  MZLBERTI.— The  American  tortoise-shell. 

[Tlio  forkeil  liiitterlly  ((Josse);  Milliert's  Imttertly  (H.'-iri*);  the  iieitlp  tortoise-sliell  (Si'iid- 
ilir):  the  reil  cmiiress  (Hoss).] 

yiiiirssii  /,i(V/,(>c^(ioil..  Kni'vel.  iniMli.,  i\:  liiitt..  21  (IS7'>);— Unit..  i:17-l;W,  Hl's.  S-J.  l-j; 

•.'!K1.  M-.:m  (1SI!»);— Uoisil.-Lel'..  Li^p.  Aili(>r.  (IWl). 

sept.,  1ST.  pi.  .V),  lii's.  ;M  (l,s;l:i);  — Ihiiilil.-  liraplii  inilherli  Middl..  Itep-  '">"■  'H..  x : 

llewits.,  (ieii.  iliiirn.  Lep.,  i:  '.>!1|.  pi.  J(i.  tly:.  t  S"i  (issl). 

(I84ii) ;— Ilarr..  Ins.  iiij.  vej:.,  :til  eil.,  ;l(VJ-;l((.'l,  Vam-Ksn  l'i(n-illiila  Say,  Ainer.  cnloiii..  i|, 

lii;.  l'J.">(lS(i-J);— Morr  .  Syn.l.ep.  N.  Anier...'i«  pi.  T,  (ISJ.")?);  Kntoni.  X.  Anier.,e(l.  I.eC.i: 

(lS(i-J):-II.  I'Mw.  I'ae. coast  Lep..  ii :  10(1S7H);  (i'MiJ),  pi.  •>'  (IS.VI);— Kirli..  Kauii.  Iior.-aiiier., 

— Ci>i|.,l{cp.i;,s.  111..  X  ;  ltU-l(i."i(IS'<|):— Keni.,  iv:-.>ifj--.>(t;}  (1."<3T). 

Butt.  Al'ilne,  ."iS-.")!t  (l.'ssi) ;— Lihv.,  t'an.  ent.,  I'((hc.<.s((  »ynV(((,' l';niin.,.\v'Hc.  X.  York,  v: 

wii  ;  ISI-ISS  (iss"));— Vieiiili.  Iliitl.  cast.  f.  -Jdl);  the  li!,'iire  is  that  of  the  Knroiieaii  spe- 

•^,  I!l.Vlil«(lSvSi);— Mayn.,  Hutl.  N.  V...  17-IS,  cies  (1S.M). 

pi.  I.  Il^'s.  lit,  l!la  (ls,Htli.  Kiirnrcil  h\  (ilover.  III.  \.  A.   Lep.,  pi.  .'IT. 

\>liiijtlitili.i  iiiiHnrli  Kirli.,  Syii.catal.  Lep.,  li^'.  :l,  iiieil. 

lits  (1H71).  [Not  I'ai).  nrticae  Linn.]. 

Aijliiis  iiiilhirtii  Sciiilil.,  .'Syst.  rev.  Anier. 

Itri^'lit.  bright,  restless  liriiiht,  tliruii^li  the  siinlniriil  iiieails. 

Wavers  the  luittertly ; 
Kver  across  its  path  a  |>il<it  invisilile  lenils' 
A  sylphiil  lleet  of  the  thistle's  liftht  nnil  feathery  seeiis,— 
Aiiil  August  passcth  liy. 

Kditii  Thomas.— .l«//".^^ 


:*' 


Imago  (2:7:  12  :  111).  Head  cuvcrod  tlilckly  with  lonfj,  llac.  inou.sc-browii  iiiiil  [ihIo 
brown  hairs,  with  intennlnjjled.  very  lonii,  scarcely  coarser,  blackish  iiiics;  a  few  pale, 
uray  brown  scales  skirt  the  hinder  part  of  the  eye.  I'sljil  covered  with  blackish  brown 
scales,  and  a  suiierior  and  Inferior  frliifje  of  very  Ions,  stiff,  black  Imlrs.  tho  basal  and 
middle  joint  edffed  externally  above  and  below  with  a  dull,  pale,  slate  brown  row  of 
scales,  bcconiinjr  fainter  toward  the  apex  of  the  middle  joint,  where  the  darker  scales 
become  decidedly  black ;  last  joint  wholly  black ;  the  Inferior  frlnire  of  black  hairs  U 
tinnked  Interiorly  with  a  series  of  equally  long,  pale,  ffrft.v  scales.  Antennae  blackish, 
the  basal  half  of  the  joints  streaked  with  whitish  on  the  ujiper  portion  of  their  Inner 


:'&■■ 


^'1 


NYMI'IIAI.INAK:   AdLAIS   MILISKK  1 1. 


421 


>iii'riiccs;  lii\viinl>  llic  l)H>(.'  of  the  aiileiiiiii  ti  fi-w  wlilu;  srii'c-i  ai'i'  iiUo  ■-(•alli'rcil  uli<iiit 
iiliiivi';  lii'iii'iil'i.  tin'  Imsiil  joints — alxiiit  trii  of  tliciii — ai'i-  IdufkUli.  lii'nadl.v  iiiiiiiiliiti'il 
l)U-iiilly  Avitli  >rii'(li(l  "■liilf;  Iti'VoiHl  iiakcd.  dark  (■astaiii'oii-* ;  ilnb  like  the  stalk,  hut 
toiiclifd  with  wiiii  only  on  {\\i:  liasal  foiii'lli,  and  tlu'  a|iii'al  roiir  joints  lutcons. 
Tiin^ni'  r«sl;iiiiM(ii«.  di'cply  Int'iiscalnl.  almost  i)la(k  latcfally.  CHiiccially  Ih'voihI  tlic 
l)asc. 

'I'liiii'ax  anci  pata^ia  rovcrcd  hIiovi;  wllli  ton<;.  dark  brown  hairs  tin;!('d  with  fiihu- 
i>ilvaciM)us,  below  with  pn-tty  lona.  uraylsh  brown  hairs;  fori;  Icijs  blackish  brown 
iloWM  tliu  front,  with  tlu;  expanding;  frin;;i;  of  Ihe  same  (iray  as  the  umler  surface  of 
thorax;  ollH'r  lejjs  dark  pnrpllsh  brown  with  a  few  intermingled  very  pale  brown 
scales,  more  abnndant  on  the  hind  than  on  the  middle  pair  and  ninch  more  pi'ofnse  on 
the  tarsi  than  on  the  lll)lae.  s<'arcely  present  on  the  femora;  llie  inner,  and  to  a  slight 
dejjree  the  npper,  surface  of  the  femora  eidlvened  by  yellowisli  scales,  wliich  also 
tip  the  whole  femora,  tind  tin^e  some  of  the  lateral  pale  scales  of  thetil)iae:  spui'^ 
reddish  castuneons ;  spines  of  tibiae  golden  yellow;  of  tarsi  blackish  or  very  dark 
reddish;  claws  eastaiicoiis.  the  basal  half  inclliiliif!  to  pallid,  the  apical  to  fnli;;inons; 
paronychia  castaneons. 

Win^s  abovi!  black,  with  a  nmriioii  tinge,  and  (ironic  fnlvons  markln;;s.  luin  trhiiin 
with  tlie  basal  half  of  the  costal  border  transversely  and  oi)scnrely  liarri'd  with  rather 
pale  brown  and  tiecketl,  not  profnsely.  with  tiavo-lnteons  scales,  ijrowin'i  darker  am' 
more  reddisli  as  they  approach  the  base;  the  base  of  tiie  wines  lieneath  the  co>ial 
nerviire  and  os  far  outward  as  the  first  divarication  of  tlie  median  llecked  considi'rably 
with  reddish  orange  scales,  which,  ut  their  exterior  limit  in  the  cell,  are  cotlecteil  In  a 
distinct  spot  traversing  the  whole  cell  and  slightly  paler  or  brighter  in  tlie  centre;  a 
sindiar  bnt  l)etter  dellned  spot  occiipit-s  llie  extiirior  limit  of  the  cell ,  but  fails  of  reach- 
ing tin' median  m-rvure  excepting  at  its  interior  limit,  whidi  is  slightly  siinions  ami 
advances  a  very  little  toward  the  l)ase  in  approaching  the  median  iiervnre;  its  exterior 
lindt  iscnrveil,  its  convexity  oiilwaril,  and  liie  spot  which  Is  In'oaihTthaii  hmg  is  orange 
fnlvons;  it  is  indistinctly  snrmounteil  above  by  a -light,  paiii<l  spot  atiove  the  costal 
Iiervnre;  the  outer  half  of  the  wing  is  cros-ed  by  a  very  liroad  licit  of  orange  fnlvons. 
-omewhat  and  rather  abruptly  paler  along  its  interior  limit,  more  liroadiy  below  tiian 
above ;  the  interior  border  of  the  band  extends  frcnn  the  Inner  margin  to  the  middle  of 
Ihe  wing  In  a  band  of  ei|nal  width:  above  tiiat  it  l>roadens.  and  when  it  lias  reached 
the  next  to  the  lower  snlicostal  nerviile  divides  into  two  slender  stripes,  the  interior  of 
wliich  Is  pale  yellow  und  reaches,  wliih'  the  otiier  Is  whitish  and  just  fails  of  reaching, 
tile  costal  liorder,  and  which  enclose  between  them  a  siil)i|iiadrate  spot,  rounded  beneath 
and  projecting  a  little  outwardly  ;  this  spot  depends  from  the  costal  margin  and  extends, 
longitndinally,  from  the  origin,  or  jnst  beyond  the  origin,  of  tiie  tiiird  to  a  little  beyond 
the  origin  of  tlie  fourth  superior  sniicostal  nervnle ;  the  interior  margin  of  the  broad 
liami  Is  ininntely  snbcrennlate  and  extends  In  a  general  liroad  curve  from  the  costal 
liorder  jnst  within  the  origin  of  the  Miird  superior  subcostal  nervule,  crossing  the 
middle  median  nervule  at  an  interspace's  distance  from  its  origin,  to  the  inner  liorder 
in  the  middle  of  its  outer  two-thirds;  tlie  exterior  border  of  the  iiand  is  slnnons.  sui)- 
parallel  to  the  outer  margin,  placed  above  nruhvay  lietween  the  outer  margin  of  the 
inner  npper  liranch  of  the  liroad  band  and  the  apex  of  the  wing;  and  below  fully  tliree- 
liftlis  the  distance  from  the  interior  border  id"  the  broad  band  and  the  outer  margin  of 
the  wing.  The  outer  margin  for  the  distance  of  half  an  interspace  is  of  a  pale,  ashy 
brown  with  a  median  stripe,  sometimes  nearly  supplanting  It.  of  dark  or  blackish 
brown.  Fringe  black,  tipped,  especially  in  the  interspaces,  witli  dark,  ashy  brown. 
lliml  ir/iif/.s  with  the  cell  and  all  below  It  and  as  far  outward  as  the  limit  of  the  black 
portion  heavily  clothed  with  long,  brownish,  dull  fulvous  hairs  more  or  less  obscuring 
tlie  black  base  (and  more  frequent  in  the  (J  than  in  the  g'f).  .Vcross  the  outer  half  of 
the  wing  Is  a  broad  belt,  continuous  with  that  of  tlie  fore  whig  and  similar  to  it  In 
width  and  color,  except  that  the  paler,  yellowish  poitlun  Is  mnch  liroader  aliovo  than 
below  (anil  less  extensive  in  the  ?  than  in  the  (J  'f) ;  its  interior  margin  extends  from 
the  costal   border  at  the  middle  of  its  outer   iwo-tlilrds.  in  a  nearly  straight  but 


^•f. 


m^ 


w 


422 


Tin:  III  riKiii'MKs  ^t\■  m;\v  knci.ani*. 


m. ' 


»liirlilly  »iii\iini«  iiiiii''i.  iicrii->  llic  iipjiur  iii'ili.'iii  ucrvulo  jii-t  williiii  tin;  liiiiil  of 
it-.  Im>al  curve,  to  tlu'  imior  horder  iil  ll>  cxcUioii ;  Its  exterior  iiiiiruiii  !■<  pretty  regii- 
larlv  linwed,  iipprDaeliiiii:  the  outer  lionler  iit  either  eml.  iiiul  on  the  upper  lueilim) 
iier\  lire  Iviiiir  >eiircel.v  more  iliaii  iiiitlwav  from  tlie  interior  linrdcr  of  llip  l)elt  to  the 
tip  of  tlu-  (leiitiitioii :  outer  miirsiiu  of  tlu'  \viiiK  oriiameiiteil  precisely  as  111  tlio  fori* 
wiii;:>.  excepliiii;  Ihiit,  wllliiii  it.  ■.mall  eai'riileaii  liiinilo  are  seated  in  the  interspaces 
upon  tile  ;;rayisli  stripe.  Ilicir  exterior  iiiaruiii>  straisjlit.  their  interior  curved,  cxcept- 
iiiy;  111  the  inedlo-siilmnMliaii  interspace,  wliere  llioy  are  Iruiisvi'rsely  linear,  always 
widely  separated  from  iwicii  other;  ofciisloii.."..  they  are  very  inlmite.  Krii  ac  as  in 
fore  wiii«-. 

lieiieath.  dark  Uliiish.  Nlate  l)ro\vii.  tlu'  fore  >viiiy;s  y;i'iieruii.>  •>  little  duller  than  the 
hind  winjis.  the  limit«  of  the  belt  iiiiich  as  aimve  lint  only  distinct  next  the  inner  border. 
t'lii-i  iriiiijs  witli  the  costal  border  streaked  with  transverse  black  liars  which  do  not 
ri'acli  the  nervnreexcepliim  next  the  base:  the  cell  is  crossed  liytwo  /.ijr/.aii.  truiisversc. 
lilnck  lines,  one  iinitin^  the  tir^t  branches  of  the  subcostal  and  inedlnn  nervures,  the 
other  parallel  to  it  n  short  distance  within:  further  towanl  the  base  there  Is  an  oblli|iie, 
louiritudinal.  oval,  black  loop  seated  on  the  median  ncrvnre  close  to  the  base  and  pro- 
.iectini;  into  the  cell:  niid  the  apical  portion  of  the  cell,  wlileh  Is  jirayi"'"  "'""  tlu' re>t 
of  the  base.  Is  travi-rsed  by  many  incoiisplenous  curved  threads  of  bhu'klsh  scales  ;  the 
interim'  margin  of  the  extra-medial  licit  is  limited  also  by  a  black  line  over  portions  of 
its  course,  especially  above  and  below  and  there  are  other  short,  black  streaks  next  the 
upper  outer  mnririn  of  the  ci'll:  tlie  portion  occupied  above  by  the  belt  is  grayish, 
made  up  of  a  mixture  of  lirownisli  s!'ales  ,,l  various  shades  from  pallid  to  ferriminoiiN. 
but  i»  coursed  thr<ini:lioiil  by  transverse,  blackish  and  dusky  threads  ;  the  spot  depend- 
ing; frtnii  the  costal  border  is  very  inconspicuous  and  the  outer  border  of  the  belt  very 
obscure,  but  very  frei|iieutly  there  is  a  slender,  brownish  fiillirinous  streak  rnnnini; 
from  its  upper  outer  limit  to  the  centre  of  the  belt  and  then  coiitiiiiiiu^  ilowii  its 
midille:  the  outer  iiiaritiu  is  similar  to  the  upper  liut  darker  and  enlivened  it  the  same 
lime  with  lilaccous  scales,  and  tlie  slender,  blackish  stripe  which  liorders  it  interiorly 
is  nearly  hidden  by  a  series  of  contimious.  slender,  scarcely  ciirvin;;.  pale  eaernleaii 
liliiulcs.  the  friniic  is  cupreous  blue,  tipped  in  tlie  interspaces  with  whitish.  ///»«'  irim/.i 
witii  tile  oelt  better  marked,  its  inner  liordcr  conspicuous  iiy  tlic  distinct  lilai'k  edjjiiiif 
Ihrouuhont  its  course;  within  this  there  Is  a  second  liroken.eiinall/ slender,  transverse, 
black  stripe ;  it  crosses  the  costo-snbeostal  interspace  diagonally,  n.ldway  between  the 
base  and  the  outer  black  stripe,  touchlnjr  the  sulicostal  just  within  Its  llrst  divarica- 
tion: it  crosses  the  cell  in  a  sliiiht  outward  curve,  conneetiny^^t he  bases  of  the  llrst 
liranches  of  the  siilicostiilaiid  iiicdiitu,  and  the  medio-submedian  iulcrspacc  a  little  within 
the  llrst  divarication  of  tlic  iiicdlau:  witliin  this  series  of  transverse  stripes  the  wlii!;is 
dark  ;;rayisli  lirown.  with  basal  and  sii'/basal  patches  of  bluish  slate  lirowii.  and  traversed 
liy  numerous,  short,  transverse  threads  of  lilackisli ;  the  belt  is  much  as  in  llii'  fore 
winss,  but  is  more  iiuiform  and  shows  darker  brown,  faiul  spots  formlnc;  an  obscure 
transverse  series  iu  tlie  middle  of  the  <iuter  two-thirds.     Kriuire  as  in  fore  wiiiirs. 

.Vbdonieii  above  black,  covered  next  the  base  with  brownish  hairs;  beneath,  slate 
vrray.  darker  toward  the  base:  appemhijies  of  imile  (33 :  L'.">,  2i'«)  :  npper^ory;an ;  body 
almost  twice  as  liroail  as  loiiif:  hook  nearly  slraiitht.  compressed,  rapidly  taperini;.  with 
straijrht  sides  on  basal  half.  sli;;htly  depressed  on  apical  half  so  as  to  lie  a  little  ovate 
from  a  superior  view,  bluntly  pointed.  Clasps  fully  iwiec  as  lou'r  as  broad,  of  eipial 
breadth  on  tlie  liasal  half:  lieyoiid  taperiu;;  a  little  and  on  the  apical  [fourlli  rapidly. 
I  he  upper  hinder  aiisl''  very  slisjlitly  produced  and  incurvc<i :  upper  basal  appendasres 
compressed,  nearly  live  times  as  lonsj  as  the  breadth  of  base,  narrowin^i  very  slii;litly 
jusi  beyond  the  base  and  then  suddenly  cxpaudiui;  at  the  upper  c(lu;e  to  twice  the 
lieiirht.  formiui;  a  rounded  lobe,  more  abrupt  posteriorly  than  aiitclorly,  as  Iliaii  as 
broad.  iucliiUMl  a  little  backward;  beyond  this  It  tapers  to  a  point  and  curves  pretty 
stroiiiily  inwarils.  haviiii;  previously  had  only  a  backward  directiou:  Interior  needle 
pretty  broad,  on  basal  half  compressed:  beytuid  taperinit  to  a  point,  a  little  arched  and 
reaching  close  to  the  tip  of  the  clasp. 


iy    ■ 

it 


XYMl'HAI.IXAi:;    ACll.AIS   MIMIDKTI. 


4i)0 


Miii-iirriniiiN  ill  iiillliiiirtrc- 
l.(M>:tll   of  tnllt'lll',  10.1!r>. 

Lriifrili  iif  furu  will); 


iintciiiiMi', 

liiiiil  tiliiai'  mill  tarvl. 

fori-  tiliiai-  anil  tami. 


MAI.KS. 


KKMAI.KS. 


Siiiullol.  Avcniyc 


'id.; 
Id.' 


L»2.A 
11.7.1 


l.nrjjoxt, 


iSiiiiillt'f't.  .\vi'ni)i(' 


i:i. 


N.l 
;i.5       i      4.2.) 


2ft 


l.nrgesr. 


Dpsirlhi'il  from  «  J  1  9 . 


Suffused  variety.  (iii><^f  (Can.  nat. .  \Hx)  speaks  i>r  llmlln;;  iii'iii-  ('iiiii|itiin.  Canailn. 
!i  >|M'(lni('n  i)f  tills  >|)i'ri(!s  liic  winyis  <>!'  wliirli  a;;ive  in  cvitv  ivspcct  witli  tin'  nonnai 
type,  t'xi^t'pt  tiint  ■•tile  lirsl  pair  on  tin'  upper  surface  are  lilacic.  « itii  only  n  row  of 
>iniill.  liiiiistiiict  iiiui  iiiiiiollni'il  I'iMl  spots  In  tlii<  place  of  llio  liroail.  oraniie  liiiiul:  tlie 
lirijjiit,  fiihons  spots  on  tlie  front  margin  are  wanlinj;." 

Egg  (64:;!ii.  In).  I'ale  urass  sjreen ;  rliis  nine  totini  in  nunilier.  ail  reaciiiiiif  fnnii  jii^t 
aliovc  liase  to  suininit ;  surface  smooth,  jillsteniuir.  Mlcropyle  rosette  occnpyimj;  one- 
llilrd  tiie  illanietcr  of  the  space  iielween  tiie  extremities  of  tiie  riiis  and  con^isliiiu;  of 
atiout  leu  kite-siiapeti  cells  around  a  comnioii  ci-ntre,  siirrouiiiled  liy  one  or  two  rows 
of  considerably  larjjer.  anuular  cells,  separated  liy  pretty  hroad  walls,  liie  outer  cells 
iilioul  a  third  or  a  fourtli  as  lai'ne  as  all  the  kite-shaped  cells  toi;e11ier.  Ilcl-riit.  .ii.'i 
mm. ;  lireadth,  .li.'i  mm. 

Caterpillar.  Fimt  sliiijr.  lleaii  (78:.'>4)  dark  olivaceo-fuscous,  the  >utures  lilack: 
mouth  parts  and  tnteiinae  pale,  edged  with  dusky.  Kody  very  pale,  uniform.  ;;reenisli 
yellow,  almost  colorless,  tiie  hairs  liiack.  on  dusky  warts.  I.enifth.  1.7  mm.;  lireadlli 
of  Ijody.  .:!  mm. :  of  head,  .12  iiiiii. 

.Siriiiiil  Kldjif.  Head  (78:."'.'))  black:  mouth  parts  dusky  willi  |iale  annnlaliou^.  liody 
variable,  some  specimens  b(?in;rpnle  yellow  witii  siii^lit  or  somewhat  distinct,  small,  hit- 
iral.  triaui;iiiar,  lonjjitudlnai.  forwa  'd  pointed,  dark  yellowish  brown  spots,  one  ou 
eacli  senmeiiliuaii  infralateral  baud.  Ilieliairs  pale  on  pale  warts;  others  beini;  yellowish 
only  beneatii  and  ou  the  inferior  half  of  tiie  sides,  wliile  above  they  arc  heavily 
mottled  with  dark  rufous  brown,  as  far  as  and  including  tlie  infralateral  baud  of  the 
others;  witliiii  It  are  broad,  pale,  subiiorsal  liands  separated  from  eacli  other  by  only 
an  interrupted  dusky  dorsal  line  :  the  sides  are  variegated  more  or  less  inlerriipliMlly 
with  rallier  irregular,  mottled,  paler  reddish  brown,  or  lu'ownisii  yellow  suprasli;;- 
niatal  and  infrastigmatal  banils;  hairs  lilack  on  dusky  warls.  In  botii  forms  the  Ic  s 
and  prolegs  an' dusky  green  at  base,  iieyoud  aminhile  witii  fnscoiw:  ^piracies  black. 
I.eugth.  ;l..s.)  mm. ;  breadtli  of  liody,  ..">  mm. ;  of  head.  .7  mm. 

Tliiril  slmji.  Head  (78:."iil)  black,  the  warts  black  witli  dark  hairs:  iiioiitli  parts 
dusky  or  lilack.  IJody  umlier  brown  or  very  dark  castancous.  with  narrow,  wavy 
loiigitiidinal  sirlpcsof  pale  leiiiou  yellow,  viz..  a  subdorsal  stripe  more  distinct  on  the 
anterior  tiian  on  tlie  posterior  half  of  the  seginenls.  aii  infrastigmatal.  pretty  uuifoi'iii 
stripe,  and  a  series  of  partially  connected  curved  stripes  on  each  segnieiit.  start iiiit  as 
a  slender  tliread.  from  just  above  tiie  infrastigmatal  stri|ie  and  ari'iiiiig  lietwecii  tlie 
spiracles  to  tlie  suprastigmatal  line,  wlierc  it  is  liroadcst.  ^omelimes  counectcd  above 
the  spiracles  so  as  to  make  a  siiprastigniatal  baud,  iiearl\  ori|Uitea^  iiiiirorm  as  liie  in- 
frastigmatal; beneath  dull  greeiiisli  yellow,  mottled  faintly  with  brownish  vellow. 
tlecks  uio.stly  connected  in  longitudinal  stripes:  prolegs  dull  green  with  narrow 
dusky  muiulatious;  legs  black:  spines  and  hairs  lilack;  spiracles  black  In  n  yellow 
aniiulus.     Length,  .<<  mm. ;  width  of  body.  .'.*  mm. ;  of  head.  1  mm. 

l-'iiiiiili  utiiiji-.  Head  (78:  .">7)  shiuing  bron/.e  black,  tlie  warts  yi^ilowish  white,  with 
mingled  white  and  black  lialrs;  inoutli  parts  dark.  IJody  above,  as  far  as  siiprastig- 
iiiatul  line,  blackish  purple,  enlivened  by  faint,  pale  yellow  warts,  wholly  absent  from 
a  ilorsal  stripe,  the  spines  (86:(li>)  shining  black,  and  the  hairs  arising  from  the  warts 
mingled  jiale  and  dusky,  from  the  spines  blatV ;  interrupted  suprastigmatal  and  con- 
tinuous infrastigmatal.  wavy,  lemon  yellow  strli.ns;  beneath  these  dull  green,  heavily 
mottled  with  umber  brown;  prologs  like  the  surrounding  parts,  the  apex  dusky;  legs 
black;  spiracles  black  in  a  livid  aiiunliis.  Length,  l.'i  mm.:  breadth  of  body.  2.:i."> 
mill. ;  of  head.  l..'i  mm. 


Vck 


.v  i. ■'■'<: 


...  I 

% 


^^■J^ 


421 


iiii;  i;i  riKKii.iivs  (II    m;\v  i:N(iLAM). 


mi^ 


w 


&    '  ■ 


m\ 


w 

)l 

; 

k  ! 

j. 

i  "'^ 

i 

f     •■  Ri't 


ll  i-  llr>l  ill  Mil-  >l;ii{r  lli:il  (lie  liiiiilci'  |mi'l  of  the  Imily  liiToiiic^  ri>ii«iilcr,ilily  lar.'i'i" 
tliaii  lilt'  fi'oiil  piirliiiii. 

/,'i.it  .tliiiji  (74:;lii).  Ili'iiil  |iiTll\  >iiiiHi!li.  --Iiiniii^  piiTinis.  till'  wail«  wliilr.  Iln' 
liaii'"  liliii'k  or  white,  niu'  of  tlu'^r  cIi'miII  iii«.  lai'ifiT  Ihini  ihr  iithtM'>.  ami  M'at<'<l  on 
tlir  >iiiiinilt  III' I'll  her  hair  K  lilark ;  lia-al  juiii'  nf  aiili'iiiiai' jiali'  I'iini'diis.  hevoiiil  lilai'k  : 
iiri'lli  litark  :  hiliniiii  ri'ililisji  lilark;  maxillary  ;iillpl  pillr  I'llomiisal  liasi'.  Iii'vuml  Mark. 
IJiiily  ubiivc  velvety  lilaek,  liehiw  ;;i'eeniili  yelhw,  the  liiiiil  lielweeii  the  twii  lieiiii;  a 
>va\eil  line  jii^l  lielow  the  xpirticlen;  hut  aliove  this  (here  is  a  iiarrnv  yellow  haii'l 
I'liriiied  of  a  series  of  broail  ereseeiits.  eaeh  of  which  starts  from  the  top  of  a  spirach- 
and  eiiil- al  the  liottom  of  Hit- next  in  ailvanre:  these  are  sDiiieilmes  ahlirevlaleil  Intu 
yellow  spulsiin  the  anterior  half  of  the  se;;nioiils;  lielow  this  line,  ami  jiist  aliove  llie 
li'Us.  there  is  a  lirowiiisli  I'liseoiis  Interriipteil  lianil :  there  is  also  a  liroail.  \  eiitral. 
lilaekish  fiisi'oiis  liaiiil;  warts  whitish,  i;ivii:u:  rise  to  white,  sonu'tinies  lilaek  hairs;  in 
some  speeiniens.  espeeially  In  tliosi-  whieli  are  fully  Krown,  the  warts  of  the  upper 
slile  are  of  a  larner  si/e.  of  a  lirownish  yellow  color  anil  sci  thickly  ehistereil,  in  a 
hriiail  ilorsal  liainl  without  sharply  itetlneil  Imrilers,  as  to  ;rive  the  whole  liorsuin  en- 
I'loseil  lietweeii  the  lalerodorsiil  spines  a  sort  of  snnll'eolor,  wilhannrrow,  interrnpled. 
dorsal  line:  spin  's  mostly  lilaek.  those  of  tl(e  Infrastiainatal  series  yellow  with  lilaek 
spiiiiiles;  lint  in  tlie  sniiU'-eolored  spirlmeiis  mentioned  aliove  tliey  have  yellow 
spiniiles  iiml  ill  the  laterosii;.'iiiatal  row.  Imlh  the  splie's  and  spinnles  are  also  to  a 
Lureater  or  less  deirree  yellow.  Spirailes  lilaek.  em  ironeil  with  yellow:  leiis  lilaek : 
the  claws  dark  reddish ;  prole^s  pale  jiiienisli.  I.eiiurth,  '2ii  iiim.  ;  lireadth  of  Imdy, 
l..'-.'>  mill.  ,   leiiuth  of  loiH^est  spine,  I.T.'i  mm.  ;  lireadth  of  head,  '.'..'i  in  in. 

Chrysalis  (83:  I:'',  in.  •'iHi,  Kithur  ;:ri/,/.ly  j{ray.  Ironi  a  pale  hruwii  snrracc 
pretty  iinilormly  and  proriisely  tleekeil  and  creaseil  with  lilaekish  fnlliiiiioiis :  or  pale 
iiulden  u;reeii.  excejitin;:  the  exposed  portion  of  tlie  lower  wiin;s  and  Ilie  ,'didonien  lie- 
yoiid  the  thil'ii  s.jiinent.  which  are  very  pale  salmon  vai'  '  witli  |i;ile  itreeii.  all  the 
creases  pale  rcmiiriiions  and  iiidislim't.      In  the  latter  eas.  ridges  and  hiriicr  proiii- 

iiM'iiccs  of  the  anterior  half  of  the  Imdy  are  more  or  les>  p:iUid.  ed:;cil  and  tl|i|ied  with 
p.ilc  testaceiiiis  and  irrey;nlarly  marked  willi  lilaek-liniwn.  ami  tiic  iiin;;iie  iiml  the  in- 
cisures of  (lie  leys  and  anteiniao  are  inriiscaled.  In  the  dark  forms  these  are  hlackish 
or  lleeked  nmri'  heavily  tliaii  elsewhere,  lint  the  liiesiiiiol;il  tnlicrcle  is  edired  with  pale 
castaneoiis.  In  iioth  cases  the  abiliiinen  has  similar  marklnas  with  dissiinihir  colm-s. 
The  tips  of  the  alidoininal  tnbereles  are  eastaiieons  In  the  dark,  very  pale  castaneoiis  In 
the  liiilit  forms,  in  both  edircd  beneath  with  lilaok.  noticeable  only  in  the  ilark  forms 
(iosse  describes  (ho  tips  of  tlie;*c  tubercles  as  ••  of  the  most  liriUiant  :;old.  like  piilisiud 
melal."  There  is  a  stii;inalal  abdomiiuil  band,  darker  than  the  ;rroiinil,  made  np  of 
short,  bont.  olilhuie  lines  crossing;  the  spiracles  anil  dincted  from  below  npwanl  and 
backward.  The  uroniiil  also,  .'specially  In  llio  paler  forins.  is  slightly  darker  in  a 
broad  Held  on  the  outer  side  of  which  the  siipralateral  Inbercles  of  tliu  abdnmeii  lie. 
w  lileh  has  u  tendency  to  deeper  tones  In  similar  obliiine  inarkin,i;s.  varying;  in  intensity 
ill  difl'orent  speclinens.  and  loaviii-;  a  narrow,  jialer  dorsal  stripe  between  tlieiii. 
There  is  also  a  distinct,  broad,  dark,  ventral  band  eddied  witli  blncklsli  on  all  tlieab- 
iliimiiial  sei;inents,  I'osterinr  iiiai'iiiiis  of  the  sefjments  pale  screen  with  nearly  ei|iii- 
distaiil  fiiscoiis  dots  in  tlie  pale  specimens,  iir  pallid  with  black  dots  in  the  dark. 
Spiracles  testaceous  witli  a  pale  areola;  sides  of  the  creimister  black  or  with  ;i 
lilaekisli  median  streak,  the  prcnnal  lateral  ridges  pallid,  more  or  less  heavily  mar- 
siiied  oil  both  sides  with  black  or  fuscous.  I^un^th.  l-*.."!  nun. :  ^'roatesl  breadth.  (!.  I 
mm.;  breadth  at  ocellar  prominences.  ','>.'>  nun. 

Geographical  distribntion  (20:(i)-  Tlii.s  (•liiinictcrit-tic  iiiciiil)ci-  nt' 
tlic  ("iiiiiiiliau  fixunii  is  found  across  the  entire  continent  of  North  Americii ; 
eastward  it  oci'iirs  in  Nova  Scotia  "rare"  (Jones),  (ape  Hreton  (Tlia.x- 
ter).  Xewfoiindhmd  '"the  most  jiliiindant  of  all  tlie  butterfly  trihe"  ((Josse), 
and  Ciodlioiit  liiver,  southern  Lahrador  (Corneiiii)  :  westward  it  is  found 


N^.Ml'IIAMNAK:    A'.I.AIS    MILUKKII 


42r 


tVnin  N'sM'cdiMcr  I.»Iiuh1  (  FlctcluT)  iind  tlic  (iiilf  of  ( Jctirjfin  i  A.  .\^ii-'*iz, 
Mii.^.  <'i>in|i.  /(H)l.).  til  ccn'riil  ('iilit'oniiii  ( K<l\viir<l>.  iliiilri  :inil  tlic 
Siririi  Nr\a«lii  iiciu  rriickcr  ( McCiliislniii ).  To  tlic  iiurtli  it  i>  n'|»(irt(<l 
tViiin  "nrftic  AiiKM'ica — Ifof^s."  |iri)l>i)lily  tlic  r('i?i(»n  iiliniit  (ii'ciit  Sim*- 
Lake  (  IJiit.  .Mils.),  Fort  Sim|fini  (  NN'liitt-  in  iricliardMin'-  ■lniiincx  ),  ami 
Kurt  William  (Kirliv),  in  the  n'^ioii  la-twccn  .\tlial>a><'n  and  iliiilMoii  Itay 
((irlliki'ii  )•  iit  Mi><>'4(>  Factory,  Hudson  llii\  (Weil  I.  :il  Cliici'  .MiiinitMiii, 
.Moiitaiia  ( ( '(Mies),  tlu'  Laki  nl'  tin-  Wnods  (l>a\vs<i!ii.  ."^aiilt  ."^t.  .Marie 
( I'x'tlinnc ) .  and  at  (jiicltci'  (  linwlcs.  I-Mcs).  Soiitl  ward  it  i>  liuiiid  in 
iiisidcraldc  aliiindancc  iit  tli<'  upper   limits  oC  tlic  .Mici^lianiiii   raiiiia    an<l 

as    till'   sdiilli    as    Lmiil;    Island    ((Jracl), 


h 


las  i'\cn    lu-cn    seen    iiccasKUiallv 


\U 


.'<<tatcu      Island     (Andrews)     and     I'liiladclpliia    (  lliake,    Iteakirt  i  :     otln 


itiiern  Idealities  west  (iC  .New    j'^uiiland   are  .Vll>an\   and 


■^eiiiiaru'  ( 


Liiit- 


ner).  W  i',st  Farms  (,\nffiis),  Fallsltiirf.'  ( liiiekwond.  Mils.  eomp.  zixd.), 
Itiiaea  (  I'aiker.  .Mend),  Fredonia  (.Mark)  and  Kdcliesier,  .\ .  V.  (  I'id- 
wards):  ('le\«'land.  ••amoiiji;  tlie  nid.»t  rare  >peeie-  (Kirtlandi.  ••selddiii 
seen"  (  Kirkjiatriek  ) .  and  Itdckpdrt,  ( >liid  (  Kirtlan<l )  :  I.duddii,  ( >ut.  ■■usu- 
ally edinuidu"  (Saunders),  Sdiitli  Mieliiiian  ■•rjiiM-'"  ( llarriii<;ti)n  ) .  Illindi> 
(Ueakirt).  Minnesota  (Seiidder).  lioeky  Mmintains,  ('iddcado  (lieakirt. 
Mead,    Snow,    l*iitnam).    .Sniumit    (o.,    Itali    (I'litnam),    Ni 


.M( 


(.Snow)  au<l  .\i'i/dua  (Murrisdii). 

It  is  t'oiind  almost  tlirdiiLrlidnt  New  i'^iiifjiind.  ImiI  i>  i  \treiiiely  rare  in 
tlie  sontliern  portidiis  :  the  duly  iii-tanees  kiidw  u  td  me  ol  it>  neeiirrenee 
in  ( 'diiiu'etieiit  are  .New  Haven  (Suiitli).  Ndi'wieli  a  sini:le  .specimen 
(.MeCiirdy)  ami  Fannin<rton  (NOrtdii).  In  tlie  ('aml>ridjre  .Museiiiii  is  a 
specimen  taken  lu'ar  'I'aiintdii.  Mas«..  Ii\  (i.  W.  I*«'ppcr :  alioiit  Hostim, 
except  dccasidiially,  it  is  e.\cccdiiiL''ly  rare,  lint  is  alrcadv  a  rather  conimon 
species  in  Williamstdwii  (.Seudder)  ami  sdnii  other  part>  df  Hcikshirc  Co.. 
.Mass.  (Miiidt),  as  well  as  in  Walpole  (Smith).  DiiMiii  (  i'axon ).  Mil- 
tord  (Whitney)  and  the  l.sic  of  .Shoals,  N.  II.  (Thaxter).  Still  further 
north  it  is  very  aluindant,  often  the  eoinnainest  s|>ei'ies  in  its  season,  and 
is  plentiful  in  the  "'liite  Monntain  reui""  itself.  Hyinji  td  the  liij.diest 
summits 

Haunts.  ''-.■  .uttcrfly  is  tditnd  nidst  alamdant  liy  the  roadxidc, 
osiK'ciallv  ainoii'r  the  hills  and  l»v  the  inar<rin  of  forests  :  in  the  AXIiite 
Mountains  it  is  frequently  scon  in  company  w  itli  INdyir"nia  fniinns  :  it  is 
rather  wary,  ea.siost  taken  when  settled  with  expanded  winji's  in  the  road  ; 
it  is  alwaVvS  fcamd  in  sunnv  <  xiiosurcs.  is  fdud  of  restinji'  on  drv  leaves 
.scattered  o\or  tlic  jiionnd  in  sprinji,  and.  like  many  other  early  hntterflipu, 
is  attrnetwl  In  the  ldos(<onis  of  the  lilac. 

Oviposition.  At  noon  one  .Inne  day  I  noticed  two  feniHJos  endcavor- 
in<r  to  lay  cpp.*  on  a  jiateh  of  nettles  iiy  the  roadside  at  Scnrhoro.  Mc, 
tlidujjh  they  were   often  dixturhed   liy  pas.sers  hy.      One  nlightcil  a  {Jtreaf 


At 


.m 


426 


iiiK  miTKmi.iKs  ui-  m:\v  kn(;i,am>. 


■  Vfi 

■  I? 
,*■ 
■J  - 


ftg 


■I 


inanv  tiiiicn  siiiil  tell  iiroiiiid  xvitli  lici'  iiImIuiiicii,  uIwii\x  on  tlic  uiidcr  Miii'tiice 
of  tlu!  Iciivi'M,  1)1(1  ii|i|>iii'L'n(ly  witliotit  ^oitiNtiiclioii.  Kiiuilly  hIic  «I>i|i|k-(I 
liiii<;<-i'  tliiiii  iiHiial  on  n  li>at' h*'cuii<I  or  tliird  from  the  (op,  alioiit  two  iiiclifd 
lonjr.  wliiili  liatl  it.«  «<l}f«'s  still  toj^utlior,  and  at'trr  mIii-  had  k-ft  I  found 
two  lai'.'f.  |iartially  Niipcrpotiod  Imnchft*  i>f  i'f,'};K,  l(IM-.')(Hl  in  all,  which  she 
had  not  had  time  to  lay.  mo  tlint  otiur  feinali'ti  had  found  (his  siunc  leaf 
attractive.  Search  for  e^^^s  atditierent  times  with  easy  success  showed  that 
leaves  are  ^^enerally  chosen  rather  aliove  the  nii(Ulle  of  the  upper  half  of 
the  plau(,  l>ut  uo(  at  the  extreme  sununit.  The  ejrgs  are  usually  laid  with 
no  re<;idarity,  in  confusetl  heaps,  of  ahout  three  or  four  layers,  and  ati 
enormous  numher  umst  he  laid  l>y  single  individiuds.  I  counted  7!)  in  <uu* 
patch  (  11..')  mm.  lon<;  and  \.1'>  nun.  hroatl).  Till  in  another  (  ]^..*i  nnu. 
lon^r  and  !>.*>  nnu.  hroad),  and  estiuuited  that  a  tl.<i-d,  which  was  ahout 
20  nnu.  \on<(  and  1  mm.  hroad  luui  ahout  .')(!(>,  while  a  fourth  2S  nnu. 
lonj,'  and  •'•  mm.  luoail  nuist  have  ciiiitained  !HKt  (64:10).  Several 
tinu's  I  ha\e  foiuid  two  or  mine  patches  on  the  same  leaf.  .Sonu-tiuu-s, 
however,  they  arc  laid  in  a  siuffle  layer  spread  widt'ly  over  the  leaf',  and 
II.  U.  (iill)crt  once  fouiul  them  "loosely  scattered  over  the  upper  -ide, 
eoverinj;  nearly  half  the  leaf"  (Can.  cut.,  xvii :  \Xl).  They  are  usually 
laid  near  the  middle  of  the  leaf,  and  •generally  on  one  side  only  of  the 
niidrih.  Kven  when  heaped,  the  ey;},'s  usimlly  have  a  n:eneral  uprijfht 
position,  especially  those  next  tlu'  leaf,  hut  in  reality  take  a  jrood  many 
directions  :  adjacent  tncs.  however,  lie  umch  in  the  same  way.  and  souk-  of 
those  on  top  may  lie  upiut  their  sides.  The  ejr^'s  hatch  in  aliout  six  days. 
The  ejrjfs  are  very  tou};h  and  elastic,  and  adhere  strouff'y  to  one  another, 
so  that  they  are  dittieult  to  separate. 

Food  plants.  1  It*-'  caterpillars  of  this  hutterHy  feed  upon  the  common 
luttle,  I'ltica  dioica  L..  and  d<jid»tles8  also  upon  other  s|)e<'ies,  tlioU';h  they 
cannot  he  raised,  ateordinjr  to  Kdwards  and  (Jilhert,  on  the  Itroad  leaved 
species.  They  feed  readily  on  l'.  jriHcilis  .Vit.  Edwards  (Ilayd.  IWdl., 
iv  :  ."tltt)  says  that  Mead  fouiul  thein  in  (."ol4)rado  fee«linjjf  in  j^rtat  muu- 
liers  on  willow  I  Hut  .Mead  himself  in  Wheeler's  Heport  says  he  found 
them  on  nettle  ahout  Denver. 

Habits  of  the  caterpillar.  The  young  creatures  on  escapiii>r  fnuu 
the  ejjg  do  not  stop  to  devour  them  in  the  least,  hut  after  eatin<;  a  portion 
or  the  whole  i)f  the  leaf  on  wliieh  they  nre  horn,  elimh  to  the  sununit  of 
the  plant  hy  weuviufi:  a  silken  jiath  ;  within  a  day  they  smear  the  whole 
sununit  with  a  weh  and  nuiy  he  seen  swarminj;;  (for  they  are  highly  gre- 
garious in  early  life)  ujton  the  dried,  curving  projections  of  the  leaves  upon 
which  they  so»)n  fasten  themselves  for  a  moult.  'I'hey  feed  crowded  side 
hy  side,  and  on  the  least  «listurhanee  raise  their  heads  and  front  part  of  the 
hody  at  right  angles  to  the  rest  and  wag  them  slowly  in  concert,  produc- 
ing a  ludicrous  eHcet.      I'hey  are  generally  found  on  the  upper  sm-fuee  of 


'M- 


NYMIMIAMNAi::    .\(;i,.\IS   MIl.llKUri 


127 


iV 


tlio  li'iit'uixl.  until  liiiK  •;i-i>\vii,  iniiko  im  iittriii|it  wIimIcmi' In  iittii-cil  ilitni- 


m: 


I'h 


ACtn'  tlic   tliiri]  iniMilt.  \\\wi\  tlicv  liaw   iittiiliicd   liiilt'  tlicir  m/v 


tlu'V  (|iiit  tl\»'s<'  wt'li.H  iiiitl  xciittcr  dxt'i'  tin-  iicijj:lilMiiin;i'  |iliiiit-i.  Ii\in;:  fiiij-lv 
oi'  liv  siniill  roni|miiii'.«  ot'tluei'  or  f'tiir,  ••It'iiviiiff  tluii'  dcM-itnl  liiiliitaliim- 


iiicir 


IcaHt 


Ntalk".  roM'i'cil    with   tlio  <li>nH(>  aixl  cloili-iiivc  wcli.  and  uitli 


the  fxiTi'incnf  and  .«l<>ii<j;licd   wkiiis  of  tlu'  i'at('r|>illar*"  ( ( ici-sc ).      At  tlii- 


tiiiu- 


tl 


ii>\'  Dccasioiia 


ll\  collect  tocrctln 


ai'<rcr  or   sinallcr   iiiniiiici 


II. 


Ill 


iiicoin|i!ct('ly   cIommI  Icmvc^  of  iifttlc  l»iit  tlicv  Icinc  tlic  iic«t  to  feed  in  tlic 
iiio!<t  cxjiox'd  iiianiicr. 

'I'lic-c  iiot«  (81:  1 1  iirc  tlioroiijriilv  closed  next  tlic  lia»e  of  the  leat.  the 
»mI;'i'>  liaxiny;  liecii  closelv  drawn  together  with  "lilk  nloii''  the  l>a.«al  half  of 
tlio  h'lif :  to  ert'cct  which,  an  irrcfrnhir.  trian;rnlar  notch  is  «'iitcn  dose  to 
the  liii>c  (81:-!)<  ciittin<j:  throii^rh  one  or  liotli  of  the  |>rinci|ial  lateral  rihs 
«liich  spring'  from  the  verv  hii.-e  of  the  leuf.  ieuxin^  two  consi(h'rah!e  Haps 
mIucIi  are  fastened  l>eiieath  tlie  stem  iiy  tlieir  ti|is,  tliiis  iicntlin^  the  loaf  at 
a  stronjj'  anjfh"  lietween  the  deepest  parts  of  the  notches  :  the  edjies  ot"  the 
notch  are  then  united,  closiiij;  completely  the  pocketed  liasc  of  the  leaf: 
the  opposite  «'Xtreniity.  liowe\«'r.  Hares  coinplcteiy  open,  hut  liy  the  lieiid 
in  tlic  h'lif  is  hidih'ti  from  view  alio\e.  I  hinc  never  found  any  of  tiii'se 
leaf-nests  the  apical  third  or  half  of  which  wi'rc  not  eaten,  so  that  I  suspect 
an  eaten  leaf  is  chosen  at  the  start.  The  caterpillars  arc  sometimes  so 
ahmidant  in  certain  places  that  the  nettles  hy  the  roadsid*'  are  fairly  Mack 
with  tlieni.      ^VIlen  yonn<'-  they  do  not  hear  coidineinent  «ell. 

Life  history.  There  are  three  Inoods  annually.  Iiotli  the  InitlerHics  and 
chrysalids  hilK'niatin^' :  the  forinei-  make  their  appciirance  liy  tiie  middle  of 
Mureh  while  the  snow  is  still  upon  the  jrroniid  :  and  where  IC.  aiitiopa  is 
found  hilt  rarely,  as  in  Newfoundland,  it  i»  the  earliest  hiitterfly  on  the 
win<r.  The  chrysalids  disclose  their  liiitterHies  soiiietimes  early  in  April, 
and  hoth  new  and  old  continue  on  the  win^  until  nearly  the  cud  of  May, 
at  tlu'  White  .Monntaiiis  until  .Iiiiie.  They  lay  their  eu'L's  on  the  yoiiiiir 
nettles  late  in  April  and  in  May.  and  the  caterpillars  \n"/\i\  to  chancre  to 
ihrysalids  in  the  first  half  of  June  :  after  passiiiir  from  t«'ii  to  twoUc  days 
ill  this  jitate,  the  first  hrood  of  liutterHies  from  chrysalids  of  the  i*aiiio  year 
makes  it!<  appearance,  ^ny  about  the  miiMIe  of  .hiiie.  and  iicconies  aliiindant 
liy  the  21st. — at  least  in  the  southern  portions  of  its  ran^e.  The  liutterHies 
continue  o\\  the  win;;  until  after  the  middle  of  .liil\  :  the  eyjrs  are  laid  v«'rv 
soon  after  tlu-  eelosion  of  the  liiitterHy  :  cat«'rpillar>  may  he  found  during 
July,  and  after  the  usual  period  in  the  chrysalis  state,  sometimes  shortened 
to  fiv«^  (Fischer)  or  e^en  four  days  ( Hillinjr").  the  second  hrood  of  hiittei- 
flies  appears  :  this  is  at  the  very  end  of  July  or  sonwtimcs  very  curly  in 
.Vnjjnst.  and  the  hiitterflies  continue  to  enierjjre  until  at  least  tlic  ini<ldle  of 
.\iigiiHt.  These  must  oviimsit  at  once,  for  the  caterpillars  arc  full  ffrown 
at  the  end  of  .\njrust  and  ap[iear  as  liutterHies  early  in  .Septcmhcr  hefore 


,   ■'.  ;,■(■'.. 


'  '? 


V   4 


n    i 


:^F 


<  tw. 


HI? 


428 


riiK  m  Ti'KKn.iKs  ok  nkw  kncji.and. 


tliimc  *it'  the  pi'ovioiiM  Ih-iumI  liiivf  (]ii«a|)|)V)irc4l ;  troin  wliicli  oiii*  nii<r|it  int'ci- 
that  thi  10  arc  only  ♦«(>  hroods,  the  .siH'ond  |m>liiii<<;ctl  liy  tlie  tliIatiniin'H,x  (if 
H<».iK'  hiittoiriicfi  ill  hiyinjj  thfir  I'fy^s  ;  hut  tliw  hardly  aj>|icai>  tts  hv  tin- casii". 
A  portion  ot'tlic  chrysalidH  ot'tlii;  hl^4t  hrood  remain  over  winter  and  some 
•^ive  l)iitli  to  the  l)ntterfly  a»  hite  an  tlie  first  week  in  Oetoher.  Tlie 
l)iitterlty  may  occasionally  lie  t'oiind  even  to  the  middle  of  N'ovenilier.  It 
hiliernateM  under  stones  tuuntl  in  piles;  thus  flack  (Can.  en!.,  wii :  oO) 
tbiind  scvonii  under  a  stone  t'eiiee  "two  lU' more  almost  idway.<  t'oiuid  under 
the  same  stop"  or  near  tofjether."  and  (Josse  ( Ihid.,  xv  :  4!>)  ibiind  one 
halt' torpid  ''on  a  stone  in  the  imuIs' of  a  loot^e  heap":  liut  he  also  had 
one  hrought  him  t'roin  a  harn-lot'l. 

Flight  and  attitudes.  The  hutterHy  lias  a  rapid,  lively  Hi^lit,  not 
unlike  that  ot'the  Polvyoniae.  When  at  rest  the  winits  are  usiiallv  either 
tiuhtly  closed  or  spread  in  a  perfectly  horizontal  plane,  the  fore  and  hind 
winj^s  heiiiff  so  placed  that  the  cidored  hand  ot'the  upptr  surtiu'e  is  contiii- 
nous  ;  sometimes,  however,  the  wings  are  slightly  raise«l  o/  ev»'ii  a  very 
little  depressed.  The  body  is  clevate<l  at  an  angh-  ot'  ahoiit  20" :  the 
antennae  ar(>  raised  at  an  angle  of  ahoiit  :J.'>°  with  the  limly  and  spread  at 
an  angle  of  !M)°,  their  tips  heiii!'  1.')  mm.  apart. 

When  at  ctmiplete  rest  as  if  in  sleep,  the  hind  legs  arc  thrust  hack  and 
the  middle  pair  widely  spread,  so  that  the  body  nearly  or  (piite  touches  the 
ground  :  the  wings  are  folded  hack  to  hai'k,  as  described  ahove,  and  the 
.intennae  are  enclosed  between  them,  their  tips  toui-hing  the  costal  border 
of  the  hinder  |iair. 

EnemiOB.  Although  so  numerous,  comparati\ely  few  aiuiimn  cater- 
pillars pass  beyond  the  larval  state,  the  larger  [troportion  falling  victims  to  a 
para.sitic  Hy,  Apanteles  atalanlae.  Jn  one  instance,  of  twenty-five  larvae 
which  1  placed  in  my  breeding  cage,  only  five  became  chrysalids.  From 
(he  body  uf  each  ot' the  others,  when  full  grown,  a  num!)v.'r  of  worms  emerged 
.ind  spun  themselves  up  in  small,  white  cocoons,  placed  vvitli  perfect  regu- 
larity side  l)y  side,  forming  a  compact  bundle,  usually  round  in  form,  made 
up  f)f  from  twenty  to  sixty  cocoons,  the  whole  enveloped  in  a  cottony  sub- 
stance (88:  !•)).  The  cocoons  are  in  every  instance  spun  underneath  the 
larvti ;  an  the  mass  increa8«>s,  the  body  of  the  exhausted  larva  above  it  i» 
raised  up  from  the  leaf  (U- stem  on  which  it  rested,  and  embraces  the  l)undlo 
in  its  curve.  'I'he  larva  presents  us  with  an  instance  of  great  tenacity  <if 
life ;  even  when  every  portion  of  its  body  has  been  honeycombed  by  the 
«'scape  of  the  large  number  of  jjarasites  which  it  had  nourished — siitticient, 
one  would  suppose,  to  produce  speedy  tlcath — "I  have  known  its  life  to  bo 
prolonged  for  a  period  of  seven  days  thereafter"  ( Lintner,  I'na-.  ent.  soe. 
I'hil.,  iii :  02).  'Phesc  parasites,  which  Mr.  V.  S.  .Spragiic  and  afterwards 
Miss  Soule  unwittingly  sent  me  in  the  body  of  their  host  from  Vermont,  lit' 
in   tlu'  body  of  the  <'aterpillar  in  great  nuinliers  with   their   heatis  directed 


K 


NYMI'IIAMNAK:    ACI.AIS    .\|||.l:i;i!  I  I. 


4211 


liiickwai'd.    'J'lu'  first  titki-ii  one  liiis  (tfilu'ir  |ii'i'»fiicc  i.-  in  M'lin^'  .■.unic  jtiilc 


jfri'i'iiisli  vi'llow  worms  .">  iinu.  loiij;'  iiiid  1  nun.  Iiniitil,  piisliinu'  tlicir  wjiy 
thniii};!)  ii|K'rtiiiTs  tlu'v  had  niiulc  in  the  sides  <il'  their  liost.  I'heir  niove- 
ineiits  iiH'  vei'v  sh)\v  iind  tlicir  |i!iss»<;e  efiVeted  thniniih  excerdinjrly  .-iniill 
<i|u'niiijfs  l)y  l)lo!itiii<^  the  front  pint  when  it  lias  eiiieijfed.  and  so  Minee/in;; 
their  way  out.  In  the  instanees  in  whi<'li  I  ha\e  olisei'M'il  it  tliey  eiiiei'jfi'd 
tVoni  their  host  late  in  Aiiifiisf  and  throiii^ii  Sentenilier.  and  the  Hies  a|>- 
jieared  in  alioiit  ten  (hiys. 

Miilierti  has  other  enemies.  <io>se  mentions  one  ot'  liie  It  ii.ieiiinonidae 
wlii<'h  issues  from  this  eiirysalis.  wliieli  i>  then  like  |iolislied  t'old  in  front. 
liiifXi'd  witli  j;reeii.  I*erha|is  this  is  lelmeninon  riifiveiitris  {88:  1)  reared 
liy  I )immock  from  this  eiirysalis.  Mr.  Kdwards  also  records  an  lli-mi|iteroii 
ealnily  siiekinii'  the  eatcr|>illai's  in  one  ot'  their  retreats.  There  is  alsc.  a 
parasite  of  the  i'jj^l;,  'l'ri<'hof^riinmr.i  inten.iedinm  (89:  ■"')  "lii<'h  <-itines  out 
of  it  alioiit  tc-n  dtiys  after  xU  time  of  lititehm^. 

Dssidorata.  I'he  special  atteiwion  of  ol>ser\crs  >lioiild  lic  directeil 
toward  the  seasons  of  this  insect  after  midsnniiiier.  to  determine  \\hether 
theri"  ,ire  ci'rtainly  two  liriMids  :n  the  latter  half  of  the  year.  Doiihtlcss 
-one  inodiKcatioi)  ot"  the  history  uiven  here  would  Ik'  necessary  farther 
north.  Is  it  .in''vliere  single  lirooded?  In  New  KiiLrhind.  how  la  rye  a 
proportion  of  the  latest  chrysalids  remain  iinchan^'cd  throiiiiii  the  winter? 
and  what  ett'eet  d<>  they  iiave  upon  the  comparatiN'c  altimdance  of  the  early 
sprinjx  riiifht  of  Inittertiies?  The  cnrions  statement.-  ot'  .Mcsm-s.  Fischer 
and  nillin<i's  lead  one  to  ask  how  ot'teii  :iiid  under  what  circumstances 
chrysalids  will  disclose  tln'ir  inmates  in  so  short  a  lime  as  four  or  fiM'tlays ':* 
lias  weather  any  eHi'ct  in  4'hanu:ii>y  the  lar\al  haliits,  as  seems  to  lie 
tii()n<rht   1)V  Messrs.    Kdwards  and   (iilliert    (Can.    ent..    xvii  :  1><7-IH8 ) ';• 


I) 


Ol'S    1 


t  ex-er  li'o  into  hiliernatioii  in   Anuiist. 


jirop<'an   cnnLTciicr   i.« 


'  I'.";- 


■■^M 


said  sometmie.'^  to  do : 


LIST  OF  ir.t.lsl  li'M  li>\.s.-  Ai,/.M.s   \lll.r.i:ill  I. 


h:<.iii. 


I'l.  ihi.  ti^'.  ;»>.    riiiiii. 

4l».     «  Ill-Ill 


Ciiteiiiilliir, 


I'l.  74.  tlft.  :;ii. 


Mtitiii 


<•  iiili'rpilliir. 


iS:.")4-fiT.    KniMi  view  of  lii'iiil,  >l."u'i>  i-iv 
SI : :).     Xi'Sl,  ci|ii'inil  to  -liijw  H-  ciin-ir;!! 


lion. 


4.     N'i'>l,  (im.«iilc  view. 


s<l;tt»l.     ItiTiiml  iiiipciHliiirrof  fniiiili -liiiii- 

I'l.  s;t.  ll(.'.  4!1.    Slili'Vii  \v. 

4».    SliU'  vlfw  ill  mitliiif. 
M,     l>(iri-al  view  ill  uiitlilif. 


I'l. 


liii.  ( 
I;!:  111. 


It..>l'  -iirhic' 
rplHT  Mirfii 


.11  :'.'.'>,  '.'li.     Mall'  uliiluiiiiiial  :i|i|m'|ii|m 


:i:<;i;i. 
.V! :  I . 


NiuiatHiii. 
-Iili'  \ 


Ml'  liiail  ami   a|i|ii'iiila;:ry 
ilar;;vil,  Willi   ili't;:!!-  of  the -1  lan'IIM f 


tlir  Ir 


til. 


I'l.  '.'II.  li;;.  li.     I>i>ii'il>iitii>ii  in  Niirtli  Aimrlra. 
ss:  1.     IrliiiiiniiMii  nillMiilris.  a  jiariisltc. 

l:l.    < 'iM II-  of  Aiiaiitrlcs  alalaiitac.  a 

|iaia>i(o. 

S!i;S.    'I'rirlKi^'raiiiiiia    liitiriiu'iliiiiii,  (');>; 

|.ar:i>it«'. 


430 


iiii:  111  iTKmLiKs  (>!•  m:\v  r,N(;i,.\Ni) 


SKCTIOS    ir. 


Wiii;i;<' III'  iinimii  with  I'liiindcil  aii.i;U'>:  iiiiilr  aliiliniiiiial  a|i|iuii<lii;;>'>  haviiii;  llu' liciuk 
111'  ii|i|H'i'  iiritaii  iiKMli'nilflv  laii;i'  and  iml  iiicuii»|iiiii(Mi>:  iiifcriur  iii'iiis  (U>vt'lii|)cil  iiiln 
Uiwii-  Imckwani  (lii'ccti'il  n|i|ii'ri(lH;:c».  ri'iilaciii;;  liic  lm»al  iiiipiT  proruss  of  tlii<  ('I»<.|>'> 
ulilcli  is  ciitirrly  waiiliim:  cla-ii-  a-  limir  a».  or  loiii;»'r.  tliaii  Itroad.  ('liry-.aliH 
limi'li  less  sli'oliifl.v  aiii:nlali'il  lliaii  in  tlii'  in'crciliii;;  i;i'oii|i.  the  MilicrcltH  liluiit. 

<iKM.i:\ :  Vanessa,  Jiinoiiia. 

VANKSSA    KAI?|{I(irs. 


\  ;mi»-.ii  l''alir..  III.  mil;;,  ml..  \i:j^.  (INIT):- 

i,;;tr.,<  <lll^lll.,  41li(l'"'U>i. 
I'>  r;iinri«  lliilni..  \  riv.  mIiiiiiII..  :!."  ( l>lii). 
ll!i>«;Ml«  Ihllili..  Kviit.  M'hliirtt..  .'  i  |s|IU-.'h. 


(■(iitlila  Sti'|ili..  [iiir  l'':ilir. |.  Ilrll.  nil.,  Ilaii«l., 

IT  ll«->Tl. 
AiiiiiilralN  lli'iiii..  *  iiii>|>im|..  Hi  |  l,s:t-J). 
i'liiiiir-^ii  Mi.l(il|..k> .  Hull.  .Miivr..  x:S(i(l.s;iT). 
7///»/'.— /V//I.  iiliiliiitlit  Lhnt, 

.\iiil  I  aihiiii'ril  ami  limk  iii>  jiMil 

Willi  i'rii"il«  111'  liappv  tliiiiv  tin-  wliilr: 
Willi  o|ifii  m'Im'I  liiiiti'rtlii"> 
That  «\Miiii;  ami  -jU'rail  tlirir  iirarixU  rxr*, 
A"  If  tlicv  carril  mi  mhhh'  Ici  rHf 
l''riiiii  nil  llirir  lii'il*  III  raiiiiiiiiilr. 

.li'vN   lMii:i.ii«.     Siliiihi,-  iiii'i  Ciirii' iiii'i-. 

Imago  1 53 -ri )  llrail  laiuc  iiiiiriniiilv  ami  iIimi^i'Iv  riiM-iTil  wiili  iniinjUil  loim.T 
a  kI  sliorlcr  hail's.  Kront  iiinili'i'ali'lv  lull.  s|ii;|iil\  iii'iiliihi'iaiil  in  Ihr  iniilillr  or  jiisl 
iiciow  il.  a«  liroati  a».  or  >lii;lill.v  iiarrou ir  llian.  Ilir  t'\i'».  sllalillv  liroaiirr  liian  iiiuli, 
llic  ii|i|M'r  liorilcr  liollowi'd  in  Irunt  <<r  liir  anli'iinar.  rallirr  liroadlv  Iml  iiriiMiiiiriiliy 
ciiin  f\  ill  llir  mid  llr.  tlir  po-lrriin  iMicniilv  «r!l  roiindcil:  lower  liordrr  limadly 
roniidi'd.  till'  niidtlli'  liall'  nearly  »lraiL'lii  \'erle\  >niall.  nil  her  I  inn  id  lraiis\  er^e,  siili- 
iriaiiifiilar.  .vltli  ^lender,  lateral  exten^'oiis;  posterior  Imrder  eon\e\.  anterior  willi  a 
iiiediiin  eonvexiiy:  posterior  liorder  ol'  Hie  I'ves  opposite  liiatol'  tlu'verle.v:  eyes 
larire,  lidl.  sparsely  pilose  with  slmrl.  delicate  Iniirs.  .\iitennae  iiiserti'd  in  Hie  niiddie 
of  till'  siiiiimit  in  disliiirl.  pretty  deep  pits,  eonneeted  liy  a  ii.irrow  Iml  orelly  deep 
siile.'itioii.  their  liases  distant  from  e.aeli  other  by  H\  iee  Hie  \\  idlli  of  tin- ant  <  niial  stalk, 
oiitwnriiiy  nearly  loiieliinu  the  eye:  more  than  half  as  loiii:  a^'iiiii  as  tlie  alidoineii.  eon- 
slstini;:  of  from  thirty-nine  to  forty-one  joint-,  the  last  eleven  ilexelopiim:  into  a  spatii- 
liite  eliili.  the  last  '  ii  of  wlii'-h  forms  a  mlniite,  sharply  poinied.  short,  eoiileal  tip, 
1)1, t  othei'wlsi'  liroadi..  roiiiKied  at  tlie  eMreinitv .  ihe  last  finir  joints  entering;  Into  tli<> 
ili'i'i'iase  of  si/e :  I  he  eliili  is  I  Wo  and  a  Indf  times  loiiLcer  than  liroad  and  iheliinet 
liroader  Hiaii  Hie  stalk,  strongly  d<'pri>s-eil.  I'alpi  eompai'l.  sioin.  two  and  a  lialf  time.'* 
longer  lliaii  tlu"  eye.  Hie  teriniind  joint  aliont  oiie-thinl  as  lonu  as  the  peniiltiin.'ile, 
densely  elotheil  w  ith  scales  and  the  penult i mate  with  a  few  rather  short .  erect  hairs  on 
Hie  apical  lialf  aliovc  and  a  fi'«  similar  Iml  spreadin:;.  cnrM'd  iiaii-s  on  tin'  lower  half 
of  the  sides.  Papillae  oeciipyiim;  the  apical  Iwelfih  of  the  toiiune.  of  \ai'yim; 
sliape.  sli'iiiler.  aliont  four  limes  as  Imi^  a-  liroail.  or  alioni  a-  Ion::  as  the  width  of 
one  .s|dc<if  Hie  tonifne  lieyomi  the  inediaii  canal,  tin'  tip  truncate  and  ciip-sliaped.  tho 
rim  with  four  or  live  thorns  half  as  lotiir  as  tlie  central  IllamenI  wlili'h  Is  shorter  Hiaii 
the  width  of  the  clip:  sitmitcd  lieilPatii  tile  outer  edae  of  Hie  toimne  and  so  distant  as 
to  nearly  leaM'  room  for  two  more  lictween  uach  pair. 

I'rotlioriieic  lolies  (61 :  .'IT )  larac.  rcniform.  Iniiild.  of  nniform  length  tlii'inialioiil, 
etirv  Iti.a  downward.  Hie  ends  well  rounded,  half  as  hiiih  aaain  as  hmnr  and  nearly  four 
times  as  hroad  as  lony;.  I'atn.aia  scarcely  convex,  very  liroad  and  well  ronnded  at  the 
Imse.  the  Imsal  three-lifths  taperlnu  v«M'y  rapidly,  the  apical  two-llftlis  forming  a  very 
slender,  nearly  nnll'orin.  eipial.  pointed  tinker.  scHreely  cnrvlna;  downward. 

Kore  willits  (33:  \'i)  more  than  half  as  lotiu:  a.irnlii  ns  liroad.  the  costal  liorder  very 
liroadly  ronnded.  slightly  more  toward  Hie  npcx:  ontcr  liorder  hrondly  slnnons.  reced. 


NYMI'IIAI.INAK:   TlIK   (IKNTS    VANKSS.V. 


431 


inu  iriiisi  ill  ilii>  >iilK'<i-.tii-iiii-ilimi  iiiti-i'o|ia('i'.  IIh'  itjifx  iniiiiili'il  <iM'.  llic  iiiiici'  nitii';;iii 
iii'iii'ly -iriiiulit.  sliirlitly  siimoii^.  ilic  lower  aiitfli;  roiiiiili'il.     First,  sii|ii'i'ii>r  siilxosinl 

iii'i'viili'  I'liilttcd  II  littlu  licvoiiil  lli<>  iiiiililli'  III'  II iiii-r  Iwo-ill'iliN  III'  ilic  ii|i|M-r  iiitirtfiii 

III'  the  ('I'M:  stTiilul.  Illllt'  WilV  lii'twi'cll  the  iirJKill  nl'  llie  lil'^l  illlil  the  li|i  ul' IIil>  cell  : 
llilnl.  at  aboiil  llie  "iaiiie  ilUtaiiee  lielnre.  a«  the  lia>e  ul'  tliu  roiirtli  i^  lieyniiii.  a  iioiiit 
iiiiilwa.v  lietweeii  the  ll|i  of  the  ii|i|ier  iiiarjiiii  of  tile  cell  anil  the  apex  of  llie  Willi;: 
seeiiiiil  liifei'ioi'  ■^iiheo-.tal  lierviile  iii'i>iiiy;  lint  a  very  Nliort  lUslaiiee  ilown  the  I'ell :  the 
liilti'r  two-llftlis  the  leii:;th  of  the  wiiit;  ami  scareely  three  lliiio  a>  Ion;;  a^  liroail. 
l.a>t  iiieiliaii  iierviile  eonneeteil  liefore  the  iiiiilille  of  its  lia-al  enrve»itli  the  vein 
elo!.iiiir  the  cell. 

Illml  wlni;.s  with  the  eostal  lioriler  pretty  -.troii:;ly  aniheil  at  the  very  lia»e.  Iievoml 
nearly  straly;lit.  a  little  lioweil.  the  oiiler  iiuira;in  well  ronnileil,  siareely  le>»  «o  in  the 
iiiiilille  half,  >ll;:htly  cremilale.  Ihe  iipex  well  ronnileil:  the  inner  lioriler  enhii'ifiiii;  at 
the  liaKe,  beyoiiit.  to  a  >'liort.  ilKtanee  past  the  iniilille  of  tin-  uiiii;.  slraiirht.  then 
ronnilly  exirlseil ami  t'oiiMiiniiii;  parallel  to  |t>  previous  eonrse.  the  outer an:;le  rounded. 
I'reeosial  iiiM'Mii'e  ori!;inntiM;!  at  a  little  distani'c  lieyond  Hie  divariealioii  of  theeostal 
and  siilicostal,  nearly  straiu;lit.  forked  at  the  lip,  the  lai'y;es|  fork  illreeied  oiilward: 
eell  elosed. 

Kori!  le<;s  small.  I'ylindrieal,  the  tibiae  about  one-half  tlie  leiiifih  of  the  liiiid  liiiiae: 
lar-i  three-llfths  the  length  of  the  tibiae,  both  very  profusely  covered  with  Ion:;  hairs 
spreading  in  a  lateral  plane,  giving  the  whole  le^'  a  i;reatly  appressed  ami  feathery  ap- 
peuranee.  more  eoiispiemins  in  the  male  than  in  the  female:  the  lai'si  eonsist  of  live 
joints  of  whieli  the  basal  is  twice  (  $  )  or  tliriee  »  ^  i  as  long  as  the  others eoin hi iied,  and 
they  tM|iial  In  length  aniuiig  themselves :  the  terminal  joint  bluntly  rounded  and  either 
iiiiarinetl  d  ).  or  all  armed  at  the  tip  beneath  with  a  pair  of  very  delicate  and  slender, 
minute  spines,  those  of  the  terminal  joint  lieiiiu:  apical  ^  ?  ).  Middle  tibiae  slii;htly 
longer  than  the  hind  pair:  both  furnished  on  either  sldtMif  the  lower  surface  and  on 
the  upper  edge  of  the  Inner  shle  Avitli  rows  of  frei|nent,  pretty  loiii;  and  very  slender 
-.pines,  those  of  the  latter  row  less  freipieiit  on  tlie  hind  than  on  the  middle  tibiae : 
spurs  very  long  and  very  slemler.  The  second  and  tiftli  joints  of  lar^i  about  eipial. 
the  lliird  sli<;|itly  longer  than  the  fourth,  wliii'li  is  the  sinnlli^t  ;  Hr^l  nearly  as  long  as 
all  the  olliers  together:  all  provided  benealh  on  all  the  joiiils  with  four  rows  of 
crowded  spliii's.  similar  to  those  of  the  tibiae,  the  apical  ones  of  each  joint  a  little 
stouter.  I'lnws  moderately  delicate,  very  strongly  curved,  a  little  compressed.  Ilnoly 
|ioliiteil.  I'nronychia  about  as  long  as  the  claws,  slender,  taperim;.  llnely  pointed,  a 
little  curved;  pulvlllus  very  small  indeed    ipiadrate. 

Abdomen  compressed  subfn^iform.  the  upper  ori;an  of  llie  male  iippeiidages  iimd- 
erately  stout,  the  hook  as  loiii;  as  the  body,  very  sioiil.  depressed,  nearly  straiirht. 
l;i|ieriug,  but  very  bluntly  pointed:  inferior  arms  pretty  stout,  lieiit  lowanl  eacli  other 
ill  their  basal  half,  beyond  direeteil  backwards  iiori/.ontally  siile  by  siile  to  alioul 
the  centre  of  the  clns|>,  or  as  long  as  the  hook.  Clasps  subfjuadratc,  a  little  longer  than 
liroad,  the  upper  posterior  angle  slightly  prodiieeil  and  incurved,  the  inferior  border 
pretty  regularly  arcuate;  Interior  linger  tapering,  nearly  following  the  inferior  bord(M' 
of  the  clasp,  strongly  arcuate  or  sinuate  towurd  the  lip  and  llnely  imiiited  :  a  secomlMry 
:iinialure  is  found  in  the  centre  of  the  inside  of  Ihe  clasp. 

Egg.  Very  short  ovate,  transversely  circular,  broad  and  loumleil  al  llieb:ise. 
tapering  a  little  to  a  broadly  roiiinled  apex,  the  dlininutioii  in  -i/.t-  le»sa|ipareiit  lieeaiise 
fnrnislieil  with  a  few  very  prominent,  iri'i'atly  coinpresseil.  loiiiiiludinal,  regular  and 
ii|Uidistaul  ribs,  wliii'h  increase  In  height  toward  the  summit,  where  they  terminate 
abruptly  with  a  very  high  well  rounded  outline:  surfai'e  between  the  ribs  smontli. 
bioken  I'.p  by  miinerous  dellcale  triiiisvcrse  Hues.  Mlcropyle  composed  of  a  few.  com- 
paratively hirae,  pretty  unirorin.  ronndish  cells  arranged  In  !i  rosette. 

Caterpillar  at  birth.  Head  smooth,  the  upper  two-thirds  neariy  eijiial, 
broadest  a  very  little  above  the  middle,  a  little  higher  than  broad,  fnnilslied  with 
very  few  scattered  long  hairs,  the  liemls|ilieres  a  little  elevated  and  rounded  at 
Kunimil.      Body    nearly    or    quite    uniform,  armed  with   longltndlnal    rows    of   lit- 


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432 


riii;  i'.irii:i!ii,ii>  oi-  m:\\   i;\<;i,.\ni). 


m 


m 


■   "tl 


lie  «nil-.<«nr  I.'  a -1  ;;nii'nl  iiM^mli  row  .  I'licli  ;j:i\  iii^'  ri^i-  In  a  lniiy  in;ni.\  «lr.ii^lil, 
vi-rv  iloliciiti'.  tiiiicriii!:  hair:  llicv  aro  arniiiacil  ciii  tlir  aluldiiu'ii  in  a  ■.iilxlor^al 
rou  ill  the  iiiiilillc  III'  till'  anlri'iiir  iiall'  uf  tiir  st'ifiiii'iil.  a  ^ii|>ntial(>nii  I'nw  on  tiio  |ii>^- 
tfi'lni' |iart.  H  lntol'll^'tif;lllatal  i'i»\  just  in  aiivanrc  nt'  tlic  iniiiillr  anil  n  Itiw  Ntlifinatal 
row  |m*ti'rlorly.  hi'sidi".  an  liil'i'a»tl^iiintal  Nii'ir«  >.iialitiv  in  ailvanre  nl"  tin'  iniiiilir; 
on  till'  lliiirilcii' M';.niu>nts  tlii'V  aiv  llir  same  i'\rr|ilinu'  liiiil  llir  liiti-rostij;niatal  lir- 
niini'  iiirnilati'i'al.  tlir  suii(li>r«al  lalrmiiorsai.  ami  all  an-  mi'iiiaii.  I.i'irs  a|i|iiirrnlly 
raliii'r  stiml.  priiii'u»  >\  itii  a  rirrnlaf  sci-jo  nl'  nini'  liookicl-. 

Mature  caterpillar.  Ilrail  nilliri'  ^maii.  >\i'll  riMimiril.  scan  riv  snlii|naili'atr.  Iivuail- 
i'»l  in  liir  miilillr.  till'  lirmis|iliriT»  ■.lairci.v  liimiil  aliovf.  llir  siitniT  lii'luri'ii  tlii'm  a 
llltif  anil  rallirr  -.inidcniy  iIi'1ht-.m'i1.  tin-  siilt'«  ratlirr  liroailly  ro!iiiiifil.  tlir  front 
scarrciv  a|i|ii'i'»Mi'il.  ^can-rlv  ili'i'|ii'i' lii'li>«  llimi  aliovc:  triaiii:l>' mil  vrn  niiirli  iiisilin- 
tliiin  hriiail.  cxtrmiina  fiiilv  liail'  way  ii|i  tlii-  iirail.  covrnil  pfi'lty  iTurnlarly  ami  nitliii- 
nlinmianliy  avIiIi  larurr  ami  smaiirr  snliryiimii'ii'ai.  ta|iri-iiiL'  warts,  mostly  linl  lillir 
iiiyrlii'i'  tiiaii  liroail.  Imt  on  tiic  iiin.lci-  inar;riii  liiroinim:  more  rlrvatni.  ami  oiir  a  iitlii' 
morr  ronspirnons  than  tiiosc  aliiMit  i!  on  tlir  niilrr  anirrior  lionicr  ol'  iIh'  -nminit  of 
lach  hi'mispiicri'.  Anii'nnar  viitii  tlii'  scmnil  joint  mai'ly  iis  lom;  as  liroaii.  tlu' thinl 
not  innrh  sicmlrrrr  Init  mon-  than  l\\  irr  as  loni;  as  limad.  Iii'aiini;  a  mi\  ion;;  hair  at 
tlir  tip.  till'  ronrtii  a  iiiiniatiirr  of  tlir  lliinl  iinil  ipiiti' inronspicnous.  )  trcili  six  in 
nnmlirr.  tiMin  a  prrtty  stronircnrM-.  ronvrxity  forwartl.  tlusi'conii  anil  Ihiril — roniitini; 
from  abovi'— in  cimtai't.  thr  I'onrtii  sfariTly  si'paratcil  rroin  tin'  Ihiril.  tin'  tiftii  liisiant 
from  till'  I'onrth  liy  Irss.amI  llir  tirst  from  tiii'  sccomi  iiy  I'lithrrmori'.  tlian  tlir  (liamctrr 
of  oni'of  tlinn  :  tiii'  sixth  is  lirliimi  llic  othi'i's  i'i|nail.\  liisiant  from  tin'  tirsi  ami  tonrtli 
aii't  Willi  tlirm  forms  a  riuhi  aii^rli-:  tlii'V  an'  ,'ill  of  ninal  iliami'iii-  ami  prominent.  Imt 
llie  SI  "omi  to  the  lll'iii  peeiiiiariy  so.  I.alirnm  suiali.  liroail.  well  ronmleil.  pretty 
deeply  excised  in  the  middle  in  front.  Mandililes  small.  Iiroad.  not  very  sioiil .  the 
eduii'stralu'lit .  in  I  lie  upper  iialf  laliili\  lii'inieniate.  in  I  lie  lower  half  wit  ii  three  distiiiet 
lint  small,  tri.'inuniar  teelli.  a  little  lonirer  liiaii  lu'oad.  .Maxiiiarv  palpi  witii  the  tIrsI 
twii  joints  alioni  ei|niii.  liroad  ami  s|i(,ri,tiie  lidrd  mneli  slenderer.  I  w  iie  as  ioni;  as 
liriiad.  Iiinntl.\  ronnded  altip.  llie  lonrlii  small.  Iiiil  noiii-e.-iliie.  Spinn-'rel  liroad  at 
liase  ami  rapidly  laperin;;-.  lieyoinl  slender. 

Iludy  eyiindrie.'d.  m'ari.\  eipiai.  lapeiinL'  sli^diliy  Inrward  on  llie  liioraeje  segments, 
armed  wilii  raliier  loni;  and  eonspjenons  spines  liav  Ini:  a  lim.'id  liase.  'I'lie  spines  are 
slender.  siraiu:iit  and  sii<r||ii\  lapeiim:.  terininalinu;  in  a  needie  wiiieii  is  fnllv  o> 
tiiird  as  ionit  as  tlie  spine  ami  al  liase  alioni  iiaif  as  hroad  as  liie  tip  of  ihe  spin 
'I'liey  are  fnrnlslied  al  the  s|de»  witii  not  very  loiiy;  ami  raliier  slender  spiniiies.  spreail- 
ini;  upward  al  an  an^le  of  almnl  !.'■  witli'he  main  s;em  and  armed  nl  tip  like  the 
spine:  tiiere  are  ijenerally  seven  or  eiiilit  of  liiese  irreirnlarly  disposed  on  the  liasal 
twii-tiiirds  of  the  spine,  and.  imlepenneiil  of  their  lliorn.  seidcnii  more  than  one-foiirth 
as  ion^  as  the  main  stem.  'I'he  spines  are  rei:niarl.\  arraniied  in  ioniiilmlinai  row  s.  one  to 
a  seiiineiit  in  eaih  row.  as  follows  :  a  dorsal  series,  placed  anlerioriy  on  the  llrst  toei-fiith 
alidominaisea;nients ;  a  iaterodorsai  series,  plaieil  centrally  on  thellrsi  loei;;iitli  alidom- 
inal  seirmeiits:  a  lateral  series,  placed  lenU'aily  on  the  seeimd  ami  third  thoracic 
scuments:  a  laterosliirinatai  series,  placed  anlerioriy  on  llie  llrst  toiiintii  alidoniiiial  seir- 
nieiits.  tile  last  lia\  imi  two.  one  placed  anteriorly  and  tlie  oilier  posteriorly  •  a  st|crmiital 
series,  placed  centrally  on  the  si'cond  and  Ihlrii  tlioraeic  seirmenls ;  ami  an  infrastiamatal 
series,  placed  centrally  or  very  slightly  posterior  to  It.  from  Ihe  second  thoracic  to  tlie 
eiiiiith  alidomina!  seirmenls.  'I'lie  llrst  se^nu'iit  is  pro\  ided  with  a  transverse  series  of 
lonij.  papilliform  lulieieles.  eacli  witlia  loiii;.  enrvinu  liristie.  'I'lie  liody  is  also  fnr- 
nislied  with  nnnierons.  ver,\  delicate,  not  very  Ion!;  hairs  arising  from  tlie  minutest 
warts.  Spiracles  moderately  larire.  oliovate.  idioiit  half  as  lon;r  aaain  as  liroad. 
I.et's  eipiai.  not  very  loiiyr.  slender,  taperinst-  the  claw  very  slender,  curving  Imt  lltHe. 
I'roleirs  not  very  loni;.  pretty  stonl.  taperinjr.  Hie  hooklets  ns  in  KiivhiU'hsh. 

Chrysalis.  Viewed  from  nhovr.  Hie  protliorax  ami  head  taper  very  sllKhtly  anil 
resiuhir^v.  or  not  at  all.  to  the  tip  ^if  the  oeellnr  prominences:  tlie  hilternre  stout.  Iilniit 
projeetioiiH.  Homel lines  conical.  Iml  tiieii  low  and  witli  their  inner  edu;es  siiiflitly  enrveil 


NVMl'IIAMNAK:    rilK   (JKXI  s   \AM;ss.\, 


4.J;{ 


"H!; 


mill  (liri'i-lccl  tdwmd  ciKli  ullui'  nl  a  \cn  linnul  iiiiiili— ncit  Ir^^  iluiii  l:ln  — ami  lln- 
spare  lictwccll  >li:;litl.v  Iii>11<iw»mI  ;  at  otlur  tliiii>  iml  luuji  (  lini;  licyoml  llic  llniil  wliicli 
i»  MTV  >lialitly  lidUiiucil.  Imt  a  liltir  --wiilUn  lahiallv  and  at  a  >'u\v  vliw  lpioaill> 
ai'ilicil,  scaiTcly  an.milati'  I  at  tlir  lip;  vhcii  couiral.  llir  upper  cilifi'  U  ((1111111111111^  with 
the  lliR'  of  tlic  protliornx  and  tlic  iinilcr.  cxcfptlii!:  for  llie  proinincnci'  i>f  the  Im"!'.  with 
that  (pf  the  IdwiT  surfaco.  MooiKttiim  coiisidcralily  ai'clicd  liinailiiilinally.  the  aiilcrinr 
t>vo-tliir(ls  111'  tin-  middle  line  eaiinale:  jti^l  lieyimd  tlie  niiddie  llie  carina  is  rapidly  and 
re;:nlarly  elevated  td  a  puint  of  liiirlii-t  pnijectiiin  neai'  liie  middle  nl' ilie  pci-tirinr 
twii-thirds.  slinped  mucli  ti»  In  Knvane-sa.  lint  witli  «iiie^  ^lupinir  at  an  amiie  varying 
I'l'iim  .'■(>  -Hd  .  Friiiil  inelndini;  all  tile  appendaui'^  nearly  or  i|iiile  >traii;lil  :  a  pair  id' 
rather  -mall,  cdnieal.  -iipralalerid  tnlierele-  in  the  middle  nl'  llie  mix  -  and  nielanntiim. 
Ba-al  win^  tnlienle  pyramidal,  triipietnd.  rather  pninted  and  prominent,  the  npper 
an.ale  exlemlin;;  a  very  liriel'  distance  and  rnrni-hed  with  a  sliijlit  accessory  tulii-nle. 
Secondary  win:i  tnlicrde  aliont  as  sharp  and  a-  elevated  as  the  liasal  one.  the  space  l>e- 
tween  them  iinmilated  nearer  the  latter;  just  almve  the  middle  of  the  pd-terlor  eil^e  iif 
the  win^s  where  they  are  »\vollen  is  a  miiinte  tnlicrcle.  I,iini;iliiilinally  the  alidnnien  i- 
\  cry  liriiadly  and  regularly  arched,  fnrni-hed  with  a  diir»:il  -erii»  of  minute  conical  wart- 
on  llieunieridr  eilue  of  the  second  to  eiu:hth  -citments.  n  lalenidiir-al  serle-  iif  not  very 
Iar;;e  conical  tnlicrcle- on  the  middle  of  the  llrsi  to  ciyiliih -cement-,  -nnictimes  olisd- 
lete  on  the  eiijlith.  largest  oil  tlie  second  to  fonrtii  -ej;mciit-:  a  siiprastiirmalal 
series  of  mliinte  warts  a  little  in  advance  of  tlie  middle  of  the  llist  to  iiinlli  -cirmeiit-, 
oceasiiinally  olisulctc  and  inarki'd  only  liy  -put-:  an  In  every  re-pcct  similar  iiifra- 
-tiumatal  series  on  the  middle  of  the  fonrlli  loeia:litli  -eu;meiit-.  TreaMal  Imttoii  with 
a  coar-c. cnrvini;.  liiiiitltndinal  pair  of  ri(l";e-,  -omelime-  -carcely  ele\iiied.  cacli  termi- 
nating; in  a  forward  directed,  linear,  ronndcil  inlicrelc  imicli  lomrci-  iliau  Innail.  Cn- 
imi-tcroii  a  dor-al  a-pecl  taperinu  cdii-ldcralily  tn  a  nuiinlcd  rather  narrow  tip.  twice 
as  loiiii  a-  llie  medium  lireadlh.  greatly  and  ronndly  hoilnwed :  on  1:  -ide  view  cipial, 
curved  a  little,  expainlcd  at  the  tip,  particularly  upon  the  iimlcr  -ide.  tlie  apical  (leldof 
hooklet-  loiiL'itiidinally  o\al.  -ometime-  twoor  tlircc  lime-  a-  Ioiil:  a-  liniad.  Ilndklct- 
wltli  a  loll','.  e(|nal.  moderntely  stont.  and  sriy:hlly  curved  -teiii.  the  apc.\  enlar^'inLr  a 
little  only,  strongly  I'l'ooked.  tlu'  lihintly  ronndcd.  hut  sHuiitly  produced,  downward 
ilirecled  tip  di-tanl  from  the  stem  liy  the  width  (if  the  hitter. 

DiBtribntion.  Tlii^  o;eiiU!<  is  t'diind  in  aliiKist  ixci-}'  ii)liiiliitc(l  (|tiiirt('i' 
of  tlu'  glohf  ;  we  find  ono  of  its  iiii'inlitis.  V.  ciHiiiii, — tlic  most  cosino- 
IKiIitiiii  of  Jill  hiiftcrHios, — spread  over  neiiilv  nil  the  wofld.  its  aiTii  of 
dis|iersioii  einlii'acinjr  every  zone  wlietlier  of  altitude  or  of  liititiide  as  ftir  as 
the  aretie  or  glacial  lejrions.  As  already  feiiiarked  liy  Doiihleday,  every- 
where it  is  aeeoiM|>anied  by  one  or  more  ineniliers  of  the  gentts.  The 
eompaiiion  spoeies  too,  at  least  in  the  Old  World,  is  taken  from  the  oppo- 
site section  of  the  genus,  comprising  the  species  marked  like  V.  atalanta 
with  a  hriUiant  how  tipcm  their  tipper  surface:  "cardiii  has  for  i's  com- 
patriot in  Ktirope  and  North  America  Pyrameis  atalanta  :  further  south 
in  the  Old  World,  V.  callirhoe  [indica]  ;  in  Java,  1'.  dejeanii  :  in  'ustra- 
lia,  V.  itcu  and  an  undescrihcd  species  [P.  leachiiina].  of  which  I  have 
only  seen  the  fragment  in  the  collection  of  the  British  Museum  :  in  Xew 
Zealand,  I',  itea  and  P.  gonerilln  ;  in  the  Sandwich  Islands  [Hawaiian 
Islands]  P.  tanimcana '"  (Double. -Hew.,  (ien.  diiirn.  Lep.,  204),  and 
he  could  have  added :  in  south  Africa,  P.  hippomene.  In  the  N'cw 
World  it  is  also  accompanied  hy  a  species  from  the  same  section  as  itself, 
V.  hiintera,  throughout  the  whole  hretidtli  of  North  Amrrica,  and  hy  P. 


:l 


Pnf 


434 


TIIK  BUITiaiFI-IKS  Ol-    NKW   KNCW.AXD. 


ciirvo  on  llio  I'juifii'  .•<kij)i'.  Wlioro  cimhii  disaitiK'iii-H,  liiinti'i-a  too  ^cm j' 
ally  fails,  aii<l  in  S<uitli  Ainericii  is  rcpliveod  fii-Ht  l»y  one  niiecies  anil  tlii>n  liy 
aiiotliiT,  "and  if  tlu'sc  sjxrics  om-xist,"  miyM  Donblcday,  "onf  is  Mnie  to 
ill'  rare,  tor  this  coi-xistonco  is  only  found  on  tlii'  very  limits  of  tlioir 
n-spei'tive  tt'rritorii's."  In  tlio  oast  Inintcm  is  replaceil  l>y  niyrinna,  in 
tlio  wt'st  hy  caiyo ;  fiiitlu-r  soutli  it  irappoars  in  torjisiclioiv,  wliicli 
Hcrfi  says  is  idt-ntical  with  hiintc-ra.  It  seonis,  however,  tti  have  escaped 
ohservation  that,  witii  th"  xception  of  the  two  speeies  eonnnon  to  Knrope 
and  Anieiica,  all  the  species  of  the  OKI  Worlil  lielonj^  to  the  atalanta 
section  (Pyranuis)  and  all  those  t)f  the  New  World  to  the  cardiii 
section  ( N'eopyranieis*)  ;  so  that  in  disciissinj,'  the  ori<rinal  hirthplace  of 
these  two  now  widely  spread  i.nilerHies  "ve  ni- .  rcasonalily  lean  toward  the 
hypothesis  that  cardni  originated  in  the  New,  an<l  atalanta  in  the  Old 
World  ;  notwithstanding  that  in  America  cardni  feeds  almost  entirely  on 
plants  introdiiccil  from  Knrope  (or  are  they  possihiy  indigenous  to  America 
and  thenci' intro(lnc«'d  into  Knrope'/).  Of  the  four  North  American  species 
of  V^lncssa,  three  occur  throughout  nearly  or  (piite  the  whole  of  Xew  Kng- 
land.  Two  of  these  arc  the  species  eonnnon  to  Knrope  and  America, 
anil  the  third  ranges  from  the  Atlantic  to  the  Pacific  and  from  tlu'  limits 
of  the  settled  parts  of  Canada  to  (iuatemala. 

Subordinate  groups.  As  above  stated,  the  species  of  this  genus  fall 
very  naturally  into  two  groups  when  the  structure  and  appearance  of  the 
imago  and  tlu>  haliits  ot'  hoth  larsa  and  inago  air  discussed  ;  liut  the  sanu' 
is  not  true  wlu-n  the  structure  of  the  larva  and  pupa  i  taken  into  consid- 
eration :  showing  that  these  groups  shoidd  only  he  considered  at  most 
suliireneric.  The  insects  are  of  medium  size.  In  the  most  numerous  Old 
World  section  (I'yrameis)  the  wings  are  almost  lilack  al)ove,  the  hinder 
iiair  hniadlv  hordered  with  red  over  most  of  their  outir  mar<;in,  formintr  a 
liaud  which,  wiicn  the  wings  arc  spread,  is  continued  across  the  middle 
lit' the  fore  wings  ;  on  the  latter  it  starts  from  the  costal  m  i-gin  at  one-third 
the  distance  from  the  liase  and  runs  towards  the  outer  anu'lc,  curvinjr 
slightly  downward  lic*(irc  reaching  it.  In  the  other  section  (Xeopyrameis), 
where  the  ground  color  is  not  so  deep,  this  band  is  indeed  [iresent  on  the  fore 
wings,  lint  paler  in  tint  and  so  excessively  irregidar  and  liroken  in  outline 
as  scarcely  to  lie  recognized,  and  it  is  accompanied  by  similarly  colored 
spots  in  the  middle  of  the  cell  and  of  the  luedio-submedian  interspace, 
which  help  to  oltscure  its  limits  ;  on  the  hind  wings  the  whole  apical  half 
or  two-thirds  of  the  wings  is  of  the  brighter  coior  with  a  sidnnarginal 
series  of  dark  roimdish  spots  rather  distant  from  the  outer  border  and 
sometimes  pupilled  with  lihu\  In  both  sections  the  outer  border  of  both 
winu:s  is  more  or  less  enriched  by  alternate  markin<rs  of  dark  ami  briirht 
i.pi)ts  or  lines,  and  on  the  fore  wings  there  is  in  addition  a  curving  row  of 

•N'uun-  lifiv  lii>t  |iro(io'-<c|. 


NVMi'iiAi-iNAK    riir.  (;i;ni  s  vankssa 


135 


tinoqiiiil  x|i()fsuiiil  II  ti-)nir<voi'!ic  |iiitcli  of  wliitc  or  nihiic  l)ri^lit  cdlur  (l(>|iriMl- 


''  fVom  tlif  ('(i.^tiil  lionlcr.      Itcnciitli,  tl 


111 

I'iicli  section  arc   iiiiu 


K>  mil 


rkiiijrs  of  tlic  t'oic  w 


HI'S    III 


liiixl 


Winers  HIT 


iilik 


li  tin-  siinic  ii,»  jilxivr   tlioiigli  iiion-   vsiricffatcd  ;   the 
tlic  two  section^,   infiiiitt'lv  divortiificil  witli  ilurk 


e  in 


an* 


I  lijrlit  iiiarkiiijr'*  taking  for  tlic  most  |iart  a  tiansvcisr  ilirt'ction.  (larkt-r 


shailcs  ihtmuIiii';  to  a  "■rfator  cxtt'iit  m  1  \  ramcis  than  m  Ncoiivniiiu'is.  am 


pi 


ovu 


l.-il. 


'I' 


ronsiiiciioiislv    111 


t'Oiis  raiiu'is.    incoiisiiinioi 


1' 


vraiiui>. 


itii  a  siilimat'jLriniil  scries  of  roiimlcil  occllalc  spots,  varviim'  in   si/c  ami 


iiliiimlancc  ill  tlic  diftcrciit  sp 


Tlic  tx 


>iips  (litter  also,  as  |)oiil)lc- 


ilay  pointed  out,  iiiliavinir  tiic  paronvcliia  distinctiv  liilaeiniate  (  l'yraiiici.> ) 
or  tlic  inner  lohc  riidimentarv  (  Noopyraiiieis )  ;  tlicrc  aie  further  tliHeicnees, 
poimed  out  Iteyoml,  in  the  male  alidomiiial  appeiida^'cs. 

History  and  characteristicB.     In  tlie  tempciatt'  pari.-  of  America  at 
least,  the  species  arc  all  (loiiMe-liroodcd  and  all  hilicrnatc  as  ima<riiics  and 


prolialily  also  sometimes  as  chrysalids,  the  liilternatm^i'  i>iittcrt1ics  and  the 
imttcrtlics  from  liil)ernatiii<r  chrysalid-  Hyini.''  at  alioiit  the  same  time  in 
spring;.  The  first  ln-ood  of  caterpillar-  appear-  in  early  Jiiiie,  and  the 
second  early  in  Aiiiiiist. 

The  cjrjrs  arc  laid  singly,  usually  upon  the  upper  -iirface  of  tlic  leaves 
of  Conipositae  ( especially  of  the  Irihes  ('ynaroideae  and  Imiloidcac)  and 
of  l'rtica<'cae.  —  the  former  family  of  plants  iieinir  iIk'  tood  liy  prefer- 
ence of  the  known  lar\ac  of  Neopyraincis.  the  latter  of  those  of  IV- 
raiiici-.  The  caterpillars  live  sinjriy.  iisimlly  in  vertical  nests  :  (hose  of 
the  section  I'yrameis  constriictinji'  theirs  of  a  sinyle  leaf,  the  lower  portion 
of  which  they  ji'radiially  iIe\oiir,  while  the  r'atcrpillar-  of  N'eopyramcis.  at 
leiisit  after  attaining  half  their  Lirowth,  form  their  nests  ot'  several  leaves, 
fecdinir  only  upon  the  parenchyma  of  the  upper  surface  of  these  leaves, 
until  iH^arly  mature.  When  the  insect  completes  it-  metamorphoses 
lu'fore  winter,  the  chrysalis  usually  hangs  from  ten  to  twelve  days,  hut  its 
time  iiiav  he  as  sluu't  as  eight  or  as  long  as  fourteen. 

*  Of? 

The  hiitterflies  Innc  a  rather  powerful  flight.  irr<'giilar  and  wayward, 
and  arc  exceedingly  active,  although  they  fre(piciitly  settle  :  tho  I'yra- 
nioido8  sometimes  sail,  the  Neopyrameides  very  rarely  :  they  arc  all  fond 
of  flowers  and  ripe  fniit.  On  alighting  they  turn  suddenly  alioiit  away 
from  the  sun.  expanding  their  wings  fully.  s(niietinies  even  depressing 
them  ;  the  antennae  are  straight,  nearly  or  ipiitc  in  the  plane  of  the  hody 
and  Hprcnd  iit  iihoiit  right  angles.  I'lic  fore  wings  arc  often  partially 
raised  and  are  then  [ihiccd  at  a  slight  angle  with  the  hind  wings,  the  inner 
horder  of  the  former  resting  on  the  [dane  of  the  latter.  When  at  rest  in 
the  shade,  the  wings  arc  closed  hack  to  hack  and  the  antennae,  lai-scd  at  a 
ponsidcri  '.u  angle,  arc  niiicli  less  divarii'ntc.  When  at  rest  at  night,  the 
antennae  are  raised  at  right  angles  with  the  hody.  i.  e.  nearly  [icrjicndieu- 
lar,  and  sciueelv  di\  arieatc. 


J 

i 

-7?; 

w 

■*' 

■^A^ 

■■^Nt^ 


::!      ''ii"   I 


436 


Till:   liL  TTKliFMKS  (»K   NKW    KN(;LAXI). 


nil 


'■■11 


The  I'JiJIs  iH'c  very  nliort  oviite,  hioad  at  tlie  Ihimc,  turniMhc«l  witli  voiy 
;)r(iiuini>iit  laniiiiiitc  i'il)r<,  wliieh  incrciisc  in  ]ic'iglit  tuwunl  tlio  Hiiiniiiit  wlicre 
thoy  toriiiiiuito  finhU'iily ;  these  ril)s  vary  in  niinilier  in  tlse  two  sect ioni<, 
being  more  niinieroun  (fourteen  to  nineteen)  in  NeopyranieiM  than  in  l*yra- 
nieis  (nine). 

The  juvenile  hirvae  liave  a  fuiootli  liead  witli  h)ng  hairn  irreguhirly 
»<eaftere(l,  ami  a  uniform  iwdy  8U|iplie«1  witli  three  longitudinal  rows  of 
little  warts  aliove  tlu'  "niraeles,  two  more  nearly  on  a  line  with  them  and 
two  just  helow, — eaeh  wart  emitting  a  long,  tapering  hair. 

The  full-grown  eaterpillars  are  lirown,  varying  from  yellow  to  Idaek, 
with  a  pale  interrupted  lateral  hand  and  sometimes  a  lateral  row  of  white 
spots  un  most  of  the  ahdominal  segments ;  they  are  also  furnished  with 
bristly  spines  arranged  in  eleven  regular  longitutlinal  rows. 

Tliechrysalids  are  not  .10  strongly  angnlated  as  those  of  the  preceding 
genus  and  are  furnished  with  ])roniinent  oeellar  tnltereles  :  they  are  gener- 
ally more  or  less  olivaceous  and  ornamented  with  gilded  nacreous  sj)ots. 


EXCCJi.SUS  XHl.—nUTTEKFLfES   COMMON   TO   THE   OLD 

A XI)    THE    XEW    WOJILIJ;    WIIEHE  1)11)    THEY 

OliiaiXATEf 

hank  I'lirli.  allfi'klt'iiis'i' l.i'lii'ii 
Kiiuli'i-  cicr  vi-rjiln^rtcn  Muiidc: 
Dcrcii  Wiiiiilfiliilihiiig 
Kiirhcn  uikI  (ii'scliiiftc. 
Knili  imili  tDiMliriid  Auir' lioali. 

Dknis. 

If  we  hear  in  mind  the  continuity  of  land  between  South  .Vmerica  and 
North  America,  we  -ihall  not  be  siu'prised  at  finding,  at  least  along  the 
•  (orders,  some  buttertlii's  which  are  foiuid  on  both  continents  ;  but  con- 
(■idering  what  wide  oceans  sepai'ate  i<n  cither  side  the  Old  \\'orld  and 
the  New,  and  that  their  points  of  contiguity  are  in  extreme  northcin 
latitudes,  we  might  cxpei't  a  greater  absence  of  ( >ld  World  tiii'ms  in 
North  America.  Vet  if  we  separate  I'roiu  the  Itulk  of  buttiiHics  of 
this  continent  those  which  are  found  south  of  the  Canadian  liorder  and 
east  of  the  Hocky  .Mountains,  we  shall  find,  out  of  the  somewhat  less  than 
two  Imndrcd  and  titty  specii's  occiuring  therein,  not  over  a  do/en  which 
may  be  fairly  considered  identical  with  butterfiies  fcmnd  in  the  Old  W(uld, 
wlicther  in  Kiuope  or  in  Asia.  The  identity  of  some  of  these,  many 
wiiters  have  (|Uestioned  :  about  some  then;  is  no  doubt  whatever,  while 
there  are  others  which  approach  in  apjiearance  those  of  the  Old  World  so 
closely  that  naturalists  are  still  in  dispute  concerning  them.  Let  us  con- 
sider a  few  of  these  !^e|)aratcly,  that  we  may  gain  soine  idea  as  U\  the 
nature  of  their  peculiar  distribution. 


.•»'! 


Ill  11  KIM- (.IKS  OK    IWO   WolJI.hS. 


431 


t, 


III  tlu;  Ki'di  tilsu'o,  tluM'o  in  one  Mpc't'lcH,  I'icriM  rapar,  wlione  iiilrtMliiction 
into  tliis  coiintrv  in  a  matter  of  liiNtoi'v,  and  of  \vlio«f  ininictliatc  Kiiro|ican 
ori;j;in  tliiTo  is  tlu'irt'orc!  no  <|iti>Htion.  TIu'IH'  an-  ihrco  otlieiv,  Kiivaii«'.'<sa 
antiopa,  Vanc^.ta  <'anlni  and  \'.  atalanta  wliit-li  do  not  vary  in  \\:v  sli<^liti'st 
dof^roi'  tVoni  tin-  aiuuv  Mpcfji's  iji  tlie  Olil  Wtnld,  altliouffli  sonu  wiitcrf 
have  at  times  tlion<;lit  that  they  eoidd  pick  ont  the  Aineiuan  and  Kiiro|ieaii 
forms  when  mixed  in  the  same  colK'etion.  Kiivani'ssa  antiopa  is  very 
widely  distiihiited,  eoyeriiij;  ahnost  tiie  entire  North  American  eonliiient 
exceptiii)^  arctic  and  subarctic  hinds,  and  even  here  it  extends  within  tlie 
hitter  to  Ahiiika.  In  tlie  ( )hMVorld  it  has  an  e(|iially  wide  distriliiitioii, 
Iteinjf  foiin«l  over  the  whole  ot'  Kiirope  exccptiiifi'  southern  Spain,  ami  over 
all  of  northern  Asia.  It  is  an  insect  of  strong  Hi<riil,  and  l>ein<r  found  upon 
lioth  sid»'s  of  Heriuf^  .Strait,  Ciuild  ninpiestioual)ly  pass  from  one  conti- 
nent to  the  otiier  at  this  point  of  tlieir  neari-st  approach.  In  which  conti- 
nent the  species  ori<rinated  must  lie  Jud<red  rather  from  the  aliiindance  nnd 
variety  of  its  nearest  allies  on  the  one  continent  and  on  the  other.  In 
America  there  is  liiit  a  sinf^le  additional  spi'cies  of  the  ifciiiis  occurrin;;:,  and 
that  s<i  rare  that  I  am  not  aware  that  more  than  on«>  specimen  has  ever 
lieen  found,  occurriiifj;  as  it  does  in  the  mountains  of  Mexico.  In  the  OKI 
Worhl  several  species  occur  in  southern  .^sia,  liut  iii  addition  tlicre  is  a 
very  closely  allied  jjeniis,  Inachis,  which  occurs  in  Kiirope  liiit  not  in 
America,  and  it  is  thereftirc  in  the  highest  deirree  prolialile  that  the  origin 
of  the  species  shonld  lie  looked  for  in  the  Old  World.  .\s  to  the  two 
s|iecics  of  \'anessa,  we  lia\('  shown  in  our  account  ot'  tlii-'  jfroiip  that  the 
LTcniis  is  divisililc  into  two  sections,  into  one  ot'  which  cardiii  falls,  into  the 
other  atalanta,  and  that  the  iinmcdiate  cun^i'eners  ot'  cardiii  are  f<iunil  alto- 
ircthcr  in  the  .New  World  ami  those  of  atalanta  in  the  Old.  The  distrilui- 
tlon  of  these  species  in  llu'  .New  World  licinjf  more  restricted  than  tliat  of 
K.  antiopa,  so  that  there  is  no  jiroliahility  ot'  any  recent  transt'cr  of  t'orms 
lietween  the  two  continents,  wc  are  left  entirely  to  the  consideration  of 
their  allies  to  jiidirc  in  what  part  of  the  world  they  orijiinatcd.  and  on  this 
liasis  there  can  lie  no  <|iiestion  whatever  that  cardui  oiijfiiiMtiil  in  .Vnicrica, 
and  atalanta  in  the  Old  Worhl. 

.  Two  other  s|iecies  are  in  nearly  the  same  catepiry  as  (he  last  as  repirds 
their  distriliution  tin  this  continent.  These  are  Cyaiiiris  pscndargiolus  and 
Ileodcs  hypophlaeas,  which  many  writers  arc  iiiclineil  to  (■niisidcr  idciilical 
with  arginliiH  and  phlaeas  of  the  OM  Worlil.  There  can  lie  no  doiiiit  of 
their  excecilinjily  close  affinity,  nor,  on  the  other  hand,  of  the  fact  that 
whether  species  or  variety,  the  forms  cxistiii;f  in  the  .New  World  lan  lie 
><  parated  from  those  of  the  ( )ld.  With  regard  t<i  I  leodcs.  there  is  liut  a  sin<rlc 
species  tif  the  <renus,  in  its  restricted  form,  in  either  hemisjilierc.  In  each 
it  extends  from  ocean  to  ocean,  although  not  found  in  the  high  north,  and 
inasimieh  as  tlie  genera  nearest  to  it  are  also  rciiresented  liy  species  in  each 


■■:w& 


438 


iiir.  III  nr.iJFi.ir.s  of  ni;\v  i:N<;f,ANi). 


m 


IS' 

"}"■■■ 


iioini!<|ilK'ri'  (iiiiirt'  aliitntliintlv  In  llit'(  )|(l  W'orlil  tliiiii  in  tlic  .\c»«  ),  it  a  ilil- 
Ki'nlt  to  (orin  any  |>r(i|ifi' Jiul^rmcnt  concern in<r  itf  place  of  origin,  tlion^li 
it  wonlil  a|i|)ciii- more  proltalile  on  general  ^roiniil.'^  that  it  originated  in  tin* 
Old  World.  The  same  jjeneral  statements  are  true  to  a  larjfc  extent  at 
repirds  the  species  of  (Vaniris.  Tiiere  is  a  sinfrle  form  on  each  continent 
which  extends  across  its  entir<'  width,  lint  is  not  found  in  the  hiji;h  noitrli. 
As  in  lleodes  also,  its  immediate  relatives  are  found  in  ^reatei  aliundaiici' 
in  the  Old  ^^'orld  than  in  the  New:  Imt  on  the  other  hand  the  develop- 
ment of  \arietal  forms  within  the  sp<'<'ies  is  so^jreatly  in  excess  in  Ameri<'H, 
hat  we  nuist  conclude  it  prohahie  that  its  life  on  this  contitu'nt  has  hecn 
lon;rer  than  on  the  ( )ld. 

There  remain  oidy  those  species  which  occur  within  our  district  Imt 
which  helonir  more  properly  to  liij/li  horeal  re<riohs.  Aiuonir  these  we 
have  Hr^t  a  species  of  Ocncis  (  O.  jutta  )  which  is  nn(|uesti(nnililv  identical 
ou  the  two  continents.  Its  distrilintion  on  this  continent  is  proliahly 
much  more  extensive  tiian  known,  as  it  has  lieen  found  at  widely  distrih- 
iited  localilies.  The  ji'enns  to  which  it  l)elonii>  is  a  charaeteristieally 
alpine  and  arctic  ^roup.  and  is  »>  widely  de\ eloped  on  lioth  continents 
that  here  airain  it  is  extremely  ditlicidt  to  d(  ride  a^  to  the  proltahility  of 
its  origin.  Often  li\inj;  close  ln'side  the  iic.  it  lias  nndnMlitcdIy  hecn  a 
companion  of  the  terminal  moi'ainc  thi'ouu'hont  the  aires.  <  )ne  indication 
mivrht  at  Krst  lead  Us  to  suppose  that  the  life  ot'  the  trenus  may  lia\c  lieen 
the  lonii'cr  in  Knrope.  This  i>  the  fact  that  in  the  Alps  of  S«  it/erland 
thei'e  is  a  species  very  <'learly  distinct  from  any  found  in  tlu'  north,  while 
on  oiu'  own  hiifh  mountain-tops  ( ).  senudca  is  considered  Ity  many  writers 
as  idi-ntieal  with  a  species  found  in  I^ahrador.  Hut  l)oth  are  waits  left 
Ity  the  glacial  epoch.  .*>till.  the  hulk  of  <renera  to  which  the  satyrids  of 
Kurope  are  referred  heloiij;:  to  the  section  with  rihited  ejiifs.  in  which 
Oeneis  falls,  while  the  contrary  is  true  of  the  .\merican  forms.  It  woidd 
seem,  therefore,  as  prolialilc  (thiaigh  highly  uncertain)  that  Oeneis  orijji- 
nated  in  the  OKI  W'oiM. 

All  the  other  species,  in  the  opinion  uf  most  critical  entotnolo<;ists.  arc 
different  from  those  of  the  Old  A\'orld.  hut  in  all  eases  they  approach  so 
closely  to  them  that  many  writers  have  considered  them  as  identical. 
I'olyjjonia  faiinus  is  a  case  in  [loint.  It  has  heeii  considered  as  i<lentical 
with  one  of  the  forms  of  the  variahle  I'olygonia  e-alhum  of  Kuro[)e ;  hut 
the  facts  in  the  ease  would  seem  to  show  that,  whereas  the  species  of  the 
<  )ld  \\'orld  arc  few  and  varialtle.  those  of  tlic  New  are  numerous  and 
closely  allied,  and  at  the  same  time  frequently  dinKU-pliic  or  even  p«dynior- 
pliie.  The  excess  to  which  variahility  has  extended  in  this  country  woidd 
therefore  seem  to  indicate  this  as  its  older  abode.  The  o[iposite  is  jiroha- 
Idy  true  of  Kujjonia,  represented  in  this  country  l>y  a  single  species;  this 
is  considered  hy  many  as  identical  with    Kuponia    vnii-nlbiim  of  Eiu'ope, 


^ 


HI  rTKiJFi.ir.s  ok  iwc*  woumis. 


4:5'.i 


wliicli  iia^  liorc  lor  its  conipaninii  iiiiiiiy  mtv  <l«>.-<i'|y  tillicil  .■*|K(ii'H.  I'icri^ 
olcraccii,  aliiioHt  uiir  unly  iiativ«>M|i«'i'i)'H  ot'  IMcrix,  roiiNiilcrcil  Ity  many  aH  the 
)<aiiK' iif<  PicriH  iiapi  >it' tlii>  Olil  Wmlil.  Iiai^  aUii  iiiany  allii'n  in  lliclHtl 
Willi)!,  ;i(nl  tin  ri'tori',  liki-  I'IitIn  rapa*-,  proltalily  oiiifinah  A  ilicir. 
Filially  I'ainpliila,  rcprfctfiiti'il  in  tliii^  <'(iiintrv  liy  only  a  Hiii^rlc  spccicH, 
1*.  nianilan,  w  iili'ly  separati'd  from  all  it."  allic.*,  a  stroiif;  Hicr  and  cxtfiid- 
iii;j  ti)  Ala.-ka.  Iii'loiif^.x  ti>  a  (foiins  i-cpicHcnti-il  in  tlii'  Old  World  wiili 
it>  inimt'diato  allies  liy  .several  |ieenliar  type.-<,  wliieli  nin;i;e  aero.sH  tlie  entire 
la'eadtli  ot'  the  eontiiient  ;  we  mn.Mt  tlierel'ore  look  npon  tlii.s  (*|H'eie«  ntt  oik.- 
itili'odiieed  tVoiii  the  Old  World,  lait  at  a  |iei'iod  of  time  ."o  loii<;  a<;o  as  to 
have  lieeome  fairly  distinct  from  the  priiied  stock. 

It'  now  we  turn  onr  attention  to  the  ImtterHie.s  t'oimd  ncirlli  of  mir 
liiaiialary  and  not  e.\tendin<i'  into  it  wc  shall  Hnd  a  consideraMe  iissinilihiL'e 
of  speeies,  from  twenty-five  to  thirty  in  iinmher,  lielonj^in^  to  as  manv  as 
thirteen  ;renera  :  and  we  shall  at  once  lie  struck  liy  the  t'act  that  in  e\(-ry 
case  these  jjjen'i'a  are  represented  either  liy  the  same  or  liy  allin'  species 
ill  the  Old  World  ;  and  Nvhut  is  more,  that  in  all  cases  Inn  niie  hey  are 
more,  often  much  more,  'lonntifiiliy  supplied  with  distinct  form-  in  tin 
OKI  World  than  in  tiie  New.  Tliiis  wc  lind  two  species  nl  ()enci>.  Imtli 
of  which  iicciir  in  Knrope,  four  of  Krcliia.  and  two  or  three  of  ('neiio- 
iiympha.  all  coiisiil  reil  distinct  t'rom  those  dt'  I'^iirope,  and  cmitincd  to  the 
western  hiilf  of  our  coiitiiiciit  ;  five  species  of  ISrenthi-.  of  which  three  arc 
looked  ii|ion  as  identical  with  those  nf  Kiirnpe,  and  one  of  Lciiionias  ;  une 
each  of  tlu'  lyiMcnid  ;j;eMera  ( 'npido,  .\;;riailcs  aial  Kpidemia.  all  distinct 
t'rom  the  Kiirope:!  -pecii's,  live  nr  six  species  ut'  Imit;  hiiis.  <<\'  which  at 
least  two  are  found  in  l-'iirope,  (iiie  ut"  I'milia.  twn  ut'  I' irn:i»»ins,  one 
iif  which  is  t'oniid  in  l-'iirope,  the  same  ut'  I'apilio,  and  iiiially  one  of 
Kryniiis,  which  also  occurs  in  Huro|M'.  Tliis  last  jfeniis  is  the  one  to 
whicii  Wi-  referred  as  iiein<(  tar  more  developed  in  America  than  in 
Kiirope  :  indeed,  the  iMiropean  sjiccic-.  10.  comma,  is  only  known  upon 
<air  continent  liy  a   varietal  (•  rm  oeciirrinji  in  halirailor. 

Of  the  aliovi'  thirteen  frenera  we  further  notice  that  tiie  species  of  no 
less  than  five  of  them, — Krcliia,  ('oenonym|iha,  Lemonias,  Ciipiilu  and 
Parnassiiis,  inelndin<>:  a  dozen  ot  the  species, — arc  altogether  confined  to 
the  western  half  of  the  continent,  and  .■'how  a  distinct  jieoj^raphical  relation 
to  Alaska.  \\'hile  on  the  other  hand,  not  one  of  the  ffenera  is  confined 
to  the  eastern  half ;  and  liesitles  this  not  any  jrenns  of  .American  Imtter- 
tlies  not  found  in  Kiiro|ie,  with  the  sole  exception  of  IMiyeiodes  and 
Hasilarchia  (liy  a  sin<fle  speeies  in  each  ease),  shows  any  special  tendency 
to  extend  its  domain  toward  Alaska.  The  avenue  of  inijrration  is  tlms 
clearly  marked. 

It  wouhl  seem  therefore  very  clear  that  the  identity  or  intimate  resein- 
lilanee  which  occurs  in  certain  species   lietwten   the  butterflies   of  Kurope 


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rilK   HriTKUri.ir.S  ok   NKW    KN(il,AN!) 


and  Ainericii  i*  due  alt(jji;etlic'r  to  tlu'ir  luncal  cliaractor ;  that  tlicir  oltih- 
renc'o  on  tlio  two  contincntti,  looked  at  tVoiu  a  l)road  point  of  view,  must 
1)0  rejiardcd  a.^  the  eon.«e(|Uence  of  a  continuity  or  ehitie  proximity  of  hind 
(hn'ing  later  tertiary  times  wiien  a  warm  elimate  prevaih-d  in  tiw  hinh 
north  :  and  tl"it  tl;c  distinction  lietween  them,  and  even  the  representation 
of  the  same  genus  oi>  the  two  eontinunts  by  clearly  different  species,  is  due 
to  the  sul)se((uent  scjiaiation  of  the  two  regions  in  glacial  and  [)ost  glacial 
times,  and  the  variations  which  isolation,  a  difference  of  climatic  condi- 
tions, and  their  general  euviroiunent  have  brought  about  in  the  lapse  of 
time. 

lill!l.l(Mil!AI>llV. 

Tlic  lilciiitmv  iipuii  tlii>  ^iiliji'cl  i>  Inru'cly  |Milrniiciil,  very  Miitk'rcil.  mM  ijrt'm'nilly  Iti'iff. 
WiiKli  |)iiMNli(ui  ill  1S04  ill  tlic  l'i'ciii'i'(lin;:s  (if  llic  Kiit<niuplii;{iciil  >uii('ly  nf  I'liilailclpliiii  ii  li>t 
of  liiitti'i'llic '^  Miiil  ti)  lie  I'onmioii  tn  Nditli  Aiii(i'ic-;i  iiiid  tin'  ( Mil  Wmlil ;  Miisililcr  liii»  coiisidcriil 
till'  iiinttrr  In  lii>  pa|>('l'soii  tlir  I,r|ii(lo|it('i':i  iil'  Lalirailoi',  iiiuslly  ill  tlii'  Strttiiit'r  t>iitoiiiolui;l.'<('lii' 
zcitiiii^:  /I'llcr  in  lii>  review  iif  Ktlwanl-N  Itlitlcrllii's.  and  vaiioil>  papers  hy  Speyer  and 
Miiseliler  in  tlie  sainejiiiinnl  ;iNi>  di»eii«>  il.  See  aUi.  my  cDiiiparlsdn  (if  tlieliiillerlly  faiiiia<  ••{ 
Kiinvpe  ami  Ainerlea  iiitlie  rnieeediiiL- of  llie  Aineriean  a-i«i)eiati()ii  fur  ISTd. 


'i\fhfr  nf  sfti'rit-niif  \'o>if'Ssil.  titlsril  nn  Hit'  fijil, 

Vertli'al  ril»  li—  lliaii  twelve  in  niiiiilier  (I'ljnuiii'h) atalunta. 

Vel'tleal  rili>  inure  than  twelve  in  niiinlier  {\'"ijiiiriiiiii'is). 

Kt:>i  iHit  inure  than  une-teiitli  lil^lier  tliaii  liruad hlillterH. 

K^u  alioiil  line-third  higher  than  limad eariliii. 

'I'lilih    III'  N/i/c/c.s.  Iiilsril  nil  III!    iiili't'iiilliir  III  hi  rill. 

Ipper   liair«   id   Imdy    nearly  >traiuhl.   hardly    more   than   halt   a-^    luiii:  a-   width   of     heal 

( I'lji'Hiiii-ia) iitalanta. 

Upper  hair*  of  liody  eimsideraldy  eiirved.  alioiit  three-fdiirlh*  a«  iDiiira"  widthlnf  lieadi(.VeO/i.'/- 
riniich). 

Itiiily  iiiuhly  varie:,'ati'il Iiuntera. 

Itdiiy  ivf  nearly  iiiiifiirni  tint cardiii. 

'J'lihli:  III' Sjiecii.'*.  (ifiticti  'III  t/ii:  ntulnri:  ciUei'iii/liir. 

IJ:;tiler  inarKiiiL'-  in  fiinit  of  *iipralaterid  *piiie>  eoii-Ktinu  of  eiin^ipieiiou'"  ronndjspots 

Iiuntera. 
I/ifihter  iiiarkim.'-  in  frmit  of  «iipi'alateral  -iiiiie^.  eoii«i«tiiiL  id'  «leiider.!iiie(iii*p;eiioii«.  loii!,'itli« 
iliiial  Ntreiik>. 
Spiniiles  of  apieiil  eirelet  as  loni.'  (nut  ineliidiii;;;  the  terininal  tliorii)  as  tlie    spine  lieiow  tlie 

eirelet cardiii. 

spiniiles  (if  apieal  eirelet   not  one-third  so   loiii:  (not  inelndiiiL'  ttie  teriiiinalilhorii)  as  the 
spine  lielow  the  eirelet atalanta. 

'/'((/,/(•  ii/n/ieries.  Iiiiscil  mi  tlic  cliri/xiilin. 

A  dislinet  siipralateral  tiilierele  on  cither  side  of  the  ei},'lifli  alHloininal  se;;inent. 

Siipralateriil  tiiliereles  Idiiiitly  eonieal , hiiutera. 

Siipralateral  f iilirreles  sharply  eonieal , atalanta. 

No  dlstiiipt  siipraliitenil  tiili(>rcle  on  eliihth  iilidoniiiiHl  spv;moiit rardiii. 


NYMl'lIALINAK:   VANESSA   ATALANTA. 


441 


'I'lililc  nf  isjiei:ieSn  boned  on  the  intiKjn. 
Tlio  oi-iiivc  colors  on  upper  siirfiico  of  fore  wiiisjs  coiiliiicil  to  a  -iii!;lctraii>vcr.c   lu'lt  (/'//iv' 


IllflS), 


.utalaiitn. 


Till'  orinii;!' cdlor.-'  on  -.ippcrsiirfiiir  of  foro  \viii,u'<  not  conlincil  to  a  sinitlc  hclt  (Xe'iji'irfniini.i). 
Two  larftp  ocelli  on  nnclcr  surface  of  liiml  wlnits,  each  liroailcr  than  an  Interspace. hiiiitera. 

At  lca>t  four  ocelli  on  iindor  su-facc  of  hind  vvinus.  never  hroailer  than  an  inler.-paco 

cardiii. 

(.iHOLP  I  (I'.vrtuucis). 

W  iigs  (if  inniiio  iniirkeil  aliove  with  ii  ioii>|iicu()U>  ))rii>ht  cdhu-ed  how,  wliicli 
( ivs>os  the  middle  of  the  l'oiv«iii>js  iiiul  p\iiru;ius  thi'  liiiul  oiiir.  Under  >url'!ice  of  same 
without  conNiiieiiou.s  ocelli.  Ilookot  u|)i)i'rori;iiii  hilld  iit  tip;  clasps  tapcriuu:  a  little 
and  Miuarely  docked  at  the  tip:  seeouda it  armature  tran>vcr>e. 

VANESSA  ATALANTA  — The  red  admiral. 


'■'■■"'Li* 


[The  red  admiral  (Auct.):  atalanta  vanoss  (Knnnons);  atalania  liullcrlly  (Itarri>).) 


l'(ij>illii  (ilciliiiitc  Liini..  Hyst.  nat..  lOfh  pd. 
tTS  (175.^). 

}''u iinssii.  (it(tl(intti  Fahr.,  fll.  mag.  ins.,  vi: 
Jsl  (IS(iT) ;— l!oisd.-r.c<.'.,  I.Op.  AmOr.  .sept.. 
175-177  (1^:11)  ;—Kirli.,  Kaun.  Iior.-ainer.,  iv  : 
'.".U  (I8;i7) :— Pack.,  Jlonogr.  I'lnd.  T.  S.,  L't<,  pi. 
7.  til.'.  2(1, 'Jlii  (1S70):  — Scudd.,  Itutt.,  IIO-UI. 
l:i!)-ll(),  lii;>.  '';!.  7'J.  'X).  128  (1.S.S1). 

NlliiiplidUx  utiilnntii  I.atr..  Hist.  nat.  crust, 
ins.,  xiv;  86-87  (isnj). 

Ailldis  iitnlatitc  l>alm..  Konsl.  vctcnsk. 
acad.  haiull..  xxxvii:  lio  (isio). 

Piirniiicia  atn/fnitn  IKilm..  \cr/..  schmett.. 
:!:!  (181(1):— Morr..  .'^yu.  Kcp.  \.  A(ncr.,."/S-."i!i 
(is(i-j):— K.hv..  Can.'cnt..  xi\  :  •w!i--i')l  (1S8L>): 


xv:  14-2(1  (18»o):  xvii:  17!i  (18,S">) ;— Freneli, 
l!op' "Is,  III.,  vii:  l."i;!  (ls7^);  lJ[(tt.  ca.>t.  r..S., 
1!I0-1!I8  (18,s(;):_Middl.,  l!ep.  ins.  111.,  x  :  8(i 
(18.^1);— Kern.,  liutt.  JIc,  ."ilMlO.liir. -Ju  (l.tsl); 
— Mayii.,  I![(tt.  X.  K..  18. id.  'J(i. -JUa  (lS8ii). 

IJhiithiii  iihilinilii  I.ani..  .\iiini.  sans  vi-rl.. 
iv:-Jli(l8!7). 

ll(i)iHiilr;i({s  ilirarii  iiliiliiDtii  Iliilin..  Ver/. 
eur.  sel(n[ctt.,2  {ls->-2). 

(.'i/iitln'd  iiliiliiiild  llarr..  Ilitchc.  l!cp.,  ."lUn 
(18:i(>);  iOiitom.  corrcs]!..  •J7!i  (I8(i'.i). 

J'iil'i/(,    a>iiini/is  lictz..  (icn.   sp.   in>.,  ill 
(178.'!). 

Kiiiured  li>    (ilovcr.  111.  N.  A..  I,ep..  |il.  JJ. 
tig.  1;  pi.  .■!.;.  Ii-.  I. 


\'u\i\  Ic  \'nlcaiu  raiiitle, 
(}(ii  vole  conime  un  oiscaii : 
Sou  aile  noire  ct  splendidc 
I'oric  ((U  urand  rnhaii  pcniceau. 

(iiiit.Mtii  1)1-:  'Skks  M,.—L'.f  I'li/iill'iiix. 

Imago  (2  :(i;  1.2  : .")).  Head  covered  villi  ndujrled  h'.nish  i;ray  ami  rc(,di>h  lirovMi 
hair>.  ^((riukled  witlia  few  black  ones;  the  scale;-  in  immediate  lu'ox'uiity  t(,  'he  hinder 
edge  of  the  eye  are  pearly  white,  l)eliind  tliat  brown  and  wldte.  I'alpiwlii'  '  rlorly. 
rrintrcd  below  with  loufr,  blackUh  hairs,  the  upper  half  of  the  apical  tl  •  -.n  tns  of  tlie 
mhUUe  joint  covered  with  dark  yellowish  brown  and  black  scalo  iuidliairs;  apical 
.ioiut  like  the  dark  portions  of  the  middle  joint  l)Ut  with  a  few  white  and  yellowish 
white  scales  bciieiitli ;  Interhirly  the  palpi  are  dusky  above  with  i(  mcdi.au  line  of  spread - 
iiiil,  white  scales  near  the  upper  C(l;;c:  beneath  and  on  the  lower  portion  of  the  Inner 
side  dirty  yellowish  white.  Antoiuine  beneath  yellowish  brow  u  :  elsewhere  t)lack,  the 
base  of  each  joint  broadly  anim'.ated  with  white,  'iiost  broadly  at  the  sides.  Inter- 
nipted  by  the  brijrhtor  color  beneath ;  tlie  basal  six  or  seven  joints  have  but  little  or 
none  of  this  above;  dub  velvety  black,  touched  with  white  only  .at  the  extreme  b,ise. 
the  ai)ieal  four  joints  above,  the  apical  two  joints  below,  pa'e  straw  yellow.  Hasal 
tlilrd  of  tongue  luteous,  beyond  brownish  fuscous,  Inteo-fuscous  centrally,  the  extreme 
tip  luteous;  papillar?  (61 :20)  liuliau-dub  shaped,  twice  as  broad  In  middle  as  at  base, 
appresscd. 

Prothorax  clothed  like  the  head,  thesiray  hairs  predomiuatiuu  and  a  few  white  scales 


^•m 


I  '"■''  '■ 

■Si 

■i 

iii 

1 

pi:'' 

442 


rilK    HU'1TKH1"MKS  OK   NKW    KN<;i-AM). 


!i|ipcarin;i  alllioir  Imsc;  the  ivsl  of  tiic  tliorax  eoveri'il  with  mi'tallic  bi'Dii/f  ^irecii 
>caK's.  concealed  )))•  Umti  brownish,  olivaceous  and  nionso-brown  liairs,  tl)L'  pata^iia 
iil>o  witli  mingled  l)lnish  ixniy  and  reddish  l)rown  liairs;  I)eni'atli  witli  veddisli  l)ro\vn 
iiiid  wlnle  hairs,  the  former  prcdoniinatinjL;.  Kore  le^s  marlied  down  the  middle  of  the 
front  !)>'  a  black  streak,  vagnely  interrupted  with  white  at  the  tip  of  tlie  tibiae,  fringed 
liciivily  on  botli  sides  witli  pale  reddisli  lirown  and  dirty  yellowish  white  liairs: 
femora  of  other  legs  p\irplish  l)rown,  heavily  tiecked  w  ith  pearly  scales,  tlic  apex  yel- 
low ;  tibiae  and  tarsi  pale  yellow  witli  a  few  l)laek  scales  above,  especially  on  the  tarsi, 
tlie  under  .surface  of  the  latter  castaneons.  Spines  jiiceous.  spurs  castaneous;  daws 
blackish  castaneous.  the  upper  pair  especially  a  little  luteous  at  Imst' witliiu;  pulvillus 
piceous. 

Wings  above  lustrous  purplish  black,  the  Ijase  of  the  fore  wings  almost  as  far  as 
llie  mesial  baud  aiul  the  whole  of  the  hin:l  pair,  excepting  iu  <;Iose  proximity  to  the 
inargiual  l)and.with  a  slight  olivaceous  rellection.  Outerborder  of /'«/•''  irim/n  strongly 
-iimate,  the  njiper  iiortion  straight,  its  lower  angle  scnrcely  roun4led,the  lower  por- 
tion broadly  rounded.  Third  superior  subcostal  nervule  arising  as  far  f rom  tlie  base 
of  the  second  as  that  of  the  fourth  from  the  tip  of  tlie  wiug.  and  twice  as  far  as  from  the 
origin  of  the  fourth  superior  nervule.  A  few  dull  orange  scales  on  the  costal  border: 
a  sliiriitlv  irregular  mesial  l)aud,  unifonn  in  width  (the  portion  iu  the  cell  lialf  as 
lu'oad  as  long),  mostly  straight,  curving  inward  Iwlow,  of  a  bright  orange  color. 
Iirightest  alwve.  excepting  next  tlie  costal  edge  where  it  Is  yellowish  ;  the  outer  bonier 
of  the  band  crosses  the  cell  just  within  the  outer  limit  of  the  latter;  next  the  costal 
edge  it  {'urvcs  inward  ;  lielow  tlie  cell,  it  starts  from  tlie  lower  outer  angle  of  the  same 
and  continues  parallel  to  the  previous  portion,  as  far  as  tlie  miildle  of  the  lower  median 
interspace ;  liere  it  begins  to  curve  inward  subpar.dlel  to  tlie  outer  liorder  and  terminates 
on  the  sul)inediaii  nervule,  rounding  back  upon  the  interior  Ijorder,  wiiich,  below  the 
costal  nervurc,  has  followed  the  same  course  excepting  that  it  crosses  tlie  median  by  a 
nearly  or  ipiite  straight  line  and  iu  tlie  middle  of  the  lower  niediaii  interspace  lias  a 
~light  projectiini  wliicli  occasionally  beccmies  produc  ed  into  a  slight  stripe,  breaking 
tlie  band;  in  the  middle  of  the  <-ell,  depending  from  tlie  ipper  luargiuand  not  iva<'liiug 
the  lower,  is  a  transverse  l)lack  subreniform  bar.  whose  outer  limit  forms  i:  portion  of 
the  interior  niargin  of  the  mesial  baud,  edged  narrowly  and  inconspicuously  with 
orange,  excepting  aliove  and  occasionally  below;  within  tliis  the  cell  and  medio-sub- 
iiiedian  interspace  are  furnislied  freiiueutly  with  some  orange  scales.  Depeudiug  from 
the  costal  Iiorder,  midway  between  the  mesial  baud  and  the  apex  of  the  wing  is  a  trans- 
verse bar  of  jMire  wliito.  as  broad  as  the  width  of  the  interspaces  it  crosses,  reaching 
tlie  lowest  subcostal  nervule  aii<l  traversed  by  black  veins;  its  exterior  limit  is  a  little 
powdery  Imt  its  interior  is  sharply  dellned,  encroaches  a  little  on  the  bar  at  the  penul- 
tiiiii.te  subcostal  uervure  and  causes  it  to  narrow  suddenly  at  the  costal  edge;  the 
whole  bar  has  a  general  direction  between  that  of  the  upper  portion  of  the  outer  margin 
and  that  of  the  mesial  band;  depending  again  from  tlie  costal  margin,  midway  lietwern 
the  exterior  edge  of  tlie  liar  just  meiitioned  and  the  outer  margin,  is  a  curving  series  of 
live  white  spots,  subparallel  to  the  outer  border,  the  first  crossing  two  interspaces, 
irregularly  cvescent  shaped,  opening  outward;  the  second  a  luinntc  spot  in  the  middle 
of  tlie  next  to  the  lowest  subcostal  interspace;  the  third  a  little  hiiger  round  spot  in 
tlie  middle  of  the  lowest  subcostal  interspace;  the  fourth  a  larger,  ruundisli  quadrate 
spot  crossing  the  w"iole  of  the  snbcosto-medlan  interspace,  its  exterior  edge  a  little 
more  distant  from  the  outer  border  than  the  width  of  an  interspace;  the  (Iftli  similar 
to  the  third,  distant  from  tlie  outer  border  by  a  space  fully  eijual  to  an  intersiiace  and 
a  lialf.  IJemoved  fnnn  the  outer  border  Ijy  half  the  width  of  an  intersiiace,  in  the  sub- 
costal and  median  area,  is  a  vague  series  of  scattered  violet  or  pinkisli  scales.  Fringe 
wliitL,  occasionally  infringing  on  the  margin  iu  tlie  middle  of  tlie  interspaces,  inter- 
rupted broadly  though  not  very  abruptly  at  the  nervnre  tips  with  blackisli.  Outer 
niargin  of  hitid  fimjs  rather  strongly  and  pretty  nnifoi'iiily  rounded,  bordered  with 
orange  from  the  middle  subcostal  nervule  to  the  subiuediaii  uervure,  to  the  width  of  an 
interspace  and  a  half,  and  to  a  less  extent  in  the  upper  subcostal  interspace,  where  it 


^^ 


NYMrilALIXAK:   VANESSA   ATALAMA. 


44;^ 


Is  iliiniliishod  by  a  larj;*'.  Iilackisli  >\>ul  lf>s  lliaii  an  iut('r>|iatt'  ili>tant  frinn  tin-  hiu'diM-; 
In  tliL- iiiuldU' of  this  oninsie  liordcr.  in  tlif  luulilU'  of  each  iiitorspacf,  is  a  small. 
I'ouiiilisli.  I)lack  spot  or  dot,  replaced  in  the  niedio-snliniedlnn  intt-rspaee  l)y  a  larm\ 
narrow,  transverse,  hlauk  spot  erossinjiC  tlie  whole  interspace  and  hirijoly  dotted  alon.; 
the  middle  with  pale  bine  scales  often  forniinj;  a  donble  spot:  the  inner  Ijorder  is 
bliickisli  as  far  as  tlic  onter  nuiruin  and  is  dotted  just  al)ove  tlie  interior  extremity  nf 
the  spot  just  mentioned  with  very  pale  lilue  scales,  forminu' a  streak  as  Ions;  as  thai 
pre\  itmsly  mentioned.  There  is  a  mirrow.  subniaruiual  line  of  black  scales  in  tlic 
medio-sul)ni''dian  interspace  and  occasionally  toaslii;lit  dey;ree  in  tlie  other  interspaces. 
Frinjfe  white,  interruiitod  narrowly  with  black  at  the  nervurc  tips. 

Beneath,  the  J'i'rr  irini/s  are  lustrous  purplisli  black,  the  mesial  baud  and  liordcrinic 
cellular  spot  repeated  beneath,  but  the  baud  of  a  rose-red  colour,  e.xcepliui;  below,  on 
the  ;;reater  portion  of  the  inedio-snbuiediau  interspace,  where  it  is  dull  yellow  :  and 
above,  including  the  upper  mariiin  of  the  cell  and  sometimes  the  exterior  third  of  the 
portion  of  the  band  contained  within  tlie  cell,  where  it  is  pale.  l)luish  nacreous,  tinged 
with  yellow  oil  the  costal  edire  and  costal  nervurc:  the  costal  margin  within  the  band 
is  transversely  and  largely  banded  witli  delicate  stripes  of  pale  metallic  blue;  and  :i 
narrow  curved  streak  of  the  same  crosses  the  middle  of  tiie  basal  half  of  the  cell,  en- 
larging downward :  the  extreme  l)ase  of  tiie  cell,  especially  aloni:  the  subcoslal  ner- 
vurc, ami  the  base  of  the  costal  edge  are  sprinkled  witli  l)rowuisli  and  snnll'-coloreil 
scales;  the  white  transverse  costal  baud  of  the  upper  surface  and  the  curving  roiv  of 
white  spots  are  also  repeated  beneath,  but  the  baud  has  become  of  a  very  pale  bluisli 
white,  yellowisli  at  tlie  costal  edge,  and  the  upper  crescent  shaped  spot  is  replaced  by 
a  white  ilot  ill  each  interspace,  encircled  by  dark  reddish  brown. — all  mucli  mi/re  <'on- 
spicuoiis  in  tlie  upper  of  the  two  ,  the  two  siicceedinir  spot,,  are  also  iiartially  encircled 
by  miiigled  metallic  grei'ii  and  metallic  blue  scales  in  a  blaikisli  fuscoiw  Meld,  fol- 
lowed interiorly  by  a  scuiicirclet  of  pale  bine,  brown  and  yellow  scales,  capped  by  ;i 
similar,  delicate,  transverse  semicircle  of  purplisli  bhick  scales:  miduay  between  tlie 
costal  bar  and  tlie  median  band,  but  widely  separated  from  botli  and  rcacuing  fromllie 
costal  iimrgiii  to  tlie  median  nervurc,  is  a  very  large,  irregularly  <|Uadrate  patch  of 
metallic  blue,  euclosiug  a  laru:c  black  Held,  partially  powdered  witli  blue.  Heyond  the 
transverse  costal  liar  and  above  the  lowest  subcostal  nervule  the  wiiiL'  is  differently 
colored:  tile  ujiper  two  wliite  dots  are  in  a  small.  i|Uadrate.  costal  Held  of  yellowish 
white,  mostly  yellowish  exteriorly,  white  inleriiu'ly :  between  this  and  the  traiis\erse 
band  the  costal  margin  is  purplish  black  and  brownish  fiiscous.  willi  a  small,  niediaii, 
costal,  yellowish  spot :  the  costal  band  is  narrowly  edged  externally  with  purplish 
black.  Iieyoud  which,  as  far  as  the  spots  in  the  lower  two  subcostal  interspace^, 
brownish  fuscous  .scales  are  succeeded  by  and  partially  irrorate  witli  tliose  of  a  yellow- 
ish fuscous  colour:  beyond  the  upper  white  dots,  each  of  the  interspaces  is  lllled  half 
way  to  the  margin  witli  a  large  brownish,  somewhat  irreenisli.  fuscous  spot,  edged  ex- 
ternally  wltii  an  inward  openiii4:  crescent  of  reddisli  lirown.  The  outer  margin  is 
narrowly  edged  with  dull,  brownisli  yellow,  interrupted  at  tlie  iier\  ure  lips,  very 
broadly  below  and  also  in  the  lowest  subcostal  interspace,  willi  lilack.  more  or  les„ 
enlivened  with  reddisli :  tills  is  followed  by  a  more  or  les>  interrupted  or  obsolele. 
>vliltish  or  bluish  white.  (U'  clouded,  narrow  stripe,  most  distinct  in  tlie  subcosto- 
medlaii  and  upper  inedian  interspaces,  broadest  In  tlu'  upper  subcostal  inters|)aces. 
wliere  It  meets  tiie  markings  already  described ;  this  stripe  Is  separated  from  the 
marginal  edging  by  a  narrow  l)lack  line,  interrupted  on  the  nervnres.  represented  on 
the  upper  subcostal  interspaces  only  liy  a  central  dot  in  each  interspace;  in  thi^  lowesi 
subcostal,  the  sulicosto-niedian  and  in  |>art  iu  the  u|.per  median  interspnees.  this  is 
followed  after  a  black  eilging  by  a  narrow  stripe  o,''  metallic  green  scales,  some  «{ 
which  are  soinetimes  seen  lii  the  penultimate  subcostal  interspace.  Fringe  white,  in- 
terrupted abruptly  .tnd  ratiier  broadly  at  the  uervure  tiiis  witii  black.  Hhni  i'v'h;/.< 
greatly  varied ;  the  basal  color  is  made  up  of  a  commingling  of  pale  lirown  and  brown- 
ish fuscous  scales,  all  slii'litly  tinged  with  olivaceous;  tiie  extreme  Imse  of  the  cell 
and  of  the  costo-sulicostal  interspace  Is  tilled  witli  black  scales,  iiaving  a  coiiunon 


f 


444 


TlIK   HU'iTKHKl.lKS  Ol'   NKW  KNdLAND. 


H 


'  i 


I' 


-imious  I'xti-riiPi'  bordoriii!;  of  liliiisli  wliiti;  an<l  yellowish  wliiti;  si'iiU'*,  iiml  iiitcrioi-ly 
iiicu'c  or  less  oiilivoiKMl  l)y  siiniliir  or  by  dark  red  scnlex.  Scarcely  beyond  the  middle 
ol  tlie  cell  is  a  velvety  black  lljiure-of-oinht  spot,  urossinu;  the  uholo  of  the  cell  and 
iiarnwly  c(lu;ed,  exteriorly  and  interiorly,  bnt  not  within,  with  white  scales;  jn^t 
licyond  it,  a  slender,  irrejintar,  broken,  tortnons  stripe  of  dark  red  scales  crosses  tlie 
winir;  tlie  extremity  of  the  cell  is  marked  by  a  narrow  bordering  of  velvrty  black. 
I'liclosinii;  a  black  or  olivaceons  brown  ncrviile,  the  portion  within  tlic  cell  extendiiiiilo 
tlie  last  divarication  of  the  subcostal  >iervure,  and  tliere  curvii'ji  over  outward  into  tlic 
upper  subcostal  interspace;  tliat  outside  the  cell  crossinj;  lioth  these  iutersimces  and 
in  till!  upper  curving;  upward  to  meet  the  upper  portion.  Basal  half  of  costal  border 
more  or  less  spotted  with  dark  red.  intorrnptod  by  pale,  dirty  yellow  scales;  on  tlie 
costal  border,  its  interior  margin  just  above  the  divarication  of  tlio  subcostal  iiervure. 
is  a  larj^e  yeUowisli  wliite  patch,  extending!  halt'  way  to  the  extremity  of  the  costal 
border  and  downward,  y;rerttly  narrowing  in  its  course,  half  way  orwhoUy  across  the 
costo-subeostal  interspace,  interrnptcdly  edged,  interiorly  and  exteriorly,  witli  black, 
sometimes  ill  broken  (fontinnaliou  of  the  branches  of  the  black  spot  at  the  extremity 
of  the  cell.  A  short  distance  beyond  the  tip  of  tlie  cell  the  wing  is  crossed  by  a  jiaii 
of  irreiinlarly  i)arallel.  tortuo-siiiuons.  delicate  lines,  the  inner  blackish,  tlie  outer  dark 
red.  distant  from  each  other  by  half  the  width  of  an  interspace,  the  inner  from  the 
extremity  of  tlie  cell  by  double  that  distance.  There  is  a  series  of  large,  roundisli  or 
oval,  blackish  fuscous  spots,  each  occupying  the  whole  width  of  an  interspace,  tiiiir 
outer  edges  coineidiiig  with  the  interior  border  of  the  marginal  orange  band  of  the 
upper  surface,  those  in  the  subcosto-median  and  upper  median  interspaces  lieing 
almost  wholly  tinged  with  dull  metallic  green,  the  others  ))upilled  witli  brighter 
::reen,  all  having  a  delicate  pale  edging,  surmounted  interiorly  by  a  black  crescent 
and  followed  exteriorly  by  a  moderately  broad  band  of  yellowish  brown,  mingled  with 
-.onie  dark  red  scales,  and  tills  again,  at  aliout  three-quarters  of  an  interspace's  distance 
Iroiii  the  outer  liorder.  by  a  narrow,  often  interrniited  stripe  of  metallic  blue  and 
iii'een  scales  in  a  lilack  Held,  broadest  and  somewhat  sagittate  in  tlii!  centre  of  the 
interspaces;  the  large  spots  are  only  conspicuous  in  the  subcostal,  subcosto-median 
111(1  median  interspaces  where  tlie  submargiual  metallic  stripe  is  narrowest;  in  the 
iiiedio-submedian  interspace,  its  place  is  occupied  only  by  the  black  surmomiting.  The 
outer  bordering  is  dull  white,  having  a  pale  pinkish  hue,  more  or  less  sprinkled,  e-^- 
peeially  in  tlie  upper  tliird  of  tlie  wing,  with  blackish  scales,  the  margin  itself  nar- 
rowly edged  w  ith  alternate  patches  of  dark  red  scales  mingled  witli  black  and  dirty 
yi'Uow,  the  former  at  the  nervure  tips,  the  latter  surmounted,  in  the  middle  of  the 
interspaces,  by  sleniler.  tapering  blaek  dashes.  Th'J  inner  area  is  mostly  occnjiied  by 
11  grayisli  commingling  of  yellowish  wliite  and  blackish  scales,  Imt  also  enlivened  by 
metallic,  reddisli  and  brown  scales,  scattered  irregularly  tlirouglioiitand  Ijy  transverse 
lines  of  clustered  scales  of  the  same  colors,  mostly  in  eontinnation  of  those  in 
the  middle  of  the  wing.  Inner  half  of  the  wing  covered  with  a  few  scattered, 
not  very  long  white  liairs;  fringe  as  above. 

.Vbdomeii  above  purplisli  black,  covered,  especially  near  base,  with  long,  brow  ii 
liairs ;  beneatli  with  mingled,  dull  olivaceous  brown  and  dull,  pale  yellow  scales,  soine- 
tiiiies  one  and  sometimes  the  other  predominating.  Appendages  of  male  (33 :  2!t,  20a) : 
upper  organ  pretty  large,  bo(!y  compressed  above,  str<)ngly  arched  transverse- 
ly, straiglit  longitudinally:  hook  as  h)ng  as  body,  tlie  basal  fonr-llfths  stout  and 
iiiinid,  arched  transversely,  but  slightly  depressed,  tapering,  the  apical  tlfth  cipial, 
bitld.  fiu'ined  thus  of  two  lateral  pieces,  their  apices  pointed  and  slightly  Incurved; 
inferior  arms  stout,  e(pial  tlirongliont,  bent  nt  nearly  a  right  angle  in  the  middle, 
bluntly  i.ounded  at  the  tip.  Clasps  of  about  equal  length  and  breadth,  half  as  broad 
again  at  the  husn  as  at  the  tip,  with  tiie  lower  and  hinder  edges  slightly  incurved, 
the  upper  posterior  angle  slightly  produced  and  bearing  a  miiiute,  short,  tapering 
»plne.  incurved  and  directed  a  little  upward  ;  interior  linger  compressed,  horizontal, 
very  long,  scarcely  tapering  nntil  near  tlie  tip,  nearly  straight,  curving  a  little  inward 
and  upward  toward  the  lip.  scarcely  reaching  the  extremity  of  the  clasp.     In  addl- 


If^'' 


■ 


w 


XY.MI'IIAI.INAK:    VANKSSA   ATAI.AN'I'A. 


445 


lion.  (TO  ^iiii;  llif   iiiiiMU'  of  llio  dilsp.  is  a  riiliic 
iiiiililli'  |)ri)ilii('ui|  to  a  lliii-ly-pi>iutu(l,  miiiiito tooth. 


its  ,'t\<jn-  iiniiiu:  l)aik\vanl.  at  tin' 


.MciiMiii'iiiciits  ill  luilliiiuiiTs. 
I.fiiu'lli  iit't'in^'iu'  »  l.'l,  V  II. 


Siiialli- 


l.i'iij.'tli  foi'o  wiii^ 

aiiti'iiiint' 

liiiKi  liiiiMc  anil  tarsi.. 
foiT  tiliiac  ami  tarsi... 


.M.\i,i:s. 
.  Avi'ragc. 

31.:. 
17. 
lO.T.J 
0. 


1 


Dcsi'j'iliid  from  1  5 
(U'scfilii's  a  livld'ii 


Larjicst. 


■>  V . 


1'-i;mai.i\s. 


.Siiialii'st. 
•2!).."i 

u.:> 

•"i. 
.•).2.) 


.\vi'l'a;{c. 

l-ar!,'csl. 

:W. 

;t.-.. 

1(1. 

17. 

,').M 

11. 

.■|."."l 

.1. 1.1 

Hybrids.  Mr.  II.  Kdwanls  (Icscfilics  a  livlii-id  lictwccn  this  species  an. I  V.  cane, 
liiiseil  ill  t.'alil'oriiia  by  Dr.  II.  llelir  I'roin  a  catiTpillar  foiiiul  on  nettle,  as  follows  : — 
••  'riif  spots  across  tlu;  i)i'iintti'ies  form  a  l)eiit  iiiacnlai'  liaiiil,  tin;  siiliapii'ul  spot  beiiii; 
I'ctl  ami  not  wliite  as  in  utalanta.  Ilin  base  of  tlio  wim;  beliimi  tlie  liami  beiiiy;  rusty  rod. 
The  secimdarii!s  are  blackish  nearly  over  the  whole  surface,  with  reddish  hairs.  whi<h 
are  loiiy:est  toward  the  Imse;  tlio  siil)inaru;inal  row  of  ocelli  similar  to  those  of  carve. 
"Illy  with  white  pupils.  The  under  side  is  that  of  alalaiita.  the  alulmiien  lieimi  iii'ilher 
black  nor  red.  but  brownish,  tin-  color  of  ilie  anal  mar'jin  of  the  hind  winirs.  "  i  I'm'- 
coast  I.ep..  22, 1».)     Hybrids  aiiionu;  liiitterllies  are  of  extreme  rarity. 

Aberrations.  A  "yt'llow  variety "  is  nientioned  as  exhibited  in  London  (Knloiii. 
\vi  :  2711). 

Malformations.  In  Isil.").  Mr.  \V.  I'".  Kvans  exhibited  to  the  I';iitoiiiolo!{ical  s.iclcty 
iif  London  two  niall'ornied  specimens  of  lliis  species,  one  of  which,  cansilit  near  Brad- 
ford. Vorksliiiv.had  the  left  antenna  only  half  the  length  of  tlie  riu'lil.  notwithstaiidiim 
that  it  possessed  the  Usual  miiiiber  of  joints;  the  other.  Invd  from  the  larva,  had  the 
wimrs  on  oiu'  side  considcralily  larijer  than  on  the  other. 

Egg  (64:  21).  Laminate  ribs  nine  in  inimber.  cimiiiienciiiLt  at  the  sides  of  the  base 
ami  leavinu;  on  the  summit  a  frei'  -.pace  .2  nun.  in  diameter;  they  are  .02  mill.  Iiiirh  in 
I  lie  middle  of  tlie  eiiij,  and  .07  mm.  lii<j;h  at  the  sinnniit;  surface  ulisteiiiny;,  broken  up 
by  di'licate  transverse  lines,  .o;!  mm.  apart,  imly  minnlely  raised  aliove  the  surface 
except iiiu;  where  tlioy  traverse  the  ribs;  here  they  are  more  distinct,  especially  al)ove. 
lieiiis;  thickened  at  the  od^es.  Micropy'.-  rosette  .07  mm.  in  illameter,  or  fully  half  the 
diameter  of  the  space  between  the  lerininatlon  of  the  vertical  ribs:  it  consists  appar- 
iiiily  of  a  miiinle  central  cell,  siirroninled  by  a  network  of  nearly  eipial  siibcircular 
cells,  about  .0127  iiiiii.  in  diameter,  deeply  depn^ssed,  separated  by  toleralily  broad 
walls,  and  arranuied  irrey;iilarly  in  abo.it  tliree  I'oiicentric  rows,  the  oiili'r  cells  trans- 
versely oval.  Color  diilieate  ^reeii,  the  ribs  pelliicid.  Height  liiiclmliii^f  the  ribs).  .71 
null. ;  breadth  at  basi    .i;  mm. 

Caterpillar.  l-'iivln'tii/i'  (70:1b).  Head  (78;.")f<)  very  ilark  and  body  i)ale  but 
h:iviny;  only  mounted  spociiiKnis  to  descriln!,  the  colors  cannot  lie  aeciirali'ly  deter- 
mined; hairs  (86  :  til)  brown! -h.exceeiliiiirly  loiii;.  sometimes  ciirvintt  a  little.  Leniilli. 
2.2.">  mill. ;  leim;lli  of  loim;est  hair,  .21)  liiiii.  ;   lireadth  of  head.  .:!l  mm. 

Sir,, till  M'liji-,  Head  piceons.  with  a  few  pale  hairs  arisiiii;  from  excessively  miiinle 
papillae,  liody  dark  olive  u;reeii.  with  a  riisset  tliii;e.  strontjly  infuseateil  on  the  tho- 
racic and  the  dorsal  area  of  the  tlrst  three  abdominal  seiiineiits;  an  obscure  pallid 
siibstii;iiiatal  stripe.  Spines  (86: 1)2)  black,  sliuhtly  shorter  than  the  ajiiealcnrvi'd  hair; 
posterior  dorsal  papillae  of  eisfhth  abd.miiiial  segments  yellowish.  Length,  4.. "i  mm. 
Tliinl  .itidji'.  Head  r.s  before,  the  tnberclcs  larirer,  almost  coiispicuons,  especially 
when,  us  sometimes,  they  are  wliite.  Uody  very  dark  mahoy:aiiy  brown,  sometlnies 
with  an  olivaceous  tina;e.  often  almost,  and  sometimes  on  thoracic  segments  ipiite, 
lilack,  the  terminal  segments  and  under  surface  a  little  liiiliier  than  the  rest,  the  hinder 
ilorsal  tubercle  of  eighth  abdominal  seirment  sometimes  pallid,  in  one  case  enormously 
i'nlary:ed,  pallid,  and  ^lobnlar;  body  sometimes  very  faintly  dotted  with  white  above 
by  the  y;reater  or  less  pallor  of  the  liair-beariim;  papillae.  Spines  (86:(l:!)  black,  loiijjer 
than  the  straii^ht  apical  hair,  a  Ultle  shorter  than  the  seijint'iits.  Leiiifth,  7.."i  mm. 
F'lurth  siii,/i\    This  stajje  does  not  tjreiitly  ditt'er  from  the  precedlnjr,  but  the  papillae 


^  —  ■'■; 


:'<■■ 

^. 


p 


m. 


\      5t 


440 


TiiK  niiTKKiLiKs  OF  NEW  i:n(;la.;i) 


of  tho  lioad  HIT  vtrv  lur^o  iiiid  lil^li.  tnlli  r  tlniii  ln'oinl.  iiiid  (Ui  tlic  ImmIv  llu'  piiU-  colnr-i 
iii'o  iiKU'o  iu'diiiiiiont  and  have  a-'^iimcd  a  Ntnnv-\cltn>v  riilor;  ilii'i'c  is  a  distiiict  inani- 
lar.  siilisiiffiiiatal  ycllipw  stripi'.  'I'lif  apical  hair  i>  iKit  liall  so  Uniu:  a-*  tlic  spin.' 
(86:  (11)  from  wldcli  il  >priii,i;>.     l/oiiirtli.  1-'  iiiiii. 

Fiflh  ndiiji  (74:;'."i).  Iloud  (78:  "'l')  bronze  black,  covered  with  lar;ie  and  ratlier 
frei|iient  black  or  ))lack-tipped  vhite  tubercle.*,  and  not  very  nnnicrons  >inaller  wail-i, 
all  bearintf  rather  ^horl  fn>con»  hair>.  Colors  of  llie  body  varyini;  in  a  very  e.xtraoi'- 
liinary  deurce.  so  that  it  is  exceediny:ly  dilllcult  to  i^ive  any  ;reneral  description.  I 
think  llic  normal  form  may  lie  described  as  \elvety  black,  many  of  the  little  warli 
wliiti'.  but  a  dorsal  line  devoid  of  white  dots,  a  sulwtiiinnital  liand  foriin'd  of  loni^itn- 
dinal  narrow  open  Innnlcs  of  pale  yellow,  and  on  tlu'  abdominal  segments  an  inler- 
rn|)ted.  slightly  ol)li<ine,  sti-tinatnl  line  of  conllnent  yellow  dots;  the  opines  (86:<:."i) 
mostly  or  wholly  black,  or  havinjr  the  extreme  liases  (sometimes  oliscure  dnll  oranue; 
the  lonjicst  spines  scarcely  exceed  in  len;ith  onc-lnilf  the  jrroatest  breadth  of  the  head, 
and  thi^  apical  spinnlo.  or  that  portion  of  the  main  stem  which  lies  beyond  the  base  of 
the  lateral  splnnles.  is  nnich  shorter  than  the  otlier  part  of  the  spine:  at  its  base  the 
spine  is  scarcely  elevated:  the  splniforiii  tMberiMcs  of  the  first  seament  are  moderately 
lony;  and  the  li:iirs  scattered  over  the  body  short  and  inconsplcnons :  spiracles  black 
with  pale  lips,  r.ejrs  blick  :  proleifs  pale  I'nfo-tcslaceoiis.  I.enirth.  :'.o  mm.  ;  breadth 
of  body.  ."i.."i  mm. ;  breadth  of  head.  :\.'IT,  mm. 

The  white  sometimes  becomos  a  snulf  color  and  the  tint  extends  farther  and  farther 
from  the  little  wart  where  It  had  its  (n'i;;ln.  until  nearly  or  ipiite  the  whole  of  the  nni- 
mal  with  its  spines  nniy  become  lisrlif  colored,  lint  to  uive  a  better  concoptiou  of  tli." 
\iirialion  1  add  short  descriptions  of  several  staires  of  ornanwutathm.  I  will  add 
that  Mr.  1".  S.  Spratrne.  who  has  reared  lar^'e  nundiers  of  this  iiiseel.  Ilrst  called  my 
intention  to  the  fiict  that  they  often  change  their  color  fnnn  black  to  siuil;'  color  dnr- 
inu'  their  iirowth.  idtlioniih  lU'ver  tlie  re\erse.  That  IliN  must  be  so  is  evident  when 
one  nnllccs  thai  the  pidcst  forms  ari'  never  seen  annm^:  specimens  of  the  tlrst  three 
siaa;es:  after  that,  so  far  a»  my  experience  u'oes.  about  one-fourth  or  oue-tiiird  of  the 
individuals  chan;fe  to  a  satl'ron  tinl.  Son'e  siiecimeus  are  entirel\  velvety  black,  witli 
only  a  few  pale  obscure  dots  over  the  body,  hardly  noticeable  without  a  lens,  ami  the 
bases  of  some  (d'  the  spines  snrrounded  witli  very  obscure  dull  oraujre:  all  the  spines 
ami  spinules  entirely  black,  lu  ollu  rs.  still  lilack.  the  body  is  profusely  dotted  wilh 
white,  the  spines  pale  lemon  yellow,  those  of  the  thoracic  se4j;meuls  black,  the  dorsal 
ones  <d'  the  tliiril  tlioracic  and  Ilrst  and  sixth  abdiuulnal  se:rnients  fuscons,  tlie  substin- 
unitid  liand  broken  up  into  a  serii's  of  double  dots  and  altonether  wantinir  on  the 
anterior  parts  of  tlu'  sejiiuenls.  ( (thers  similar  to  this  ha\  e  all  the  spines  of  the  thorax 
black,  excel  thiL'  tlie  lateral  ones  of  the  third  seirmeiit,  while  all  those  of  the  body 
are  yellow.  Occasionally  there  is  a  short  streak  a  little  below  and  in  advance  of  the 
laterodorsal  spines  of  the  abdomen.  When  tlie  pale  colors  of  th<' warts  have  lieirnn 
to  be  conllnent.  the  specimens  assuinn  a  very  dlll'erent  appearance.  In  some  the 
prevailinsi  hue  is  a  rather  [.ale  olivaceous  i;reen.  the  warls  of  the  sunu'  color  but 
minutely  centred  w  itli  white,  beariny:  w  hite  hairs  and  encircled  in  whole  Oi  in  part  al 
tlic  extreme  base  with  blackish  fuscous:  the  whole  upper  surface  IjcL'rimed  inon- 
or  less  with  delicate  lilackish  fuscons  streaks  and  conyireaated  spceks.  exceptiu:^ 
alonjr  a  broad,  pale  irreeuish  yellow,  iiifrastiirmalal  band  and  In  part  nlonsi  a  narrow 
suprastiv:niatal  band  and  tlie  sh:)rt  streak  in  advance  of  the  laterodorsal  spines;  the 
s|iines  pale  y;reenish  yellow,  tluir  siiinulcs  mostly  black,  the  basal  ones  sometimes 
pellucid  or  testaceous,  all  tliose  of  Hie  infrasti<;matal  row  testaceous.  (Hhers  are  of  a 
livid  hue.  marked  with  obscure  brown,  most  of  tlie  spines  pellucid,  but  some  infnscatecl, 
restinu:  on  pale,  ilnll.  lemon  yellow  warts.  Still  others  arc  of  a  very  pale  straw  color, 
tinted  very  slii^htly  here  and  there  witli  purplish  and  marked  with  dark,  purplish 
slender  streaks  and  small  spots  coniirejrated  linearly  or  distributed  in  Irregular  annu- 
lar rinirs;  tlie  hairs  white,  tlie  spines  pale  lemon  yellow,  the  spinules -lenerally  lilack. 
The  cfilor  has  nothini;  to  do  with  the  sex. 

Chrysalis  (83  :  ,"iL'.."i;t,."i."i).     Wiiias  and  front  ashy  brown,  the  wrinkles  fuscons,  the 


NY.Ml'IIAI.INAK:    VANKSsV    ATAI.ANIA. 


44 


•  u 


toimic  ilii»k.\ .  ilii'  iirrMiii's  1)1'  iln'  \\iiiy:«.  iiici.-iin'N  •<(  ilu'  joints  uC  Icijs  ami  iiiiUiumc 
lis  wi'll  lis  till  111  nliM's  of  till'  tiiiiiiiK!  and  iici-llar  rllilicm  niiirkcd  avIiIi  lilackish  ruMidis, 
orilliir  priniiii.t'iici's  lint  litilc  iii-iiiiilicraiil.  Ilrail  ulmvi' aiicl  ilionix  asliy  limwii.  linked 
with  reddish  a  sleiidi'i*  dorsal  llni'  on  tho  lliorax ;  liasul  viny;  tiilicfflcs  luori' or  loss 
blackish  fiiscons;  supnilatcral  tliorai'ic  tnlii'rcles  a  little  liiy;lii'r  than  in  thi?  othef 
s|u'<'ies,  i{l('aniiiiir  ifold :  nictatliorax  Avitli  a  traiisvcrso  spot  of  the  same.  Alidonien 
dark  ashen  brown,  the  llrst  and  seconil  seifmeiils  tinned  witli  reddish,  the  whole  more 
■  ir  less  obscured  with  blaekisli  fiiseoiis,  esiierially  alonn  a  stliiinatal  band,  wlileh  is  as 
bioud  as  tho  leiii!th  of  the  sjiiraeles,  and  also  alony;  a  sliijhtly  broader  and  darker  veil 
Iral  stripe;  laterodorsal  tnberelesOf  the  llrst  and  seeoml  abdominal  seumenis  and 
siipnililteral  wart  of  the  third  sejiment  lileanilni!;  ^old  ;  other  tiibereles  brownish  yel- 
low, bordered,  especially  antei-iorly.  with  blackish;  siiprastl!;malal  wart  of  the  iiinlli 
seirmeiit  as  pnnniiieiit  as  tlio  others  of  that  series;  tliere  is  a  dorsal  series  of  loniti- 
tiidiiml  oval  patches  of  ilnll  or  briiilit  y:reenisli  jj:o1i1  jnst  beliind  the  dorsal  warts  and 
bordered  laterally  w  itli  obscure,  dark,  fnseons  sjiots ;  a  snprasti<;matal  transversely  oval 
paleli  of  greenish  ifold  on  the  side  of  the  fonrtli  seitnieiit.  Spiracles  dark  ashen 
brown;  ereniaster  blnckisli  on  ventral,  ashy  on  dorsal  surface:  Held  of  aiinl  liooklcls 
Icpiij^  and  slender,  thj-ee  times  loii<;er  than  broad.  I.enuth,  20..".  mm. ;  breadth  at  ocellar 
prominences,  .'t.;.'!  mm.;  at  snpernuinerary  wins  tiibercle.  T.."!  mm.;  at  tip  of  third 
abdominal  segment,  <i..'i  mm. ;  height  at  mesotliorax.  7  mm. ;  at  middle  of  third  abdom- 
inal segment.  7  mm.  ;  at  posterior  end  of  thorax.  '>.'>  mm.  'i'lie  whole  body  is  often 
covered  with  an  ashen  white  bloom,  bnt  so  far  as  I  have  noticed  tliem  snch  s|>ecinieiis 
have  alWKys  been  attacked  by  Taciiinae.  ll  may,  however,  be  only  an  accidental  coinci- 
(li-iK'e. 

Geographical  distribution  (20:  7).  Tliis  hutterHv  eiijoy.-  a  very 
oxtcnsive  j, 'ograijhifiil  vaugo,  oxtciKllng  over  nearly  tlie  wliole  of  the 
Kiiropean  and  North  Anicrii'an  contincnt.s.  Tn  tlie  Old  World,  it  occurs  in 
the  whole  of  Kiirojie,  excej)ting  the  northernmost  jiortions,  iuid  i.s  also 
found  in  the  C'auciisns,  Asia  Minor,  on  the  we.stern  half  of  the  northern 
coast  of  Africa  and  in  tiic  Azores.  It  has  even  heen  accidentidly  intro- 
duced into  New  Zealand,  no  doubt  w  ith  plants,  as  it  was  first  found  in  the 
Wellington  liotanie  (Jarden  (Ent.  monthly  mtig.,  xxi:N7),  tuid  into  the 
Ihnvaiian  Islands  where  it  is  known  a.s  ii  moimt;iin  species  (Parker. 
Psyche,  ii:2i;i). 

In  America  it  extends  over  the  whole  of  the  rnited  .'States  and  adjacent 
regions  as  fiir  north  as  Newfoundland  (British.  Miiseinu,  (Josse),  Nov;i 
Scotia  "rare  "  (Jones),  Antieosti  and  .southern  Lal)rador  (C'ouper),  God- 
Iiiiut  Hiver,  mouth  of  .'^t.  Lawrence  "connnon"  (Corneau).  (Juehee 
"rare"  (Bowles),  Ottawa  (Hillings),  Montreal  "generally  scarce" 
(Caidfield).  London,  Ontario  "not  very  common"  (.'launders),  and  even 
at  Moose  Factmy,  Hudson  llay  (Weir)  :  southern  Michigan  "ratlier  com- 
mon" (Harrington),  Wisconsin  "common"  (Hoy),  Iowa,  not  tmconi- 
mon  (Allen,  Austin,  Parker)  and  the  North  West  Territory  of  Canada 
((ieddes).  It  is  abundant  in  the  extreme  southern  states, — Florida 
(Chapman,  Palmer,  Thaxter,  Schwarz),  Alabama  "a  great  rarity" 
(Ciosse),  and  Texas  (Belfrage,  Aaron,  Lintner)  :  iind  even  occurs  in 
Herumda  "rare"  (tlones),  in  Cuba  "excessively  rare"  ((lundlach),  in 
Mexico  (Salle,  Brit.  Mus.),  and  in  the  highlands  of  (Tuatemala  "but  not 


m 


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■•v»S. 

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!l-'  ^- .  '■  1 

148 


riiK  iirrrKi'vi'LiKs  ok  nkw   i;n(,l.\nm). 


vory  alumdimt"  ( (iddiiiiiii  ami  Siil\iii).  On  tlir  Piicitic  roast  it  i- 
t'oiiiul  in  N'iUicoiivei'  Island  ( Flctclu'i')  and  in  rcnfral  ( 'alit'innia  (  Ajjassiz. 
Kdwards,  Osten  Sackcn),  Imt  \u>\\  fiii'  smitli  ol'  tlic  last  is  untcitain. 
It  lias  Ih'om  reported  from  the  nioiintaiiioiis  reuion  in  tiie  heart  of  tlir 
I'ontinent  only  from  Coloi'ado  (Mead).  Imt  iiiolial)ly  oceni\-  wIkm-cmt 
nettles  are  found. 

I  helieve  that  it  is  found  |ilentifully  and  in  nearly  e(|iial  niimliers  throu^zh 
every  part  of  New  Knirland.  altlionjih  it  is  comparatively  searee  in  the 
heart  of  the  ^^'hitl•  Mount^iin  rejiion  where  nettles  are  found  only  in  old 
eleiirinyt-.  As  tlie  al>uiidan<'e  of  tiie  species  is  more  than  ordinarily 
arteeted  hy  the  action  of  parasites,  the  records  of  a  sin<rle  year  for  any 
locality  are  comparatively  worthies*. 

Haunts.  The  luitterHies  enjoy  cnltivatcd  surroundings,  especially  gar- 
dens, and  in  sprinjr  are  to  lie  seen  on  lilac  tiowiMs.  in  .-uitmnn  on  dahlias. 
They  freijuciitly  pitch  on  trees  or  on  the  jrroiuid  :  they  suck  tlu>  juice  of 
fruit  and  may  rea<lily  l>e  eaunht  ahoiil  apples  dryinjiin  the  sun.  Theyai'c 
never  to  he  found  except  in  sunny  spots. 

Oviposition.  The  ejijis  arc  laid  sinjily  (thouudi  I  have  several  times 
found  two  and  once  tlu'cc  tin-  ajiart  on  the  same  leaf)  on  the  upper  side  of 
h'aves.  ficnerally  mar  the  middle.  Iiul  not  inl'ri'(|ucntly  on  the  extreme 
edge.  ne\  er,  so  fai'  as  I  have  sei'U.  on  the  rilis  :  (MK'c  only  have  I  seen  one  on 
the  under  surface  and  in  this  the  leaf  was  curled  partly  over:  they  are  not 
very  firmly  attached,  perhaps  o\vinji  to  the  ninnerous  hairs  on  the  lea\es. 
lint  seem  to  cliuf,''  hy  a  corner  or  any  part  that  touches  any  portion  of  the 
leaf  or  hairs,  and  so  to  rest  at  any  an^lc  with  the  surface.  Iiea\es  ahoiit 
the  middle  of  the  upper  half  of  the  plant  or  a  little  hi^hei'  are  always 
ciiosen  hy  the  huttertly  :  Mr.  Kdw.-irds.  judj;inji'  from  the  jilacc  where  the 
younjfest  larvae  are  found,  says  they  are  laid  on  the  topmost  h'af.  where  I 
have  ne\er  found  them,  thouirh  I  lia\e  collected  a  huntlred.  They  may 
])ossil)ly  act  differently  toward  l>oohmei'ia  on  whi<'h  he  has  conunonly  found 
them,  than  toward  nettle  where  oidy  I  ha\i'  seen  them,  hut  it  is  iu)t  proli- 
ahle  :  yet  the  to])most  h-aviis  are  far  more  accessihle  than  any  others  in  a 
nettle  j)atch.      They  hatch  in  five  or  six  days. 

Food  plants.  The  caterpillar  feeds  indiscriminately  on  evei'y  \ariety 
of  nettle  (Frtica).  .Mr.  Kdwards  has  also  olitained  it  on  iiop  (Ilunudns 
lupulus  Linn.)  and  false  nettle  ( lioehmeria  cylindrica  \\'illd.).  and  Dr. 
Chapman  has  reared  it  in  the  south  on  the  latter  [tlant  and  on  I'arietaria 
debili.s, — all  helonuinjr  to  the  same  family.  Irticaceae.  In  ICurope  it  ha.s 
Itccii  found  on  three  spoeios'  of  I'rtica  and  011  I'arietaria. 

Habits  of  the  caterpillar.  To  escai)e  from  the  egg.  the  eatcrpillar 
hites  around  the  suuunit.  casts  oti'  the  lid  thus  fonned,  anil  then  generally 
eats  from  a  fourth  to  a  half  of  the  sides  of  the  egg  in  ■•ui  irreguhir  nuin- 
n(U' ;  ho  then  <piits  the  leaf  on  which  he  was  horn  and  hies  him  to  one  of 


;:i^ 


NYMI'IIALINAK:   V.WKSSA   ATAI.AMA 


4<!l 


'Si; 


the  liiilt'-upi'iu'd  Ica\cs  at  tlic  very  Minimit  of  tlu'  iiliint,  wIrmv  lie  liin'>  llic 
tipper  !*iirf'iict'  of  tliL'  Iciif  w'liU  a  .silken  wel),  !>o  fastened  at  (iiffereiit  points 
as  to  draw  toji'etlier  the  approximate  outside  edji'cs.  tliiis  forming'  a  eanop\ 
within  whicll  he  live*  eoneealed,  solitaiy  and  ind(dent.  Mxideiitly  the 
newly  horn  eater|tillar  eonid  not  effect  siieli  an  operation  on  any  other  tlian 
the  tenderer,  newly  o[ieninfi'  leaves;  and  it  therefore  seems  stranffe  that  tlu' 
parent  shonld  choose  leaves  farther  down  the  stalk,  the  duration  of  the  I'^j; 
heiny  so  short.  It  is  this  liahit  of  the  vonii"'  iar\a  which  has  led  .Mr. 
Kdwards  to  state  tiiat  the  ejiirs  are  laid  on  tiie  terminal  leaves.  Diirinjrthe 
first  stajje.  the  caterpillar  "eats  the  substance  of  tlu'  leaf  witliin  its  case,  at 
M)ine  distance  from  the  tip,  leavinjf  tiie  frame-work  untouched.  It  niake> 
its  re.stinji'  place  (piite  close  to  the  l)a.se.  and  tliere  it  will  remain  till  after  it 
has  passed  the  first  moult.  .Most  of  the  feedinji' is  done  at  niyht"  ( Kd- 
wards.  Can.  ent..  .w  :  1.")).  After  nioultinji-  it  (piits  this  retreat  and  take> 
posses.sion  of  a  lower  expanded  leaf.  .Mr.  Kdwards  watched  one  of  these 
and  found  that  it  first  <fnawed  nearly  tinoniih  tlie  midril)  at  the  very  hasc 
of  the  leaf  and  cut  also  a  hole  ne,\t  the  rili  in  the  itase  of  the  leaf  itself, 
iiy  which  the  leaf  was  made  to  droop  :  the  opposite  educs  of  the  leaf  were 
tiien  stitciied  toji'ether  so  as  to  foi'm  a  canopy  as  liefore  (loc.cit.)  :  often  it 
eats  holes  lietween  the  next  pair  of  side  vein>.  as  in  the  fiirurc  (81:(!), 
and  then  the  lateral  rih  lietween  the  holes  i.>  also  weakened  liy  unawiuif. 
l»y  this  peculiar  mode  of  weakening:-  the  leaf,  the  nest  may  he  readily  dis- 
tinifuished  from  that  of  I'ol.  connna  on  the  same  plant.  During  the  early 
part  of  this  staj^e,  it  feeds  still  within  the  leaf,  hut  toward  the  end  it 
devours  the  extremity  of  the  leaf  which  serves  as  a  nest,  hut  no  lonirer  a> 
a  eoinplete  concealment.  \  new  one  is  made  after  the  next  moult,  often 
open  more  or  less  at  hotli  ends  and  it  now 

IJouiiis  with  till!  extremity  of  the  I'ohk'd  Iraf.  anil  iiil>  dciwnwanls  [i.  c.  toward  thr 
liasf,  actually  upwanls].  and.  as  it  itradiially  cdiisimir^  ii>  haliitaliini,  it  retreats  hael;- 
wards,  till  at  last,  liavinfr.  a>  it  were,  eaten  itself  out  id'  hdii-eand  lupiiie.  it  Is  forced 
to  aliandon  its  iniiirrfeet  shelter,  and  eon>tnu't  a  new  one.  .  .  .  The  sides  (d'  tin- 
lamer  leaf  selected  for  its  new  habitation  are  drawn  toirether  liy  >ilken  threads,  -.u 
tliat  the  edfies  of  the  leaf  meet  closely  and  form  a  liijht  and  comniodions  cavity,  which 
securely  shelters  and  completely  conceals  the  included  eater|)lllar.  'I'ld'-  in  time  i- 
eaten  like  the  tlr^t.  and  anotlier  is  formed  in  like  manner.  (Ilarri».  In.j.  ni-..;id.  ed.,SlK"i.) 

I  have  generally  found  that  even  the  largest  caterpillars  made  their  nests 
of  a  single  leaf  (8X:2)  and  such  has  l)een  the  experience  of  others:  l)ut 
Mr.  Lintner  on  one  occasion  found  that  "the  greater  ninidier  of  the  nearly 
matiu'e  larvae  were  hidden  in  a  shelter  made  hy  spinning  together  several 
of  the  leaves  at  the  tip  of  the  plant,  after  the  stalk  had  hccn  partially 
eaten  through  at  a  suitable  height,  so  as  to  permit  it  to  he  readily  hent 
downward  among  the  leaves  beneath,  where  a  thicker  shelter  eoidd  l)e  cf>n- 
strneted  (Ent.  notes,  i :  51).  I  have  oecasionally  found  similar  compound 
nest.'?,  but  have  not  noticed  the  bending  of  the  stalk.     Mr.  Edwards,  hovx- 


SI 


tV),', 


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Pf:,"' 


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:  '^^ 

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■',>'^'> 

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fe 

p^ 

450 


iiii;  lii  rn;i!i-i.iKs  ^t\■  \i;\v  i:N(ii.ANr). 


ivcr,  ii'CKids  a  similar  »aso  in  a  larva  oltsoi'Vi'*!  in  tlic  Iioiim-.  TIiIh  is  a 
cih'iiin^  instance  ot'  instinct  mi  the  part  of  the  calcrpilhir.  (if  whicli  Mr. 
Kdwards  (loc.  cit.)  <;ivc.s  iiiiotlior :   A  hirva  jnst  past  tlic  first  niiinh 

Wiis  iiliicuil  cm  i>at>  III'  tin-  si^coail  pair  of  K;uvi's  [from  llm  lop],  and  It  cIoxmI  ilu' 
i'ii;:i's  without  liitliiu;  tin'  iiiiilrili.  until  it  liad  uioni;  onit-tlilnl  Mu-  li'ni;tli  of  tin-  leal'. 
« Inn  it  ri'tnrni'il  anil  hrolvi'  tlic  niiilrilt,  ami  also  att'  tin-  two  hole-,  at  its  liasc.  Wr 
nniy  snp|ioHu  that  tlit*  larval  mind  al  first  dci'ldcd  tliat  tin- litaf  wonid  comi' to;;t'tlit  r 
I  at  tin'  I'dm's)  wltliont  the  rll>  l)i'inu;  l)rol<tMi ;  and  second,  disroviu'cd  tliat  this  was  a 
nii>tak('.  XYhcri'Mpon  rrctilliatlon  was  uni  Ic  At  ail  I'vi'nts.  iliat  is  what  a  hiniian  arcli- 
lirit  would  have  doiu!. 

'I'hc  ihillci"  under  sint'ace  ot"  tlie  K'tit'  ht-iiig  lir(tiio;lit  into  contrast  with 
the  upper  hy  the  construction  ot'  the  nest,  it  is  rendered  somewhat  conspic- 
noiis  :  and  tlie  (h'oopinof  hidiit  indnceil  makes  it  still  <'asier  to  <liscover  in  a 
nettle  patcii. 

(leiieridly  n  larj^e  niindier  ot"  caterpillars  may  lie  tomiil  tipon  a  sin<«lc 
luttle  patch  or  even  upon  one  jilant ;  lint  it  in  in  no  proper  sense  jfrcffsiri- 
oiis,  as  stilted  liy  Miss  .Middleton  ( lOtli  Hep.  ins.  III.,  Hli),  lint  on  tiu- con- 
trary strictly  solitary,  thmi<i;li  instaiici's  have  lieen  known  ot"  more  than  one 
caterpillar  in  a  nest, — nndoiihtt'dly  a  pure  accitlcnt. 

When  the  hirva  is  distiirlied,  as  for  instiiiice  liy  the  crawlin<r  of  another 
caterjiillar  on  the  outside  of  the  leaf,  tlie  lord  of  the  manor  siirniKes  his 
disapproval  and  alarm  liy  riinniiio;  from  one  part  of  his  enclosure  to 
another,  wajj^inji'  hi.s  head  vitileiitly  so  as  to  strike  the  side  of  the  leal'  or 
some  of  the  connecting  tiireails  and  thus  jolt  olf  or  frighten  away  the  in- 
truder;  tlu!  blows  effect  <iiiite  tin  tijiprecialile  jarring  of  the  leaf. 

I  am  indebted  to  Mi-ss  (Jiiild  sind  to  Messrs.  Angus,  Clapp,  Lintner, 
Saunders,  Spnigiie  and  \'errill  for  living  speeinienii  of  this  caterpillar. 

Pupation.  The  cater|iillar  suspends  itself  in  almost  tiny  jilace  where 
it  can  hang,  and  even  fretpiently  undergoes  its  transforniiitions,  as  IJois- 
dtival  lonjj:  nm>  observed,  within  the  leaves  that  liiive  .served  it  for  shelter. 
This  was  doubted  by  ^Ir.  Edwards  as  he  had  never  met  with  such  ti  ca.sc, 
lint  his  objections  were  afterwards  withdrawn,  on  receipt  of  speeimens 
from  Mr.  P.  Laurent,  who  in  a  short  time  had  foniid  no  less  than  one 
hundred  and  twenty-five  chrysiilids  in  snch  cases,  the  condition  of  which 
w  as  snch  that  it  was  evident  that  the  eateriiillars  had  taken  their  last  meal 
from  the  leaf  which  served  this  double  purpose.  Nevertheless  it  is  com- 
paratively rare,  more  substantial  supports  being  sought.  Nor,  on  the 
jdant,  does  it  always  change  within  its  final  larval  nest,  but  sometimes 
forms  from  a  single  leaf  a  hood,  like  that  made  by  the  larva  of  Pol. 
eomma,  but  without  biting  any  part  of  the  leaf,  midrib  or  stalk,  merely 
fastening  beneath  the  midrib  the  <ipposite  edges  of  the  base  of  the  leaf, 
spinning  a  web  within  and  hanging  itself  within  the  open  enclosure.  When 
it  has  snsjiended  itself  in  jireparation  for  its  change  to  chrysalis,  the  body 
of  the  caterjiillar  is  curved  njiward  so  as  to  bring  the  jaws  and  all  the 


I 


'  !■  'i 


^Pi 


NV.MIMIAI-INAi::   VANKSSA    AIM. ASIA 


4ol 


■V', 


U'li^  on  ii  line  with  tlii'  sfCKiiil  |>!iii'  nt'  prolfi;'.      Tlu'  cIiin  ■'Mli>    stayc  jjcii- 
criilly  last-i  nlioiit  ten  (Ijivn. 

Life  history.  Hotli  in  l'!iii'i>|)c  anil  .New  Kni^liiinl  there  are  two  Ih'iumU 
of  tlii.s  iii.st'ct.  ahhon;,'h  some  of  the  ehrysalids  of  the  hiter  l)ro(>(l  do  not 
(lisehise  their  inmate?  imtil  sprinj;.  when  the  hil)ernatinu  hnttertlie.s  and 
thcwe  tVom  wintering  pupae  mingle  on  the  win<j  and  (h'posit  their  ef^g-*.  >o 
tUr  as  known,  ^<inlllltan^M)llsly.  'I'lie  winterinj;'  imago  is  one  of  the  hist  ot 
hilierinitinjr  liiitterHle.-  to  maki'  its  appearance  in  spiie.g.  lieinir  seldom 
s<'en  hefore  the  lieginning  of  the  second  week  in  May  (tliough  .Nfr.  (irotc 
says  lie  has  sei-n  them  in  Felinuiry  on  ."^taten  Islantl)  ;  and  since  indi\  id- 
uals  emerjiinu'  from  wintering  elirysalids  often  appear  liy  the  last  week  in 
the  same  month,  always  as  soon  as  the  first  week  in  thine,  though  still 
emer<^inu'  until  the  mirldle  of  the  month,  hattered  and  hrilliant  siieeimens 
from  the  same  lirood  of  elirysalids  may  he  seen  Hying  in  company.  IJoth 
apparently  deposit  their  egg?  at  the  same  tim<',  and  the  Iai'\ae  may  he 
found  in  \arions  stages  of  de\('lopment  through  nearly  the  whole  of  .Fiiiic 
ami  the  first  half  of  .July:  the  elirysalids  hang  for  alioiit  ten  ilays  *  and 
the  InitterHies  appear  hy  the  first  days  of  .July  and  continue  to  emerge 
from  the  chrysalis  throughout  the  month  :  the  eggs  are  laid  at  once  and 
anotlu'r  i)rood  of  cater|iillars  may  he  found  hetween  the  middle  (ore\cn 
at  the  end  of  the  first  week)  of  .Inly  and  the  last  of  ,\ugust  :  the 
InitterHies  appear  the  very  last  of  .\iigust  and  early  in  Septi'iiilier.  and  Hy 
throughout  this  month  and  even  later,  though  in  gradually  diminishing 
iiumhers  :  they  are  among  the  hist  of  our  hiliernatiug  InitterHies  to  .seek 
their  w  inti'r  ijuarters,  and.  as  stated  ahove.  some  of  the  elirysalids  of  this 
autumn  hrood  do  not  disclojie  the  hntterHy  hefore  t'-.e  ensuing  spring. 

Mr.  II.  T.  Stainton  tells  me  that  in  Kugland  atalanta  delays  its  hiher- 
nation  until  nearly  Deccmher,  and  d.ies  not  make  its  appearance  again 
until  . I  line,  which  id  as  in  New  Kngland  :  while  on  the  northern  shores  of 
tilt  Mediterranean  it  never  hihernates.  pro|>erly  .s|»caking,  as  the  ecdil  is 
never  stroiig  enough  in  the  winter  months  to  induce  it  to  do  so. 

In  our  southern  states  there  is  undouhtedly  some  variation  from  this 
history,  for  there  the  hntterHy  is  at  least  triple-hrooded.  .Mr.  Kdwards 
says  that  in  West  Virginia  *•  there  are  tlire(  hroods  of  the  larvae,  the 
first  in  May  aiul  early  June,  the  second  in  .Inly  and  early  August,  the  third 
late  in  .Septeinhcr."  (loc.  cit.)  According  to  Dr.  Chapman's  ohscrvations 
in  .\p[ialachicolii.  Fla.,  the  wintering  ehrysalids  disclose  their  hutter- 
Hics  toward  the  eiul  of  April,  am\  the  last  hrood  of  the  season  appears 
early  in  N'ovemher,  hetween  which  months  there  is  certainly  time  for  even 
more  hroods  than  two.  Further  south  still,  pretty  fresh  specimens, 
which  could  hardly  have  wintered,  were  ohtained  hy  Dr.  Palmer  at  Indian 
Hiver  the  last  of  March.  In  t  lesc  warmer  latitudes,  as  in  southern 
*Sc|>|)  9ii.Vb  ()(  tlii-  lii'ooil  in  Kiiroiie  tluit  tt  luiiigs  for  iilioiit  tliroc  wcek^. 


,■,1" 


ii. 


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R^-VJ- 


Kf  ■'■. 


452 


rilK  nLTTKKFI.IKS  OK  :,'i;W   K\(;i,AM). 


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ifi:- 


\h.' 


Kraiu'c,  this  hiitti'ifly,  loth  to  liilitTnate,  fliex  the  winter  tliroiigli.  In  Xew- 
t'liundland,  to  jutlj>o  tVoni  (iossiiV  ohsi'i'vatioiiH,  tlii-re  is  pnthahly  but  a 
single  brood. 

According  to  Mr.  F.  I?.  Jofforys  (Kntoni.,  xvii :  1H;{),  in  Kansas  tlio 
liutterHy  is  most  iihiindunt  in  the  spring  and  rarely  seen  in  autumn.  Tliis 
would  indicate  a  very  large  j)roportion  of  wintering  chrysa'ids.  In  J.ng- 
land  Mr.  (r.  I).  Smith  had  one  chrysalis  disclose  the  imago  in  his  hreed- 
itig  cage  as  late  as  Xovemher  !Hh  (Ibid.,  xvii :  17). 

The  longevity  of  the  huttcrHy  is  so  great  that  specimens  may  he  seen 
the  wliole  season,  and  in  warmer  countries  the  whole  year,  through  ;  Meyer 
Oiir  says  this  is  occasioned  through  une<pial  develoi)ment  of  the  larvae, 
hut  the  species  does  not  seem  to  me  to  differ  in  this  respect  from  many 
othert'.  T!ic  inl)ernating  butterflies  jiass  the  winter  in  crevices  of  rocks, 
in  hollow  trees  and  under  house  roofs.  A  letter  from  Mr.  Ilayhurst  of 
Miss<iuri,  published  by  Mr.  Edwards,  states  that  ••  during  last  winter,  in 
Fel>ruary,  a  tree  was  felled  on  the  line  of  the  railroad  on  which  I  was  at 
work.  As  it  fell  it  split  open  and  was  fo\md  to  be  hollow.  The  cavity 
was  partly  filled  with  dirt  and  hickory-nut  shells,  b\it  amcnjg  the  stuff  that 
fell  out  were  some  twenty  l)utterflies,  mostly  Vanessas  .  .  .  antiopa  and  ata- 
lanta."  .Mr.  A.  H.  (Irotc  also  once  found  three  or  four  specimens  hang- 
ing to  the  rough  rafter  of  a  garret  on  Staten  Island,  and  perfectly  torj)id. 

This  butterfly  is  another  of  tiiose  which  .are  very  irregular  in  their 
abundance  from  year  to  year,  ami  it  is  exceptionally  subject,  as  we  sliall 
sec,  to  the  attack.'-  of  parasites. 

Xewman  states  that  in  England  the  butterfly  has  been  detected  wander- 
ing about  in  tiie  night,  an<l  that  he  has  repeatedly  taken  it  at  the  s\igar 
prepared  for  Noctuae  :  it  has  l)een  observed  al)out  the  electric  light  in  this 
country  by  Mr.  II.  Edwards. 

Flight  and  attitudes.  The  flight  of  this  brilliant  butterfly  is  vigorous, 
<|uick  and  nervous.  Mr.  Thos.  Hill  describes  its  action  as  seen  by  him 
»ino  hot  season  in  England  (Enfom.,  xviii :  73).  "  I  saw  it,"  he  says, 
"  skimming  over  the  tops  of  the  oak  trees.  .  .  .  They  darted  through  the 
air  with  a  rapid  inotio'-,  high  above  the  tops  of  the  trees,  and  then  dint- 
ing suddenly  down  to  the  clover  flowers  in  the  field  below,  they  rested  for 
a  moment  and  then  took  another  fiight  over  the  toi)s  of  the  trees." 

When  resting  on  the  ground  after  fiight  it  "  often  alternately  expands 
and  closes  its  beautiful  black  and  scarlet  wings"  ((iosse).  AVhen  set- 
tled upon  the  ground,  the  wings  are  usually  extended  horizontally , 
the  costal  edge  of  the  fore  wings  placed  nearly  at  right  angles  with  the 
body,  while  their  inner  margin  reaches  the  middle  of  the  lower  sub- 
costal inter8j)aee  of  the  hind  wings.  They  often  elevate  the  costal  edge 
of  the  fore  wings  slightly  while  the  hind  wings  remain  stationary,  and 
then  the  inner  margin  is  pushed  backward  over  another  interspace.     The 


jVrO 


NYMl'IIAIJXAr.:   VANKSSA  ATAl.AMA. 


4o3 


Diitcnnao  are  striiiglit,  I'aisod  .■>li<j;litly  aliovo  tlio  plane  of  tlu-  body  and 
spread  at  al)oiil  a  rif-lit  anj^U'.  Wlu'ii  alarmed  tlie  wiiiffn  are  cldsed  hack 
to  l)ack  with  a  siulden  start.  \N'lien  resting  npon  Howers  or  tlie  leaves  of 
a  tree,  tlie  winji'M  are  genoraliy  held  at  or  \  ery  I'.early  at  right  angleti  with 
each  other.  When  at  rest  for  the  night,  tlie  for*'  wings  are  as  ne  irly  hid- 
den l)Ctween  the  closed  hind  wings  as  is  possihle,  the  costal  edge  of  the 
former  emerging  i/ctween  the  tii)s  of  the  costal  and  njiper  hrandi  of  the 
subcostal  nervure  of  the  latter  ;  the  antennae  rest  against  tlie  costal  edges 
ot'  the  iiind  wings,  their  tips  diverging  \vf\  slightly. 

Parasites.  Not  only  does  a  little  'IVichograinma,  T.  niinntissinmm,  in- 
fest the  eggs  of  this  hiitterHv,  discovering  them  during  their  brief  life,  and 
emerging  about  a  fortnight  after  the  time  for  the  caterpillar  to  hatch,  but  the 
caterpillar  is  sorely  beset.  First  there  is  as|>eeies  of  Apanteles.  A.  edward- 
sii,  which  nmst  sting  the  caterpillar  before  it  has  comj»Ieted  its  very  fii'st 
nest,  as  Mr.  Kdwards  suggests.  Any  one  that  will  watch  a  newly  hatched 
larva  will  observe  its  restlessness  until  its  nest  is  made  :  Mr.  Kmertun  had 
exceptional  ditticnlty  on  this  acccauit  in  making  a  drawing  of  it,  though 
many  larvae  arc  impatient  at  this  stage.  At  .my  rate  one  may  often  find  the 
[lurc  white  or  silvery-gray  cocoon  of  this  insect  resting  beside  the  larval 
skin  in  tiie  nest  of  the  defunct  ciitcri)illar,  and  will  find  the  latter  is  never 
beyond  the  second  stage  and  that  one  parasite  has  been  inoiigh  to  kill 
him.  Apparently  these  jiarasifes  sometimes  winter  in  the  cocoon.  Mr. 
Kdwards  (1.  c. )  gives  sonu'  account  of  the  action  of  the  spe<Mes.  and  found 
it   held  in  check  by  a  species  of  Tetrastichus,  T.  modestus. 

lliit  although  in  this  case  a  single  worm  is  enough  to  destroy  one  cater- 
pillar, far  worse  havoc  is  made  ^nnong  the  nettle  feeders  at  a  later  stage  liy 
another  species  <;f  Apantiles,  A.  atalantae.  It  is  often  ditficult  to  procure 
a  single  butterHy  from  a  large  nundier  of  larvae  taken  in  the  open  air:  they 
arecranuned  full  of  these  parasitic  enemies,  which  suddenly  emerge  together 
tiu'tuigh  the  skin  of  their  victims  when  full  grown,  and  spin  their  pme  white 
<'ncoons  besitic  the  now  collapsed  prey.  1  first  observed  them  when  from 
some  caterpillars  of  atalanta  sent  me  by  Mr.  W.  Saunders  of  Ontario  and 
Mr.  ('.  P.  Whitney  of  New  Hampshire  (subsequently  raised  in  nnndiers 
by  Mr.  P.  S.  Sprague  and  myself)  some  pale,  dirty  yellow,  cylindrical 
worms,  ;{  nun.  long  and  .7.'»  nun.  broad,  forced  their  way  indittercntly 
from  the  back,  sides  or  r.n<ler  surface  of  the  caterpillar,  and  innnediately  be- 
gan to  make  cocoons  for  themselves  on  the  nearest  spot,  the  caterpillar  itself, 
and  the  surface  on  which  it  was  resting.  As  the  grid)s  which  inhal)it  a  single 
caterpillar  penetrate  its  integinnent  for  their  change  at  nearly  the  same  time 
and  in  close  proximity,  their  imited  efforts  form  a  network  of  pure  white 
tloss  in  which  the  cocotHis  (88:  I.'!)  are  cneh)8cd.  (ienerally  the  mass  of 
cocoons  is  double,  one-half  on  each  side  of  the  caterpillar,  which  seldom 
stirs  from  its  position  and  never  far  after  the  emergence  of  its  foes,  although 


M 


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|.,;« 


':,5Ai 


m 


454 


THK  BUTTKliKLIKS  OF   NKW   K\(;I.AX1> 


lite  iiiav  not  btroiui'  I'Xtiiict  for  fscviTiil  day*.  At  otlaT  tiinos  from  ((oiiic 
luovciiicnt  of  the  futcrpillar  tliov  hcconie  luorytMl  into  one  ina-.  One  tiinli 
cluster  wati  formed  of  regular  layerss  of  eocooiit*  [liled  likj  >io  many  logs  upon 
one  another,  wit!»  no  h)ss  of  spaee  between  tliein,  so  that  they  were  eompaet 
and  unyielding,  tlie  ends  of  tiie  eocoons  or  side;*  of  t!ie  mass,  and  espec- 
ially one  side,  furnislied  witli  a  (piantity  of  loose,  Hoceulent  matter,  together 
forming  a  well-rounded,  short-oval  mass,  11  nun.  long,  7  mm.  l>road  iuid 
4  mm.  higii,  the  lireadth  i)eing  tiie  direction  of  arv  one  cocoon  :  without 
the  Hoceulent  matter  it  would  have  heen  hut  ")  mm.  l)road.  The  cocoons 
are  made  of  thicker  or  more  compacted  silk  than  the  lest,  and  all  i)arts  hut 
tiie  extremity  where  the  head  of  the  future  [>u]ta  is  to  lie  are  cotnpletcd 
Hrst.  and  then  this  end  is  sealed  up  with  a  tliin.  nearly  flat  coxering,  eav,- 
or  the  jaws  of  the  imago  to  sever.  The  cocoons  are  cylindrical,  of  uniform 
size.  ;>  mm.  long  and  .fSo  nun.  broad,  and  arc  not  so  thick  as  not  to  show 
tiie  dusky  color  of  the  enclosed  puiia.  Even  in  the  very  regular  mass  I 
iiave  described,  the  anterior  extremities  of  tlie  cocoons  were  not  all  [)laced 
ill  the  same  way.  but  directed  iu<litf'erently  toward  either  side.  In  the 
ditt'ercnt  instances  in  which  1  counted  them,  the  cocoons  from  a  singli> 
caterpillar  varied  from  twenty-.-ix  to  thirty-nine  in  numl)er. 

The  grul)s  emerge  from  the  caterpiihr.'s  in  the  early  |)art  of  .lune  and 
apjiear  as  winged  insects  in  ai)out  eight  or  ten  days.  A  second  lirood 
emerges  in  the  middle  of,Iuly.  and  a  third,  whicli  appears  in  Septeml)er, 
remains  in  the  cocoon  all  winter. 

In  emerging  from  the  cocoon,  the  little  hypmenopteron,  Apanteles  ata- 
iantae,  cuts  away  the  thin  circulai'  lid  and  pushes  it  upward,  where  it 
remains  entangled  in  the  thread*  of  tiie  Hoceulent  mass.  The  males  arc 
the  least  abundant :  in  one  instanci'  I  ol)taiiie(I  seven  males  and  twenty- 
two  females  :  in  another  six  niaics  and  twenty-nine  females.  The  males 
make  their  appearance  Hist,  although  the  whole  community  emerges  within 
an  hours  time,  witli  the  occasional  exception  of  a  straggler  who  may  be 
detained  a  day  or  more.  Tlie  moment  they  have  cut  their  way  out  they 
race  about  with  widely  outstretched  jaws,  their  antennae  tremliling 
vigorously. 

To  see  the  operation  of  this  little  parasite  I  placed  some  females  two 
tlays  old  under  a  glass  with  caterpillars  of  atalanta,  some  fully  grown  and 
others  about  half  as  long.  The  parasites  were  put  in  Hrst  and  the  catci- 
pillars  introduced  afterwards.  There  was  no  cliange  in  the  action  of  the 
parasites  at  tiiis  time,  no  recognition  of  the  presence  of  their  victims, 
although  both  before  and  afterwards  they  were  in  constant  motion,  e\i- 
dcntly  in  search  of  jirey.  In  their  lilind  wanderings,  coming  into  con- 
tact with  a  l)it  of  web  made  by  a  larva  of  atalanta  in  the  angle  of  a  nettle 
leaf  and  vainly  endeavoring  to  penetrate  it,  they  at  once  went  vigorously 
at  work  to  bite  their  way  through,  as  if  confident  that  the  object  of  their 


NY.MPHALINAK:    VANKSSA    ATALAMA. 


455 


iscarfli  was  Dovo 


Jiul. 


T 


icy 


<liil   iKit    sonii  to   1)0  aitk'tl  iit  all  l)v  wiyiit,  t 


or 


tlity    tVc'ijiu'iitly  ran   accidi'iitally  into  tin-  catt'rpillars  wlu-ii  tlioy  were  i 


II 


tl 


K'lr  \vi 


•y 


ill) 


(I  turneil  aside  as  soon  as  their  anti-nnai'    canu'  into  contact. 


The  smaller  eaterpil.ars  were  not  stiinj^  :   intleed  there  was  scarcely  -['i'.ee 


between  the  siiinos  to  allow  the  parasites  room  to 


tl 


len-  sliort  oviposi- 


rith   the   skin ;   Itiit    the   larjfei 


ones    were    rep 


L'utedh 


tori?  into    ((intact 
LTced.     (Jn  meeting  these  there  was  a  monieiit's  pause,  tiien  the  parasite 


)iei 


ran  or  juiiiped,  as  it  were,  up(m  the  side  of  the  caterpillar,  flirted  its  wings 
ill  the  air,  stung  it  in  an  instant's  time,  and  then  ran  ott'  and  ahout  as 
hefore.  It  seemed  to  he  indifferent  as  to  whether  the  caterpillar  was  in 
iiiDtion  er  (juiet  When  the  caterpillar  felt  the  sting  he  started  and  then 
walked  (j;iickly  away.  In  five  oi-  ten  minutes  the  parasites  liecame  per- 
fectly (pi'r  scent,  although  thin'  had  stung  the  eateriiillars  hut  a  few  times. 
I'rohabiy  they  had  exhausted  their  momentary  siip[)ly  of  eggs. 

We  have,  besides,  another  hyuienopterous  parasite  iu  Microgaster  cari- 
nata  (88:  U),  which  often  crowds  the  body  of  the  cate -pillar  full  of  worms, 
eating  the  noiirisliment  it  endeavors  to  procure  for  itself;  and  still  another, 
a  sjtccies  of  Kuloiihus,  the  eoal-lilack  ehrysalids  of  which  one  may  soiiie- 
tiines  find,  to  the  number  of  twenty  or  more,  standing  erect  on  their 
liiiider  ends  around  the  corjise  they  have  destroyed,  lik(  black  tomb-stones 
ill  a  cemetery,  a  most  melancholy  spectacle  on  opening  a  iii'st  to  get  the 
yiuing  caterpillar. 

As  if  these  were  not  enough,  a  dipterous  foe  ravages  what  the  Ilynicii- 
optera  have  left,  in  the  person  of  Kxorista  fiitilis  (89:  1<»).  Mr.  P.  S. 
Spragiie  and  myself  have  raised  large  numbers  of  this  parasite.  They 
sting  the  caterpillar  and  emerge  as  maggots  either  from  it  when  fully 
grown,  or  more  generally  from  the  chrysalis,  during  the  first  seven  days 
(if  its  suspensi(m.  C'hrysalids  containing  these  Hies  may  generally  be 
distinguished  by  a  pale  ashen  bloom,  so  far  as  my  exiierience  goes.  The 
maggots  change  at  once  to  pupae  and  become  winged  in  less  than  a  fort- 
night, or,  in  the  examples  I  have  seen,  about  the  first  of  August.  1  do 
not  know  at  how  young  a  stage  the  caterjiillars  are  stung,  but  I  have  had 
specimens  in  my  breeding  cage  for  a  fortnight  which  must  have  been 
already  pierced,  but  which  showed  no  signs  of  any  afieetion  until  after  the 
suspension  of  the  chrysalis.  Usually  one  but  sometimes  two  dipterous 
grubs  come  from  a  single  specimen  of  atalanta.  In  escaping  from  the 
l»iipa  case  the  two  anterior  joints  are  forced  oH'  as  a  sort  of  lid,  not  whole 
1  lit  broken  into  two  e(iual  halves,  each  the  (piarter  of  the  periphery  of  a 
sphere. 

In  Europe  numbers  of  Microgaster  deprimator  Spin.,  emerged  early  in 
August  from  the  caterpillars  of  the  butterfly  I  was  raising,  and  iiecame 
winged  in  eleven  or  twelve  days ;  not  more  than  one-sixth  of  them  were 
males.     Dr.    Dimmoek  has  called    inv  attention   to    the    statement    that 


'■m 


^y. 


W'h'.^: 


456 


Tlir,    lil  iTKUFI.IKS  OK    NKW   KNdNAXD. 


I 


m 


si- 

4     I 


I'teiumaliit'  inipiiriiiii  al-u  attiuk.'?  atalanta  in  Euio|il'  (\atiiralii<t,  ISSli, 
2i;j).  ami  Bigiu'll  f^ivcji  a  liist  (if  fmir  Hvmciioptcra  :  an  Aial)lyti'Ii'.s,  i 
Liinncria  and  a  .-iccdud  .Microj^asitcr  (M.  snlx'oinpletns)  knuwn  a^s  i)arasitcs 
ill  Knjiland,  liesitles  MosiicliDrn^.  a  liypcrpaiasitc  (ni  Microgastor  ( Hnck- 
ler.  Larvae  Hrit.  IJiitt.,  "iOO),  and  a  liyperparasitc  lleniitt'k'!> :  and  as;  will 
lio  !»ec'n  l>y  tlie  lif<t  in  Mr.  IlowardV  eliaptor  on  paratiites.  a  II(tpli>*incnns 
and  an  Apantcles  ran  W  added  to  tlie  lit-t  of  parasiitcs  in  tlu'  Did  \\'()rld  : 
while  anionff  tiif  Diptera  paiasitie  on  tlii?;  cateipillar  in  Kuropc  Dr.  AVillis- 
ton  ti'llj;  ine  arc  t'onnd  a  i'liorocira,  a  Mascicora  and  a  V'oria. 

Desiderata.  We  are  well  aeipiaintod  witii  tlie  liisitury  of  this  l)utterHy, 
so  eonmuin  on  two  eontinentj- :  yet  we  need  further  details  to  mark  the 
hroods  with  greater  precision,  and  tliere  is  some  diserepaney  in  the  state- 
ments of  the  duratiim  of  the  chrysalis  state  :  [icrhaps  this  differs  with  tlic 
season  of  tlie  year.  We  onght  to  know  at  ahout  what  latitndes  tlic 
annuid  iiroods  increase  in  ninnlier.  Large  munl)ers  of  the  last  hrood  of 
laterpillars  shoidd  he  raised.  nn<ler  tlie  most  natnral  conditions  possihle, 
to  see  liow  large  a  pro|)ortion  of  tlie  eln'ysaiids  hil)ermite. 

lAsi  or  iLiAsrj;.iTio.\.s.-vA\i-:s.s.[  ata/..i\ta 


w 


tirlii-rcl. 

ri.  'Jd.  lij;.  '■     IM>ci'iliiitii)n  ill  Nortli  Aiiici-ifii. 
8S:  11.    .Miii'ouiislcrciiriiiiitii,  a  iiani>ilc. 

i;'i.    (  (HMitnis  of  Aiiaiitrl('«  atalaiita<'.  a 
para^ili  . 

S!i;  IM.     K\-(.n-la  liilili«.  a  .li|.|.Tnii>  para-       |.|.  s;.  ||„.  .-,.j.    si,|c  view  in  oiitli„c. 
"!'''•  ."i.'!.     |iiii'<al  view  ill  oiitii 


SI :  -J.     Not  oj  half  ;;rip\vii  i  iilcriiillar. 

(1.     Uii-f  1)1'  a   iK'lllr  leal'  a«  liitlcii  li.> 
tiiniia  iii'>l. 

sil:  (il-lM.  I»i  Tliial  aiiiiriiilai.'c>iiir  >tai.'i'«  i-\ . 
Chri/solis. 


I-Jt'.i. 


iilc 


n.iil.  li'.'. 'Jl.    (  iilorcil. 

Ciilcriiilliir. 
I'l,  Til.  li^'.  11'.    Ciitcriiillai-  at  liirtli. 


IllXII/li 


I'l. 


74 :  in). 


Matiir 


alcrjiilla 


7s :  .'iS, .Ml.     Ki'oiil   \ic\\>  I'f  lirail    III   lir«l 
illil  liftli  >tai;.>. 


,  li^.(i.     Kt'iiialr,  liiitli  Mirfaco. 
12: .').     r.dtli  >iiiliico>. 
."i.'i: '.'!!.  -Jda.     Male  aliiloiiiiiial  a|i|ioiiilai; 
•il :  'I'l.     I'apilla  of  tiiiii^iic. 

:i7.     ri'dlliorai'i"'  liilii'«  ami  patania. 


'-^K 


1 1  'il*  V 


m 


W', 


(.lUOL'l'  n  (NV'opynniicis). 


\V)1 


Uri^liti'i'  cokiisol'  tlic  iippiT  siirfiK'c  111'  Uic  wiiiif--  of  tlif  liiiaj,'u  iml  eliistcioti  into 
ii  liuiiil.  liiit  Iji'dkoa  into  patflio  I'ovcriiij.'  si  broiul  belt.  I'liilcr  siu'fiii'f  of  liiiul  wiiiifi 
witli  liii'^ii'i'  el'  siimlU'r  iici'lliitc  -pots,  often  very  perfect,  la  u  sulaniu'ifiiml  Merir>. 
llciok  (if  nppei'  orunii  sinjrle  sit  tip.  Cliisps  neurly  eiuuu  tliroiiirlioiit,  liirirer  tlinn  in  tin- 
pivvioiw  section,  sinil  the  liiiuler  eilije  si  little  unjfiilsiteil  in  the  middle;  secomlarv 
iivMiiiture  lony:ltndiniil. 


U^-i' 


wrmmmBsmi^mimi 


^. 


NVMril.M.lNAK:   VANKSSA    IllNrKIiA.  4")7 


VANESSA  HUNTERA  — The  painted  beauty. 

[Tlir  piiiiilcil  lii'iiiily  ((ii»s|.) ;  Hiinlci"-  luiltirlly  (li:inN):  lliiiitri"«  cyntliv  ( Ijniiicni-) :  tin- 
miirlilcMl  (.'Milliiii  (l!o>-):  x'iircc  piiinrcil  hiily  (l''\li>).] 

/'((/>//('"  /iii,ili-i-a  K:ilir,.  Sy>l.  ciitoin..  inil  KHi  (ImTm);  -KiTiirh.  I!i'|i.  iii«.   Ill,,  \ii:  i:i:l 

(1T">);--I';iii/!..  Driiry  AI)liil(l..;tlP-+li,  pi.  Ti,  li;;-.  (lsT8)-,  I'.illl.i'iist.  l".S..  Mt'.l-'JIMK  IS,siJ):-MhMI., 

11  (ITSTi);   -Ilcrli-t.  \iitiii-sy>l.  ins.  siliiiiclt..  I!cp.  iii>.  III.,  x  :  sii  (ImsI)  ;— (:ipi|..   Iliid..  I.'.:;, 

vil:  lO-VKMi.  pi.  ITS.  Vv^>.  .Vfi;  pi.  ITU.  tigs.  1--J  (l.s,s|):  Kmi..  Iliitt.  Mi'.,  ill  (I.S.S4)  ;-.MiiyM.. 

(17114)  ■,—Siiiilli-.M.li..  I.cp.  III.,  (iii..  itlT-l.'S.  pi.  Miitt.N.  !•;..  1!).  pi.:!,  Hl'-.  -JI.-.M;!  (KSC). 
9  (171)7);— A  111'..  Draw.  ins.  (ia.  Brit.  mils.,  vi;  Vuiiisyn  Inmlefi  IHilm..  V'liv.  ■.iliiiiilf..  :i:; 

'2!».  IIk'^.  •>x--£>;  xvi:  111.  liili,  Kiit.  (ISIli). 

['nursed  lunilfi'ddtyy..  lllilin,.Sannnl.i'Xiit.  I'ojiih'o  /ic/IikIukkii  ilir/a  riri/iiii"iiii  clc. 

scliniett..    iii;    l,cp.    i.    I'ap.   i,   Nynipii.   \\.  I'lt..  (la/.iipli..  i :  4.  pi.  ;j.'l.  lij.'. .')  (ITiHi). 
Ihiniiiilr.  .V.  (It'o.  i,  li,!.'s.  1-4  (IS:!!!';') ;— liuisil,-  Siiniiilmtis     >/i'iii.     rurilni     r //';//» ('<•».«/.< 

i.i'C,  I.Op.  Anii'i'.  sept.,  isii-isl.  pi.  4.S.  Iii;-.  1-t  Dniry.  III.  Mat. hist.,  i:  10-11.  pi.  :>.  il-.  1  (ITTii). 
(lS!;i).  I'l/fdhii-is    I'irijiiiifnn'iy  Kirli..    Syii.    ratal. 

Ci/ii'/iiK  liiiiil'fd    Ilai'l'..   lliti'lK'.   I!r|i..  .'ilHi  l.cp..  ISI!  (|H71). 
(l.s.'i;l»:  Ins.  inj.  vi'u..  ;!il  nl..  "'.i-J-'.-li:!,  li-  IPi  I'<ii,i/h,  io/i'  (ram..  Tap.  rxn;.,  i :  IT-Is.  p|. 

(IS«i) ;— Kii-I'..  Kami.  Iicir.  aiiii'i'.,  iv:  •Jliti-'J'.iT  l->.  (igs.  K  K.dTT'.t). 

(1S:17);— \\  r-tw..  Dnii-y  Kxiit.i'ntom.,!:  in-ll.  I'/Hcs.s-r/    Icriisirk'n-i-    Pliil..     .\nal.    iiiilv. 

pi.  ."i.   ti^is.   I.  1     (IHiiT):  — lluniplu'.-Wcstw..  (liilc  x\  i:  KW'.i  (l.>(.")!i). 
lii'it.  imtt..  ll'l  I'll..  .'iT.  pi.  I."i.  liu's.  ."i-ii  (ls."ii;).  I'lji-nniils   li'i-iisir/mri    liicl.    .\n.il.   iiiii'. 

I'liritnici.-'    Iniiilrni     I'imiIiI.-IIcu  its.,  (icn.  (  liili'.  .\lix  :  liT'.i.  pi.  i,  li;:.  1  (l''*T7). 
iliiini.  I.t'p..  i;2o,")  ( l>4ii) :  — .Mufi'..  Syn.  I.cp.  Kiiiiircd  liy  (ilci,   r.  III.  X.  .\.  I.cp..  pi,  ll. 

N.  Amri-.,  (1"(|H(12):— Saiiml..  (an.  iiit,.  i:lii.")-  IW.  '.>;  pi,  '■'>'■''.  Iii.',  'i.inn; 


/ft 


( )n  till'  rurk,  tiny  -I'lU'i'li 

l.iki'  a  limp  nf  liri' 

l'°i'om  a  liiandislii'il  tnri'li. 

I''('ll  twn  ii'il  fans  111'  ,1  Imllri'llv  ; 

No  turf.  Ill)  I'ork.  ill  l.'ii'ir  iiylv  -tcail. 

Sfc.  wiiiiili'rfiil  liliic  ami  I'cil. 

l!l!(l\VM.\(l.  —  /^/'"i/( ";(','■■  inrsiill'ii  . 

Imago  (2  : -',  :'. ;  12::ii.  Ilcail  I'mcrcil  with  dark  vinous  m-  iiiuiisc-ccdiii'fil  M.-iii'-. 
iiiin;;k'il,  t'spocinllv  tdwai'd  tlie  I'l-ar  and  down  that  poi'iiim  of  the  front  wliicli  is  con- 
ci'.dod  by  tlic  piiljii,  witli  a  few  dt'licatc.  pali'  liair~:  liindor  cdirc  of  llic  oyc  lii'oudly 
borik'l'L'd  witii  whiti'  scales,  iian'owlni;-  above  and  barked  by  dark  ureen.  liietairK' 
scales.  I'alpi  -wliite.  the  upper  surface  and  tlic  iippeniiosi  cdircs  of  tin-  sides  dai'k 
bi'owii.  the  loiiii:  hail's  of  the  sides  blackish,  tliosc  of  the  iippei'  surface  tinned  with 
retUlisli.  I'lidor  sni'face  of  antennae  bi'ownish  liileoiis,  the  reniaiiidei'  blackish  bi'owii 
with  sciittorod.  whitish  scales,  most  idnindant  on  tlie  sides  and  espoeially  on  the  onter 
side:  elllb  pale  ofaiiire  Inleoils,  the  basal  two-tliifds  covei'ed  above  with  blackish 
lu'owil  schIos, 

I'l'othoi'ax  I'ovoi'ed  with  hail's,  coloi'ed  like  those  of  the  top  of  the  head,  'I'lionix 
covei'ed  above  with  dai'k  metallic  sii'een  scales,  concealed  by  olivaceous  brown  and 
golden  hairs;  patajrla  sliifhtly  reddish  browiiwlth  a  f.w  scattered,  pale  liairs;  beneath 
covered  with  ;j:rayish  w  lilte  hairs  whicli  are  often  reddisli  brown  at  ba-e,  Kore  tibiae 
dark  brown  in  front,  broadly  bordered  wit  li  loiiir,  whitish  hairs.  Hind  femora  I'ovcrcd 
with  dirty,  silvery  white  scales,  exceptin;;  the  inidilU'  of  the  apical  portion  of  the 
upper  sili'fnee  of  the  middle  [lair  and  alonir  tlie  middle  of  the  inner  surface  of  the 
hliul  pair,  yvlicre  they  are  mulberry  brown.  Tibiae  and  tarsi  dirty  wliite,  specked  with 
pale  brown,  the  under  surface  of  tlie  latter  dark  yellowish  brown  ;  spurs  testaceous, 
.spines  black;   claws  reddish  brown,  darkest  at  tip. 

Outer  liorder  of /ore  ii-hiijn  (38;  12)  strongly  sinuate,  the  upper  portion  broadly 
rounded,  its  lower  anj?le  well  rounded,  the  lower  portion  considerably  bowed. 
Third  superior  subcostal  nervule  arlslna-  at  about  one-third,  and  tlie  fourth  at  a  little 
less  than  three-llfths  the  di«itiiiu'e  from  tlie  oriirin  of  the  second  to  the  outer  border. 


^ 


■  ':  -iy 


, »         *   1 


■■i^i! 


4  OS 


liiK  inrri:i!i-i,ii:s  oi--  ni;\v  kn(.i.ani>. 


t 'iilor  iiliiivc  t'iilii;iiiiMi>  lilack  with  a  »liu;lit  |iiii'|ilisli  liiij^f.  lln'  luTviili'^  lilack.  Ilio 
Imsal  I  wii-llftlis  of  the  contnl  iiiaririii.  the  liiisal  two-tlftlis  of  the  cell  nml  a  eorrespond- 
iiin  liortioii  of  the  base  of  the  wiiii;  heiieath  the  meilian  iierviire  heavily  tli'eked  witli 
iireenUh  jjoUleii  sealus :  the  reiiiaiiKler  of  the  eell  ami  the  I'esl  of  the  wliii;  henealh  the 
iiiedhiii  nerviii'e.  exeopthi^t  theapieal  lialf  or  more  of  the  upper  niedhiii  liiter'^pilee.  and 
Ihi' outer  mar;;iii  of  the  other  iiiter-pai'es  ti.  I  he  depth  of  tliree-ipiarters  of  an  hiti'r- 
~piue's  widtli.  }j;ol<h'n  oransje.  deepest  inthit  hi  the  m'iichhorliood  of  the  lilaek.  It  i>. 
howi'ver,  Mifriny:eil  npon  l)y  a  nninl)erof  irrey;nlar  lilotehes.  v\/...  in  the  eell  a  modei- 
ateiv  broad,  transverse,  ipiadrate  spot,  iisnally  roiiniled  lielow.  dependinu:  from  tlie 
siilKiostul  uervure.  erosshi;?  the  upi)er  two-thirds  of  the  eell  in  tlie  middle  of  the  (Hiter 
t\V()-tlilr<ls  of  the  same.  l)arely  separated  exteriorly  from  a  siil)triaiiii;i''ar  elonijated 
spot,  vvhieh  e.xteiids  upward  nearly  or  ipnte  across  tlie  whole  of  tin  cell  from  tlie 
median  iiervnre :  jiist  beyond  the  basal  lleekiiiy:  in  the  upper  half  of  the  eell  is  a  minute 
lilack  spot  free  from  orantre  scales,  and  tlie  outer  margin  of  the  cell  is  narrowly  edy:ed 
Mith  l)lack :  an  irreifular.  slender,  wideiiiii;;  stripe  crosses  tlie  (Uilcr  portion  id'  tlie 
or!iMy;c  Held  ;  in  tlie  upper  median  interspace  il  is  a  slender  line,  ^ilnatcd  jusl  w  here  the 
iiilcrspacc  liefiins  to  narrow:  lielow  il  is  broader  and  widens  a  liltli' at  the  iierviires, 
{•rossinj;  the  lower  median  interspace  at  riiflit  anirles.  removed  a  liltli-  inward  from  a 
direct  eontimiation  of  the  previous  part  of  the  iielt.  and  the  niedio-subniedian  as  ,i 
curved  or  l)cnt  stripe,  its  lower  part  fiirlher  removed  from  the  l)ase  of  the  wliiir  than 
iw  upper,  and  its  upper  e.Ntremity  removed  a  little  outward  from  direct  continuity  Willi 
llic  precedin^r  portion:  besides  these  there  is  only  the  base  of  the  lower  suluucilian 
iiilcrspacc.  whicli  is  black  as  far  as  the  second  divarication  of  llie  ncrvnrc:  aiulllie 
iiicilio-subincdiaii  interspace  ju>t  below  the  lirst  divarication  of  the  ini'diaii.  where  the 
llccked  portion  of  the  l)asi'  of  the  wim:  is  edited  Willi  a  narrower  or  wider  band  of 
black.  .\  very  little  beyond  tlie  cell,  in  thi'  subcosto-mediaii  interspace.  Iliercsoinetimes 
oi'curs  a  Usually  slemlor,  sometimes  broad  trlaln;l^^  directed  upward  from  the  median 
nervure,  of  pale  oranire.  leavins;  the  lower  portion  of  the  outer  martcin  of  tlie  cell 
bordered  exteriorly  and  interiorly  with  black.  Crossinaithe  upper  portion  of  the  wiiiir. 
or  a  little  more  lh;in  one-third  the  distaiiiM!  from  tlie  tip  of  thcccll  to  the  outer  border, 
is  a  transverse  liaiid  of  white  (  g)  or  oraniie.  ;;eiierally  pale  next  the  costal  mariiiii  (  ?  ). 
its  interior  border  well  dellned.  nearly  straiirht.  a  little  concave,  reacliinu^  from  the 
costal  border,  or  close  to  it.  to  the  median  nervure.  the  exterior  liordcr  not  so  distinct, 
more  curved,  so  that  the  band,  otherwise  nearly  uniform  tliroujjhout.  lapers  to  a 
point  below  ;  nearer  the  outer  margin  tliaii  the  band  1:.  a  series  of  Irregular  white  spots, 
the  upper  two  close  to  the  margin,  contlueiit.  togetiier  siibliinate,  bordered  exteriorly 
with  deeper  black;  the  next  two,  in  the  lower  subcostal  interspaces,  roundish,  the 
lower  one  half  the  size  of  the  upper,  distant  from  the  outer  margin  by  tlie  width  of 
two  interspaces,  bordered  interiorly  with  deeper  black:  the  llflli  roundish  or  acoi'ii- 
sliaped.  largest,  crossing  the  whole  of  the  sultcosto-uu'dian  interspace,  as  far  from  the 
excised  inaru:in  as  tlie  previous;  there  is  aNo  a  sixth  minute,  roundish  spot,  sometimes 
olisolete.  ill  the  middle  of  the  outer  orange  Held  of  the  lower  median  interspace. 
Distant  from  the  outer  margin  by  the  width  of  an  iiitersi)ace  on  the  upper  half  of  the 
wing,  and  of  half  an  interspace  on  the  lower  half,  is  an  iiiterrui)ted  series  of  scarcely 
curved,  inward  opening  luuules.  of  pale  lavender  scales  above  the  lowest  subcostal 
iicrviile.  of  pale  miiigled  with  brownish  scales  on  the  next  two  interspaces  and  of  ob- 
scure fuscous  below;  the  extreme  margin  is  edged  witli  black  and  followed  by  a  few 
scales  similar  to  those  of  the  submarginal  l.inules  and  most  distinct  above.  Fringe 
blackish,  darkest  exteriorly,  mingled  with  or  interrupted  by  silvery  white  in  the  middle 
of  the  interspaces,  especially  the  inedian  ones.  Outer  border  of  liiml  n-iiii/s  pretty 
strongly  roiiinled.  the  middle  iialftoalcss  extent,  distinctly  but  not  conspicuously. 
I'recostal  nervure  scarcely  forked  at  the  tip.  Color  golden  orange  more  or  less 
faintly  beclouded  with  fiiscous.  principally  owing  to  tlii'  diaphanous  nature  of  the 
wing;  veins  of  tlie  same  color,  decked  in  outer  fourth  of  ihe  wing  witli  blackish;  at 
I  he  base  largely  begrimed  by  an  adiuixtureof  blackish  seales.  the  inner  margin  griseous; 
extreme  edife  of  outer  margin  bordered  witli  lilack.  as  in   the  fme  winus;    a  siibmar- 


WMl'IIAI.INAi::   VANKSSA    IIINTKIIA. 


4.V,) 


aiiial  lilack  line  iM'ii»f>  iMc  wliolu  winy:  iil  U'>s  lluiii  liall'  an  inU'r^|iac('>  .li>lan<'«'  rnmi 
the  outer  lionlci-:  il  liniailens  Into  s|)ot>  at  the  norviirt"*.  wliicli  at  the  iaiiie  puiiii  ai'c 
conneeted  with  similar  s|pot>  at  the  lionler:  tills  i- eoiispieiKni-  fnil..  i  i  tlie  niiihlle  i>l' 
tlie  wlnu: :  lieinw  and  opeeiall.v  alxivi-.  tlie  whole  onlci'  niarifin  i->  ohscnre  dark  t'li-cons, 
Willi  llil>  thread  of  blaek  passinn;  ihroiiiili  il  ;  this  lilack  line  i>  followed  interiorly,  at 
least  in  the  inidille  half  of  the  winu;.  Iiy  nir.'row.  oran<;e  liinnle-.  openini:  inwaril.and 
these  l)V  a  transverse  band  of  similar,  slinhtly  laiirer,  connected,  black  liinnles,  cross- 
ing the  whole  winy;,  containing,  in  the  inedio-snlnmMlhin  interspace,  in  its  outer  half,  a 
transverse  streak  of  pale  bluish  atoms,  and  in  the  eosto-snbeostal  Interspace,  oxteml- 
iiiyf  broadly  toward  the  base,  as  far  as  the  nilihlle  of  the  upper  subcostal  nervnlc  and 
here  eiirvlnjr  around  to  form  an  obscure,  s'.imetimes  almost  obsolete,  transverse,  cloudy 
fnscons  streak  (developed  to  e.xeess  in  the  specimen  from  which  onr  illnstration  of  the 
male  was  taken)- "hieh  crosses  to  the  lower  median  nervide  airaln.  subparallel  to  llie 
outer  border  but  bent  a  little  outward  In  the  middle  of  the  w  iny  ;  within  the  space  thus  cii- 
elosed  and  dir>tant  from  the  outer  niaryiu  by  about  the  width  of  two  inti'i'spai-cs  is  a 
series  of  live  round  black  siiols  of  varyliii;  size,  the  Ibst  in  the  upper  subcostal  inter- 
space, sometimes  obsolete,  the  second  largest,  oeclipyinir  the  whole  width  of  the  inter- 
space, the  tifth.  In  the  lower  median  iiderspace.  scarcely  smaller,  the  third  and  fourth 
nearly  eipial  and  ordlintrily  not  a  (piarter  the  size  of  the  laryer  ones,  the  second  and 
(Ifth  with  pale  blnish  pupils,  the  whole  sometimes  meryred  into  a  (•onnocted  band  in 
which  the  circular  character  of  the  spots  is  nearly  lost.  Friiiy;!'  silvery  white  in  the 
interspaces.  Idaekish  at  the  uervnretips.  either  predominatliiir. 

lieueath  :  the  portion  of  the  fun-  fiiii/s  occupied  by  oranye  varies  fioni  pah'  pink 
to  sail. iini  color  anil  is  traversed  by  the  same  bars  and  stripes  as  above;  in  the  cell 
its  exterior  and  upper  limits  are  more  or  less  broadly  inar;;ined  with  white,  but  other- 
wise it  coicrs  the  same  Held  Us  above.  The  basal  two-Hfths  of  the  costal  border  is 
wliitc.  the  space  between  the  nervnles  crossed  by  niinierous  slender  streaks  of  black 
scales,  mingled  with  iiiauy  colored  scales  of  all  hues,  the  stripes  oceupyint;  the  laryer 
part  of  the  space;  the  base  of  the  cell  is  occupied  by  a  ;{arncl  red  spot  in  a  jirayish 
luicremis  Held,  bordered  exteriorly  with  whitish  and  followed  liy  a  black  bar  in  which 
many  reddish  scales  are  mlusled;  base  of  the  medio-snhinodiaii  inlers|iace  pale  dull 
purplish,  followed  by  white  and  black  bands  as  in  the  coll.  but  by  much  broadei-  ones. 
The  trianjtidar  transverse  band  dependinir  from  the  costal  border  of  the  upper  surface 
beyond  the  ceM  Is  present  below  as  a  similar  white  band,  and  the  space  between  It  and 
the  cell,  above  the  median  iiervure.  is  traversed  near  the  middle  by  a  slender  streak  of 
whitish  scales,  terminatim;  below  in  a  snuill.  pinkish  triauyle:  next  the  exterior  mar- 
jjin  of  this  Held  it  is  also  traversed  by  a  slender  thread  of  white,  a  pale  continuation  of 
the  blaek  transverse  band  which  traverses  the  roseate  patch  below,  ami  the  veins  cross- 
ing the  Held  are  whitish  instead  of  brown  as  in  the  other  parts  id'  the  winy.  ISeyimd 
the  trianyitlar  wliite  band,  the  winy  Is  nniiiily  fnllylnons  with  an  olivaceous  tinye. 
The  white  spots  of  the  upper  surface  are  completely  chanyed  in  character  and  the 
upper  four  are  immediately  followed  interiorly  by  a  moderately  broad,  partially 
obscure,  white  band:  the  upper  spot  is  black,  acorn-shaped,  its  l)ase  or  interior 
edyp  tiecked  llyhtlywith  briylit  bine  atimis.  the  other  side  edyed  with  a  deep,  slender 
Inimle  of  yreeiiish  yellow,  edyed  with  dark  olivaceous;  the  second,  of  sindlar  shape. 
is  dark,  sjarnet  red.  situated  in  a  dark  oliv  aceoiis  Hold  and  bordered  interiorly  like 
tlio  tirst.  minylod  with  a  few  black  scales;  the  third  is  similar  to  that  of  the  niiper 
surface,  and  white  in  adarkolivai'coils  tield.  bu  followed  interiorly  by  a  curved  Uimile 
of  briyht  bine  scales,  w  hich  is  succeeded  at  a  little  distance  and  boideriny  the  whitish 
band,  by  a  curved,  transverse,  slender. black  lin  >.  edyed  exteriorly,  on  its  concave  sur- 
face with  yreenisli  yellow ;  the  fourth  is  a  prett.v  larye.  obscure,  partially  obsolete,  vel- 
vety black  spot,  having  exteriorly  a  point  of  white  audits  upper  outer  half  much 
tiecked  with  mingled  metallic  green,  blue  and  olivaceous  scales,  surrounded  at  a  little 
distance  by  a  slender  black  ring,  edged  inside  with  yroeiilsh  yellow  and  barely  con- 
tained within  the  lateral  limits  of  the  interspace;  the  Hfth  is  similar  to  that  of  the 
upper  surface,  wldte,  exteriorly  edyed  narrowly  with  tlark  brown  ;  the  sixth  is  much 


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iiiK  lu  rn: i{ KM i:s  oi-  nkw  i;\<;i..\ni>. 


liiiu'fi"  lliiiii  iilioM'.  rcdiiiilUli.  iiiu'-tliinl  the  width  iif  the  liiliTspiiri-.  At  lln' ilUliiii-c  nf 
«))init  an  intrr^pin'iMUul  ii  liiilf  fntiii  tlif  ii|>|>t'r  Imlf  of  tlir  onlrr  bonlfr  siiid  ill  U'ss 
than  an  hili'is|iaci'  frmntht?  hiwcr  lialf  of  the  siinu',  is  a  Trius  of  curvin;;  >lri|ii's.  par- 
nllt'l  to  tlie  outer  Ixirdcr.  wliicli  vary  In  clniraftiT:  hi  tin-  iipiier  two  intoiNpaccs  thcv 
arc  sh'nilcr,  wlilti'  liiniili's:  in  tlic  next  four,  slcndfr  -ilrlpi's  or  Innnli's  or  donliii' 
Iniinlfs.  l)hn' — llu'  iowi'ronc  soniotiincs  nnn-i'  or  los  fnlijfinons — (Mijicd  on  <'itlii'r  sliic 
ultli  a  dclifali'  l>ro\vidsli  lini".  tiic  nppcr  oiu'  hordcrcd  a. so  on  citlu'r  sidf  Willi  widtc; 
lu'low  tills  tiu'v  arc  pri'tl.v  iar^e.  sHitiitly  cnrviii;;  innulos  of  iilackisii  Itrowii;  lM'\(nid 
tills  till' will);  Is  sJatt' arn.v  aiiovc.  soincliiiics  with  a  lilnish  tln<;(>.  as  far  as  liic  lowi-r 
siilicostal  ni'rviiic.  whicli  is  tippi'd  with  a  iarai'  dlai  liisli  spot:  and  hi-low  this  the  lior- 
dcr  Is  vi'rv  pale  dull  irrcciiisli.  soiiH'liincs  slly;litl.v  nacreous,  with  a  hlacklsii  thrcail. 
sll;;htly  tiiiclxcncd  and  somctiiiics  iiiciirvcu  ai  llic  ncrvnlcs.  niiinliit;  tlironj;h  the  inhi- 
dlc:  the  liordcr  Is  very  narrowly  cdu;ed  with  black  :  frlny;e  wiiite.  Inlerrnpled  pretty 
broadly  with  lilack  at  the  nerviile  tips,  cxceptiiij;  at  liic  base,  ///hi?  c/zif/x  iirow'iish 
fiill;iiiioiis  soinetiiiics  witii  an  oiiviiceons  lin;;e.  tiic  veins  wliitc.  exeeptin;:  where  they 
cross  the  ix eilalo  spots  lu'arllic  outer  border.  .\  distinct,  nearly  straiiiht.  sli-ndcr. 
Mliitestrlpe  crosses  the  liase  of  the  wini;  from  a  little  within  tiic  iiihldle  of  ilic  liasal 
tWD-tiiirds  of  tlie  costal  iiiaritin.  w  lilcli  as  I'ar  as  tills  Is  edy:cd  w  ith  wiiite.  to  the  iiiedian 
iiei'Mire.  iialf  way  from  Its  biisc  to  its  lirst  divarication ;  witiiiii  this  iiaiid.  witii  the 
exception  of  a  similar  wiiite  stripe.  siil)parallcl  to  it  at  the  extreme  base,  the  wiiii;  Is 
irarnet  red.  specked  with  black  and  wiiite  sillies.  Crosslii-i  nearly  or  unite  tlie  whole 
of  the  cell,  between  tlie  tirst  divarication  of  tiie  siiiicostal  iiervnre  and  a  little  within 
tiiat  of  tiiemedian  iierviire.  Isii  lar^e.  oval,  transverse  spot  of  the  same  color,  narrowly 
edu;cii  with  white,  ('rossi.i;;  the  middle  of  the  winy;  Is  a  broad.  Irreifiilar.  white  band, 
made  uiraylsli  liy  black  lleckliiy;  and  sliithtly  tliiLred  witii  yeliowlsli.  exceplliiLra  narrow 
interior  and  broader  exterior  iniiforiii  liorder.  and  eiKlosiii'r  at  tiic  base  of  the  siibiiiar- 
jilnal  interspaces,  bclween  Its  own  narrow  Internal  white  cdiriny:  and  a  line  drawn 
from  just  witliin  the  secimd  divarication  of  tiie  median  nervnre  to  the  upper  siiiicostal 
lierviile,  siibparallel  to  the  outer  border,  a  larsie  triangular  blackish  patcii.  iiiiiiy;led 
with  oUvacco-fiiilijInons  scales  and  traversed  by  the  white  veins;  tiic  interior 
border  of  this  liaiid  starts  from  alioiit  the  middle  of  the  costal  mar$rlii  and  with  a 
slljiht  curve  In  the  tIrst  half  of  its  conrsi'  runs  to  tiie  basi>  of  tiic  llrst  subcostal  ner- 
viile: it  crosses  tile  cell  close  to  and  parallel  witii  its  outer  limits:  the  lower  inedian 
interspace  a  little  witiiln  the  second  divarication  of  tlie  median  nervnre;  the  ineiiio- 
siibmcdlaii  as  a  liaiid  nearly  In  continuatioii  with  the  last;  is  then  liciit  inwards 
nearly  at  a  rliilit  aiiiilc.  and  afterwards  crosses  from  the  iuternal  ncrviire  to  the  Inner 
marirln  at ri-iiit  anifles  to  the  latter,  far  toward  the  base;  the  exterior  iiuiri;iii  of  the 
iiaiid  forms,  as  far  as  tlie  median  iiervure,  a  snccession  of  slight  cnrves,  followliifr  a 
;:eiieral  shallow  curve,  openlnir  outward,  from  the  I'ostal  margin,  wiiere  tin-  band  Is  as 
broad  as  the  smaller  ocellus,  to  the  upper  ineillan  ncrvule.  aliout  midway  between  the 
oval  spot  in  the  cell  and  the  outer  mariiiii;  from  iiere  It  follows  aiiotlier  scries  of  sliii- 
ilar  curves,  wliicli  combine  to  form  aiiotiicr  lary;c  liut  deeper  one.  arcliiiiii;  the  larjfcr 
ocellus  and  reaciilmr  the  middle  of  the  lower  half  of  themedio-snliinedian  interspace  at 
about  one  and  a  half  Interspace's  distance  from  the  outer  border;  here  It  rounds  otl'and 
turns  upward  at  less  than  a  riirht  aiiiiie  and  strikis  tlie  Inner  mar^rin  at  its  clianne  of 
curve:  next  this  mesial  baud,  then'  is  a  line  of  blackisli  scales,  separated  from  tlie 
vhlte  by  a  feclile  fnlisjinons  line.  Occupyinjj  a  little  more  tlian  the  width  of  an  inter- 
space, tliere  Is.  In  tlie  lower  siibi'ostai  ami  lower  median  Interspaces,  nearer  the  mesial 
band  tlian  the  outer  inaryin.  alarire.  lircular.  eye  like  spot ;  that  In  the  median  Interspace 
half  as  larire  ayalu  as  tiie  other,  consisting:,  first,  of  a  central,  cireiiiar.  dark  fuiliiiiions 
iiY  dull  metallic  y:rceii  disc,  of  half  the  width  of  the  interspace,  narrowly  edy;ed  with 
blue,  supplanted  interiorly  by  white,  followed  by  a  broad  auniilus  of  dark  olivaceo-fnlij;- 
iiious.  edaed  narrowly  with  fireenisii  yellow,  usually  llrst  liUinjf  tiie  width  of  the  Inter- 
s|)ace. — and  all  iieavily  bordered  with  velvety  black;  in  the  subcostal  spot,  the  central 
disc  is  as  larjie  as  in  the  other,  but  consists  of  a  mixture  of  pnrplisii  lilack.  inetallie 
green  and  bine  scales,  of  which  tiie  f<iriiier  predominate  below,  ami  the  latter  above. 


NYMI'IIAI-INAK:    VANKssA     III  NIKIIA. 


4r)i 


follKWcd  liv  n  modcnilrlv  hi'ii;i(l  .•iinmlii'.  of  daik  olhriccii-l'iiliiiliiKU*.  tin-  iM'iiciliiilcr  ti-^ 
III  llic  iilliiT  s|ii)t.  Ill  till'  iiiiddli'  (i(  the  ii|i|ii'i' siil»'i>>lal  iiiiil  III' llii' siilii'dsto-nii'dliiii 
liitc'ri|>iiccs.  nddwiiy  liclwccn  llic  iMiTior  iiiiiru:iii  >d'  llii'  iiic-inl  Imnd  mid  tlic  umIit 
JKirili'i'  i>(  liu'  Willi:  i-*  ;i  iiiiiiiilc>.  clcmdv.  wliitr  -.iini.  ol'li'ii  ulisuliic.  lliai  in  ilu>  loniifr 
iiiicr-i|i!in'  ii^iiiillv  llu>  laririT:  llic  (Hiii'i' iiiiU'iriii  in  ilic  w  idlli  ol' iiliiml  mi  IiiIit^jhiii'  U 
dull  wliitf  (d'li'ii  lliiiicd  sll^hily  Willi  hlni^h.  Iiiii  i«  traversed,  iii'xi  il»  iiitiTliir  lioi'der, 
liy  II  siilicdiitiiitiDits  •<cflt's  (if  piili'  liliii'.  transverse,  iiarrnw.  eiirved  liaiids.  nnrriiwly 
I'dued.  e.xterlcirly  mill  iiitcrliirly.  witli  lihu-k  and  midway  lietweeii  tliis  mid  the  outer 
liorder  by  a  slender  eoiitiiiiioiis  Idaek  thread,  -li^'litly  thiekeiied  al  the  iierMires;  (inter 
inaru;lii  inirrowly  edjf''<l  with  hliiek  ;   Iriinfeiis  'in  fore  wiiius. 

.Vhdoinen  aliove  jinrjilisli  liliiek.  heavily  flecked,  esjiceially  on  tin'  sides  ami  on  lli<> 
ajiiial  hilll'cd'  theseunieiits.  w  ilh  yellow  ish  I'lilvoiis  scales  :  lieiiealh  while.  .Vjipeiidaifes 
of  iiialc  (33 :  22)  :  ii|>|ier  cnvjfaii  moderately  lari;e.  Iiody  cinn|iressed  above  and  ari'lied 
as  in  atalaiita.  toiielher  with  the  hook  |ierl'ectly  strai'rhl  above.  Hook  s|i;;litly  shorter 
than  tin'  body,  depressiMl.  two  and  onediaU'  limes  jmitier  than  broad,  lajieriiiir  iiiilil  near 
the  tip  wlilcli  Is  binnt'y  pointed.  Iiit'erlor  ariiis  nearly  siraiiflit  e.\eepl  in  their  tirst 
iljiproacli  to  each  >  ler.  moderately  stout,  taperini;  jiri'tty  re'j:iilarly  lo  a  point  which  is 
iiiiniltely  hooked.  Clasps  nearly  twice  as  loiiu  as  broad.  sliy;litly  liroader  between  the 
upper  and  lower  |)ostcrior  mmles  than  clvwhcre.  the  inferior  I'clire  stronirly  recurved, 
the  posterioredue  produced  to  a  riiflit  ailiile  in  the  iniddh'.  the  aiiirle  |)ointi'd  and  incurved, 
the  np|)er  hiniler  aiiifle  coiisidernbly  prodnc.'d  and  broadly  roiimled.  Interior  llniri'r 
(ribbon)  Willi  the  basal  half  as  in  atalaiita.  bi'yond  delieal"ly  ta|ieriiii:to  a  llnepidiit. 
sinnons.  Iiicnrved  and  dircMled  a  little  iijiward.  scarcely  atlainiii'i-  tlie  tip  of  tlie  back- 
ward extension  of  tlie  clasji.  In  additiini.  orittimitinir  in  llie  I'eiilfe  (d' the  interior  of 
the  clasji.  is  a  laincllate.  moderately  broad.  Iiin-i/.oiital  riditc.  direi'ted  backward  and 
eipial  for  a  sliort  distance,  then  bi'cominir  freivciirviii;;  inward  and  narrow  in;;  to  a  deli- 
cate pidnt  beside  the  Interior  llnu^cr. 

Mt'iimiieiiu'iitsliimlllliiH'trPH.   i_ >'ai^EH. ij kkmai.hh. 

I.eii.i.'tlnirtoii'.'iie,  i;l.-J,"i.  .Siiialle.sl .    Averafre.    I.arwst.  I  .Sinallest.    Average.    I.urKCHt. 

I.eii.L'lh  (if  fore  wliifjfi L>;l.  211..-)  •>'.).  27.  liO.  :i;i.r) 

iintemiae 111.;!  13.  I(i5  14.  l.'i.2.j  17. 

hiiullibiai I  tarsi..  S..S  K).  ID..')  !).t  ID.  11. 

fore  tibiae  and  taisi. .'         I..-|  ,1.2.")  .■i,7.')  I.'i  \.'>  i>. 

Kescribed  rriiin  IIM    1(1  V  speeiinilis. 

Egg.  Short  ovate,  broadest  in  the  miildlc  of  the  lower  half,  the  base  broadly 
ivniiided.  scarcely  tlattened.  the  c(nitoiir  <d'  the  snminit  beneath  the  ribs  sliiihtly  convex. 
Hibs  varyinu:  from  thirteen  to  sixteen  in  niimlier.  laminate,  extendnii;  from  the  upjier 
portion  of  the  nmiideil  base  lotlie  crown  of  the  ey;u;.  incri'asini;  in  heiirht  from  below 
iijiward.  most  rapidly  above,  where  tliey  are  .b.l  iiim.  in  lici^dit.  tlnm^li  only  .012.")  mm. 
Iiiah  in  the  iiihldle  of  the  e.ifu;.  The  surface  between  ilie  ribs  smooth,  urlisteninir, 
sliirlitly  coiieavo.  traversed  by  delicate  cross  lines  .ii2.")  mm.  apart,  wliieli  traverse  also 
till  vertical  rib.s.  where.  <ni  the  n|)per  portion  of  tlii"  t-iiii.  they  tnrii  iiiiward  iind  at  the 
crest  cause  the  ribs  to  become  very  distinctly  serrate,  especially  above,  but  irlvinij  them 
a  bended  aiipearance  throiiirhont.  The  vertical  ribs  terminate  on  the  crown  abruptly, 
li'aviny:  a  free  spa<'e  .Is  mm.  in  dIaiiH'ter.  in  the  middle  of  w  hich  in  a  sancer-siiapeil 
depression  Is  situated  the  inicro|)yle  .1  mm.  in  diameter,  formed  of  about  ii  dozen  peii- 
taiioiiul  evils  irrowiiii:  very  ifradnally  smaller  toward  the  centre,  the  averaire  of  the  cells 
beinj;  .OILS  mm.  in  diameter.  Color  delicate  yellowish  irreiii.  ribs  |ielliicld.  Helfrlit 
of  cirir.  .")'*  mm. :  breadth.  .')',\  mm. 

Caterpillar.  First  st<(iie.  Head  (78:  •">2)  lihiek  :  body  vinous  brown,  with  a  yellow 
liiiiii".  blotelied  transversely  with  livid.  Kejis  brown.  prole;rs  the  eolor  of  the  body. 
Hairs  strongly  curved,  blackish,  situated  on  papillae  scarcely  hijiherthan  broad,  rather 
shorter  than  the  width  of  the  body  at  maturity,  r-eniilh.  2..")  mm. :  breadth.  .!}  mm.  ; 
breadth  of  head,  .4  mm. 

Secoiiil  Ktiiye.     Head  (78  :  'lit)  piceons  with  black  hairs;  body  dark  brownish  fuscous, 


'Ml 


"■*:H^' 


:mpi 


IMS 


W 


"if' 


''i. 


•  1 1 


It  ^^ 


4i 


462 


I'm;   I'.ITTKItl-MKs  (»|'   Ni;\V    KNCiLAND. 


>liulil  l>  |i,ilci'  nil  I  he  lii»l  I  \V(i  111-  I  line  iilii  Ininliial  xvyiiu'iil-.  II  ml.  i'>|MM-iiill,v  nlmv  r.  Ir.'iii^- 
vi'i^clv  iiiid  iilix'iirclv  Miiirki'il  willi  |iiilllil  liniwn.  S|iiiiiilr>  linnMii-h  rii>iMiiis.  (liii'ki'>l 
III  (i|);  llic  ii|p|ciil  liiiii'>  liliick  1111(1  ■.Iriiiiitl.v  iiii'vi'il.  Nd  --iaii".  wliiilrMT  nl'  iiiiy  litti'i'n- 
(lor-iil  w  liilc  >|Mit>  <iii  iiiiv  of  till'  aliiliiiiiiiiiil  -.t'liiiiciil-..  rrcilc;i»  and  lloliv  |iarl-  of  lli.' 
U'';-!  Ill'  till' riilor  oC  llii'  Imijy.  a|iii'al  juiiil"  iif  llir  lcu:>  lilackNli  rii>i'iiii>.  iiiTdiniii'.; 
Iilark  lit  tip.     I,(Mi<;tli.  ."p.'i  nun.  :  wldtli  nl'  lii'iid.  .li  iiiiii. 

Thiril  uliiiji-.  Ilciid  liliick.  iirnvlilcd  willi  toiiK.  Iiliick  liali'«;  iiiniiili  iniru  liJarkUli. 
lliiily  black  or  ri'ildisli  I'nx'oii^,  ithnxmI  Iraii^veiNi'lv  in-  iiianv  lliu'.  Iirnkrii.  «  liilNIi  liiic- 
wliii'li  jiriiirlpallv  I'linii  tun  li'an>viM>r  >ti'liic>  in  tin"  liiiidiT  liiill'  nl'  riicli  si'mhu'iiI.  Iii- 
I'ni-liuinalal  fold  lii'n«iii-.li  yrllnw.  On  llir  aiili'i'inr  half  nl"  I'liidi  >i'j;nirnl.  in  rniiil  nl 
till'  lalt'l'ndnisal  »|)lnrs  nl'  till'  sci'nnd  In  riiilitli  iilidnininal  >rirni('llN.  tliriv  Is  ii  wliili' 
sjint  a>  lai'ijr  as  tliu  l)a>i'.»  111'  llir  I'lrviilinn- on  vliirli  llir  spint's  arr  -rati'il.  Spini'-i 
hliii'k  tliniiiKliiiiit.  i'xi'i!ptiiia  at  tlii'  cxtri'inc  basi'.  wlieiv,  with  a  pari  at  li'a>t  nl'  tin- 
i'ii'vati(iii>  nil  wliii'h  ilioy  arr  »rali'd.  tliry  aro  iri'iU'raliy  dull  nranifi-.  Iii'!;>  blark, 
rriilpjjsbriiwMlsli  fusinii<.  l.rimtli  nl' body,  s  inni.  :  bri'adllinl'  body.  I.-.'.",  inni. ;  Iniiftli 
ol'  spiiips,  ..'W  nun. 

h'liiu'ili  ntfifie.  lU'Ud  pirc'nii».  Miirci'ly  ilill'rriiiy:  I'rnni  ilie  prrvinii>  sla,u:i'.  Ibul.*  » rlvrly 
black.  Tlir  principal  spino  encircled  at  llicir  base  witli  niaii;fc-rcrriiitiiinus  and  Ilic 
posterior  hall'  of  all  llic  scirincnts  Iriiver-cd  by  I'niir  more  or  les>  broken,  transverse, 
slender,  wliilo  lines,  the  interspilees  between  tlieiii  liein;;  nl'  eipial  widtli  witli  these  lines. 
'I'iie  liitcrnilorsal  spines  ol'  I  lie  alidnmiiiiil  seuiiieiils.  c.vceptinjr  the  llrst.  arc  bnrilc.rod  in 
front  by  a  round  or  transversely  oval,  cnns|)iciioiis.  white  spot.  Apairof  larjfc  papil- 
lae on  tlic  side  of  the  lirst  thoracic  sciiiiieiit  witli  one  on  tlic  side  of  oncli  of  the  other 
thoracic  scjtineiits  umber  yellow,  furnished  with  black  bristles,  similar  to  tliose  which 
adnrn  tile  piceons  spines  of  I  lie  rest  of  tile  body.  Tile  liisl  two  abdominal  se;;iiieiits 
Willi  a  iinmber  of  sinall.  while  papillae  beariiiH'  while  liairs.  other  hairs  of  the  Imdy 
black.  l.eiTs  pieeniis.  I'rnle^'s  blackish  rilscoiis.  Spiracles  in  tile  centre  livid  while; 
tiie  lips  black  siin'niniileil  by  awliile  aureole.    lAniutli.  r.'nim.  ;  width  of  iiead.  I.7."i  mm 

J.iiKt  Klitiir  {7i::'A).  Head  (78  1 110)  \aryiim'  fmiii  bronze  lilack  to  shininit  piceons, 
llio  lary[er  tubercles  small  and  infreiincnt.  yellow  or  black,  thesimillerwarts  not  very  nii- 
meroiis.  yellow  or  black,  bcarinu  short  black  or  yellow  hairs,  aijove  a  little  longer.  Anleii- 
nae  w  Itli  the  llrst  joint  obscure,  pale,  the  rest  blackisli  f  iiscniis.  aininlateil  at  the  base nf  t  lie 
joints  with  pale:  ocelli  black;  moiitii  parts  blackish.  Uody  rich,  velvety  black,  broadly 
banded  at  the  interstices  of  tlie  ses;ments  witli  transverse,  altermitiii!;.  sliiihtly  irrefjii- 
lar  lines  of  black  ami  pale  irreenisli.  straw  yellow,  or  witli  alternate,  limad.  transverse, 
ci|nal  Imnds  of  black  and  iireeiiisli  yellow,  streaked  with  l)liick.  tile  former  crossing 
the  middle  of  ilie  seiriiieiit  from  spjnicle  to  spiracle  ;  the  space  betMceii  tlie  lilack  bands 
is  ;j;reenisli  yellow  (the  yellow  more  conspicuous  on  the  thoriicic  sejfmeiits)  streaked 
transversely  with  lour  or  live  nenerully  continnons  but  ratlier  irregular  eiiuidistant 
Hues  of  dark,  purplisii  i)lack :  the  llrst  tlinrucic  sosnient  lias  no  broad,  black  band .  on  the 
alHlnminal  sesinents.  toncliini:  tlie  anterior  l)ase  of  the  laterodorsal  spines  and  tlieantc- 
riorborder  of  tlie  black  baiiii.  is  a  row  nf  roinnlish.  silvery  w  liite  spnis.  that  on  the  llrst 
sejrment.  or  llrst  two  seunients.  soiiietimes  minute  or  smaller  tliiiii  tlie  others,  theotliers 
large  and  eiinal ;  beliiml  the  black  baud  id'  tiie  eigiilli  abdominal  segment  there  is  a 
lariic.  transverse,  dorsal,  dirty  white  spni .  frcmi  tlie  niiier  e.xtreinily  of  which  run  two 
similarly  colored  sligiitiy  coiiverging  lines  nearly  to  tlie  tip  of  tiie  liody.  There  is  a 
narrow,  intcrrniiled.  rnfo-fuscous.  infrastigmatal  baud.  frei|nently  obscured  Ijy  paler 
markings,  and  just  buueatli  it  a  row  of  shnn.  Inugitnilinal.  dull  orange  strijies,  situateil 
on  the  anterior  lialves  of  the  scgineiil-;  lieiieath  groeiiisli  yellow,  profusely  streaked 
and  blotched,  lougitudiually  on  the  sides,  irregularly  veiitrally.  with  dark  imrplisli  black. 
Body  covered  witii  short  and  ineniispicnons  black  liairs.  tliose  not  nu  the  central  black 
band  arranged  to  some  extent  in  transverse  rows:  tlie  spinifonii  tubercles  of  the  llrst 
tlinracie  segment  arc  very  long  and  pale  amber  yellow  ,  brownish  or  blackish  fuscous; 
tiie  sides  o(  the  other  thoracic  segments  liavc  I'reiinent  pale  paiiilliform  warts,  giving 
rise  each  Vi  a  delicate  blackish  iiair.  Tin'  spines  are  very  long,  the  longest  nearlv 
eipniliing  in  length  the  entire  width  of  the  iiead.  tlie  apical  spinnie.  ov  that  portion  of 


*4x 


NV.Ml'IIAI.INAK;   \.\m:s>a   IIIMI:I!A.  -k;.', 

till' iiiiiiii  -\vm  ^\llll'll  lii'>  lii'Miiiil  llic  liiiM' (iC  till' 1,'itri'iil  «|iliiiili'^.  iiiiii'li  slicii'li'i' iliiiii 
till'  iitlici'  |iin'l  of  llic  »|p|iic;  till'  ■'plui'-.  ai't'  iiirlnllic  liliic  liliirk  or  linui/.c  lilmk.  liiiiicd 
Milli  |iiilfn-cilcn'*l)cviiii(l  III!'  liji^i'.  nl'ifii  iliill.  illrl.v.  iliii'k  ih'lliicicl.  ili(i-.c  mi  I  lie  >i(lr>  iukI 

<-|icc'iiillv  on  till'  iiiilcrior  imrl  of  iIh'  IkmIv   ri'i'i|iii.|itl\  yi'llowUli.  llic  liil'i-ji^lia lal 

oiii'?*  ari'i'iilsli  lit  the  Imsc;  llii'v  lire  iiiniiniiil  on  arciill.v  riiNcil  cliMiiioii^.  of  an  incmi- 
>|ilciioiis  ihirk  rnfo-fuM'on-  color.  S|ilni(lr-  lilnrkNIi  fii-idii-.  u  illi  oli-cin'ilv  (nilc 
li|p«.  rinniKMl  with  lilmk  ninl  ■.iiri'oninlcd  sliulill.v  wiili  ^niiiMi  mIIow.  \a"j:-  «liiniii'; 
liliii'k  :  iii'oli'ir-  lit  liii^i'  like  till'  iiiiiliT  -ni'fiii'i'  of  i  In'  l>nil\  .  In  .  mnl  I  iron /.c  liliirk.  Il|i|><'il 
witli  iPiilc  |)nr|ilUli.  I.('iiu:tli.  :'p."p  nun.  :  iii'i'inllli  of  IhpiIn  .  .'p  ."p  nun.  :  li'ii'.'ilMpf  >.|iln<'».  :'...'p 
mill.  :  Ipi'i'inltli  of  licinl.  I.L'.'p  inin.  ;  li'ii^tli  of  Imir-  on  Ipoily.  .."i  nun. 

Sonii'  Inilh  iilniiU  liiiM'  IIh'  I  pluck  aliinp^l  cnlii'i'ly  >ii|pci'«('i|cil  li\  fi'i'riiniiion*.  I  In'  pulor 
liav  inucxtcnilcil  from  till' protnlicriint  i'lcviilloii«  111  the  lm«i'  of  the  »|iini'>  pivci'  the 
«iiri'oiinilini;  partt.  so  a»  tpp  leave  the  I'lack  in  milv  a  ^I'l'ies  of  ilor-al  »|pipt-.:  in  llicsi- 
Inillvlihmls  the  yellow  of  llii'  ipilicr  I  pain  I-  i«  ihpI  pif  -o  liM'ly  a  hiu'.  ami  thi'  »|iinc-  are 
pclliii'iil  lilackish  fnscipiis  llii'ipiiiihipnl. 

Chrysalis  i83:  .".I.  i;.",.  i;i ).  Dull  grayish  \'.  hiii' marki'pl  with  L'l'ay  i-li  Ipi'ovmi.  Inniiiu' 
ail  pplivai'cipn-  liii^i'.  oi'  In-iuhi  Ltohleii  urei'ii  linu:p'il  with  I'cililUh  yello«  ami  markcil 
with  Iii'ipw  nisli  piir|plc;  ipccllai'  pripniinenco  liliuilly  coiilcal.  Ki'oiit  of  Ihcheail.  loiiunc 
ami  cdiii's  (pf  the  Icit'*  towiii'il  the  head  of  the  daikiT  color;  the  otiiei'  appcnda;i(  •«. 
with  the  wiiiits.  of  the  lli;hlei':  the  aiili'iuiai'  iiilen-iipli'd  « itii  hhick  and  lilack  at  llie 
lip.  the  niiildle  of  the  wliiirs  with  an  iireiinlai'  uavi'd  ■-ll'eakaml  a  ^nliinariiinal  I'ou  -pf 
dipts  ipf  the  darker  ciplor;  thorax  and  alidomcii  of  llie  li;;hler  colipr  with  darkiT  iiiark- 
inL'»  a-i  follows  :  The  anterior  part  of  the  thorax  in  front  of  a  lim' eipnin'ctiiii;  the 
iiiesoiiolal  dorsal  tnlierele  and  tlii'  basal  wiiiii  liilperele  ,  ami  cxcepliim  a  wideninu;  streak 
of  till'  liu;hter  color)  pa^siny  frmii  near  the  tip  of  tin'  ocellar  proniiiieiice-  to  the  nihl- 
dle  of  the  dorsal  ridu'e  of  the  im'sonotnin  ;  a  lii'ipad  liand  pa-'iii;;  alo  i;;  tin'  »idi'  of  the 
liipdy  from  the  lali'ral  ■surface  ipf  llie  ocellar  prominence-.,  icxt  tl  e  superior  edife  of 
llie  Willi;  over  the  alidomen.  where  it  includes  the  spiracles  at  ils  upper  ed^re.  to  tli 
liasi' of  ihi' creiii.ister:  lalerovcntral.  ventral,  and  lirokeii  lateral  Ipand-  on  the  tdido- 
men.  .Midomen  dotted  iniimtety  and  sparsely  with  black,  especially  aloiiy;  the  posterior 
Ipppiilers  of  tli(>  sejiinents:  tnbereles  tipped  with  oraiiirc ;  -iiprastiitniatal  wart  of  the 
ninth  abdomiiml  sciiinent  nearly  or  ppiite  ob-cpliti':  lii'ld  ipf  anal  liooklets  scarcely 
loimer  than  broad. 

/.s7.  Sfirr,       'Jtl.  Sjii'i'.  /.>7.  SfK<\     ^Jtl,  fiiit'P, 

l.piiL'th I'.i.           -':.'.                I'.riadth    at     third    ab- 

Keiiath    of    creiiiasior  i.7."i        l.."p                iloininal  -eainent...         ."i.l'."p        i;.r."> 

Breadth      at      ocellar  lleiirht    at     me-onotal 

proiniiieiices :'i..">           4.                    tubercle il.              ti.;! 

Hreadtli  at  basal  wimr  lleiuilit  at    melatliorax          ."p.'.'."p         ."p." 

tlllierch's 11. •.>.-,         7.                 llei;rhl      at      pip-.terior 

Breadth  at  suponiiiiiicr-  edire  of  third  abdoiii- 

ary  tnberck's il.."i          7.7."p               inal  segment il.             7. 

Qeographical  distribution  (20 :S).  Tliis,  tlu>  mily  |iiiivly  Aiiiorioan 
.s|n.'('iff;  of  \'iim'i<.sii  ill  N'l'w  Knoliiiul,  i.s  ;ipi):ii('ntly  t'omid  tliroiio'liout  the 
cntiiv  extent  of  the  I'nited  Stiites,  I'sceptiiio-  Aliiska  iiiiil  pois.sihly  ti  por- 
tion of  the  central  ni(jiintainoti.s  district,  wliere  it  has  only  heeii  r>'j»(irted 
from  (.'oiorado,  New  Mexico,  Arizona  and  tlie  vicinity  of 'I'riickce,  Neviulu 
(.Mc(ilashan).  It  i.s  eoinnion  in  all  the  (Jnlf  and  .Vtlantie  States  tind  hiw 
lieen  Itronght  from  a.s  far  ,>«oiith  a.-*  Indian  Hi\('r  in  Florida  (Palmer), 
(hi  the  l^ieific  eoawt  it  is  found  in  California,  and  at  \'ancoti\er  Island 
(  Fletcher) .  To  the  north,  i<;norinfr  liouiuliiry  lines,  it  has  heen  tiiken  in  Xova 
Scotia  "(luite  abundant  some  seasims"  (Jones),  (iodlioiit  Hiver,(inlf  of  St. 


Jl^ 


H'. 


4iil 


iiiK  III  I  ri;i!i  i,ii>  oi    m;\v  i;n<,i,ami 


■■:.f 


,  Vl- 


ml' 

i- 


Liiwrciii'f  "I'Mic"  ( ( 'onii'iiii ).  (^iiilicc  "lint  iiiiriiiiiiiiMn"  (liii\>li>).  Miin- 
tiCiil  ••iiliiiiiihiiit"  (  |)  Trlciii ).  ••;;('iicnill\  si'jircc"  ( ( 'Miiiticlil ) .  Ottiiw  ,i 
( I5illiii^>  ) .  I<iiii<l(iii.  ()iit.  (  SiuiihIci'.- ) .  SdiiiIi  Mii'lii^^mi  ••iiiic"  ( lliirriiii;- 
tnii).  Siiiilt  St.  Mai'ii'  "nirc"  ( IJrtliiinc).  .\t'|(iu(m.  Lakr  Siiiicrior 
( ScinMiT).  Miiiiicr«(itii  (SciiiMci)  mill  luwii  (  Aii-'liii.  Allen.  I'mkcr.  O^- 
liiii'ii)  :  Mr,  liintni'i'  liiistiikcn  it  mi  tiic  siiiiiinit  nl' Ml.  .Man-y  in  tlic  .\ili- 
rnn(lji('k>.  It  i>  |iriil);ili!y  ciiiilincil  niiiinly  to  tlic  .Mlcj^liiiniiin  iiiiii 
( 'iiroliniiin  taiina-. 

Siicli  sccni.-^  Ill  lie  tlic  nicaiiinii  uf  it>  ilistriltiitinn  in  New  I'liijLilanil.  It 
i<  I'ai'  more  coniinun  in  llic  ^oiitiici'ii  than  in  tlic  iini'tlicni  |iiirtiuii>  anil  i> 
wliollv  \Mmtinj;'  in  the  Wliitf  Mitniitain  distiict.  altiuniiili  tit'ciiiriiiju  so  tar 
iiurtli  as  tlic  iiiMiitli  (it'tlic  St.  liawrciicc  anil  alin\c  liakc  Siipcriur.  Itwa- 
imt  niiiiccd  hy  (Jussc  in  ( 'iini|)tiiii.  1*.  (^..  nr  in  N'cwtunnillanii.  ami  the 
iiurtlieniiiiiiNt  jiiealities  in  New  i'lii;>'lanil  fnaii  wiiieli  it  has  liceii  lii'oiin'lit  to 
my  niitiec  aic  \\'ater\ille  -Mcry  t'e«"  (llainliii).  Norway  (Smith),  llallu- 
well  '•wvy  iiiienmiiiun"  (Miss  Wadsworth  )  ami  Ml.  Desert  Islaml.  Me. 
(Seiiil(lei').  ami    .Miifoid,   N.   II.  ••>eaice"  (Whitney). 

Il  ill>.  hnwcver,  licyniiil  the  limit'  ut' the  I'lliteil  States  ami  in  an  im- 

iisiially  iiTciiiilar  niannei-.  Il-  |ii'e>eiice  tar  iluwii  the  I'Mnrida  |ieiiiii>iila 
aeeiiimts  tir  its  "\ery  rare"  a|ipeai;iiiee  in  ('iilia  ( ( iiindlaeh  )  ami  it  is  nut 
know  11  rroiii  any  iither  of  tlie  ^\  evt  Indian  isianiK. '  Its  aliiindanee  on 
oiir  sniitliwcstcrii  lanMlers  explains  why  it  is  everywhere  eomnini,  in  .Mex- 
ico and  fiower  Calit'ornia.  and  oeeiirs  [ik'ntit'iilly  as  tar  south  as  the  elovatcd 
plateaus  of  (iiiatcmala  (  \'aii  Patten)  :  it  is  i'M.'n  reportt'd  t'rniii  ( 'osta  li'iea 
hy  Distant,  and  t'nan  I'aiiaina.  ('idomhia.  and  liolixia  ((iodiuaii  and 
.Sal\in).  lint  the  intercstinj;'  tliinii'  is  that,  accoidinii' to  lierii'.  an  c.xecUcnl 
authority,  the  South  Cliiliau  \'.  terpsichore,  which  cxti'iids  also  into  I'ata- 
fi'unia.  is  idcnti<'al  with  our  spi'cics.  though  there  is  no  evidence  that  it  is 
t'oniid  on  the  Hanks  of  the  ( "m'dilleras  in  the  vast  intervening;'  rejiion.  Still 
more  stranu'c.  however,  is  the  report  hy  Mlai'khnrn  in  iSTl'that  it  was  es- 
tnMislieil  on  the  Hawaiian  Islands,  and  the  rciicatcd  acconiits  of  its  dis- 
covery in  (ireat  IJritain  (never  on  the  continent)  and  even  on  the  Canary 
Islands:  some  of  these  Hritish  reports  are  erroneous,  tiie  s|iecinieiK  when 
examined  hy  a  etnnpetent  authority,  hoinji'  found  to  he  an  aberrant  or 
sutfused  exaniiile  of  \'.  canliii.  Tin'  earlii'st  example,  taken  in  l'S2<S 
in  IVmhrokeshire.  was  announced  hy  Dale  in  is.'lo  iiiid  figured  hnig 
ath'r  hy  \\'e.stw(iod  and  lliiniphreys  and  hy  Minris  ;  in  1S7(!  two  .speci- 
mens are  reem'ded.  hotli  taken  in  sonthcrii  inaritinu'  counties,  one  in 
Hampshire,  the  other  in  Devon  (  Mntoni..  INTii.  2.').'i  :  Kiit.  moiithl. 
maji'.,  .xiii :  \s:\ ). 

Oviposition.     The  eggs  arc  laid  singly   on    the   up[ter   surface   of  the 

•(iiiilmiin     Mini     Siijvin     (  I!IiiIol;I;i      ii-mIi'.        tiic)   iIh   iint    iiiciillnii  ^I'l'ln;;  H[i('ciiiU'M'    fniiii 
'iiiii'i'.)  L'lvc  II   from  .hiMiiiii'M   :>iii|    Ihivll.  ImiI        lliiTr. 


liii 


XVMl'lUAl.l.NAi::    VANKSSA    IIIMKHA. 


•Itl5 


K'livt—  of  till'  t'uiMl  |il:int  uCllic  ciiti  rpil 


liir. 


iiii'li  Mt'li  r  tlir  I'ii.-liiiin   III'  tliii 


iitl\ 


OSHV 


'liiicil 


<iliiiii,  lint  alwins   mtv  ciin't'iilh   tiickfil  iiiiilff 


ot'  th<'    iitliiT    .■i|iiM'it's  iil'llic  i.'cMli-'.  ■iiiiiictiliic-'  lii'ilii;'  ImIiI  lijiiij'llt.  <|llitt' 

trc(|iii 

tlu-  tl 

tllMt   t 


lull 


I'liii'li  riiM'T  the  siii't'iK  I'  lit' the  Iciivc"  iit' ( iii:i|iliiiliiiin, 


II'  1';.';^  i>  viTv  iiciiriy  nun 


I'ciilcil  iiiiilcr  II  tliii'k  iiiiit  of  liuii'M, 


Food  plants.  Tlic  i':iii'i-|iill!ii's  ut' tliis  "pn-irH  t'ciil  iiliiiiixt  4-M'lii>iM'ly 
on  (rnii|)li:ili('!i('  ( !i  inliili\'i>iiin  nl'  the  ti'ilu'  iniilniili'iii'  lii'luii'.''in<j;  to  tin- 
"Tciit  t'ainilv  ot'(  "iiinjiiisitiic ),  a  ;.'ni!i|i  nt' |ilMiit>  ."iiiiicwliat  allii'd  tn  llii'^lli'. 
'riicv  have  ln'cn  t'lMinil  mi  si'M'ral  s|pc('i('s  (it'i'iidwccil  ami  cMTla.^tiiiLj,   ^'n^ll 


(i 


•lial 


ina|ilialiiini  pulyi'i'i 


lialnni    Mii-lix.    (Aliiiot. 


'annili'rs,  I'.nicrv ),   am 


(i.  |ini'|iun'iiin  liinn.  (('Iia|iinan,  linisi|.-l<i'(  imti'),  Antciiiiariu  pliiiita^- 
init'olia  Hunk.  (Ifili'V)  ami  Aiia|ilialis  Miaruaritari'a  (  K'.rti'liiT.  Snidilcr). 
Aliliiit  rt'ciii'ds  tlii'ni  fruiii  the  siinlluwcr  ( llcliaiitlin^  ).  aiiuiln'r  ('iiin|iii>ito 
iilaiU.  Ml".  Iviit'v  has  uIsd  taki'ii  tlirni  mi  Sciicciu  cineraria,  and  tliry 
art'  t'miml  pii'iitit'nliy  mi  tlic  inmisc  car  ( .Mynsntis).  a  u'ciins  ut'  l?mTaj.''iiia- 
ccac  ^(tiiild.  Kii'tlaml).      Harris  states  (Iiij. 


cat('r|iillars   arc   t'miml    mi  the  same  plants  as 
[cardiii].    ami    partieiiiarly    mi   the    Imrdiick 


Ills. 

till  IS 

d 


;?d  e.l. 


i)  that  •'th- 


e  I 


it'  the  thistle  linttertiv 


lid    cottmi 


thisth 


Mi 


Middh 


liddletmi,  evidently  Cdpyimr  tins  stateineiit,  repeats  it  in  a  inure  dehnite 
t'oi'in  with  a  lun^  list  ut'  plants  ( Itep.  ins.  III.,  x  :  •''^ti).  Harris  remarks, 
ho  vever,  timt  "the  larvae  are  very  niiieh  like  those  ot'  the  preceding 
species"  [cardiii],  which  is  scarcely  true:  and  since  he  has  left  nu  ineiiio- 
randa  of  lia\iiiif  lired  tliein  and  im  other  uliserxcr  I'ecords  tlieni  from  these 
plants,  the  statement  certainly  needs  coiitirmation.  Kniinons  says  that 
thcv  feed  upon  the  lialsain,  liy  which  he  dunlitless  nii'aiis  a  species  of  I'op- 
tiliis.  Imt  this  seems  wholly  improlialile.  Miss  Miirtfeldt  found  thein  on 
Artemisia  liidoviciana  in  Missouri,  Imt  as  they  cmild  nut  lie  carried  tu  miitii- 
rity  mi  this  plant  whether  unt  of  doors  or  in,  she  rejiarded  it  as  a  case  of 
mistaken  instinct,  the  parent  heinji;  "misled  liy  the  surface  resernlilance  of 
the  white  cottony  leaves  of  the  Artemisia  to  those  of  the  accnsfmned  food 
jilant  of  her  yminji'  [there  Antcnnaria] ,  and  under  this  misapprehension 
deposited  her  eg'irs  in  utter  disrejiiird  of  the  sumewhat  iiunji'ent  udur  which 
a  keen  sense  of  smell  would  liaM' perceived."  (Am.  nat.,xvii:  ll'li.) 
It  should  lie  remeniliered,  huwcNcr.  that  .Vrtcniisia  is  nut  distantly  related 
to  either  Antcnnaria  or  (iiiaphaliimi,  that  cardni  feeds  mi  Artemisia  in 
Ceylon,  and  that  some  species  of  (inaphalinm  have  a  very  arumatic  udur. 
Mr.  Fletcher  also  tells  me  that  he  has  taken  it  on  two  whit<>  ]inliescent 
cultivated  species  uf  Artemisia. 

Habits  of  the  caterpillar.  The  caterpillars  construct  nests  made  after 
the  manner  of  the  preceding  species,  hut  which  have  a  more  dense  cuver- 
inj^  throu<;liout  life  :  takin<f  advantajre  of  the  silken  hairs  which  profusely 
cover  the  surface  of  the  leaf  mi  which  they  are  horn,  they  liurruw  heneath 
them,  hito  them  ofl'at  the  ba.se,  and  from  these  and  a  profuse  weh  of  their 


m 


i-S* 


f^ 

m 


46(; 


TlIK   HI  TTKUFLIKS  Ol'   NKW    KNMiLAND. 


I'    ' 


own,  tlio  young  caterpillar,  nt>t  a  day  out  of  tlif  i'<ig,  I'onstructt,  a  diMisc 
white  mat,  l)eneatli  wliicli  upon  the  clean  surface  of  the  leaf  it  takes  up  its 
abode.  This  mat  resenil)les  closely  in  the  spring  the  central  unfolded 
liaves  of  the  (tnaphaliuni  and  also  the  silken  cocoons  of  t!ic  lesser  ichneu- 
mon Hies,  and  is  so  dense  that  not  the  slightest  view  of  the  interior  can  be 
gained.  Beneath  this  the  cateri)illar  devours  the  parenchyma  of  the  leaf 
through  to  the  under  pellicle,  and  when  it  has  devoured  all  that  it  can 
reach  it  constructs  a  new  nest,  this  time  usually  by  folding  together  to  a 
greater  or  less  extent  two  adjoining  leaves,  and  thereafter  makes  not  in- 
frequent changes  of  abode,  prol)ably  quite  as  many  in  the  course  of  its  life 
as  its  changes  of  skin,  though  they  do  not  appear  to  be  I'oineident  in  any 
way  with  ecdysis.  When  the  plants  are  still  yorng  and  scarcely  elevated 
above  the  ground,  the  half  grown  caterpillar  will  sometimes  construct  a 
nest  beneath  the  leaves  and  in  part  directly  u[)on  the  ground.  So  far  as 
I  have  ol)servcd,  they  do  not  then  leave  their  nests  for  food,  but  I'eed  ap- 
parently only  upon  the  [lortions  enclosed  within  their  web.  In  the  autunui, 
when  the  flowers  of  everlasting  are  fairly  opened,  they  ali.ioxt  invarial)ly 
enclose  them  within  their  web,  and  pick  these  blossoms  to  pieces  until,  as 
Mr.  Emery  writes  me,  "they  resenii)le  cotton,  apparently  devouring  the 
centre  or  kernel  and  making  a  nest  with  the  busks  citnnected  by  a  slight 
web  (81 : 1 1 ) .  This  gives  the  naturally  Hat  smnmit  of  the  plant  a  rounded 
appearance.  Only  one  is  found  on  a  plant."  Mr.  Saunders  says  (Can. 
ent.,  i :  l(),')-10l))  of  one  of  these  caterpillars,  "It  had  drawn  the  leaves 
together  and  fastened  them  into  a  rude  ease  with  silken  threads.  The 
larva  during  its  growth  had  consumed  portions  of  the  inner  surface  of  the 
leaves,  esi)ecially  near  their  snmmit,  and  hence,  here  the  foliage  was 
crisp  and  blanched.  These  whitened  portions  of  the  leaves,  together  with 
the  size  of  tiie  case  oecu])ied  by  the  larva  when  full  grown,  enables  the 
collector  readily  to  discover  their  j)laces  of  retreat."  Mr.  Hiley  also  writes 
me  that  the  larva  "feeds  on  the  parenchyma,  leaving  the  glistening  white 
leaf-membrane  untouched"  ;  and  this  I  have  myself  ol)served  even  in  the  full 
grown  caterpillar,  which  feeds  outside  its  web  as  well  as  beneath  it ;  though 
in  the  iast  two  or  three  days  of  its  life  it  dcvoiu's  t''e  whole  thickness  of 
the  leaf,  and  cares  far  less  for  concealment,  though  never  so  conspicuous 
and  gaily  colored  as  now. 

The  excrement  of  the  full  grown  (rateri)illar  is  very  large,  forming  rude 
cylindrical  [)ellets  2.2.^  mm.  in  diameter  and  ;!..'"»  nun.  long  when  dry. 
The  caterpillar  grows  rapidly  at  fii'st,  i)Ut  more  slowly  than  usual  after- 
wards. Mr.  l'\  II.  Spraguc  ea  ;  my  attention  to  the  curious  fact  that  the 
very  yoimg  cater|)illars  often  assume  a  sphinx-like  attitude.  I  am  indebted 
to  Miss  (luild  and  to  Messrs.  Saunders,  Emery,  Stebbins,  V.  II.  Sprague, 
licadle    and    others    for    living    s[)ceimens    of  this    insect    in    its    earlier 


■'*  'A 


H 


It 


If-* 


•^ 


11* 


NYMl'lIALlNAK:    VANKSSA    lIlNrF.KA. 


467 


Pupation.     Appsirontly  tlic  ciitcrpilliir  ot'tcii  iiiidcrjiocs  it.s  final  cliiuifjos 


in 


tl.^ 


ic  t'n(M)siiiT'    w 


liicli   liii.«   last   .-ici'\i'(l    it    as  ii  rcfiiifo 


inaturo 


catorpilla 


ilat'od 


n  a  hwixo   tin   liox  with   a   head  of  ivorlastinji,  made 


ht'low  and   in   tlic  head  an  u\n'n  sort  of  cocoon  (83:<)4)  t'>  take  the  place 
of  the  nest  of  which  it  had  heen  roliix'd,  spiiiniiiij:  si"  excessively  open  wcli 


tlu'  irreyfular  meshes  of  which  were  often  a 


ccntnneter.  genera 


diameter,  and   the  cavity  itself  aliont    as   liii'iic   as  a  [ 


iiy 


>)-<  nmi. 


)iireonV  oix'ft,  and 

finally  transformed  therein.      When  disturixd   it   swun^   itself  with    snch 
\ioleneo  as  to  strike  hoth  sides  of  its  enclosure. 

Life  history.  In  New  Knuland  there  are  two  i)roods  of  this  insoet ; 
the  l)utterHie.s  and  occasionally  the;  clirysalids  ot'  the  autumn  hrood  hiher- 
nate  :  the  hihornatinj^  l)nttertlies  appear  in  the  spriii<j,'  ahout  th-j  midille 
of  ^lay  ;  the  wintering  chrysalids  disclose  tluir  hutterHies  ahout  the  7tli  or 
lOth  of  June,  and  these  continue  on  the  winu'  until  the  next  i)rood  appears  ; 
they  lay  their  ejifis  din-ing  the  first  three  weeks  of  .lune,  and  the  cater])il- 
lars  are  fully  grown  hetween  the  2.")th  of  .hnu'  and  the  20th  of  .July.  The 
chrvsaiis  state  lasts  at  least  ten  or  twelve  davs,  in'ohalilv  louyer.  for  there 
is  no  record  of  liutterfiies  from  eggs  of  tlu'  same  year  l)efore  the  middle  of 
tluly  ;  they  continue  to  emerge  from  the  chrysalis  until  al)oiit  the  .")th  of 
August,  and.  as  before,  fiy  until  the  next  hrood  appears;  their  eggs  are 
proliahly  not  dej)osited  before  August,  in  the  latter  a.s  well  as  the  early 
part  of  the  month.  The  caterpillars  may  be  foimd  throughout  most  of 
August  and  September,  the  chrysalids  throughout  Scpteuil)er ;  butter- 
Hies  of  the  second  i)rood  rarely  appear  ix'fore  the  Kith  of  September, 
become  al)undant  l)y  the  "iOtli,  and  during  the  latter  part  of  the  month  are 
more  nuuujrous  than  at  any  othei'  time  in  thi'  year ;  they  continue  to 
emerge  from  the  chrysalis  until  neai'Iy  the  middle  of  ( )etol)er.  and  some 
are  found  on  the  wing  tln-oughout  that  month,  aftei'  which  they  hibernate, 
some  of  the  chrysalids  still  imehanged.  'i'his  last  lirood  is  always  the 
most  ai)undant. 

In  the  extreme  south  there  are  apparently  foiu"  broods.  Whether  the 
butterfly  strictly  hibernates  there  or  not  is  uncei'tain  ;  i)ut  it  undoubtedly 
passes  the  winter  ii\  the  imago  state,  as  single  si)ccimeus  were  seen  i)y  Dr. 
Chapman  in  I'lorida  all  through  I"\'i)ruary  and  .March.  According  to 
Abbot'.-;  oliservations.  tlic  earliest  caterpillars  are  fidly  grown  l)y  the  7th 
of  April,  and  after  |)assing  from  sexcn  to  twehc  days  in  the  chrysalis 
state,  emerge  as  butterflies  between  the  17th  of  April  and  the  l(!th  of 
May ;  the  second  brood  of  butterflies  appears  by  the  22d  of  .Tune 
(Abbot)  and  is  coimnon  by  the  1st  of  ,lidy  ((iosse)  ;  records  are  want- 
ing for  the  hotter  months,  but  it  is  certain  from  Dr.  Chapman's  notes  that 
a  brood  (ap])arently  the  most  munerous  of  the  year)  mak(>s  its  a]tpearance 
in  October,  and  continues  on  the  wing  until  the  eiul  of  Xovember  (or 
until  the  next  spring?).     There  must,  therefore,  be  another  generation  in 


■'    .A 


.1  ,Jy-     'I 


nil 


'i'l 

■'* 

■;i;! 

'ff              : 

...I'; 

.1)1 

i      ^ 

.■* 

k 

m'-^'-i 


'?S 


mi 


!*;•■, 


5'i-H,- 


S:!^;, 


'  1! 


4G8 


THE  in  rri;i!ii-ii:s  or  ni:\v  i;N(iL.\Ni>. 


luiilsiiiniiR'r,  lictwci'ii  tlu'  .Inly  and  Octohur  l)n)0(ls,  wliicli  j)n)l>alily 
appears  near  tlie  middle;  of  Au;>'ust. 

Habits,  flight,  etc.  I'Iil'  habits  and  flijjlit  of  this  ImtterHy  dosely 
rt'sonihli'  those  of  V.  eardiii,  hut,  although  coiisiilerahly  more  ahundant  in 
siome  years  than  in  others,  it  is  nuu-h  less  suhjeet  to  variation  in  tiiis 
respcet.  It  •.eleets  the  same  resorts  and  is  likewise  very  fond  of  tliistle- 
Howcrs,  as  also  of  dandeliou-Howers  ;  it  has  also  a  nearly  eejual  activity 
and  will  keep  on  the  wiiiir  to  as  late  an  hour  of  the  day. 

Wiicn  at  rest  liiit  on  the  (/id  rirr,  the  wi  iii's  are  widely  expanded, 
raised  at  an  angle  of  al)out  I't'—Hf  with  the  surface  of  rest ;  the  auteiiuac 
are  perfectly  straiglit,  raised  ahove  the  [ilanc  of  the  hody  at  an  angle  of 
■2iP-2i'>^,  and  spread  at  nearly  or  (piiti'  a  right  angle.  When  (luietly  rest- 
ing, the  wings  are  placetl  hack  to  Iiack,  and  the  antennae,  raised  at  an 
angle  of  40''  with  the  hody,  are  spread  at  an  angle  of  only  .")(l^.  It.  how- 
ever, frequently  \aries  fi'oni  tliis  hy  gently  t'anniug  its  wings  upward  and 
downward  in  a  self-coiitcntccl  way.  about  once  a  second.  \\'lien,  iiowcver, 
tlic  insect  is  at  complete  rest,  as  during  the  night,  the  wings  are  not  only 
closely  coni]>rcssc(l,  hut  the  fore  \\  iiigs  arc  hiddi'U  by  the  hinder  pair  so  tiiat 
tiie  costal  edges  of  botii  are  continuous,  while  the  antennae  arc  iiearlv 
perpendicular,  placcil  at  I'ight  angles  with  the  body,  and  spread  about  \'2\ 
Dr.  V.  S.  Minot  also  ol>served,  many  ycai's  ago.  the  positi(ni  of  the  legs 
when  at  rest.  The  middle  and  hind  fcmor.i  arc  nearly  at  right  angles 
with  each  other,  and  when  on  a  horizontal  suri'ace  the  whole  of  the  tarsi 
rest  on  the  ground  ;  when  on  a  perpendicular  support,  it  touches  only  the 
claws  to  the  surface  of  .-u|)port.  He  also  oi)scrve(I  it  clean  its  antcimac 
by  foliling  tiie  tarsi  at  a  sharp  angle  and  drawing  the  antennae  from  l)ase 
to  ajtcx  through  the  crotch  thus  formed.  This  is  the  more  remarkable 
because  done  with  the  middle  legs. 

Parasites.  'I"he  caterpillar  is  attacked  by  a  large  ichneumon,  I.  rufi- 
vcntris  (88  ;  1 ) ,  whicli  fimdly  makes  its  escape  from  the  chrysalis  at  the  end 
of  September.  The  ichneunu)n  is  so  large  that  the  eater()illar  cmu  sujiport 
but  a  single  one.  I  receiv(>(l  this  parasite  from  Miss  C  Cjuild  of  Walpole, 
Mass..  and  Mi'.  K.  Xcu'ton  of  Farmiugton,  Conn.,  and  have  raised 
it  from  a  chrysalis  of  huntera  sent  me  by  Mr.  I).  W .  lleadle  of  Ontario. 
It  has  also  been  raised  by  Messrs.  IJowles,  Packard  and  Cresson.  This 
shows  how  eouuuon  it  is.  That  sent  by  Mr.  Ueadle  emerged  September  if). 
The  parasite  makes  its  escape  from  the  clirysalis  ease  of  the  butterHy  bv 
biting  otf  the  head  and  a  part  of  the  th.>rax  just  above  the  ui)per  shoulder 
tubercle,  leaving  only  a  slight  fragment  at  one  side  to  keej)  the  lid  thus 
formed  in  place.  Kvcn  in  a  chrysalis  which  lay  upon  its  side  during  the 
escajic  of  the  ichneumon,  it  couhl  not  wholly  fliscard  its  ordinary  op(>ra- 
tions,  althongii  forced  at  last  to  gnaw  out  a  hole  at  one  side,  which  it  did 
at  the  l)ase  of  the  tonune  and  below.      Mr.    K'ilc\-  also    found  among  the 


NYMPHALlXAi:;    VAXICSSA   CAliDlI. 


4G9 


leaves  of  !i  (Iciscrtcd  nest  .1  liir<(e  cocoon  of  Microj^atiter.  Imt  lio  lias  never 
bred  the  [lerfeet  insect.  And  finally,  at  Xepiijon  in  IScS.S,  I  olitained 
Apantcles  carduicola  from  the  catcr[)illar  in  several  instances,  destroying 
t\w  larvae  in  the  second  stage. 

Desiderata.  On  what  part  of  the  leaf  and  (hiring  what  weeks  ar-.'  the 
eggs  of  either  brood  deposited?  Does  the  lar\a  e\('r  feed  upon  thistles 
«)r  the  other  [ilants  indirectly  attrihiited  to  its  liiil  of  fare?  Do  any  or  a 
considi'rahle  niiiiiher  of  the  chrysalids  of  the  first  hrood  of  the  year  reniaiii 
nii?il  the  close  of  tiie  season  before  changing  to  biittertlies,  or  how  is  tlit; 
much  greater  abundance  of  the  autumn  butterflies  to  be  accounted  for? 
AVhat  beeoiue  of  the  large  ichneunioiis  that  emerge  from  the  chrysalids  in 
8e|iteiiiber?  Do  they  tlu^n  attack  the  larva  of  soiin'  other  insect?  Is  the 
eater[)illar  eve-r  attacked  by  parasites  during  tlie  closing  days  of  its  life 
when  it  lives  exi)osed  and  not  in  conceaimeiit  ?  if  so,  why  docs  it  not  con- 
tinue in  concealment?  if  not,  what  gives  it  iiimiunity?  How  large  a  p''o- 
portion  of  the  chrysalids  of  the  autumn  brood  disclose  the  imago  during 
the  same  season?  How  many  broods  make  their  appearance  near  the 
di\  idiiig  line  between  the  Alleglianian  and  ( 'aroliiiiaii  faunas?  In  what 
respect  does  tlie  Hight  of  the  bnttertly  differ  from  that  of  cardui? 


^^.;m 


!•' 


LIST  or  ILLUSTl!ATI<iys.~VA.\i:ssA  lir.\T/:i!A. 


(.'iidrriiiHur. 
ri.  74,  fi^'.  34.    Miituri'  ralcipillar. 

7S;.")2,  .'ili,  (ill.      l-'roiit    viinvs  of  li(';i'l  in 

.-tiiL'cs  i,  ii  ;inil  v. 

81:11.    NVsl. 

83 :  04.  Nfst  willi  clirv s;ili<  liaiiL'im;  williiii. 

IM.  83.  lip;-.  r)4.    Siilc  viinv. 

G3.    Dursiil  view  in  ontlinc. 


Illl'KJii. 

V\.  2,  li-.  -J.     Male,  uppi'i-  >ni-fiic-i'. 
3.    Kcnialc'.  Iintli  sni'l'aiT*. 
IJ:!!.     Until  surfafcs. 
33:  22.     >Iali'  alidnniinal  a|>|M'niiaL;i's. 
3s :  IJ.    X(  iiration. 

53:5.     Siilc  vii'W  of  licail  anil  alipcnilairi'S 
enlargril,  wiili  lU'tails  of  leg  straitnri-. 

Ili)i(  rill, 

04.    .Siitf   view,   lianginj,'  within  a       Pl.211.  li-.  s.    Disiriliulion  in  N'ortli  AnuM-ica. 
Host.  8S:  1.     Iclincnnmn  rnlivi'iilris.  a  |iiirasito. 


VANESSA  CARDUI.— The  painted  lady. 

[l':iinti'il  laily:    cosniDpolitan   laittcrlly :    thistle  butlerlly  (Anet.):    (yntliia  <if  tlie   llilslle 
(Kirliy) :  thistle  eynthy  (Kinniuiis).] 

I'lipiUo  cardiii  Linn..  Syst.  nal..  Inih  eil..  Ital)..  iii:  122  (1S4T) :— Srndd..  .\niei-.  nal..  x: 

47o-4T(l  (ITiV).  3!i2-31lil.  (;ii2-011  (Is7i;);   Unit.,  l.'il.  li--.  41.  1.31. 

Xi/mjihiilii  riiV'liii  Latf.,  Flist.  nat.  enist.  17H  (l'<''<I). 

ins.,' xiv  :  87-8S  ( ISO,")).  AilUih     ninhii    Dalni..     Knn;.'!.     vetensl\. 

dnilhiii  i-nrilni  Fain-.,  III.  niair.  ins.,  vi :  2S1  aeail.  hamll.,  xxxvii.  (i.".-(!ii  (IsHi). 

(1807):— Ilarr..  Kntoin.i'iifresp..  277-2711.  pi.  1,  IJIii/llihi  nn-ilni   I, am.,  .\nini.  sans  vert., 

tiu's.  1-2  (18(i!i):—Kii-li.,  Kami.  hor.  anier.,  iv;  i\  :  2!)  (Isl7). 

2!l.)-2!l(>   (1837) :— Knuil.,  Asirii'.  X.  York.,  v:  Hiniinih-ima  ilimrn  niril'ii    IIiil>n..    Vei-z. 

210.  pi.  40.  llfis.  1.2.  n,  1)  ('8.")4).  ear.  sehniett..  3  (Is-J:;). 

r((He.i,>(n  CH)v/»i  Oehs.,  r«.'liniett.  ear.,  iv:  I'lin.iniii.i    cinlnl    Donlil.-Ilewits..    (Jen. 

10.  127(1810):— (idil..  Kneyel.  iniMh.,  ix:  200.  dinfii.  l.e))..  i :  2il.'>  (IS4!i):— Mon-..  Syn.   I.ep. 

32;i-324.  pi.  2S,  tlj;s.  (i,  0  Ids:    pl.  .")4.  tl^'s.  1.  N.  .\inei-..  .")!Min  (IsiU):- 'n-iin.,   Hlmp.   .\fi-. 

ll)ih,2.  3(1819): —  llolsd.-l,er..   X-ip.   \miv.  Aiistr.,  110-121  (1802)  :—Sannd..  (an.  ent..  i: 

sept.,  178-179  (1833):— I'ocy.  Mem.  Soe.  eeon.  9.3-'.t4  (1800):— Fivneli,  l!e|i.  i"^.  HI"  vii :  I.M 


470 


THE  BUTTKRFLIKS  OF  XKW   KX(;F-AXn. 


(IST8);  Unit.  cast.  V.  S.,  lit!t-2(H)  (I.SSO);— 
(illiidl..  Kilt.  •■ul..,4(MI  (ISSl);— Miclill..  \U\,. 
ills.  111..  .\:ST(1SS|):— Co(i..ilpi(l..  IM  (ISMl); 
—Fern..  Uutt.  .Mc,  (il  (1SS4) ;— Jliiyii.,  Butt. 
N.  E.,  I!t--J0.  pi. ;).  Hi;,  -'-lytla  (I8.s(i). 


I'aj.itio  ciirdiielin  <'riiiii.,  I'lip.  cxot.,  i:  40- 
41, 13.5,  pi.  2(1,  tigs.  K.  F.  (177!)). 

Kif.'iircil  l>y  Glover,  III.  N.  A.  Lcp.,  pi.  21. 
li;,'. ;!;  pi.  :'.:!.  li^:.  ;t.  iiumI. 


■'•it 


'§> 

f 

-»:. 

rkr 

.'V 

I-.*. 

-•V 

VI 

'Twiis  iiriiiic  of  .May ;  and  every  siinare  lieoaiiie 
A  iiuiriiMiriii";  eaiiip  of  siiiiiiiier.    Xow  and  llieii 
,\  ilizzy  and  iiewildered  Imtteitly 
Fluttered  tliroiiirli  noisy  streets." 

Ai.i:xANi>Ki!  Smith.— .1  Ilai/'n  rueiii. 

All!  if  thou  issueless  slialt  hap  to  die. 
The  icarlil  will  wail  thee. 

SlIAKKSI'KAHK.— .S'"H/le^ 

Imago  (2  :  1 ;  12 :  7).  Ileiid  eoverod  witli  reddish  brown  hairs  iiiinnled  with  ii  few 
bhu'klsh  .111(1  iiiaiiy  delicato  white  or  ttray  hairs,  thu  latter  nearly  wanting  aloiij;  the 
middle  and  about  the  base  of  the  antennae,  and  abundant  beside  the  inner  edjie  of  tho 
eye;  hinder  ed^io  of  the  eye  broadly  bordered  with  Avhite  scales,  tho  Held  narrowing; 
al)i)ve  whore  a  few  oohraeeous  scales  are  miiiitlod  with  tlioni.  I'alpi  white,  the  upper 
surfaco  reddish  brown,  on  tho  apical  joint  brownish  fuscous,  with  a  few  mingled  paler 
scales;  loiijt  hairs  of  the  sides  black.  I'lidor  surfaco  of  antennae  brownish  luteous, 
the  rcinaliulor  i)nrplish  black,  with  a  few  scattered.  i)alc  scales  above  and  a  narrow, 
ccnitiiuious  line  of  white  scales  on  the  sides  next  the  luteous  portion ;  club  i)ale  oranjro 
luteous,  all  exceptiiiLt  the  apical  live  joints,  above,  and  sometiines  to  a  less  extent 
below,  blackish,  purplish  above,  reddish  below.  Toiiiiiie  dark  brownish  luteous, 
becoiniiii;  darker  away  from  the  base,  black  laterally,  the  apical  half  wholly  black; 
l)apillae  (61;  :!.">.  .)4)  nearly  eipial  and  cylindrical,  sliirhtly  narrowiiii;  at  tho  base. 

I'rothorax  covered  above  with  minute,  dark  nietallic  irreen  scales,  concealed  by  long 
olivaceous,  and  reddish  brown  hairs.  I'atairia  reddish  brown,  tiujied  Interiorly  with 
olivaceous.  Thorax  covered  bene.ath  with  Ionic,  white  hairs,  often  tiiiiied  sliithtly  with 
yellowish  or  brownish  yellow.  Fore  tibiae  black,  covered  in  front  with  reddish 
brown,  on  the  sides  with  white  hairs,  the  outer  ones  somewhat  tinged  with  reddish 
brown;  femora  of  the  other  legs  white,  the  upper  surface  blackish  brown  with  iiiter- 
mingled  reddish  brown  scales;  tibiae  ami  tarsi  dirty  white,  tho  latter  sometimes 
marked  above  with  dusky,  beneath  with  dark  yellowish  brown  scales;  spurs  luteous, 
tipped  with  brownish  red;  spines  black;  claws  reddish  brown,  <larkest  at  tip. 

Outer  border  of  fore  irinijs  very  gently  sinuous,  in  no  part  straight,  although  nearly 
so  both  above  and  below.  Third  superior  subcostal  nervulo  arising  at  two-thirds  the 
distance  from  the  origin  of  tho  secoiul  to  that  of  the  fourth ;  the  fourth  at  an  eciual 
distance  f''oin  the  outer  border  and  the  upper  limit  of  the  vein  closing  the  •••ell.  .Vbove 
very  dark,  brownish  black,  the  nervures  black,  the  basal  third  of  the  costal  margin, 
tho  basal  two-tiflhs  of  the  cell,  a  corresponding  portion  of  the  inedlo-submedian  inter- 
space, and  the  whole  inner  margin,  heavily  llecked  with  greenish  golden  scales;  the 
reniainder  of  the  cell,  excepting  a  narrow  black  edging  aloiiit  the  exterior  boundary, 
golden  orange,  deepest  Interiorly.  |)alest  exteriorly,  crossed  by  two  short,  heavy  bars; 
one  with  a  rounded  summit,  scarcely  narr  '.icrat  tip  than  at  base,  depends  from  the 
costal  iiervnre  at  about  the  middle  of  the  cell  and  crosses  nearly  two-thirds  of  the  C(^ll ; 
the  other,  rudely  triangular,  its  interior  edge  scarcely  separated  fnmi  I  he  exterior  edge 
of  the  llrst.  is  seated  on  the  median  ner\  lire,  its  apex  near  the  middle  of  the  cell  or 
scunetimes  a  little  higher.  The  median  and  iiiedio-subine  llaii  interspaces  arc  almost 
wholly  of  the  same  brlirht  tint :  llie  outer  inargin  of  the  wing,  however,  is  margined 
here  with  black  to  the  width  of  an  interspace  and  the  base  of  the  lower  niedia;i  inter- 
space, fully  as  far  as  the  last  divarication  of  the  median,  is  lllled  with  black  and  con- 
nects below  with  a  pretty  large,  rounded  or  siibtrlangular  spot  seated  on  the  lower 
median  nerviile,  half  way  between  its  base  and  the  black  margin  of  the  wing,  and 
extending  half  way  or  sometiines  wholly  across  the  interspace;  this  again  is  in  direct 
coimec'tion  with  a  broad,  curved  band,  which  crosses  the  iiiedio-snlnnedian  Interspace 


NY.MI'HALIXAK:    VAXKSSA   ('AHDl'I. 


471 


half  Wily  bctwL'cn  tlic  llrst  iliviiricntion  of  the  mLMliaii  ncrviirp  aii'l  tlir  oiitn'  hordi-r. — 
till'  whole  formiiii;,  with  the  outer  bar  in  the  cell,  a  irroatly  ciirvcil  baud,  with  an 
fxcci'diiisily  tortuous,  exterior  uiarjiiu  nearly  dividing  the  brli;hter  parts  of  the  winy:  into 
halves;  the  orange  of  tlie  upper  median  interspace  is  infriuLted  upon  by  a  downward 
extension  of  the  l)hiek  Held,  in  a  rounded  protuljeraneo.  with  a  very  ill-defined  edire. 
which  Imreiy  crosses  the  middle  median  nervure.  and  lindts  the  l)rii;hl  color  to  a  little 
less  than  the  basal  luilf  of  the  interspace  and  a  small  spot  in  the  ndddle  of  the  outer 
half,  next  the  middle  median  nervule:  there  is  also  an  orauije  triauiile  seated  upon  the 
uppermedian  lu'rvule  lU'ar  the  extremity  of  its  curved  portion,  leaviny;.  aloui;  l\u'  outer 
limits  of  tile  cell,al)laclc  triangle  projectiui;  into  tlie  orange  Held,  of  c<|ual  proportions 
to  itself.  Crossing  tlie  up|)er  portion  of  the  wiufi,  a  little  within  the  middle  of  tlie  outer 
two-tliirds,  is  a  l)roa(l,  nearly  eipial,  white  band,  extending;  from  the  costal  bortlcr  to 
the  lowest  subcostal  nervule,  and  a  little  broader  than  the  width  of  the  Interspace  at 
tliat  point,  A  very  little  more  than  midway  l)etween  this  and  the  outer  l)or<ler  is  a 
strongly  arcuate  seri(^s  of  live  white  spots,  the  upper  two  occupyiuir  tiie  upper  inter- 
spaces and  continent,  together  formiuK  a  broad  lunule,  the  third  and  fourth,  in  the 
next  two  interspaces,  round,  less  than  half  the  width  of  the  inti^rspaces,  the  llftli 
lavife,  irreirular,  roundish,  crossini;  nearly  or  nuite  the  whole  of  the  sulicosto-median 
interspace.  Distant  from  the  outer  niaritin  of  the  win;?  liy  less  than  half  an  interspace, 
but  retreatinji  a  very  little  more  from  it  aliove.  is  a  slender,  transverse,  faint,  pale 
line;  seated  on  the  border,  in  the  middle  of  the  Interspaces,  are  small,  faint  spots  of 
dull,  pale  oraniie;  friiiffe  black.  Interrupted  with  wliite,  i)elow  liy  short  lunnles,  above 
abruptly.  Outer  border  of  hhid  ^cuii/s  very  liroadly  curved,  scarcely  more  so  in  tlie 
middle  lialf.  Color  ijohlen  orauire.  the  whole  costal  marj^in  lieavily  bordered  -litli 
lilackish  brown,  the  inner  marj;in  pale  t^reeiiish  ifriseous.  the  base,  almost  to  the 
tip  of  the  cell,  lilackish  fuscous,  sprinkled  with  'jreenish  jfoiden  scales;  the  basal  half 
of  tlie  medio-sulimcdian  interspace  is  also  blackisli  lirowii,  and  from  its  lower  extrem- 
ity a  rather  broad,  curving,  mesial  band  narrowed  and  sometimes  nearly  obsolete  in 
crossins  the  lower  subcostal  Interspace,  passes  to  the  middle  of  the  upper  subcostal 
nervule;  midway  between  tills  mesial  band  and  the  outer  border,  or,  perhaps,  nearer 
the  former,  is  a  transverse  row  of  live  pretty  lar^e.  round,  black  spots  in  the  subcostr.l, 
subcosto-n.  jilian,  and  median  interspaces,  that  in  the  upper  snlieostal  usually  nierned 
in  the  liroad,  blackish  border  of  the  costal  region;  they  are  nearly  equal  in  size,  that 
in  the  lower  subcostal  interspace  beinj;  larjiest;  the  lowest  spot,  and  very  seldom  the 
otiiers,  have  sometimes  a  few  bluish  scales  in  the  centre,  and  that  In  the  upper  median 
interspace  approaches  the  liorder  more  closely  tlian  the  others.  Distant  from  the 
outer  liorder  by  less  tlian  the  width  of  an  interspace,  is  a  scries  of  transverse,  diamond 
shaped  stripes,  each  nearly  or  finite  crossinj;  an  intersiiaeo;  that  in  the  medio-subme- 
diaii  interspace  is  a  Ions,  transverse,  nearly  equal  dash,  cncIosin<;  exteriorly  a  slender 
streak  of  pale  lilne  scales ;  midway  between  tliis  and  the  maririn  is  another  series  of 
similar,  but  slio"ter  and  broader,  diamond  shape<l,  transverse  spots,  seated  on  the  iier- 
vures  and  toucliinif  the  (Uiter  border ;  frinj^e  white,  interrupted  at  the  black  spots,  on 
the  nervure  tips,  with  black. 

IJoncatli,  the  portion  of  the  fure  ii^itujs  which  on  the  upper  surface  Is  occupied 
by  oranjfe  is  pale,  dull  pink  with  a  yellowish  tinge  on  the  outer  half  of  tlie  wing; 
but  in  the  outer  portion  of  the  cell  It  Is  displaced  by  white;  the  black  markings 
which  belong  to  this  tleld  are,  however,  more  limited  In  extent;  the  basal  third  of 
the  costal  margin  is  white,  sometimes  tinged  with  yellowish,  crossed  lietween  the  ner- 
vuros  by  f reiiuent  narrow  black  bars ;  the  base  of  the  wing  below  the  median  nervure 
is  lustrous  greenish  brown,  the  Inner  margin  beyond  It  liiinvnisli  fuscous,  witli  an 
fvlivaceous  tinge,  anil  the  extreme  base  of  tlie  cell  a  mixture  of  white,  greenish  and 
yellowish  scales  with  a  small,  blackish  spot  in  tlie  middle,  followed  liy  a  transverse 
whltisli  bar  and  this  by  another  small  black  spot  in  the  pink  Held — all  in  the  basal  third 
of  tlie  coll.  The  black  band  between  the  cell  and  the  transverse  wiiite  bainl  depend- 
ing from  the  costal  border  is  filled  In  the  middle,  especially  aliove,  with  a  grayish  mix- 
ture of  pale  brown  and  white  scales,  forming  a  sort  of  reversed  triangle,  the  apex  of 


;■;':■  1 

;-4 

m 

4 

-  M.' 


"■?• 


'■■1.  ■  ■     ■  ■  .'■ 


.^    -y,\l::    I 


472 


TIIK  IJLTTKUn.IlvS  OF  NKW   KX(iLAXl). 


&< 


i     -A, 
I  'f>     - 


1  \ 


o4 

I  f 


alt 


wliieli  iiR'fts  tlint  of  tlii!  piiikisli  tri(iiii;le  seated  on  the  median  norviire;  it  also  sends 
11  tortiiDUs  tlireiid  to  the  lower  sub- costal  nervnre,  parallel  tr)  and  in  the  neiiihhorliood 
of  the  exterior  horilerof  tlu^  l)and.  Ue.vond  the  transverse  white  liand,  whieli  is  edited 
rather  narrowly  witli  Ulaekisli,  the  apex  of  tlio  wing  is  pale,  dlnify  oeliraeeous;  tlio 
white  spots  of  the  upper  surface  reappear,  the  two  uppermost  usually  ed;red  l)otli 
exteriorly  and  interiorly  with  l)lackish,  and,  witli  another  cloudy  white  spot  in  tlie 
interspace  below,  form  a  siiort  band;  tlie  third  and  fourtli  spots  are  mar;rined  witli 
black,  more  heavily  interiorly  than  elsewhere,  and  on  the  same  side  are  followed 
l)y  a  slender  deniiannnlus  of  oeliraeeous,  followed  afjain  liy  black;  the  llftli  spot 
usually  has  a  slijfht  black  line  at  its  exterior  margin;  distant  from  the  outer  inarjjin 
l)y  about  iialf  the  widtli  of  an  Interspace,  and  parallel  to  it,  is  a  cloudy,  wiilti!,  contin- 
uous stripe,  liroadest  above  the  penultimate  subcostal  m^rvnle.  bordered  with  dull 
l)lackisli  fuscous,  especially  on  the  narrower  portion,  which  is  much  broader  on  ti?': 
interior  than  on  the  exterior  side;  marifin  dull  oeliraeeous,  sometimes  Infiiseated  at 
the  nervures;  frini;e  white,  interrupted  moderately  with  '^bick  at  the  nervue  tips. 
Jliiid  ii-iiKjn  dull  brownish  oeliraeeous,  rudely  marbled  with  various  markings,  the  veins 
yellowisli  white,  sometimes  tin;;ed  with  brown  on  the  outer  half  of  the  win;;;  extreme 
base  of  costal  border  pale;  a  sli^rhtly  tortuous,  transverse,  pale  stripe,  narrow,  except- 
ins;  abov(\  crosses  frimi  tlie  costal  border  to  the  median  nervnre,  a  little  removed  from 
theliasal  portions  of  the  costal  and  subcostal  nervures;  it  is  margined  interiorly  with 
lilack  spiM'ks  and  followed  upon  ilie  costal  border  by  a  larger  and  a  smaller  black  spot ; 
near  tilt' middle  of  the  cell  a  larjie,  obloii;;,  oval,  transvers(\  black  spot,  larirely  bespecked 
with  pale  and  oeliraeeous  scales  and  narrowly  inaririned  witli  white,  crosses  the  cell 
just  below  the  tirst  divarication  of  the  subcostal  nervnre,  its  larjier  end  uppermost; 
aliove  it  in  tlie  upper  part  of  the  costo-snlicostal  interspace  is  a  fuscous  spot,  sprinkled 
with  oeliraeeous;  crossin;;  tlie  wina  is  an  inconspi(Mions,  interrupted  wliitc'  line, 
correspondiiii;  to  the  interior  maritin  of  the  mesial  band  of  V.  hnntera  and  takinij 
the  same  direction  as  there ;  it  is  usually  bordered  exteriorly  by  a  fcnv  blackish  scales ; 
erossiiiii;  the  base  of  the  sulicostal  interspaces  and  the  snbcosto-median  interspace  just 
beyond,  ami  including  the  tip  of  the  coll,  is  a  laru;e.  transverse,  trianiinlar,  lilaek  spot, 
tilled,  exceptini^  near  its  limits,  with  a  considerable  sprinklinii  of  oeliraeeous  scales. 
Its  exterior  mariiin  at  rij;lit  anjjles  to  the  norvure ;  beyond  this,  the  subcosto-niedian 
interspace  is  tilled  with  a  (piadrate  white  spot  merjiin^  exteriorly,  at  its  narrowest 
part,  into  lirownish;  two  subparallel,  subcontimious  series  of  irrej;nlar,  whitish, 
curved  lines,  at  about  three-(|uarters  of  an  interspace's  distance  from  each  oth  ,'r,  cross 
the  wiu!^  beyond  tlie  middle:  tlii>  outermost  series  foUows  a  general  slllvllo^v  curve 
from  about  tlie  midille  of  the  outer  half  of  the  costal  border  to  a  little  above  the  niii'- 
dle  of  tlie  upper  median  nervnle,  and  then  another  from  this  point  to  the  middle  of 
the  medlo-sulnnedian  interspace,  where  it  turns  iinvard  aijain  toward  the  inner  border; 
each  of  tliese  series  is  faintly  eda:ed  interiorly  with  black,  and  in  tliemcdlo-submedian 
interspai;e  there  is  a  frasiinent  of  a  third  series,  parallel  to  the  second;  it  is  followed, 
like  the  portion  of  the  second  contained  In  the  lower  median  interspace,  by  a  consid- 
eriible  patch  of  white  or  yellowisli  white.  There  Is  a  subinari;inal  series  of  live  ('ireu- 
lar  or  nearly  circular  ocelli  in  the  sulii'ostiil,  subcosto-median  and  median  interspaces, 
distant  aboutthcwidtiiof  an  ii  '(U'spaceand  ahalf  from  the  outer  bonier;  the  uppermost 
is  simplest  and  smallest,  Ijcina  a  small  brownish  or  oeliraeeous  spot, with  a  few  scattered 
black  and  blue  scales  near  the  centre,  enclosed  at  the  outer  end  of  a  much  larger  oval 
white  Held;  the  second  has  a  large  central  disc  of  purplish  black,  witli  a  few  bine  and 
ochraci.'ous  scales  near  the  eentns  ami  surrounded  by  a  narrow  annulus  of  dull  yellow, 
bounded  again,  especially  interiorly  and  exteriorly  with  black,  the  whole  barely  occu- 
pying the  width  of  the  interspace;  tlie  third  and  fourth  are  similar  to  each  otlier, 
smaller  than  the  secoml.  and  c<msist  of  a  central  disc  of  dull,  dark  green,  largely 
besprinkled  with  bluish  scales,  which  seem  to  avoid  the  blaekish  edge,  the  centre  and 
to  some  extent  tlie  exterior  portions;  it  Is  surrounded  by  a  narrow,  dull  yellowish 
anmilus,  wlilcli  beconuw  white  interiorly,  and  usually  expands  somewhat  In  the  same 
region:  In  the  fourth,  this  is  usually  bounded  below  liy  black;  tlie  tlftli  is  of  the  size 


NV.MPHALIXAE:   VANESSA  C'ARDL'I. 


473 


of  the  HCfoiul  mid  similar  to  it,  but  has  a  dull,  dark  Rrecn  si""'""'  witli  miuu'rons 
bluish  sciili's,  o-ipeciidly  upon  thp  interior  half  and  is  o<ls;ed  below  wltii  blaek;  the 
whole  of  tills  is  surrounded  by  a  narrow  yellow  annnlus,  which  is  ocdiraceous  next 
t!ie  bluisli  scali!s  and  this  encircled  narrowly  with  black;  the  outer  liorder  for  the 
widtli  of  less  than  half  an  Interspace  is  pale  ocliraceous,  the  very  edjte  a  little  darker; 
it  is  liordered  interiorly  Ijy  a  rather  coarse  blackish  line  which  becomes  slightly  slend- 
erer In  the  interspaces;  tliis  is  followed  liy  a  whitish  band,  notirly  twice  as  liroad  as 
the  niarniiiiii  liaud,  tapering  toward  the  costal  edge  and  encloslni;  next  its  interior 
1)1  rder  an  interrupted  series  of  transverse,  fusiform,  pale  blue  liars,  narrowly  edged 
with  black,  that  in  the  medio-subinedian  interspace  almost  entirely  lilack.  Fringe 
white  interrnpteil  rather  narrowly  at  the  nervure  tips  with  lilackish,  whicli  occasion- 
ally encroaches  slightly  on  tlie  wing  itself. 

Aluloiiien  aliove  purplish  black,  heavily  flecked,  especially  on  the  sides  and  on  the 
iipieal  half  of  the  segments,  witli  yellowish  fulvous  scales;  beneath  white.  .Vppcnd- 
a:;es  of  male  (33;  HI)  ;  upper  organ  not  large,  the  body  less  compressed  than  In  the 
previous  species,  slightly  arched  loi'gitudlnally.  the  hook  straight,  lient  a  little  down- 
ward, rather  small,  shorter  than  the  body,  depressed,  very  broad  at  liase,  narrow- 
ing to  near  tlie  tip,  and  this  iiortloii  eipilangular.  the  apical  fourth  e(|ual,  as  broad 
as  high,  bluntly  pointed.  Inferior  arms  stralglit  on  a  superior,  arcuate  on  a  lateral 
view,  slender,  tapering  irregularly  to  a  simple  point.  Clasps  about  half  as  long  again 
as  iiroad,  the  inferior  edge  more  strongly  curved  than  in  tlie  other  species,  consider- 
ably reliexed,  especially  on  tlie  basal  half ;  posterior  border  produceil  a  little  below  the 
middle  to  iin  aiisrle  much  larger  than  a  right  angle,  not  incurved  ;  tlie  upper  post(!rior 
angle  consideralily  produced  to  much  less  than  a  right  angle,  linely  pointed  and  some- 
what incurved;  lower  posterior  angle  lost  In  the  curve  of  tlie  umler  edge.  Interior 
riblion  ratlier  stout,  compressed,  tapering  on  the  apical  half,  the  basal  half  con- 
cealed in  the  retlectloii  of  the  Inferior  border  of  the  clasp,  much  shorter  than  In  the 
other  species,  not  nearly  reaching  tlie  angle  of  the  posterii—  "dge  of  tlie  clasp,  toward 
which  the  tapering,  sinuous,  apical  half  is  directed.  Tliere  is.  liesides,  near  the  centre 
of  tlie  inside  of  tlie  clasp,  a  small,  depressed,  horizontal  tooth,  shaped  like  a  sliark's 
tootli,  directed  inward. 


Measurements  in  niilliiiielres. 

MALK.S.                             1 

FK.MAI,K8. 

Length  of  toiij,'ue,  9  mm. 

■Su"  ''OS. 

.Vverage. 

Larjiest. 

Smallest. 

Avera^'c, 

Largest. 

Leiiylli  of  (ore  wiiis,'s 

niiteniine 

hind  tiliiae  and  tarsi .. 
fore  tiliiae  and  tarsi.. 

29..") 

10. 

11.5 

5. 

Ii2. 

10.7") 
5.5 

.31.5 
•0.75 

3.5 

i{1 .5 

15.5 

1(1.25 

5. 

10.25 
11.75 
5. 

ys.5 

Aberrationa.  .V  variety  described  by  Ragonot  (Kntoiii.  month,  mag.,  v:  22;t-2;iu) 
from  a  specimen  obtained  on  Sand  Hill  at  Wallasey,  Kngland,  has  a  Ijleached  appear- 
ance as  if  for  protective  resemblance  to  the  sands.  As  described  by  Uagonot,  the 
upper  surface  is  much  paler  than  in  ordinary  speeimeiis.  the  disk  of  tlie  fore  wings 
bo'iig  (piite  free  from  tlie  dark  markings,  exce]  ting  a  small  lilotch  in  tlie  cell  and  aii- 
ollier  in  the  medlo-sulmiedlau  Interspace.  On  the  hliid  wings  tlie  usual  dark  niarkliigs 
are  also  alisent,  excepting  on  the  margin  which  in  tlie  front  wings  Is  normal.  On  tlic 
under  side  the  ground  color  of  the  hind  wings  and  the  base  of  the  fore  wings  are  ashy 
white,  while  the  normal  darker  markings  are  obscure  or  al)seiit,  exceiitiug  next  tlie 
outer  border  of  the  wing. 

V.  c.  Ei,YMi(r((H.  e/i/mi  Kami).,  Ann.  soc.  obs.,  ii,  pi.  ."i,  tigs.  1-2,— l,s21t;  I'tiK.  cardiii, 
vat:  Ilerr.-Schaell'.,  Schmett.  Eur.,  1,  Suppl.,  llgs.  1,",  158,— 184:!;  Van.  cardid,  aherr. 
inormUn  lirams.,  Ann.  soc.  cut.  France,  (li)  vi :  284,— 188(')).  Htrecker  (Syn.  Macrolep. 
N.  A.,  i;!7)  thus  describes  this  sult'used  variety  from  two  New  Jersey  specimens  in  the 
coileetion  of  Mrs.  I5ridgham  of  New  York. 

"Normal  form  jf  oriiainentatiiui  obliterated.  Upper  side  of  primaries  lias  tlie  basal 
half  covered  with  an  orange  yellow  lilutcli;  subapical  wliite  spots  contluont.     Second- 

6o 


*'  ■■■'■  \  '. 


:y  ^'<^?-  -^ 

'}k    ^! 


|:|     1':;. 


474 


TlIK   lJUTT:;ia'L!ES  of  XKW    EX(JLAXI). 


mRAi 

w 

if 

1' 

'^jk 

"i^\ 

fv 

Vo 

t 

'. 

P" 

^1 

M 


arles  oraiiRe  yflU)\v ;  on  eostul  parts  biroklsli,  this  color  oxtemlhifi  alonjf  the  veins  to 
the  cuter  margin  ;  before  It  renchcs  t'.ie  latter  this  color  broadens  Into  (liamond-shaped 
marks;  a  subnuirfiinal  row  of  white  spots.  Under  side  of  prhnaries  nnich  as  above, 
but  with  a  broad,  white,  subniaruinal  band.  Secondaries  mottled  pale  grayish,  with  a 
broad,  white,  marifiiutl  band ;  in  s  >nie  instances  nearly  the  whole  surface  of  si'condaries 
beneath  is  white.  In  others  the  white  pi  .dominates  on  the  upper  surface  to  t  e  >tr»-'"tL'r 
exclusion  of  the  black." 

Another  specimen  taken  in  UelKlum  ha8  been  tlescrlbeil  and  lljfured  by  Donekler  ile 
Donceel  (Ann.  soc.  cut.  Uelj;.,  k\\  :  10,  pi.  1,  11;;.  1,  18'  8).  In  this  the  white  bar  depend- 
ent from  the  costa  of  the  fore  wlnj;  Is  absent  but  the  sub-apical  white  -pots  are  not 
continent  but  somewhat  eidarjjed,  especially  that  In  the  Interspace  beyond  the  cell.  \ 
supplementary  white  lunule  is  found  in  the  upper  median  interspace.  The  upper  sur- 
face of  the  hind  v.'iiijis  dllt'ers  from  that  described  by  Strecker  in  that  the  sub-marfjinal 
row  of  white  spots  is  absent,  though  the  diamond  shaped  nnirks  arc  very  distinct. 
The  under  surface  of  the  hiiul  wlnjjs  also  ditl'ers  in  that  the  margin,  like  the  fore 
winffs,  is  nmrked  by  a  narrow  fulvous  band  preceded  by  a  narrow  fuscous  stripe  and 
this  by  an  ashen  band  In  which  the  ocelli  are  situated,  which  number  only  four. 

In  the  collection  of  the  late  Dr.  Harris,  now  In  the  Museum  of  the  Boston  society  of 
natural  history  is  a  female  (Xo.  Site)  which  has  the  fore  wlnj{s  and  only  the  fore 
wings  suffused,  and  although  only  to  a  slijjtlit  dejfree  It  Is  apparently  in  the  same  direc- 
tion as  the  preceding  specimens  of  this  aberration.  On  the  upper  surface,  the  outei* 
limits  of  the  oranjfe  area  are  much  the  same  as  usual,  e.\ceptln;?  that  In  the  lower  me- 
dian and  mcdio-sul)medlan  i'lterspaees,  the  black  borderlnj;  of  the  wins  encroaches 
upon  it  by  e.xtendluf;  inward  In  the  middle  of  each  Interspace  nearly  twice  as  far  as 
usual;  within  the  oranjie  area,  as  far  as  the  fuscous  base  specked  with  f^reenish,  the 
black  markiufis  are  almost  entirely  wantinj;;  all  that  remain  are :  llrst,  the  larj^e,  black 
spot,  dependlnj;  from  the  subcostal  nervure  in  the  middle  of  the  cell,  which  is  lar;;er 
than  usual  and  reaches  nearly  across  the  cell;  second,  a  narrow  fuscous  bar  e-xtendlng 
upward  from  the  submedlan  nervure  a  little  n\ore  than  half  way  across  the  interspace. 
In  the  nornuil  position  of  the  counnencement  of  the  tortuous  bund,  but  nmch  narrower 
than  usual;  and,  third,  a  few  blackish  scales  Hecklngthe  upi)er  and  part  of  the  lower 
edjie  of  the  lower  median  nervule.  On  the  apex  of  che  winj;,  the  transverse  white  bar 
depending  from  the  costal  marjiin  is  entirely  wanting  and  the  white  spots  in  the  arcu- 
ate row  beyond  it  are  larger  than  usual,  their  limits  vague  instead  of  precise  and 
showing,  especially  the  upper  ones,  a  tendency  to  merge  into  the  white  spots,  also  en- 
larged, of  the  submarginal  series.  Besides,  faint  Indications  of  a  sixth  small  spot  in 
tlie  upper  median  intersi)acc  are  visible  just  below  the  largest  spot  of  the  arcuate  row. 
Benouth,  similar  ditl'erences -are  noticeable,  excepting  in  the  rows  of  white  spots  and 
in  that  the  outer  nnirgin  is  of  tlie  ordinary  width  in  tlie  lower  luilf  of  the  wing. 

The  specimen  from  Ekaterlnoslaw  In  southern  Russia  ilescribed  by  Rramson  under 
the  name  of  inornata  seems  to  approach  very  closely  to  tliis,  but  the  aberration  is  a 
little  more  marked  in  some  particulars  though  less  so  in  others.  In  particular  the 
ocelli  of  the  under  surface  of  the  hind  wings  In  the  Uussiau  specimens  are  said  to  be 
situated  on  a  pale  rose  ground ;  wliile  on  the  other  hand  a  trace  of  the  white  bar  de- 
pending from  the  costa  of  the  fore-wings  is  seen  it;  a  narrow  marginal  line. 

v.  c.  .vri-;  {ryramcU  Cdnliti.  ah.  h.  aff  Strecker,  Syn.  Cat.  macrolep.  N..V.,  137, — 1878). 
"Upper  surface  prhnarles  sutt^ised  heavily  with  blackish,  the  normal  markings  en- 
tirely gone,  the  orange  conllned  to  a  blotch  or  disc,  on  half  of  wing  towards  the  inner 
margin,  said  blotch  merging  into  the  blackish  on  all  sides;  the  large,  snbaplcal,  white 
bar*  entirely  wanting.  Secondaries  obscured  witli  blackish,  the  row  of  black  spots 
faintly  dlscernil)le  and  pupiUed  witli  white  points.  Under  side  primaries  much  as 
on  upper  side,  secondaries  black  except  along  theabdondnal  margin  where  the  ordinary 
coloration  and  marking  is  retained ;  veins  white ;  tlie  six  ocelli  as  in  ordinary  form ; 


*  That  is,  presumably,  the  bar  di!pcnding 
from  the  costa  in  the  middle  of  the  outer  half 


of  the  wing,  and  not  the  prcmargiual  row 
of  spots. 


1 


NYMPHALIXAF,:   VAXKSSA  CARnil. 


475 


a  narrow  yollowisli  or  clay  colored  mnrttin  exteriorly.     Body  white  bencatli.     'raketi 
ill  Suniiiiit  Co.,  Ohio."     (Slrecker.) 

I'laliily  l)i'loii;;iii!i  to  this  same  variety,  thoiiijh  it  has  not  yet  been  recosjnized  in 
Knrope,  is  the  form  deserlbed  and  llitiircd  by  Dr.  Hofnunin  (Jaresh.  Ver.  f.  vatcrl. 
imturk.  Wiirtt.,  .vl:.'i2.S,  pi.  0,11!;.  ;!,  ls.s,"i),  raised  in  Tliliinifcii  from  the  caterpillar. 
Altlioii;;h  the  llfjnre  is  not  colored  and  the  description  is  meagre,  it  is  plainly  very 
similar  Indeed  to  the  preceding;,  tlioiij;li  it  possesses  on  the  upper  side  of  the  fore 
wiiiijs  an  oraiijje  blush  at  the  end  of  the  discal  cell  not  mentioned  by  Strecker,  and  the 
siil)-mar^iiial  spots  at  the  apex  are  much  enlarged  and  nearly  conlliient.  A  band,  not 
mentioned  by  Strecker,  on  the  hind  wlnjfs,  and  a  row  of  black  spots  faintly  discernll)le 
ill  the  Strecker  s|)eclmen  and  pupllled  Willi  white  points,  here  show  in  the  photojrra- 
viiro  as  tolerably  larsje,  wliite  spots.  The  under  surface  of  the  lilnd  wiiin.  not  sliown 
ill  tlie  llKure,  is  described  as  beinj;  yellow-jjray  with  darker  markln;;s  than  ordinary. 

To  this  variety  should  also  be  referred  the  bnttertly  (Inured  by  Donckier  de  Donccel 
(Ann.  soc.  ent.  llelj;..  xxi:  lb,  pi.  1,  llj^s.  2,  a,  1K7h),  taken  in  Helifiuni.  In  this  the 
darker  markinjis  are  not  so  pronounced,  tlie  wliole  winj;  licing  merely  infnscated.  As 
ill  the  precedliifi,  tlie  wliite  bar  depending;  from  the  costa  of  the  fore  wlnifs  is  absent, 
and  the  sub-niariilnal  spots  of  the  apex  are  larger  than  usual,  and  are  here  represented 
as  accompanied  oy  supplementary  s|)ots  nearer  the  ))order.  Tlie  hind  wiiifjs  have  the 
two  sides  ditlereiit;  the  snb-inarf{inal  spots  of  one  side  beinj;  fuscous  in  yellow  in- 
iinles,  and  on  the  other  white  at  the  outer  termination  of  eloiiffated  oval  yellow  sfiots. 
'I'he  under  surface  repeats  to  a  lai'j;e  extent  the  markinjrs  of  the  upper  especiall"'  upon 
the  front  winjts.  IJnt  tlie  normal  cohirs  of  the  ground  are  separated  in  a  cnri(-ns  way 
so  that  in  the  basal  half  the  brown  iiredoniinates  and  in  the  apical  half  the  olivaceous. 

Mr.  .V.  I'hipson  exhibited  to  tlie  Kntomoloj;lcal  .society  of  Ixmdon  in  July,  IHSO,  a 
remarkable  variety  of  this  species  taken  in  southern  Kiisihind  the  year  previous.  In 
wlilcli  the  oblii|Ue  white  band  descendinij  from  the  costa  of  the  fore  wini;s  was  of 
double  tlie  usual  width,  while  the  preniar^liial  white  spots  were  reduced  to  mere  dots, 
and  the  fulvous  color  In  tlic  median  area  was  entirely  conllned  to  a  premarshial  band 
aliout  as  wide  as  the  white  band  above.  The  hind  wln4is  showed  nothing  extraordi- 
nary, and  the  under  surface  was  not  shown.  It  is  llirured  on  !>.  2U  of  the  I'roceedinirs 
for  1880,  and  does  not  appear  to  vary  in  the  direction  of  any  of  the  otlier  aberrations, 
in  that  the  comparative  values  of  the  white  costal  bar  and  tlie  preniarjtinal  row  of  white 
spots  of  the  fore  wliiKs  are  exactly  reversed  from  what  is  found  in  all  the  others. 

Egg  (64;;!0).  The  ribs  vary  from  fourteen  to  nineteen,  l)ut  in  the  majority  of  cases 
are  sixteen  in  number;  they  are  very  thin  and  hardly  Increase  in  height  until  the  sum- 
mit is  reached.  The  surface  of  the  ctiii  Is  not  (ptite  smootli,  but  is  not  punctate,  and 
the  faint  and  delicate  cross  lines  which  cross  the  ribs  as  well  as  the  general  surface 
are  about  .025  mm.  .ipart.  Micropyle  (67:7)  consisting  of  a  fluster  of  a  dozen  or 
two  roundish  polygonal,  subecjual  cells,  those  at  tlie  centre  not  Pinch  smaller  than  the 
rest.     Color  of  egg  uniform  pale  green.     Height,  .75  mm. ;  bre'idlh,  .58  mm. 

Caterpillar.  First  staiji'.  Head  dusky  brown,  month  parts  paler,  eye  specks  black- 
ish. Body  pale,  dirty  green ;  hairs  (86  :  <i',»)  dusky,  hnig  and  curving,  seated  on  a  tiny 
wart  not  so  high  as  broad. 

Second  stayc.  Head  shining  lilack;  all  the  appendages  black.  Body  <Iark  umber 
brown,  mottled  with  paler  brown,  formiug  obscure  incdiodorsal  and  stlgmatai  liands;  a 
roundish  greenish  yellow  spot  around  the  base  of  the  laterodorsal  spines  of  the  second, 
fourth  and  sixtli  abdominal  segme'its ;  appendages  consisting  of  sugar-loaf  shaiied 
papillae  (86:  70)  nearly  twice  as  h:j;li  as  broad,  terminated  by  a  sliglitly  curving  bris- 
tle about  two  and  a  half  times  longer  than  the  wart;  furnished  also  on  the  middle  of 
the  sides  with  a  w'<orl  of  about  four  acuUform  spines,  directed  upward  at  right 
angles  to  each  othrr;  legs  and  prolegs  black  exteriorly;  spiracles  black  in  a  pale 
annulus. 

Third  stmji;  Head  (78: <!1)  as  before;  body  darker,  approaching  black,  the  mark- 
ings as  in  the  previous  stage,  but  in  addition  there  are  yellow  spots  at  the  base  of  the 
dorsal  spines  of  the  before-mentioned  segments  ami  often  at  the  base  of  other  spines. 


.h 


Ml  ■ 


Mi:" 

:it^-: 

m 

1?'?^^^ 

■  ■  ; 

.'■'(<■ 

lii"-.'^ 

■ 

■-  *«"ftsr; 

■  ■■*■ 

ip- 

'   ;) 

;:'il 

:i'.!- . ;:  ■ 


476 


rilK   lUn'TKllFLIKS  OF  XKW   KN(iLAXl). 


mill  ospi'cially  on  tlio  iippor  part  of  tlic  lioily  wli  re  pnlo  mnrkln^xH  liave  predonilnateil. 
A|)pciiilai;i's  coiisistiiif;  of  conical  warty  processes  (86;  71)  several  tliucH  lilj{licr  tliaii 
broad,  scatoil  on  low  Inconsplcucus  nuunniiilac  antlti'rniinatcd  each  by  a  wtrnlslit  acnll- 
forni  spine  nearly  as  larfio  at  base  as  the  docked  tip  of  the  process,  and  of  abont  the 
same  lenath;  the  latter  furnished  just  above  the  ndddle  by  a  whorl  of  fonr  (or  more) 
aenllforni  spines  <lirected  npward  at  ri;;ht  angles  to  each  other,  and  seated  on  little 
warty  processes  or  projections,  tojjetlier  al)ont  half  as  lonj;  as  the  main  process;  mid- 
way between  tliese  and  the  base  is  sometimes  a  sindlarwhorl  of  spinnles,  more  nearly 
liorixontal  and  seated  on  similar  warts. 

Fourth  utiiiji'.  Coloration  much  the  same  o-a  In  the  succeedinf?  stage.  As  to  the 
appendages  (86:  72),  tlie  process  has  become  a  stout  tapering  spine,  many  times  higher 
than  broad,  tipped  by  a  straiu'ht  needle  half  as  lon.u;  as  itself  and  furnished  near  the 
ndddle  with  a  more  or  less  irregular  coronet  of  taperint;  spiunles,  fully  as  lent;  as  the 
width  of  tlie  main  spine  at  the  point,  dlverjfinj;  at  abont  riglit  angles  with  each  other 
and  surmounted  by  a  needle  nearly  as  lonj<  as  tlie  main  apical  one;  midway  between 
this  coronet  and  the  base  is  a  secondary  one  similar  to  that  found  in  tlie  tliird  stage. 

Last  stdijc  (74  :  37).  Head  (78 :  (!;()  blackish  brown,  very  delicately  scabrous,  covered 
with  larjje  and  rather  infre(|Uent  tubercles  and  nnmerims  warts,  being  very  long,  wliite, 
tapci'ing  liairs,  tlie  warts  on  which  they  are  seated  usually  white,  but  oeeasioii- 
ally  dull  Inteous,  the  latter  occuring  in  a  siiort  streak  which  passes  down  the  front 
from  tlie  sumnilt  of  either  hemisphere,  and  also  in  a  narrow  streak  curving  around  the 
ocellar  Held  and  passing  also  upward ;  a  few  black  liairs  are  formed  on  the  siinimlt. 
First  joint  of  antennae  dull  luteous;  second  fuscous  at  base,  beyond  dull  luteous; 
third  brownish  yeUo\-. ,  the  bristle  pale;  ocelli  very  dark  reddish  l)ri)Wii ;  labruni 
blacklsii,  edged  with  pale  below ;  mandibles  blackish ;  maxillary  palpi  brownish  yellow, 
the  extremities  of  joints  annulate  witli  fuscous. 

The  prevailing  hue  of  the  body  is  a  pale,  dingy ,  olivaceous  yellow,  brightening  in  places 
.so  as  to  form  broken  longitudinal  stripes,  of  which  there  is  a  nearly  continuous 
double  dorsal  one.  divided  by  black,  an  almost  entirely  continuous  one  on  the  infrn- 
stlgmatal  fold,  and  outheanteruu'  half  of  the  segments,  and  a  longitudinal  dash  in  front 
of  the  laterodorsal  and  laterostigmatal  spines;  otherwise  the  body  Is  very  heavily 
and  irregularly  mottled  with  velvety  black,  most  distinct  on  tlie  sides  of  the  thoracic 
and  lirst  two  abdominal  segments  between  the  two  rows  of  spines  above  the  spiracles; 
and  on  the  succeeding  segments,  to  a  less  degree.  In  the  same  region,  but  only  on  the 
anterior  half  of  the  segments  and  just  abo.'e  tlie  yellowish  patch  already  mentioned; 
the  anterior  half  of  the  llrst  thoracic  segment  and  the  posterior  half  of  the  last 
abdominal  segment  are  fuscous  above:  the  l)ody  Is  profusely  covered  with  minute 
pale  yellowish  wartlets,  from  each  of  which  arises  a  long,  curved,  tapering,  pellucid 
liair,  tliey  being  more  conspicuons  than  in  the  other  species;  spines  (86:  7;!)  pellucid 
or  pale  yellowisii,  the  longest  ones  scarcely  exceeding  in  length  one  half  the  extreme 
width  of  the  lioad,  the  apical  spinule.  or  that  portion  of  the  main  stem  which  lies 
beyond  the  Ijase  of  tlie  lateral  splnules,  much  largt'r  than  the  other  pai  t  of  the  spine, 
the  spines  lieing  l)Ut  little  elevated  at  tlieir  liaso;  the  spinlform  tubercles  of  the  (irst 
liioracic  segment  are  very  short.  'I'he  spine  has  become  more  or  less  irregularly  coni- 
cal, owing  to  the  intUieuce  of  tlie  splnules  upon  the  main  stem;  tlie  apical  needle  is 
scarcely  one-fourth  the  length  of  the  spine,  the  splnules  in  the  upper  coronet  are 
more  than  twice  as  long  as  the  widtli  of  tlie  spine  at  their  liase  and  the  needles  tipping 
tliem  are  of  about  the  same  length  as  the  central  one;  the  subordinate  series  of  spln- 
ules have  assumed  tlie  importance  of  the  primary  series  of  the  previous  stage,  are 
nearly  as  long  as  the  whlth  of  the  spine  at  their  base  and  are  surmounted  by  needles 
nearly  double  the  length  of  those  in  tlie  npper  row.  There  are  also  at  various  points 
on  the  spine,  and  particularly  next  its  base,  minute  Avarts  giving  rise  to  delicate  short 
needles;  spiracles  velvety  black,  bordered  witli  pale  yellow;  legs  dark  brownish  yel- 
low, their  base  and  tlie  lower  part  of  the  segment  between  the  base,  fuscous,  the 
second  joint  blackish,  especially  toward  either  extremity,  the  claws  black;  prolegs 
brownish  yellow.  Length  of  body,  30  mm. ;  breadth  of  body.  4  mm. ;  length  of 
spines,  2  mm. ;  breadth  of  head,  :i  mm. 


iit.l,  ■ 


tm 


NYMlMIAI.INAi::    VANKSSA  CAUDLI. 


/  I 


In  tlionljovctleHcrlptlon  I  liiivn  jilvt-ii  tlii'  chni'iictcrs  of  slii^U'  iiullvliliinlH  in  order  to 
aflvc  till!  ili'lalls  wItliDiit  (•oiifii>loii;  for  tliis  sprric-i  viirii's  to  nearly  the  saiiie  extent 
anil  In  iiineli  tlio  same  direetioii  a^  Us  ally  \'.  atalanta.  The  dots  upon  the  siirfaee  often 
assume  a  yellowish  or  sall'ron  tint,  extend,  and  sonietimes  beeome  conllnent,  so  as  to 
prod'ice  smitl'  colored  Individuals,  very  similar  to  the  same  form  of  atalanta;  Imt  they 
lire  not  nourly  ho  common  as  there ;  sometimes  also,  as  in  that  species,  tliey  are  entirely 
black,  and  the  spines  are  very  frei|nently  bliick.  altliomth  their  bases  miiy  be  of  a 
Ualiter  tint.     Tliis  description  was  drnwii  up  In  Kiirope  from  Kiiropean  spoclmeiis. 

In  an  early,  probably  tiie  third  staije.  tlie  spines  m.'  conical,  alioiit  twice  as  hiirli  us 
broad,  with  oidy  two  to  four  sessile  needles,  wlilcli  are  straijijlit  and  not  very  lonj;  anil 
surmonnted  by  a  curved  hair,  fully  twice  tiie  lenalii  of  the  spine.  Very  commonly  in  the 
third  and  fourth  stages,  the  dorsal  and  laterodorsjil  spines  of  the  second,  fourth  and 
sixth  abdominal  sejjments  are  seated  upon  yellowisii  spots,  those  of  the  same  row- 
often  obscurely  connected  by  lonsjltndiual  stripes,  connectinji  tlielr  edftes,  of  a  iireatly 
Infuscatcd  yellow,  froipiently  also,  when  tlio  other  spines  are  bhiekisli  or  iiifuscated, 
those  speellied  aliove  are  yellowish  or  oraniie  In  tint.  In  one  caterpillar,  wlilch  I 
found  atNcpiitonou  .Vnapiiaiis,  the  spines  were  whit.',  seated  on  coral  red  papillae  and 
wltii  lilack  thorns. 

'I'lie  variations  of  Anierleau  examples  will  lie  found  desiriljed  by  Harris  (Entoni. 
I'orresp.,  27T-i7'.i)  and  liy  Saunders  (("an.  ent. ,  i ;  !l;l-'.i4). 

It  may  bo  dlstinjinished  from  atalanta  bv  the  ien;;tii  of  the  hairs  upon  the  head  anil 
liody.  and  the  relative  length  of  tiie  apical  portion  of  the  spines  to  the  basal  portion. 

Chrysalis  (83 :  <iO-(!2).  (iohlcn  or  fjreenisii  nacreous,  or  pale  lilnlsh  white,  the 
winus  more  or  less  streaked  wltii  broad  irreftnlar  bands  of  pale  dirty  brown,  liiack  in 
tlie  wrinkles,  all  directed  parallel  to  tiie  nerviires;  basal  wluir  tiil)ercle  marked  with 
black  and  }ri>l<leu  rnnnin^  down  its  sides;  tliree  or  four  lilack  dots  In  the  interspaces 
parallel  to  but  distant  from  the  upper  posterior  lionler.  Ocellar  prominences  iint  little 
protulierant;  niesonotal  median  |)romiuence  not  ipiite  so  hitiii  as  iii  tiie  otiier  species. 
Toujine  pale  lirownisii  fuscous,  deepeniu;;  to  blackish  at  the  lip  ;  tiie  inside  of  tlie  eyes 
the  same,  narrowly  edited  outwardly  with  black;  antennae  and  inner  edi?es  of  tiie 
leifs  of  the  same  color  but  a  little  paler,  the  former  witli  n  small  sipiarisli  black  spot 
on  cither  side  of  the  tip  of  each  sejtmeut;  le^s  wltli  a  roundlsli  lilack  spot  on  tin! 
outer  side  of  the  tip  of  the  tibiae,  beside  and  aliove  which  tiie  lei;  is  jfolden.  even  in 
the  iialest  specimens.  Almost  tiie  wliole  liack  is  tiiii;e(l  wltii  very  pale  dirty  lirowii 
(sometimes  witli  a  srreenish  tiiiirc  and  occasiomilly  on  tiie  llftii  and  succeeding;  abdom- 
inal segments  changiii!;  to  livid  l)rown)  exceptlni;  a  pretty  lari;e  oval  spot  lielilnd  the 
mesoiiotal  median  tubercle,  a  slender  dorsal  line  on  tlie  aiidoiiien  and  the  laterodorsal 
tubercles,  which  are  of  tlie  t)riv;hter  color;  in  the  paler  specimens  all  the  tubercles  are 
tipped  with  uffild.  There  is  also  a  slender  stii;iiiatal  band  of  paleilirty  lirown,  besides 
broader,  very  indistinct  ventral  and  latero ventral  bands  of  the  same  color;  black 
dots  arc  sparsely  scattered  over  nearly  tiie  whole  dorsal  surface,  but  are  seldom  pres- 
ent on  the  paler  or  bri};iiter  parts;  they  are  also  found  on  the  ventral  surface  of  the 
abdomen,  but  !;enerally  minuter,  e.xceptiim  a  few  laritcr  ones  arranired  at  the  outer 
od!;es  of  the  ventral  iiand,  alonj;  the  middle  of  the  lateroventrai  band  and  just  below 
the  stij;matal  liand.  one  in  eacli  sei;nient  near  its  middle :  snprastii;iiiatal  and  infrastia- 
matal  rows  of  warts  olisolete;  basal  and  superiinmerary  w  im;  tnliercles  not  so  pointed 
as  In  the  other  species;  hiterodorsal  tuliereleof  the  eii;iith  alidomiiial  s(!;;inent  nearly 
or  (piitc  olisolete;  spiracles  concolorous  with  the  body,  witli  dull  luteous  lips;  cre- 
master  pale,  laterally  edged  with  a  heavy  black  line,  the  median  groove  aliove  also 
black;  apical  Held  of  anal  booklets  nearly  twice  as  lonj;  as  l)road.  Length,  20., ")-2;i 
mm.;  of  cremaster,  1.,">-1.(!  nun.;  greatest  width,  7.2.')-7..">  mm.;  at  ocellar  promi- 
nences, ;5.(i-3.H,")  mm. ;  height  at  mesouotal  prominence.  7.-7. l.'>  mm. ;  at  base  of  abdo- 
men, 5.5-G  mm. ;  at  third  abdominal  segment,  r>.r>-(!.l)  mm. 

Distribution  (21: 1).  The  range  of  this  butterHy  is  so  extended  as  to 
merit  the  term  cosmopolitan.     With  the  exeoiition  of  the  arctic   rcj^ions 


Ml 


■K 


iE 


,}•'•■ 


478 


riiK  liirTi'.KKi.ir.s  ok  ni:\v  knoland. 


X  < 


lit 
>  1 


.^ 


ami  South  Ainoricn,  it  Ih  di.striliuti'd  over  tlii'  iiitirc  rxtnil  i)t'  ivcrv  coiiti- 
iicnt.  Aii.itraliii  uiul  Now  Zealimd  priHliicc  a  race  itociiliar  to  tlicnisclvts, 
while  the  other  hirf;;e  iMhindis  noiitli  ol'  Asia  jiosscss  the  iionnal  type,  whieli 
is  altso  t'ouiul  upon  Ninall  i.4hiiult<  iyinj^  oti'  tiie  western  honlci'M  of  tlie  OKI 
World,  the  Azores,  Canariew,  Madeira,  and  St.  Helena.  On  the  other 
hand,  it  has  not  i)een  din('overed  ujxm  the  small  iHland.s  ofl'  the  American 
ooa;)t,  .such  a!>  (iiiadaliipe,  the  Kevilla^e<rido.s,  and  (ialapa^^os  on  tjic 
western  Hide,  or  the  IJahamason  the  eastern, — exceptinjj;  in  liermuda,  where 
it  in  "coMinion"  (.lone.s)  ;  neither  docs  it  oecnr  in  any  of  the  AntiilcH, 
exeeptinf.;  C^il)a,  and  there  Imt  rarely.*  It  is  reported,  however,  from 
islands  lyiufj;  in  the  middle  of  the  I'acifie  Ocean,  BU<'h  as  the  Hawaiian 
grou[)  and  Tahiti,  hut  its  normal  occurrence  there  is  at  least  douhtful  nidess 
it  haa  been  recently  introduced.  And  here  I  may  remark  that  the 
im[)rol)aliility  of  the  occurri'nce  of  this  insect  upon  islands  Ivinj^  in 
the  middle  of  the  I'acitic  Ocean  has  led  me  to  look  carefully  into  the  orijjin 
of  this  general  belief.  The  sole  authority  for  Tahiti  is  Hoisdu\aI,  who 
remarked  forty  years  a;,'o  (Xouv.  ann.  mus.  nat.  hist.,ii:  l!ll)that  he 
possessed  sjiecimens  from  Tahiti,  lirazil,  Cayenne,  etc.  ;  hut  it  should  he 
nnticed  that  V.  cardui  is  not  now  recoj;nized  from  Hrazil  and  Cayenne, 
and  that  Dr.  IJoisduval  is  not  considered  too  careful  in  his  geofiiapliical 
.statements  ;  moreover,  Mr.  A.  (t.  Hiitler  does  not  mention  it  in  his  List 
of  the  (liiu'ual  Lepidoptera  of  the  South  Sea  Islands  ( I'roc.  zoill.  soc. 
L(md.,  1S71,  274  seq.),  and  Dr.  C.  Pickering,  the  naturali.st  of  AVilkes' 
lv\ploring  expedition,  told  me  that  it  was  unknown  on  Tahiti  in  1h;^9. 

\  citation  of  the  Hawaiian  Islands  will  he  found  in  the  first  I^ist  of  the 
15riti.sh  Museiun  hutterHies,  where  (p.  ?!•)  Mr.  Douhlcday  credits  four 
specimens  to  those  islands,  two  brought  by  Captain  IJryon  and  two  by 
Captain  Heechcy.  I  was  informed  by  Mr.  liutler  some  years  ago  that 
there  was  then  only  one  specimen  in  the  museum  from  the  "Sandwich 
I-slands,"  and  the  reference  upon  the  ticket  is  to  the  oldest  manuscript 
register,  not  now  to  be  found.  Hryon  and  licechey  were  at  the  islands  in 
lH2.'')-27.  Mr.  W.  T.  IJrighani  informs  nie  that  V.  car(hii  was  not  found 
l)y  Mr  Maim  and  himself  during  a  twelvemonth's  residence  at  the  islands 
twenty  or  more  years  ago.  Dr.  Pickering  writes  that  it  was  luiknown 
when  V'ilkes's  expediticm  visited  the  islands  in  1K4()-41.  The  Vincenncs, 
to  whidi  Dr.  Pickering  was  attached,  was  at  the  islands  from  the  end  of 
.Septemi)er  to  the  lieginning  of  Ajjril.  IJryim  and  IJecchey's  visits  were 
between  the  latter  |)art  of  January  and  the  middle  of  .Inly.  Mr.  Butler 
does  not  consider  the  specimen  in  the  liritish  Museum,  nor  the  record  of 
Doubleday,  sufficient  authority  to  include  this  insect  in  his  list  of  South 
Si'a  l)utterHies.     Upon  the   whole,  we  caiuiot  fairly    accept   the   present 


\K 


r' 


*Cr!uiu'i'  f?ive.s  it,  but  pruliiiMy  by  inistakn,       latc.tt  list  of  the  Li'pldoptera  of  Jamaica,  ljy 
from  .laniiiii'a.      It   is  not   iiU'iilioiUMl  in  tlic       Mos<liloi-. 


P 


Ml 


NVMI'IIAMNAK;    VANKSSV   CAItDl 


47!) 


mitliority  for  the  presence  of  tliiw  insect  in  the  I'licitic  IxlunilH,  unlcHu,  ti,>* 
(*iii«l  aliove,  it  \mn  l)cen  recently  intntduced  ;  tnr  Mr.  IMiukiinrn,  writinj^ 
to  tlie  Kntomolo^^iMt'M  niontiily  ninjj:iizine,  miys  it  appeared  in  conHideraliJc! 
aliundance  in  1K7II  at  varions  points  in  the  Hawaiian  archipehi<.ni,  tlion^di 
not  previonsly  noticed  in  two  yearn'  residence  tiiere.  Dr.  II.  Hchr  ot' 
(^diforniii  wrote  nie  in  1H77  tluit  he  laid  received  it  from  Ilonoluln,  where 
it  wart  collected  Ity  Mr.  Leykantt' al)ont  the  year  IH')"!. 

On  the  American  continent,  its  sonthern  honndaricM  will  prohahly  \n'. 
found  in  Vencznehi,  New  (Jrcnada,  and  Kcnador,*  but  it  is  ahnndant  even 
as  far  nouth  as  the  hij^lilands  of  ( Juatemala.  and  thence  stretches  northward 
over  the  entire  breadth  of  the  continent  nearly  to  the  arctic  reii;ions ;  on 
the  eastern  coast  it  has  been  foinid  as  far  as  the  Atlantic  shore  of  Labra- 
dor, and  on  the  west  to  British  Cohnnl)ia.  Waj^ner  (Sitznn^sb.  k.  I), 
akcd.  w'ss.,  1H7(>,  ii :  170)  asserts  tliat  tiiis  butterfly  is  found  on  "all 
the  Aleutian  Islands,"  which  is  certainly  incorrect.  Captain  W.  II.  Dall. 
whos";  natural  history  explorations  in  Alaska  arc  well  known,  writes  very 
positively  that  there  are  no  macrolcpidoptera  whatever  on  any  of  the 
islands  west  of  l/nalashku ;  a  fact  he  easily  explains  by  the  absence  of 
trees  or  shrubs,  the  stronjf  w  inds  and  the  wide  straits  that  separate  the 
islands.  East  of  Unalashka  he  knows  of  but  two  btitterHies,  a  I'ieris  and 
a  I'olygonia.  Neither  was  it  found  by  Dall  in  Alaska  ])r()j)er  and  [)roba- 
bly  it  does  not  occur  there,  thoufih  Warner,  ]>robably  with  e(iual  inexacti- 
tude, states  that  it  is  a  conunon  summer  insect  on  llerinji;  Strait ;  he  docs 
not  state  on  which  side.  In  the  heart  of  the  continent  I  have  taken  it 
upon  the  Saskatchewan,  Doubleday  reports  it  from  Martin's  Falls,  and 
Mr.  Jenner  Weir  found  it  amonjj  the  insects  collected  by  Ilaydon  at  the 
southern  extremity  of  Hudson  Hay;  but  Mr.  W.  II.  Kdwards  docs  not 
recollect  seeing  it  in  the  collections  he  has  examined  from  other  points  in 
the  north  ;  jjrobably  it  does  not  extend  in  any  abundance  north  of  the 
annual  isotherm  of  35°  F. 

As  we  sec  it  flourishing  in  the  colder  regions  of  Europe  and  North 
America,  so  also  is  it  found  on  all  mountain  heights  ;  and  Mr.  II.  W. 
Bates,  writing  of  the  whole  genus,  distinctly  says  it  is  "found  only  in 
elevated  places  in  the  neighiiorhood  of  the  equator."  The  stations  in 
southern  Asia  from  which  V.  cardui  has  been  reported,  —  Cashmere, 
Nepaul,  Hootan,  and  Sikkim, — all  lie  on  the  flanks  of  the  Himalayas,  and 
the  Nilghcrry  Hills,  where  also  it  occurs,  are  the  highest  elevations  of  the 
Indian  peninsula.  A  single  example  is  recorded  by  Distant  from  Penang 
Hill,  Straits  Settlements,  less  than  three  thousand  feet  high ;  and  it  is  also 
recorded  from  Madagascar,  Bourbon,  Mauritius,  Formosa,  Ceylon  and  the 
Sunda  Islands  in  the  Indian  Ocean.     According  to  dc  Niceville  it  "occiu's 

♦Wagner  'ook  a  single  Kpccinicn  near  Quito      Bartlett  Calvert  of  Santiago  informs  nie  tliiit 
in  an  eiglit  nionths'  residence  there.     Mr.  AV.      it  is  also  found  in  I'eni. 


i 

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almost  cvcrywliere"  in  India,  tlu)iiji;li  lie  adds  that  "it  is  decidedly  rare  in 
Calcutta."  In  the  Alps  of  Europe  this  insect  flics  to  the  snow  level ;  hut 
in  North  America,  although  it  may  be  regarded  as  one  of  the  commonest 
butterflies  in  the  elevated  central  district,  it  is  most  ai)undant  at  a  level  of 
seven  or  eight  thousand  feet.  Lieutenant  W.  L.  Carpenter  and  others 
lip.ve  never  found  it  above  the  tindier  line  ;  but  Dr.  Packard  has  taken  it 
on  Arapahoe  Peak,  between  eleven  and  twelve  thousand  feet,  and  on  Pike's 
Peak  from  eigiit  thousand  feet  to  within  five  hundred  or  a  thousand  feet 
from  the  summit.  Professor  F.  II.  Snow  has  also  taken  it  on  Pike's 
Peak,  and  the  late  Mr.  -T.  I).  Putnam  at  the  height  of  12,500  feet  east  of 
Herthoud's  Pass. 

lioisduval  states  that  it  is  much  rarer  in  America  than  in  Europe  ;  but 
my  experience  has  been  quite  the  opposite  and  is  confirmed  by  Doubleday's 
remark  (Gen.  diurn.  Lep.,  i :  204)  :  "I  have  never  seen  it  so  plentiful  in 
Euroi)e  as  I  h.ave  in  the  I'nited  States,  especially  in  Ohio,  where  I  have 
seen  literally  tens  of  thousands  on  the  thistles  by  the  roadsides."  In 
Egypt  I  found  it  far  more  abundant  than  in  Euro[)e. 

There  is  no  spot  in  New  England  where  it  may  not  be  found  at  certain 
seasons  in  abundance.  It  is  an  occasional  visitor  to  the  barren  summits  of 
the  White  Mountains,  but  nowhere  in  New  England  is  it  so  abundant  as 
in  Nantucket. 

Irregularities  of  appearance.  "In  England  and  on  the  continent  of 
Europe,"  says  Trimen  (Khop.  Afr.  austr.,  121)  "cardui  sometimes 
a[)pear8  in  great  abundance,  and  then,  perhaps  for  several  seasons,  will  be 
uncertain  in  appearance  and  restricted  to  particular  localities.  I  have  not 
heard  of  this  irregularity  of  appearance  being  noticed  in  other  parts  of  tin. 
world."  This  is,  however,  the  universal  testimony  of  observers  in  Amer- 
ica, and  is  probably  due  to  the  action  of  parasites.  It  was  one  of  the 
first  phenomena  that  drew  my  especial  attention  to  butterflies.  This  but- 
terfly, indeed,  is  one  of  the  best  subjects  of  study  for  those  who  wish  to 
investigate  the  causes  of  irregular  apparition  ;  and  only  such  as  spend 
much  time  ii  the  field  can  hope  to  solve  the  problem.  A  close  observa- 
tion of  the  ccmjjarative  abundance  of  the  l)utterfly  for  several  consecutive 
years  in  the  same  locality,  accompanied  l)y  an  attempt  to  rear  hundreds  of 
the  cateri)illars  (selecting  only  those  whicli  are  nearly  full  grown,  and 
recording  the  proportion  of  healthy  and  infested  ones),  will  probably  show 
whether  the  attack  of  parasites  is  a  rerfi  r(ii(.'<(i.  In  New  England  it  was 
noted  as  very  common  in  1S7.S,  then  very  scarce  until  lyS4  when  it  vms 
extremely  common,  and  equally  so  over  a  very  wide  territory,  causing 
great  alarm  among  the  farmers  in  Manitol)a  (Can.  cut.,  xvi :  177,211)  lest 
it  should  i)e  injurious  to  some  of  tiicir  ci'ops.  In  1H85  it  was  again 
.scarce  in  New  lOiiglaiid,  aliundant  again  in  l.s.sd,  and  in  lf<y7  rarely  seen. 

This  irregularity  of  aj)pc:iran('c  is  sometimes   ihie   to   inunigration  from 


NVMPHALIXAE:   VAXESSA  CAllDL'I. 


481 


■#.  -0 


other  districts.  That  its  power  of  flij^ht  is  great  we  know  from  iiulepeiul- 
cnt  sour(!es.  Thus  Trimen  relates  that  a  specimen  Hew  on  hoard  a  vessel 
in  which  he  was  sailing,  when  about  ninety  miles  from  Teneriffe ;  and 
another  writer  speaks  of  one  visiting  a  vessel  six  hundred  miles  from  tiie 
African  coast  diu'ing  a  cyclone ;  other  similar  thougii  not  so  striking  in- 
stances might  be  added.  The  immense  swarms  which  covered  Km-opc  in 
1879  are  attributed  to  such  immigrations,  but  these  arc  spoken  of  more  in 
detail  in  another  part  of  this  work,  to  whicli  the  reader  is  referred. 

Oviposition.  I  have  observed  egg-laying  at  various  hours  from  10 
A.M.  to  4  v.M.  The  ovipositing  female  aliglits  upon  a  [)Iant  and  moves 
aljout  with  trembling  wings,  and  body  generally  on  a  line  with  tiie  midrib, 
until  it  finds  a  spot  to  its  tnstc ;  the  wings,  elevated  at  an  angle  of  about 
forty  degrees  with  each  other,  now  become  quiet,  the  tip  of  the  abdomen 
is  bent  down  upon  the  leaf,  and  the  egg  is  insta'itly  laid.  1  observed  one 
l)Uttertly  aligiit  many  consecutive  times  on  unopened  tiil^tle  iieads,  tiuusting 
her  alxlomen  between  the  spines  to  the  very  sei)als,  as  if  in  the  act  of  ovipos- 
iting ;  but  no  egg  was  laid  until  she  alighted  on  a  leaf.  The  same  buttcr- 
Hy  appears  never  to  lay  more  than  a  single  egg  upon  one  leaf,  although 
she  frecpientl}'^  de[)osits  eggs  on  ditferent  leaves  of  the  same  j)lant,  and  in 
one  particidar  instance  laid  them  upon  cut  leaves  lying  on  the  ground ;  in 
this  case  she  laid  them  upon  the  uj)perniost  surface,  whichever  way  the  leaf 
was  turned;  cm  the  plant  they  are  always  laid  upon  the  nppcr  surface; 
and  I  once  found  an  egg  on  a  spinous  '.  air  of  a  thistle-leaf.  Several  eggs 
may  sometimes  bo  found  on  the  same  Jc  >f,  l)ut  they  will  always  hatch  at 
different  times,  showing  that  they  were  laid  on  different  occasions,  if  not 
by  different  individuals.  The  eggs  themselves  vary  considerably,  their 
vertical  ribs  ranging  from  fourteen  to  nineteen,  i...d  averaging  fifteen  and 
a  half  or  sixteen  in  number ;  judging  from  the  examination  of  forty  or 
fifty  8i)ecimen8,  it  would  st  m  as  if  the  average  were  slightly  greater  in 
America  than  in  Europe.  The  duration  of  the  egg-state  is  from  six  to 
eight  days. 

Food-plant.  The  caterpillar  feeds  principally  on  Compositae  and 
especially  upon  the  tribe  of  C'ynaroideae,  or  thistles. 

".TuHt  what  they  want  tho  thistle  l)rings, 
But  thistles  are  such  surly  things." 

In  our  countrj'  it  has  been  found  on  Centaurea  benedic*n,  Cnicua  lancc- 
olatus  (the  common  thistle),  C.  arvcnsis,  Carduus  niUans,  Silybum  niari- 
anum,  Onopordon  acanthium,  and  Arctium  lappa  (bin-dock), — all  plants 
introduced  from  P^urope  ■  also  on  Senecio  cineraria,  belonging  to  another 
tribe  of  Compositae  ;  on  another  of  the  Compositae,  one  of  the  sunflowers, 
Ilelianthus  sp.  ;  on  still  others,  Annphalis  margaritacca,  in  company  with 
V.  huntora;  r.nd  (by  J.  Fletcher)  on  cultivated  Artemisia;  on  one  of  the 
Malvaceae,  Althcae  rosea  (garden  hollyhock) ,  and  one  of  the  borage  family, 

6i 


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14 »       J 


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M,' 


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^» 


^•1^. 


482 


THE  BUTTERFLIES  OF  NEW  EN(;LAM). 


Borrago  officinalis, — both  again  introduced  plants ;  and  it  is  reported 
(perhaps  by  mistake  for  its  congener,  V.  atalanta)  to  have  been  found  on 
the  nettle.  Miischler  remarks  that  he  has  received  neither  thistles  nor 
nettles  from  Labrador,  and  wonders  upon  what  the  caterpillar  may  feed 
in  that  inhospitable  region  ;  we  would  suggest  that  Artemisia  or  Ana- 
phalis  may  serve  it.  In  Europe  it  has  been  taken  upon  various  species  of 
Carduus,  Cnicus,*  Onopordon  and  other  Cynaroideae,  such  as  Centaurea 
bencdicta  and  Cynara  scolymas  ;  one  of  the  Anthemideae,  Achillea  mille- 
folium, and  some  Inuloideae,  such  as  Gnaphalium  arvense,  and  Filago 
arvcnsis  ;  on  Echium,  one  of  the  Borraginaccae,  andonMalva  rotundifolia. 
It  is  also  reported  now  and  then  on  nettle,  but  perhaps  erroneously, 
its  resemblance  to  V.  atalanta  being  deceptive.  It  should,  however,  be 
added  that  its  occurrence  on  nettle  has  been  especially  noted  in  remarkable 
cardui  years.  Rambur  says  that  after  having  devoured  Cardrus,  Cnicus 
and  Centaurea,  it  attacks  Echium,  Ulmus.  etc.  It  seems  prefer  the 
Malva  in  Egypt,  being  found  abundantly  on  the  species  culti/ated  by  the 
Arabs  for  medicinal  purposes  and  called  by  them  ^llukheh  (pronounted 
Molochia),  while  the  thistles  growing  abundantly  by  the  railways  are  im- 
touched ;  since  this  mallow  is  cut  at  various  iiu'"  during  the  winter, 
myriads  of  the  caterpillars  are  doubtless  anuuaily  exterminated.  Examin- 
ing one  September  in  the  Botanic  Garden  in  Cambridge  a  whole  series  of 
thistles  growing  side  by  side,  I  found  that  the  buttei'fly  had  chosen  almost 
exclusively  a  plant  of  Onopordum,  a  few  larvae  being  found  also  on  a 
couple  of  European  species  of  Cnicus.  In  Java,  according  to  Horsfield, 
it  feeds  on  an  Artemisia,  called  Godomollo  by  the  natives ;  in  Ceylon 
also  on  jV.rtemisia,  according  to  Moore,  and  in  Bombay  "on  different 
species  of  Blumea"  according  to  Aitken,  quoted  by  de  Nicc'ille. 

Habits  of  the  caterpillar.  The  young  caterpillar  makes  its  csca])e 
from  the  egg,  as  usual  among  Icpidopterous  larvae,  by  biting  a  slit  almost 
around  the  crown  of  the  egg,  and  pushing  up  this  improvised  lid  ;  it  does 
not  appear  to  devour  the  egg-shell,  as  caterpillars  usually  do,  but,  after 
biting  a  few  little  holes  [)artly  through  the  upper  surface  of  the  leaf,  makes 
its  way  to  the  opposite  side  and  takes  up  a  position,  each  one  apart  from 
its  fellow,  either  between  the  midriij  and  curled-up  rim,  il  i;o,"v  t.-^  tip  of 
the  thistle  leaf,  or  next  tiie  midrii)  or  a  lateral  rib,  if  f)rt!i!  r  1  ck,  or  be- 
tween the  tips  of  the  crenulations ;  here  it  bites  away  thesilkci.  fi  ,i  of  the 
leaf  and  makes  a  nest,  covering  itself  with  a  slight  open  web,  into  which  it 
weaves  tiie  bitten  particles  of  the  film.  From  this  retreat  it  sallies  forth  to 
eat  irregular  patches  in  the  parenchyma,  which  it  often  partially  covers 
with  an  extension  of  the  web. 

Each  caterpillar,  when  it  has  outgrown  this  confined  abode,  builds  for 


•  Spcyor  saVH  tliiit  in  ii  perioil  of  grent  iibuii- 
dniicp  ciinlul  fi'cils  dii  Cnicus  nrvcnsig  and 
Innct'oiatiis,  liiit  icnvcH  untoiidicd  C.  oioriioeiin 


anj  piiliistris,  tlio  first  two  of  wlili'li  arc  fouiul 
In  Anicrioa,  tlic  iast  two  not. 


), 


NVMl'IIALIXAK:    VANKSSA  (AUDn. 


483 


it.solf  a  !<opiiratc  nest  (81:  1*0  generally  near  tlio  snniniit  of  a  stalk,  and 
now  on  the  upper  surface  of  the  leaf;  it  spins  a  thin  weh  on  the  surface, 
near  tlic  edge,  if  it  be  a  broad-leaved  plant,  and  then  draws  over  a  portion 
of  the  leaf  l)y  means  of  threads,  completing  the  covering  with  a  silken 
tent ;  when  half-grown  it  forsakes  this  and  forms  a  more  perfect  nest, 
drawing  together  leaves,  buds,  and  l)itten  fragments  by  the  same  process, 
so  as  to  form  an  irregular  oval  cavity,  about  thirtj'-fivc  millimetres  long 
vertically,  and  a  little  more  tiian  half  as  broad.  The  narrow,  irregular, 
crisjted  and  rather  distant  leaves  of  the  tiiistle,  on  which  it  is  most  fre- 
([uently  found,  cannot,  however,  be  made  to  cover  even  a  single  caterpillar, 
and  the  spaces  are  closed  by  a  th'n  open  web,  through  which  the  inmate 
can  readily  be  seen,  but  which  is  sufficiently  close  to  retain  all  tlie  rejecta- 
menta of  the  caterpillar.  Tiie  nest  is  usually  covered,  at  least  in  the  up- 
per half,  with  spines  of  the  plant,  evidently  bitten  off  for  the  purpose  ; 
there  is  an  opening  in  the  nest,  near  or  at  the  summit,  just  hirge  enough 
tit  allow  the  larva  to  emerge,  apparently  made  l)y  eating  away  the  wci). 
The  leaves  which  penetrate  the  nest  arc  not  lined  with  silk,  but  the  web 
is  frequently  stretched  across  the  inecpuilities  of  tlic  leaf.  Within  tJiis  habi- 
tation tiie  larva  rests  with  its  iiead  downward,  like  its  congener.  V.  ata- 
lauta  ;  l)ut,  uidike  it,  when  its  earlier  stages  are  passed,  it  feeds  upon  the 
upper  surface  and  parenchyma  of  tiic  leaf,  without  touching  the  under 
cuticle,  and  wiien  these  are  consumed,  it  crawls  out  to  seek  its  fortune  and 
weave  a  more  commodious  mansion  ;  when,  however,  it  has  reached  its 
fourth  stage,  it  devours  the  entire  leaf,  and  not  tiie  upper  cuticle  alone. 
If  it  is  l)orn  upon  one  of  the  l)roader-leaved  forms  of  thistle  it  ccmstructs 
its  home  by  first  weaving  a  silken  wei)  across  the  narrower  [tarts  of  the 
crinkled  leaf,  uniting  the  upper  edges  but  drawing  tiiem  togetlier  very 
slightly.  In  this  passage  it  lives  until  nearly  half  grown,  when  it  makes 
a  web-nest  diffici.lt  to  describe  from  its  irregularity ;  but  it  is  l  very  thin 
silken  enclosure  of  an  oval  flattened  form,  witii  an  opening  at  any  point, 
tiie  web  covcrmg  the  outer  surface  of  a  leaf,  with  its  projecting  lobes 
curled  over  into  the  web  ;  this  is  more  or  less  foid  with  excrement  and  bit- 
ten off  s[)ines,  while  the  included  parts  of  the  leaf  have  been  despoiled  of 
tl"ir  parenchyma.  When  still  older  several  leaves  near  togetlier  may  be- 
come involved,  but  the  leaves  when  eaten  arc  bitten  completely  through. 

When  al)out  to  undergo  its  transformation,  the  caterpillar  does  not  wan- 
der far,  and  frequently  remains  upon  tiie  plant  which  has  nourished  it.  A 
specimen  bred  in  confinement,  but  which  had  abundanc(>  of  room,  formed 
of  jiartially  dried  leaves,  connected  by  open,  angular,  irregular,  silken 
meshes,  averaging  about  four  millimetres  long,  a  sort  of  cocoon,  of  no 
definite  shape,  but  larger  than  its  previous  nest,  and  which  it  attached  to 
the  top  of  the  cage.  In  another  instance  one  underwent  its  transforma- 
tion within  its  nest  (81 :  10), 


Mii 


mi 


^'i-^:.';:  ^k 


'I 


m  '- 


484 


THE  BUTTEUFLIES  OF  NEW  ENCLAND. 


-.ft-K 


n     L* 


Life  history.  Notwitlistan  ting  tlie  ubiquity  and  general  abundance  of 
Vanessa  cardui,  ita  natural  h.aiory  is  still  imperfectly  known.  Of  its 
life  in  the  tropics  there  is  no  published  statement  beyond  the  mention  by 
the  indefatigable  Hcrsfield,  tliat  in  Java  the  butterfly  appears  in  December. 
.Tust  beyond  the  tropics,  at  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  Trimen  reports  it  as 
found  in  the  imago  state  throughout  the  year,  but  most  abundant  from 
September  to  ^larch.  At  about  an  equal  distance  north  of  the  tropics, 
on  the  same  continent,  in  Egypt,  this  butterfly  flies  through  the  winter, 
and  I  have  found  caterpillars  in  almost  every  stage  from  November  to 
March. 

In  New  England  this  butterfly  is  double-brooded  and  hibernates  in  the 
imago  state, — at  least  so  far  as  is  known.  In  Europe,  according  to  some 
writers,  it  often  passes  the  winter  in  the  chrysalis  state  :  but  authorities  do 
not  agree  upon  this  point.  The  hibernating  butterflies  do  not  usually 
begin  to  emerge  from  their  winter  quarters  until  the  middle  of  May,  and 
badly  worn  specimens  continue  to  fly  until  after  the  middle  of  June. 
They  lay  their  eggs  during  the  latter  half  of  May  and  early  in  June  ; 
and  the  caterpillars  therefrom  become  fully  grown  between  the  middle  of 
June  and  the  end  of  July ;  the  chrysalids  hang  from  eight  to  fourteen 
days,  and  disclose  the  first  fresh  butterflies  about  the  lOtli  of  Jidy.  These 
usually  become  abundant  by  the  middle  of  the  month,  and  at  the  end  of 
the  third  week  innumerable  (though  it  would  appear  as  if  they  sometimes 
were  delayed  until  the  first  week  in  August)  ;  they  continue  to  emerge 
from  the  chrysalis  until  the  early  days  of  August,  and  fly  until  the  next 
brood  appears ;  they  lay  their  eggs  during  the  last  of  July  and  the  first  of 
August,  and  the  caterpillars  undergo  their  final  transformations  in  the  lat- 
ter half  of  August  and  early  in  September,  the  autuum  brood  of  butter- 
flics  first  appearing  late  in  August  and  continuing  on  the  wing  until  the 
end  of  October,  when  tiiey  iiibernatc.     In  the  south  they  fly  all  winter. 

This  account  does  not  correspond  with  tiie  history  of  the  same  insect  in 
Europe.  Meyer-Diir  states  thac  in  Switzerland  the  ijutterfly  may  be  seen 
on  the  wing  from  April  to  the  end  of  June  (wintered  specimens),  and 
from  the  middle  of  August  until  late  in  October :  that  is,  it  is  single- 
brooded.  Many  autiiors  speak  of  it  as  double-brooded,  without  mention- 
ing the  specific  times  at  whit  li  it  may  be  found  ;  while  others  give  the 
same  seasons  as  Meyer-Diir  and  call  it  doublc-l)r()odcd,  mistaking  the 
doul)le  apparition  of  the  same  i)rood  (winter  intervening)  for  distinct 
broods.  My  own  ul)8ervations  in  the  ncighi)orhood  of  Geneva  and  Paris 
lead  also  to  the  conclusion  that  the  insect  is  single-brooded  ;  and  the  only 
entomologist,  to  my  knowledge,  wiio  lias  given  two  distinctly  separated 
dates  for  the  ai)parition  of  tiic  caterpillar  is  Keutti,  who  says  in  his  Fauna 
of  liaden,  to  which  my  attention  was  called  by  Dr.  Speyer,  that  caterpil- 
lars are  found  in  June,  August  and   September.     IJut  Dr.  Sj)eyer  thinks 


lilki 


NYMPH ALINKA :   VANESSA  CARDUI. 


485 


there  in  hut  one  hrood.  From  the  time  of  Oclismlicimer,  however,  wlio 
repeatedly  says,  "Ich  hahe  zwei  generationeii  l)omerkt,"  ditf'erent  autliors 
have  ehiimcd  for  this  insect  a  doiihlc  hrood  ;  and  until  direct  observation 
shall  have  determined  the  point,  it  should  he  considered,  at  least  for  some 
|)arts  of  Europe,  an  open  question.  In  Switzerland  and  in  England  all 
observers  seem  to  agree  that  it  is  single-i)rooded  ;  and  this  is  in  direct 
contrast  to  the  digoneutism  of  the  same  insect  in  New  Phigland. 

Behavior  and  flight.  The  butterfly  is  particularly  fond  of  fields,  gar- 
dens, highways,  open  ground,  and  waste  places  ;  it  frequently  alights  on 
stone  walls  heated  by  the  sun,  and  is  greatly  attracted  by  flowers,  partic- 
ularly by  thistles  and  the  other  plants  upcm  which  the  caterpillar  feeds  ; 
here  it  may  readily  l)e  taken  ;  not  so  in  other  spots,  for  although  very  fear- 
less, and  even  impudent,  it  is  exceedingly  wary,  dashing  off  headlong  at 
the  slightest  alarm.  In  Florida,  Dr.  Chapman  f)nco  found  three  or  four 
entangled  in  the  le.avcs  of  a  Sarracenia.  Lang  remarks  that  in  Europe  it 
is  very  fond  of  clover  fields  and  in  the  autunni  of  ivy  bloom.  According 
to  Pierce  (Entom.,  xviii :  242)  it  generally  emerges  from  the  chrysalis  early 
in  the  morning,  clinging  at  first  to  the  old  case  with  its  body  in  a  horizontal 
position  and  its  wings  drooping,  where  it  remains  until  these  are  dry. 

Its  flight  is  rapid,  dashing,  and  discontinuous  ;  it  doubles  frequently  and 
abruptly,  usually  to  the  right  or  left  rather  than  u[)  or  down,  although  it 
has  no  predilection  for  a  particular  elevation  above  tlic  ground,  as  some 
other  l)utterflies  have  ;  in  tliese  frequent  changes  it  makes  a  series  of  8j)as- 
modic  efforts,  the  movements  of  the  wings  being  more  vigorous  during  the 
initial  half  of  each  start,  or  perhaps  confined  to  tliat  period.  It  loves  to 
return  to  the  spot  from  which  it  has  been  driven,  or  to  the  immediate 
vicinity,  often  circling  aljout  first,  as  if  selecting  the  I)est  spot.  On  a 
windy  day  its  flight  is  not  a  little  remarkable  :  it  rises  high  in  the  air,  then 
suddeidy  darts  down  until  it  has  ap{)roached  within  five  or  ten  metres  of 
the  ground,  when  it  starts  upward  again  to  repeat  the  process.  The 
strength  of  its  flight  is  attested  by  the  repeated  instances  of  vast  swarms 
flown  from  a  long  distance,  to  which  attention  has  been  directed  above. 
On  a  warm,  sunny  tlay,  it  frequently  flies  until  within  half  an  hour  of  sun- 
set, and  it  may  lie  seen  laying  eggs  at  almost  any  lionr  between  ten  and  four. 

"Its  wildly  timorous  behavior,"  says  Meyer-Diir,  "is  quite  striking  ;  it 
is  uucommonlv  audacious :  swift  and  savage,  it  dashes  irregularlv  abt)ut  ; 
scarcely  ob,>'erving  the  pursuer,  heedless  of  the  net,  it  returns  directly  to 
the  place  it  has  left,  and  sits  with  horizontally  o[)ened  wings  on  the  dry 
earth  or  spots  of  sand.  It  is  a  nind)le,  lively,  youthful,  untamed,  petulant 
insect,  which  shows  in  its  behavior  no  rcsenil)lance  to  its  proud  but  circum- 
spect neighl)or,  atalanta." 

On  alighting,  it  i)artially  or  wholly  exi)ands  the  wings ;  when  fully 
spread,    they    are    brought  well    forward,  and    are    often   even    slightly 


w. 


:iS      ! 


486 


TIIK  nUTTKKFLIKS  OF   SKW  KNGI.AND. 


depressed ;  the  straight  antennae  arc   tlien  spread   at  an  anj^le  of  ninety 
degrees  and  lie  in  tiie  jdane  of  tlie  l)ody,  or  perhaps  slightly  elevated. 

Enemies.  As  regards  the  parasites,  Trogus  cxesoriiis  (88:8)  has 
heen  bred  from  caterpillars  of  this  insect  i)y  Mnndt,  and  Prof.  A.  E.  Ver- 
rill  has  reared  a  species  of  Apanteles,  A.  carduicola.  Mr.  Kiley  has  also 
bred  a  dipterous  parasite,  Kxorista  l)landii  (89  :  11 )  ;  its  larva  usually  issues 
from  the  victim  wliile  tiic  latter  is  in  the  caterpillar  state,  though  some- 
times not  until  it  has  transformed  to  chrysalis ;  and  in  one  instance  the 
Vanessa  completed  its  metamorpiioses  with  the  i)arasitic  fly  yet  in  its  al)do- 
nien ;  it  did  net,  however,  properly  expand  its  wings.  I  have  seen  this 
specimen  and  it  is  indeed  a  curious  one  ;  all  tiie  appendages  of  head  and 
thorax  were  perfectly  developed  to  their  fr.ll  capacity,  hut  the  wings  only 
expanded  slightly  beyond  their  pupal  dimensions,  though  with  all  tlie 
markings  complete.  Tiie  appendages  of  the  abdomen  (male)  are  aljiictr- 
inally  protruded,  and  the  abdomen  itself  is  completely  dcpreased.  Mr. 
Jiilcy  !  as  also  bred  Ichneumon  rufiventris  Jhulle  (88 :  1)  from  this  insect ; 
tills  hynienoptcron  issues  from  the  anterior  extremity  of  the  chrysalis,  in- 
fested sjiecimens  of  which  may  always  be  recognized  by  their  pale  color. 
.Mrs.  Ilcustis  of  Xova  Scotia  found  more  than  hidf  of  her  chrysalids  one 
summer  attacked  by  this  parasite;  as  well  as  she  could  judge  (some 
changes  transpiring  in  the  night)  all  tiie  caterpillars  which  were  attacked 
were  black,  and  all  tiieir  chiysalids  brigiit  golden.  Finally  ]Mr.  Kiley  has 
notes  of  an  egg-parasite,  but  no  specimens  are  at  hand. 

In  Europe,  the  caterpillar  is  infested  by  a  Microgaster ;  some  reared 
l)v  me  perforated  the  skin  of  the  caterpillar  August  ISItli  and  made  their 
cococms  on  itsliody.  September  4th  both  dead  and  living  imagines  v.ere 
found,  lielonging  to  two  distinct  species,  those  of  the  smaller  being  dead 
and  dry,  those  of  the  larger  either  living  or  recently  dead  ;  on  the  sue- 
ceedinf  day  the  remainder  of  the  larger  ones  appeared,  and  proved  to  l>o, 
as  identified  by  my  friend  Mr.  Drewsen,  of  Copenhagen,  Microgaster  sub- 
coinpletus  var.  ?  von  Esenb.,  and  the  smaller  an  undetermined  species  of 
the  same  "-enus,  probably  undescribed.  Of  the  former  three  males  and 
fifteen  females  emerged :  of  the  latter  eight  males  and  three  females ; 
besides  these,  four  larvae  had  been  taken  from  their  cocoons  and  preserved 
ill  that  state ;  all  of  these  came  from  the  body  of  a  single  caterpillar. 
The  larger  species  is  probably  tiie  actual  parasite  of  V.  cardui ;  the  latter, 
parasitic;  on  the  parasite.  IJesides  these  it  is  attacked  in  Europe  accord- 
inirto  Bignell  and  Uat/.eliurg  by  a  IMnipla,  a  Liinneria,  a  Hracon  and  an 
Apnnteles ;  and  Dr.  Willistoii  tells  me  that  a  sjiecies  of  Tacliina  is  also 
parasitic  upon  it, — making  a  total  in  Europe  and  America  of  ten  hymen- 
opterous  and  two  dipterous  parasites.  (Jentry  states  that  he  has  found  this 
biitterfiy  in  the  stomaclis  of  the  night  hawk,  Uliordeiles  virginianus,  both 
old  and  voung,  and  in  those  of  the  chimney  swallow,  Chaetura  pelagica. 


f; 


NYMrilALINAK;   THE  OEXIS  .lUXOMA. 


487 


Desiderata.  Cardui  is  one  of  the  best  sulyects  of  study  for  those  who 
wish  to  investififate  the  causes  of  irreyuhir  apparition  ;  and  only  tliose  who 
spend  much  time  in  tlie  field  can  hoi)e  to  solve  the  problem  ;  a  close 
observation  of  the  comparative  abundance  of  the  buttei-fly  for  several  con- 
secutive years  in  the  same  locality,  accompanied  by  the  attempt  to  rear 
hundreds  of  the  caterpillars,  selecting  only  those  which  are  very  nearly 
full-grown,  and  recording  the  [iroportion  of  iiealthy  and  infested  ones, 
will  probably  show  whether  the  attack  of  parasites  is  a  L'era  causa.  The 
hibernation  of  the  chrysalis  in  America  (or  even  in  Europe?)  may  still 
be  deemed  an  open  question. 

LIST  OF  ILLUSTBATIOXS.-VANESSA   VAIiDUl. 


General. 

ri.  21.  Hf,'.  1.    Distribution  in  Xorth  Ainoricui. 

S8: 1.    Iclinpuuion  nifivcntris,  n  pitraHitc. 

3.    Trogns  exoHorius,  iinotlier  punisitc. 

SO:  11 .    Kxorl.stn  binniln,  ii iliptcruus  parii- 

sitp. 

Egg. 
ri.  (M,  (is.  ;W.    Plain, 
ti":  7.    Micropyle. 

Caterjiillar. 
PI.  74,  fiK.  37.    Mature  (mtfrpillar. 

78 :  61-63.    Front  views  of  licail,  stages  iil-v. 


PI.  81:10. 

Nest. 

8fl:«'J-73. 

Dermal  appcntlage«,  stages 
Chrysalis. 

1-v 

PI.  t«,  flg.  (iO. 

.'<icle  view. 

61. 

Side  view  in  outline. 

02. 

Dorsal  view  in  outline. 

Imago. 
,  2.  tig.  1.    Both  surfaecs,  eoloreU. 
12 : 7.    Itotli  surfaces,  plain. 
:{3 :  31.    Male  abdominal  appendages. 
61:3.*).    Papilla  of  tongue. 
54.    Tongue  with  papillae. 


m 


\H 


y^m 


JUXONIA   IIUBNER. 

Jiinonia   Htibn..   Verz.   bek.    Sehmett.,  34      Alcyniteis  Hilbn.,   Vorz.    bek.    Schmett.,  :V> 
(1816).  (181(1). 

Ti/pe.—I'apilio  laei7iia  Uram 

Voye/  ee  papillon  aux  couleurs  entlamnuSes, 
Av'ee  quatre  ailcs  il'or,  d'yeux  de  pourpre  scm^es. 
Ktre  agile.  (!th(5rO,  folAtre.'gracleuXj 
I'romenant  en  zigzags  son  vol  capru'lcux, 
II  va,  revient.  repart,  nionte,  descend,  toumoie, 
Haise.  en  passant,  les  lleurs  oft  sa  trompe  se  noie. 
.loyau  vivant  ipie  Dieu,  tjui  I'a  eoloritf, 
A  de  riches  lleurons  partiiut  aniori(!. 

I'o.M.MiKii.— Zc  J'uinllon-Espiiir. 


Imago  (S3: 8).  Head  pretty  larjje,  rather  uniformly  and  densely  tdothcd  with 
not  very  long  hairs.  Front  moderately  full,  a  very  little  protuberant  in  tlio  middle 
below,  narrower  than  the  eyes,  slightly  broader  than  high,  above  distinctly  hollowed 
hi  the  middle  and  connected  l)y  a  shallow  channel  to  the  vertex,  the  upper  edge  being 
hollowed  in  advance  of  the  aritennae  and  projecting  strongly  forward  in  the  middle, 
its  edges  slightly  elevated;  lower  edge  pretty  strongly  and  regularly  convex,  not 
abrupt.  Vortex  transverse,  rather  tundd,  with  a  longitudinal  appresscd  iudeutation 
behind  and  a  slight,  shallow,  longitudinal  channel  in  front;  posti-rior  edge  of  the  eyes 
opposite  that  of  the  vertex.  Eyes  rather  large,  full,  naked.  Antennae  Inserted  in  the 
middle  of  tlie  summit,  in  distinct  slight  pits,  their  Interior  bases  separated  by  the 
width  of  the  second  antennal  joint,  their  exterior  close  to  the  margin  of  the  eye ;  about 
half  as  long  again  as  the  abdomen,  composed  of  thlrty-tlve  joints,  the  terminal  nine  or 


■■»■;•■. 


■felH''':  1 


1 

J 
1 

j 

f 

' 

I 

I 

: 

r- 

'■■i'^' 

. 

■ !  ■"/ .■ 

A    ■*■ 

',    ■'':': 

',    ■'■ 

•.  'r 
■'  '.'■. 

'  'i- ;/ 


488 


rilK   lUTTKKKLlKS  OK   XKW  i;N(iLANI). 


tell  cxitiimliii;;  into  a  broml  ovule.  dcprcssiMl  club,  two  iiiul  a  half  times  lonjfer  tlmil 
ln'oad,  broadly  rounded  at  tip.  tlie  last  three  joints  oidy  entering  into  the  dindnntion 
of  size.  I'nlpi  eompaet.  scareely  more  tliaii  half  as  Ions;  anain  as  t lie  eye  and  pretty 
stout,  the  terminal  joint  abont  one  <|uarter  tlin  lenirth  of  tlu"  i)en\iltiniate.  all  densely 
clothed  with  seales  and  the  apical  half  of  the  upper  surface  of  the  pcnnltinnite  with  a 
profuse  (piantity  of  pretty  Ion;;,  forward  and  upward  reaching  hairs. 

I'rothoraeio  lobes  pretty  lar^'e,  tnudd,  scarcely  cnrvlnj;  at  all,  larger  inu  riorly  than 
exteriorly  and  taperinsr  in  heliilit  more  than  in  length  in  its  lateral  extension,  more 
tlian  three  times  as  l)road  as  loni;  and  about  as  hiirli  as  lonn.  l>ata;;ia  very  little  con- 
vex, long  and  rather  slender,  four  times  as  lonj;  as  broad,  the  exterior  Ixirder  nearly 
straiffht.  the  interior  cnrvini;  a  little  so  that  the  lol)e  tapers  to  a  point. 

Fore  wings  (38:14)  two-tliirds  as  long  again  as  l)road,  the  costal  margin  very 
slightly  and  regularly  bowed,  perluips  a  little  less  strongly  in  the  ndddle  half ;  outer 
margin  strongly  sinnous,  al)ove  the  middle  snl)costal  nervule  sliglitly  convex  and  at 
al)ont  right  angles  to  the  outer  ludf  of  tile  costal  border,  the  angle  rounded  oil',  tlieii 
r.'itlier  suddenly  receding  at  an  angle  of  aljont  4.'i'\  the  unddlo  half,  as  far  as  the  lowest 
median  nervule.  forming  a  l)road.  rather  shallow  cfmcavity;  the  portion  l)elow  is  a 
little  promiiient  witli  a  well  rounded  curve,  and  the  inner  nnirgin  scarcely  concave,  the 
angle  well  rounded,  l-'lrst  superior  subcostal  nervule  emitted  a  little  beyond  the  middle 
of  the  outer  two-tlfths  of  the  upper  unirgin  of  the  cell;  second  half  way  bt'tweeu  the 
origin  of  the  tlrst  and  tlie  tip  of  the  cell ;  tidrd  at  about  midway  l)etween  tlie  origin  of 
thesec(uid  and  fourth;  the  fourth  at  about  three-flftlis  the  distance  from  the  tip  of  the 
cell  to  the  apex  of  the  wings.     Cell  open. 

llind  wings  witli  the  costal  margin  considerably  and  roundly  expanded  next  the  base, 
l)eyoud  nearly  straigiit.  scarcely  convex,  tlie  outer  angle  rounded  olV:  outer  liorder 
scarcely  creiiulate,  broadly  and  pretty  regularly  rounded,  except  for  Ihosligh*  angular 
liut  nuinded  projection  at  the  tip  of  liie 'owest  median  nervule  (J),  or  the  same  lint 
rutlier  tiattened  iu  the  middle  lialf  of  tlie  wing  and  sliglitly  more  prouiiuent  at  tlie 
ujiper  angle  {$) ;  inner  margin  liroadly  expanded  next  the  base,  straigiit  as  far  as  tiie 
tip  of  tile  internal  nervurc,  wliere  it  slopes  oil"  rather  rapidly  nearly  to  the  sulmieclian 
and  continues  its  course,  tiie  angle  rounded.  I'recostal  uervure  originating  at  a 
little  distance  beyond  the  divarication  of  the  costal  and  subcostal  nervures,  bent 
strongly  outward.    Cell  open. 

Fore  legs  small,  cylindrical,  the  tiliiae  less  than  half  the  lengtli  of  tlie  hind  tibiae; 
tarsi  about  thrte-lifths  the  lengtli  of  tlu  tibiae;  the  whole  leg  covered  only  with  scales, 
excepting  in  the  male  where  there  arc  a  very  few  short,  laterally  spreading  hairs ; 
tarsi  either  with  scarcely  perceptible  division  into  joints  (^;;  or,  largest  on  the 
aiilcal  third,  and  consisting  of  live  jolnt.s  apjiarent  even  witliont  denudation ;  liasal 
joint  nearly  twice  as  long  as  tlie  otiiers  together,  the  next  two  e(iual,  and  as  large  as 
the  last  two  together,  the  terminal  minute  and  liluntly  conical;  armed  lieneatli  appar- 
ently at  the  incisures  witli  an  apical  pair  of  very  delicate  and  minute  spines,  ucuie  at 
the  last  incisure,  those  of  the  terminal  joint  just  at  the  apex  (  $  ).  Middle  tibiae  very 
slightly  hiiiger  than  the  hind  pair:  both  furnished  on  either  side  of  the  lower  surface 
and  on  the  uiiiier  edge  of  the  inner  side  with  rows  of  iufre(|ueiit,  rather  short  and 
slender,  diverging  spines ;  lirst  joint  of  tarsi  as  long  as  the  three  succeeding  together; 
second  as  h)iig  as  the  third  and  fourth  together,  the  third  and  liftli  e(piid  and  longer 
tliaii  tlie  fourth;  llrst  joint  with  tliree,  terminal  with  two,  the  others  with  four  rows 
of  spines  liencath,  similar  to  those  of  tlie  tibiae,  tlie  terminal  ones  of  eacli  joint  slightly 
louger  than  the  otiiers;  sjuirs  diverging,  long  and  very  slender.  Claws  very  small 
and  delicate,  compressed,  pretty  strongly  curved.  Iliiely  pointed.  Paronychia  exceed- 
ingly delicate,  like  a  slightly  curved  hair,  as  long  as  the  claws.  I'nlvillns  minute, 
tumid,  subglobose. 

Eighth  segment  of  tiic  ai)doinen  more  than  usually  produced  in  the  middle  above, 
covering  the  organs,  which  are  more  extensively  prolonged  than  usual  at  this  point. 
Upper  organ  of  male  appeiiilages  large,  the  body  tumid,  roundly  arched  in  botli  direc- 
tions, a  little  compressed;  hook  considerably  longer  than  the  ijody,  the  apical  lialf  or 


NY.MrHAr.lXAK:   TIIK   (IKMS  .IIXOXIA. 


489 


♦hinl  ulcnder,  ccintil,  sirniijily  ciirvocl ;  liiftTior  nniis  jdjiilmI  below  tin'  aims.  iHinolliitc. 
tiinipil  Imck  coiniilctely  upon  tlu'inselves,  niid  fiiriiislii'dnt  tcrniiiml  cdiic  with  a  di'iise 
frinjro  of  stiir,  straltflit  Iwistlos,  in  coiitimintion  of  the  laiiu'Ua,  or  upward  diri-ctod. 
Clii.HpMnparly  sipuire,  with  tlu;  uppor  portion  of  the  [lostorior  odijo  proilucod  to  a  lonj;. 
nearly  e(pml,  backward  directed,  interiorly  canaliculate  t)lade,  as  lonf:  as  the  clasp, 
which  takes  the  |daco  of  the  basal  process ;  interi<ir  llnj;er  Ion;;,  straight,  and  very 
slender,  followinfi  the  course  of  the  blade  and  nearly  readdnji  the  tl|). 

Egg.  Ilatlier  broader  than  hij;li  (to  jinlu'*'  from  specimens  in  }riycerlne),  broadest  in 
tlie  ndddle  of  the  lower  two-thirds,  roundly  and  considerably  tai)erin};  above,  so  that 
the  truncate  sninndt  is  only  half  the  diameter  of  the  broa<lest  portion,  and  has  a  wide 
area  t)etween  tile  terndnation  of  the  ribs.  Vcu'tical  rilis  few  in  number,  rather  slittht. 
stronjjly  ciunjiressed;  not  more  than  double  as  hli;li  aliove  as  l)elow;  cross  ril)s  faint, 
inconspicuous  and  straight. 

Mature  caterpillar.  Head  of  moderate  size,  subfpuidrate,  broader  than  hi;;h,  tlie 
s'des  moderately  full,  broadest  at  summit  of  ocellar  Held,  the  front  apprcssed,  and 
in  the  ndddle  even  a  little  sunken,  as  deep  above  as  below,  each  hemis|)liere  snbnwini- 
miforni  above,  and  hearim;  anteriorly  and  exteriorly  at  sunnnit  a  sliijlitly  forward  i)''o- 
jectinj;,  i)a|)iUiform,  eipial  tubercle,  as  lonj;  as  the  width  of  the  trian;;le;  surface 
smooth,  but  sparsely  covered  witli  |)ai>illiform  bristle-bearinji  tul)ercles  of  very  varied 
sizes,  the  iarsiest  above,  tlie  snuiliest  on  the  trianirle.  with  similar  tubt-rcles  crowded 
on  the  ai)ical  half  of  the  summit  tubercle;  sutures  not  deeply  impressed,  but  the 
hemispheres  well  seiiarated  by  a  rather  deep  cut,  wider  at  ba.se  tlian  the  .suture ;  tri- 
an,u;lo  almost  as  ))road  as  hiijli,  reaeliiiiK  considerably  above  tlie  middle  of  the  base,  the 
lower  border  broadly  emariiinate.  Hasal  joint  of  antennae  liemisplierical,  second 
a  mere  rini;,  llurd  cylindrical,  at  least  three  times  as  loii^  as  broa.l.  and  bearinj;  a 
slender  bristle  half  as  loiij?  n.u;aiii  as  the  antenna,  the  fourth  joint  very  minute; 
tlie  live  iirinci|ial  ocelli  arranjied  in  a  stron<;ly  curvinj;  row,  convexity  forward,  and 
the  ui>per  much  more  removed  from  the  others  than  from  one  another,  forinini;  a  third 
or  more  of  a  circle  wliose  centre  is  just  below  the  sixth  tubercle,  which  is  behind  the 
second  from  the  toi).  Clypeus  with  entire  ami  straijjlit  lower  edge;  labrum  rectangu- 
larly and  deeply  emarginate ;  mandibles  rather  small;  maxillary  i)alpi  rather  slender, 
but  iionnal. 

Body  cylindrical  but  tapering  gently  forwards  on  tlie  tlioracic  segments,  the  llrst  at 
least  of  which  is  smaller  than  the  head,  more  or  less  distinctly  moniliform,  armed  witli 
slender,  tapering,  spicnliferoiis  siiines,  tlie  liody  of  liich  is  longer  than  the  height  of 
the  head,  and  arranged  as  follows:  a  dorsal  seri^  anteriorly  placed,  on  all  the 
alidominal  segments  excepting  tlie  tenth;  a  laterodorsal  series,  less  anteriorly  iilaced, 
on  all  the  segments  but  the  llrst  thoracic ;  a  sui)rastigmatal  series,  anteriorly  placed,  on 
the  same  segments,  but  on  the  third  thoracic  segment  lowered  to  the  stigmatal  line:  an 
iiifrastiirmatal  scries,  centrally  [ilaced,  on  all  the  segments  exce|)ting  the  Jiinth  aiul 
tenth  abdominal  segments,  and  very  small  on  the  thinl  thoracic  ;  a  suiirapedal,  cen- 
trally placed,  on  the  same  segments,  but  double  on  the  second  and  third  thoracic  and 
second  to  sixtli  abdominal  segment.s.  Uesides,  tliere  are  transverse  rows  of  smaller 
and  simpler  but  otherwise  similar,  though  uneiinal,  spines  on  the  dorsum  of  tlie  llrst 
thoracic  segment  ami  the  venter  of  the  non-pedigerous  segments;  and  transverse 
series  of  ininnte  hair-bearing  tubercles  on  the  posterior  halves  of  tlie  segments,  and 
irregularly  scattered  ones  on  the  anterior  halves.  Spiracles  ovate,  witli  a  sharp  rim. 
Legs  rather  long  and  .slender,  of  similar  length,  the  hist  joint  compressed,  the  claw 
delicate,  with  a  minute  basal  tubercle;  prolegs  rather  long,  gently  tapering. 

CbrysallB.  Viewed  from  above,  the  i>rothorax  and  head,  with  tlie  outer  edge  of 
tlie  ocellar  prominences,  ta|)iu-  a  little  and  uniformly  ;  the  from  line  of  the  body,  con- 
lU'cting  the  tijis  of  the  ocellar  prominences,  is  sliglitly  hoUowed.  with  a  very  slight 
central  prominence;  there  is  an  obscure  ridge  running  from  tlie  tip  of  each,  Inward, 
toward  the  middle  of  the  front  of  the  mcsonotum.  Viewed  from  the  side,  the 
ocellar  prominences  are  well  arclied,  with  a  minute  aiiical  tubercle,  the  whole  being 
directed  forward.     Having  but  a  single  specimen  which  has  been  broken,  to  describe 

6a 


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490 


Till-;   IIUTTKHFLIKS  OF  XKW   KN(iLAXl). 


f»* 


from,  I  can  only  ^iiy  that  the  ulmu>i'iiI  illrcclion  of  tin.-  nppcr  iind  lower  odjri.s  h 
iipiiiiriMitly  in  cmitinnation  of  tlint  of  the  imrtH  behind,  itn<l  Inellncd  toward  eaeli  other 
at  an  anjjh'  of  abont  '.to  ;  niesothorax  broailly  ari,'''  'd  longitudinally,  not  [jreatly 
elevated,  the  anterior  two-thirds  provided  witli  an  e<putl,  I'atlier  coarse,  median  carina. 
Inferior  surface  with  the  appendafjes  slraiijlitor  scarcely  ei'rved  ;  liasal  wiii}{  tnl)erclc, 
with  the  two  other  wU\fi  tubercles,  much  as  in  Vanessa,  and  s'niilarly  pronounced  ;  meso- 
and  metalliora.\  with  a  pair  of  central,  snpralaleral,  small,  conical  tul)ercles,  scarcely 
below  tiu!  laterodorsal  line.  .Vbdonien  iH'oailly  rounded  lonuiludinally.  the  curve  a 
little  depressed  alonf;  tiie  middle,  provided  with  a  dorsal  series  of  pretty  snudl,  equal, 
blunt,  c(nilcal  tubercles,  anteriorly  disposed  on  tln'  second  to  seventh  sejiments;  a 
laterodorsal  series  of  |)retty  lar;{e,  stout,  rather  bluntly  conical  tubercles  on  the 
middle  of  the  llrst  to  seventh  sejiments,  that  on  the  llrst  smaller  than  the  otliers, 
which  are  nearly  ecpinl ;  suprasti^iuiatal  and  Infrastijjnuital  series  of  very  small, 
scarcely  elevated,  easily  overlooked  warts  on  the  fourth  to  eighth  sefjmonts,  the 
former  placed  anteriorly,  the  latter  centrally.  I'reanal  button  bounded  laterally  by 
scarcely  elevated,  very  l)r(>a<l,  eurviui;  walls,  termluatinj;  Interiorly  in  a  i)air  of  not  vei7 
lar^ie  tnbireles,  the  apical  half  of  which  are  bluntly  conical,  ind  directed  forward  ami 
downward.  Cremaster  viewed  from  above,  huijiand  slender,  more  tlinii  twice  as  lon^ 
as  broad,  taperinu  l)a.sally,  beyond  eipud,  deeply  cliaimelled  longitudinally  as  far  as 
the  apical  wall,  the  tii)  rounded ;  viewed  laterally,  nearly  eipial  and  slender,  curvinfj 
a  little,  tlie  very  tip  expandinjr,  especially  on  the  under  side;  Held  of  anal  hooklets 
loniiltudlnally  oval,  twice  as  lonit  as  broad;  liooklets  pi'etty  long,  the  stem  eijual, 
somewliat  curved,  moderately  stout,  the  apical  portion  very  jiradnally  and  l)nt  little  en- 
lariteil,  pretty  strongly  curved,  the  apical  half  of  the  crooked  portion  taperin;;,  the 
pointed  tip  directed  towartl  liie  udddlo  of  the  stem. 

This  gemis  occurs  tlirotij^liout  tlie  tropics  of  hotli  worlds,  in  cac}i 
of  wliicli  it  is  well  represented.  In  the  Old  ^Vorld  it  extends  over  the 
wliole  of  Africa  south  of  tiie  great  desert,  tlic  whole  of  Asia,  at  least  south 
of  the  tropic  of  Cancer,  and  all  the  islands  of  the  Indian  Ocean.  In 
South  America  it  probably  does  not  reach  beyond  the  tropic  of  Capricorn , 
and,  except  one  species,  extends  just  to  the  tropic  of  Cancer  in  the  northern 
hemisphere ;  this  one  species,  however  (the  only  one  with  which  we  have 
to  deal),  is  found  almost  wiiolly  north  of  the  trojjics  as  far  as  the  latitude 
of  40°,  and  occasionally  a  little  furtiier.  In  a  few  instances  it  has  been 
taken  in  southern  New  Entrland. 

The  butterflies  of  this  genus  are  of  medium  size ;  the  iii)per  surface  of 
the  wings  bears  a  general  resemblance  to  that  of  the  Pyrameis  section  of 
Vanessa ;  the  groimd  color  is  dark  brown  often  tinged  with  blue  on  the 
middle  of  the  hind  w  ings ;  the  cell  of  the  fore  wings  is  marked  by  two 
bright-colored,  Idack-edged,  transverse  bars ;  the  outer  border  is  edged 
with  clouded,  wavy  lines  preceded,  sometimes  on  both  wings,  sometimes 
on  the  fore  wings  only,  l)y  two  ocelli  of  unequal  size  in  the  sidjcostal  and 
median  areas, — the  lower  being  the  larger  on  the  fore,  the  upj)er  on  the 
hind  wing ;  the  larger  one  of  the  fore  wing  is  also  enveloped  in  a  broad, 
irrcgidar,  pale  band  which  crosses  the  wing  beyond  the  middle.  Beneath, 
the  markings  of  the  fore  wings  are  repeated,  but  the  hind  wings  become 
clay  brown  with  transverse  darker  markings,  especially  in  the  middle  of 
the  outer  half  of  the  wing,  where  they  usiutlly  include  a  transverse  series 
of  two  or  more  small,  dark,  rounded  spots.     The  butterflies  may  further 


I    'Mtl^l,     .  »>lg-)—T 


TIIK   WAYS  or  l!l'TTKI{FI,ir..S. 


491 


1)0  ili,HtiMgiiinluMl  tVuin  tliu.si'  of  tlio  [nvci'dinir  jit'iitTii  l>y  tluir  luiki'il  eyes. 
The  »t'XL'.s  ncai<!t'ly  (liHer. 

The  hiittcrHiett  are  nt  least  (loiihle-hrooded  niul  hilicrniitc  in  tlic  iinnjid 
8tate  ;  thr  <'atL'rpinar*i  live  o[)only  upon  various  polypctahmc  anj^iospt'i  inn, 
but  c'spwialiy  upon  Scrophuhu-iat'eae,  Acantluiceac  and  allic '  faniilii's  ; 
Honio  also  on  Ainarantaceac,  nn  apetah)nH  phint.  Tlie  t-lu-y  lids  \it\u<x  for 
a  week  or  t'ortniglit ;  little  is  known  ot"  the  MtructuiH-  or  position  of  the 
c<!:<r,  or  of  the  hahits  of  the  catorpillar.  The  buttertlii's  frcipu'nt  open 
grounds  and  deligiit  in  hot  sunsliine ;  they  are  strong  in  Hight  with  the 
8nme  eoinhination  of  wariness  and  daring  which  charaeterizcs  the  hahits 
of  our  other  Vanessidi,  "having,"  says  IJates  (.lom-n.  entoni.,  1H(!4,  l!t;^- 
Ht4),  "very  little  of  the  tloating  motion  of  the  r/pii-al  Xyntpiialinae,  and 
flying  near  the  ground  in  open,  tlowcry  and  liusiiy  places."  De  Nicevillo 
remarks  (Butt.  India,  ii :  (5(5)  that  "they  have  n  rapid  Hight  hut  seldom 
go  far  ln'fore  settling,  which  they  do  with  ex|ianded  wings  often  on  the 
hare  ground,  frecpiently  on  flowers." 

The  eggs  ro8enil)le  in  form  those  of  Vanessa,  an<l  in  tiie  fewness  of  their 
vertical  rihs  the  Pyrameis  section  of  the  same. 

The  caterpillars  at  hirth  are  luiknowu  ;  l)ut  the  mature  larvae  are  pro- 
vided with  shorter  spines  than  those  of  the  preceding  geiu-ra,  and  are  dark 
in  color  witli  several  longitudinal,  paler  and  brighter,  equal  hands.  The 
head  is  also  crowned  hy  spines,  somewhat  as  in  I'olygonia  and  other  genera.  * 

The  chrysalis  resembles  that  of  Vanessa  l)Ut  is  less  prolonged  anteriorly 
and  not  so  tuberculate ;  it  is  of  a  l)rownish  color  with  dusky  shades  and 
more  or  less  mottled. 


Excriisrs  xiv.—tiie  ways  of  butterflies. 


"Kor  viiiir  ri»('  N  liiiniiiii;«wril ;  in  line 
sill'  is  (iViT-swcrt  til  {I  ta>li'  likr  lliilir; 
Toil  rirli.  tun  lillli'li,  tu  ciili'  u  lici  lias  m'OII 
In  ii  '.'iinli'ii  lii'viiMil.  till'  lily  i|iii'fn. 
I  saw  the  lil\ .  ami  all  Wii-  I'i'cr, 
Till'  nisr  riiiilil  n'iirii  in  my  lirai't  nn  more, 

"Cn-aniy  wliitr  i«  the  prrfift  liiii'. 
i'olil  she  MTini'il;  willi  a  .iral  ailo 
I  won  my  wiliniiii'.     Too  laic  I  sec 
Sill'  raniiot  ronimaiiil  llii'  cli'ptlis  in  nic, 
Ilciirlio!"  said  tin'  linttcrtlv. 

'•What  i-  It  ails  cadi  lo\c  I  ir\T' 
Anil  the  season  wancil.    \ii  more  he  llics; 
1)11  a  siinlliiwcr'^  liosoin  ln-oail  he  lies. 
Ainl  after  all.  it  i-  -ail.  we  -ay. 
Til  think  he  ha-  thrown  liim-elf  away ; 
<'iinlil  it  have  liecii.— the  reason  why', 
That  any  tliim.'  aileil  the  Imtterlly':' " 

Ki.l/A  Ti  liNKi!.— J«  (Hit  lUatevflij. 

TllK  butterfly  is  a  dtiugliter  of  high  noon  jmd  of  the  sun.      Hainy  days 
SCO  none  astir.     A  few  will  venture  out  on  a  dull  day,  l)ut   it  needs  the 

•Dr.  (iiitnllaeh  writes  me  that  the  larva  of  al-n  Maek:  the  limly  Maek  with  lii-tron- lihie 

.I.lavinii),  foiinil  in  Cnlia.has  a  ilark  oran.ire  siiines,  white  or  yi'llmvish  poini- at  the  ineis- 

cnloreil  lieaM,  lilaek  arounil  the  frontal  trian-  ui'es,  ami  whili-h  or  yellowi-h  iiifrastiginatal 

).'le.  with  lateral   spots  ami  coronal  tnliel'cles  ami  maenlar  snpra-tiL'inatal  liamls. 


His  (jorjlPons  plumes  were  a  little  worn; 

Oncsplemliil  winu:  was  a  trillctorn; 

Ami  the  season  wiiiieil.     "How  can  it  lie 

That  I  staiiil  with  inv  life  nnlivcily"  saiil  lio, 
'•llei^'ho:"  saiil  the  hnttertly, 
'•Wonlil  that  I  knew  the  reason  why. 
''Surely  I  loveil  the  violet  iniic. 

Ami  ilay  liy  ilay  to  her  nook  olisenre 

I  lowercil  iny  irlorioiis  w  iiifis  and  iinalleil 

A\itli  a  eonstant  miml  her  iierrnmeil  ilraimhi. 

lint  how  sti'ani-'ely  I'oar-e  her  foliaircftrows; 

Hesiilcs,— at  that  inoniiiil  1  saw  the  rose. 
"I  saw  the  I'ose,  anil  1  knew  my  fate. 

Slow  she  iinfolileil;  I  wonlil  liot  wait. 

But  prayeil  ami  frctteil  from  hour  lo  honr. 

Till  opciicil  at  1:  st  the  perfect  tlowcr. 

A  perfect  Mower':'    That  cannot  he. 

Or  how  conUI  she  lose  her  liolil  on  me? 


492 


TIIK  Hl'TTKIMMKS  OF   \K\V    KNdl-AND. 


I  :■; 


m 


m 


m-'rM 


h'S^' 


Hv; 


li: 


«■■'*■■ 
[■'■'•-I 


m 
W 

mi: 


t'lill  l)lii/A'  of  tlu'  sun  to  niiir.xliail  nil  tlic  lioxtn  ;  indroil,  tlinr  iiro  trw  Imt- 
tt'rrtii's  aliroad  in  Ni'W  Kiij;liin(l  Iu-Coi'l'  seven  or  eij;ht  o'cloek  of  ii  Hiininier'M 
(liiv,  anil  lonj,'  before  iiij,'litfall,  with  elosed  winf,'M,  ami  antennae  wnngly 
paeked  l)et\veen,  tliev  are  quietly  rewtiii};  hcneatli  Hoim;  leaf  or  clinginff  to 
some  j^rass-lilade.  'i'iie  nioi'nin<;  seems  to  l»e  the  favorite  time  ftir  ehanjfes, 
at  least  with  us,  whether  it  he  for  de|)ositinjf  ejrjfs,  their  hatehinjj,  the 
eedyscs  of  the  caterpillar,  or  the  assumption  of  the  pupal  and  inui<;;o  stiitei'. 
In  the  tropics,  accordin;;  to  I)istant,  many  species  have  a  <lefinite  period  of 
the  day  for  their  Hijjjht,  and  the  esmeralda  hutterHy,  hy  Wallaee's  state- 
ment, even  prefers  showery  weather  for  its  activities.  In  resting  at  night 
cneh  species  huH  its  own  peculiar  haunts  from  which  it  may  he  easily 
stirred.  Driving  one  morning  within  an  hour  after  sunrise  across  the 
sandy  ph'ins  of  Nantucket,  along  a  road  fringed  with  a  row  of  stunted 
pines  some  "ifty  feet  from  the  track,  a  continuous  stream  of  hlue-eyed 
graylings  (('erey>,pis  alope)  arose,  stirred  from  the  low  tops  of  the  hor- 
dering  pines  hv  the  runihle  of  our  wagon-wheels  ;  none  were  to  he  seen 
eitlicr  before  <u'  henind  us,  hut  on  either  side  they  constantly  arose  as  we 
reached  them,  and,  wafted  hy  tlu-  wind,  sank  drowsily  to  the  earth.  .lust 
before  nightfall,  at  the  proper  season,  one  nniy  readily  <liseover  the  Amer- 
ican copper  ( Ileodes  hypophlaeas)  or  the  clouded  sulphur  ( Kurynuis 
piiilodice),  clinging  head  upward  and  with  drooping  wings  to  any  connnon 
herbage  ;  or  watching  the  spring  azure  (Cyaniris  j)scudargiolus)  as  it  rests 
on  a  bough  may  observe  it.  as  a  heavy  cloud  cures  the  sun,  drop  flut- 
tering to  the  ground  to  alight  upon  a  blade  vss  in  some  conct'alcd 
spot  beneath  the  shrub  it  had  left.  (iossc  8.....0  (^.\nn.  mag.  nat.  hist., 
(2)  ii :  17(!)  that  in  Jamaica  the  Ileliconians  (II.  charitonia)  assemble  in 
a  swarm  before  sunset  and  huddle  together  on  the  stem  of  a  certain  plant 
for  the  night ;  is  it  not  [i()ssii)le,  however,  from  what  we  now  know  of  this 
butterfly,  that  these  were  simply  males  assend)ling  about  a  chrysalis  of  a 
female  ? 

But  we  are  sending  our  friends  to  bed  before  ever  they  have  busied 
themselves  with  the  day  I  Their  first  thought  ajtpears  to  be  of  honey, 
and  oflT  they  go,  prol)ing  every  flower  they  meet,  and  spending  the  greater 
part  of  the  time  in  this  emjtloymcnt.  Some  buttci-flies  are  less  greedy 
than  others,  and  spend  long  hours  in  sunning  themselves,  resting  upon  the 
leaves  of  herl)s  or  trees  or  perhajjs  upon  the  ground,  gently  half  opening 
and  shutting  their  wings  ;  many  kinds  are  of  a  lively  and  even  jjugnacious 
disposition,  and  perch  themselves  upon  the  tij)  of  a  twig  or  on  a  stone  or 
some  such  outlook,  and  dash  at  tlu'  first  butterfly  that  passes,  esj)ecially  if 
it  be  one  of  their  own  species  :  then  the  two  advance  and  retreat,  forward 
and  backward,  time  and  again,  circle  around  each  other  with  amazing 
celerity,  all  the  while  perchance  mounting  skyward,  until  suddenly  they 
part,  dash  to  the  groiuul,  and  the  now  quiet  pursuer  again  stations  himself 


d 


tin:  ways  of  III  ■ni.iMMKs. 


49:! 


on  till'  vrry  spot  lie  i|iiitl('(l  ("or  llic  t'riiy.  Hut  tlicy  Mrc  not  nlwavs  [iiirtic- 
iiliir  to  cliooHc  one  of  tlu'ii' own  kinil  lor  this  coniliat.  Tosh  your  Imt  in 
tlic  air,  and  almost  any  of  our  MULrlc-win^rs  will  dash  at  it  and  cifclc 
aroinid  it  as  it  rises  and  fails;  and  the  little  American  copper,  one  of  our 
smallest  liutterHics,  will  dart  at  excry  liulky  ^grasshopper  that  shoots 
across  its  field  of  \ision. 

Some  hutterriies  are  as  fond  of  water,  or  e\cn  of  ordinu',  as  they  are  of 
the  sugared  sw<'ets  of  flowers.  Kvery  one  nnist  liavo  noticed  at  the  hrink 
of  roadside  pools  left  liy  a  recent  rain,  how  the  yellow  huttertlies  will  stmt 
up  at  oncV  approa<'h,  llutter  ahout  a  few  moments,  anil  then  settle  down 
attain  to  their  reiiast.  On  favorahlc  occasions,  von  mav  find  them  ranj^ed 
liy  hundreds  alonjf  the  ed;j;e  of  a  puddle,  with  win<,'s  erei-t.  crowded  as 
closely  HH  they  can  he  packed,  'i'lie  little  azure  ItutterHies  eoiigre<j;nte  in 
the  same  way  ahout  moist  sjiots  in  the  roads  through  woods ;  hut  as  tluy 
choose  less  fre(|uented  |)laccs,  this  is  not  so  conunon  a  sijrht.  Our  tiger 
swallow-taild  throng  ahout  lilac-lilossoms,  and  liecome  so  intoxicated  that 
on  ow  occasion  a  friend  of  uuiw  caught  sixty  of  thcn>  at  once  hetwoen  his 
two  hands;  and  Haron  tells  the  story  (Nature,  xxix  :.'tO."»)  of  two  kinds  of 
swallow-tails  in  .Madagascar  which  evidently  suck  moisture  from  the 
ground  for  the  mere  pleasure  of  the  thing,  alighting  hy  a  stream  of  water 
and  ejecting  the  water  hehind  aa  fast  as  it  takes  it  in  in  front ;  on  one  occa- 
sion about  a  salt  spoon  of  what  was  apparently  pure  water  was  caught 
from  the  alicl'uninal  flow  in  ahout  five  minutes  ! 

The  hutterHies  I  have  mentioned  show  an  a|)parent  fondness  for  each 
other's  company,  apart  from  the  attractions  of  the  Howers  or  the  nniddy 
road;  indeed,  there  are  very  few  huttertlies  which,  at  the  time  of  their 
greatest  abundance,  do  not  show  a  tendency  to  congregate.  The  mon- 
arch, or  milk-weed  butterfly  (vVnosia  plexi[)pus)  for  example,  may  he  seen 
(juite  by  himself,  sailing  majestically  over  the  fields,  until  late  in  the  sea- 
son, when,  having  nudtiplied  to  excj'ss,  vast  swarms  are  foMiid  together  ; 
together  they  mount  in  the  air  to  lofty  heights,  as  no  other  butterfly 
appears  to  do,  and  pluy  about  in  ceaseless  gyrations  ;  and  sometimes  they 
crowd  so  thickly  uj)on  a  tree  or  hush,  as  by  their  color  to  change  its  whole 
appearance ;  occasionally  we  hear  of  the  migrations  of  huttertlies  in 
swarms,  but  they  are  of  rare  occurrence,  and  have  mostly  been  observed 
in  the  tro|»ics.  Mr.  W.  Kdwards,  however,  relates  how,  from  the  top  of 
Pegan  Hill,  in  Xatick,  Massachusetts,  he  saw  such  a  moving  swarm  flying 
steadily  for  hours  in  a  single  direction.  They  passed  too  high  for  recogni- 
tion, although,  by  his  description  of  their  si/e  and  their  mode  of  flight,  it 
was  probably  the  same  butterfly  which  wo  have  just  mentioned. 

The  movements  of  butterflies  on  the  winy:  are  as  difl'erent  as  the  flights 
of  birds,  and  just  as  an  ornithologist  may  distinguish  many  birds  by  their 
mode  of  flight  when   their  form   and  colors   are  indistinguishable,  so  the 


I, 

m 

1 
I 


)!:!' 


im 


'•%;.' 


494 


TIIK  BUTTKKFLIKS  OF  NKW   KX(;LAXI). 


Sip-. 


obstTvant  cntDniologLst  may  often  ik'tcnnine  a  ImttorHy  from  a  consider- 
able distance.  In  the  case  of  tlic  entomoloj>i!<t,  however,  the  decision  is 
more  difticnlt,  since  there  are  siicJ!  rai»i(l  rephicemcnts  of  one  species  hv 
another  throughout  the  summer  tiiat  direct  comparison  of  tiie  fligiit  of 
simihir  species  is  often  im[)ossil)le. 


«l.' 


{    W4 


Junonia  cnnnia  IKilm.,  Saiinnl.  oxol. 
M'luuott.,  Lc'p.  i.  rap.  i.  Xyiiipli.  vi,  Ilaiiiinlr. 
B..siinpl.  i,  ti^'s.  1-4 (ISdi!);— Mon-.,Syn.  Lop. 
X.  .Viiier.  l)l-Oi  (IStH);— ScikUI.,  I'.-yclic,  ii: 
27IW77  (1S,S0) ;— I'Vrii..  Unit.  Mi'..  (i-J  ( lss4)  ;— 
Freiirh,  Hiitt.  east.  I'.  S.,  -JDO-ioi,  lii'.  ,-)(i  (\m<) . 

\''anessa  cicnin  Hdisil.-Li'C,  I.O11.  Amcr. 
sept..  ltt2-lS4,  pi.  4'.),  ti-s.  1-4  (18;!:!). 

PdliiUo  I  '•ylhin  Smith- .Vlil).,  Lcp.  iii>.  Ga., 
i:  l.VKi,  pi.  8(1797);— Al)l).,  Draw.  ins.  (ia. 
Brit,  mus.,  vi  :30,  tigs.  ".0-;!l ;  xvi  :S.  tal).  'Js. 

I'o/i* »■*«/(«•  Uii«(i>ars)  Goi.I.,Eiic'Vl1.  iii(?tb.. 


JUNONIA  COENIA.— The  buckeye. 

[The  hr.ckoyo  (Uolirciis);  the  biiekeye  Initterlly  (.Maynanl);  Lavluia  hiittcrlly  (llan'is);  the 
large  eyci!  Juiiuiiin  (Seiulder).j 

i.\:2'.»:>,  ;il8-,119  (ISIO). 

C'Pilliialririnid  Ilarr.,  Ilitelio.  Hep.,  jjOO 
(lS.-!3). 

Jnu'inin  laciniti  Kdw.,  Syii.  X,  Anier.  iiutt., 
•Jl(ls71);-MMill..  I!cp.iiis."lll.,  x:S7(I.S!^l);— 
Mayll.,  Hiitt.  X.  !•:.,  2IV21,  pi.  :i,  li,i.'s.  2;),  23a 
(ISS(i). 

FiiriMcd  lpy  AMmt,  Draw.  iiis.  (ioo.  (leinler 
Coll.  Host.  M>c.  iiat.  hist..  U;— Glov.  III.  N.  A. 
Lep..  pi.  I!;!,  liir.  II),  iiied. 

[Xcit  I'ap.  laviiiia  Cram.,  nor  I'ap.  orilhya 
Linn.] 

I've  wateheil  you  now  a  fnll  half  hour. 
Solf-|ioiseil  npon  that  vellow  llowcr: 
And.  little  lintterlly:  imUed 
1  know  not  if  yon  slei'p  or  fi'ed. 
How  motionless  1— not  frozen  seas 
More  motionless!  and  then 
What  joy  awaits  you.  wlien  the  lireeze 
Hath  found  yon  liut  anjoiiv;  the  trees, 
And  ealls  you  forth  a.itaiu  I 

WouDswoitrit,  — 7'o  II  liiiticrif:/. 

Imago  (14:  lo).  Heiid  covered  with  brownish  white  and  [lalc  tawny  hairs,  below 
and  behind  the  lower  half  of  the  eyes  with  whitish  hairs  ami  scales,  behind  the  upi)cr 
half  of  the  eyes  with  pale  brownish  scales,  followed  by  tawny  hairs  ;  palpi  beneath  and 
on  the  basal  portion  of  the  sides  dull  white ;  from  the  middle  of  the  outside  (>f  the  nild- 
dln  joint  outward  a  broadeniu!;  patcli  of  rather  pale  brown,  oxtendinjr  over  the  M-hole 
exposed  upper  surface,  witli  a  few  interniin!,'led  ruddy  scales;  a|)ieal  joint  still  darker 
on  the  sides  and  above;  antennae  clay-brown  above  and  on  sides,  whitish  beneath,  alouK 
the  inner  inferior  surface  bare  in  a  irradually  increasinir  Inlemis  stripe,  conunencini; 
with  a  broken  line  in  the  nddiUe  of  tlie  basal  half,  and  increasing  to  the  whole  width 
of  the  antenna  at  the  base  of  the  club;  club  blacKisli  above,  blackish  fuscous  bi'low. 
the  basal  third  irreenisl)  clay  brown  above,  luteous  below,  the  apical  two  joints  more 
or  less  and  intcrrnpt(>dly  luteous;  papillae  of  tontine  (61 :  ;iO)  lonj?  oval,  not  more 
tliau  half  as  broad  airain  in  the  middle  as  at  the  ends,  four  or  live  times  as  lona  as 
broail,  fully  as  louii  as  half  thewidth  of  the  tonaue,  the  Ri)lcal  rim  entire,  situated 
only  !/ii  the  extreme  taperiuii  ai)ex  of  thetoni.nie,  in  a  very  o|)en  row  down  the  middle 
of  the  under  side  of  each  maxilla,  jiiv  iuy;  room  for  un-eral  nw)re  between  each  pair. 

Thorax  covered  above  with  mou-e-brown  and  fnlvci-l)rownisli  hair-,,  sometimes  with  an 
cdivaceous  timre,  beneath  witli  brownish  while  or  clay  brown,  sonu'limes  tluired  with 
vinous;  all  the  IcLts  uniform  clay  brown,  thi^  fore  leirs  perhaps  sllirhtly  paler;  spines 
black;  spurs  uniform  lutei.u-;  claws  luteous.  growins;  dusky  toward  the  tip;  paro- 
nychia similar  to  the  claws  but  sometimes  blackish ;  pnlvlUus  !)lack. 

.\bove  J'liiv  fiiiiiK  blackish  lirown.  the  broadly  sinuous  limit  of  the  basal  half, 
a  little  beyond  the  last  divarication  of  the  median  uervnre,  very  heavily  powdered 


NYMIMIAI-INAK:  JrXOXIA   tOKXIA. 


495 


«itlia  liulitcr  tint,  usually  ilai'l;  irray  bvowii,  soiiu'tiiiu's  dark  olivacoo-lntcoiis;  the 
(••i»tal  I'diri!  nearly  tn  the  tip  olay  Iji'owii;  tlic  l)asc  of  tlio  <'<'ll.  soniotiincs  tinned 
sliiilitly  with  fiilv(ni-i,  is  ..rosscd  l)y  two  similar,  iri'oiiiilar.  transvcrst'  Imrs.  iwWc 
as  l)r(>ad  as  lonir,  "f  orany:e  fulviius.  rather  l,>ruadly  edited  on  the  interior  and  exte- 
rior l)or<lers  witli  black  J  tile  inner  is  seat<'d  ii|)(HI  the  median  nervnre  at  or  a  little 
within  its  tirst,  and  tlie  onter  at  its  second  divarication,  enclosing  the  ba.s(>  of  tlie 
Inferior  subcostal  nervules;  between  tliese  two  bars  tlio  cell  luis  dark  itreeii  retlec- 
tions;  ill  the  outer  purtion  of  tlie  wini:  are  two  une'iiial  ocelli,  the  upper  and  smaller 
sometimes  nearly  or  cinitc^  olisolete.  situated  in  the  lower  subcostal  interspace  shortly 
l)efore  the  middle  of  its  outer  half;  wlien  liest  developed,  it  is  of  the  diameter  of  tlie 
interspaci"  and  is  l)luck,  with  a  rather  pale  l)ln,'  pupii.  and  eiieireled  indistinctly  with 
dull  olivaceo-liiteous;  the  other  ocellus  i-^  evceediii'tly  hirite.  its  centre  in  the  middle 
of  tiie  outer  two-thirds  of  tin;  lower  median  iiiterspac^e.  and.  wiieii  fullest  developed, 
consists  of  a  nearly  circular  black  spot,  both  al)ove  and  lielow,  overreachiiiu;  the 
limits  of  tlie  Interspace  a  little,  with  u  pale  blue  pupil  no  larger  than  that  of  the  upper 
ocellus  ami  a  white  centre;  the  spot  is  encircled  narrowly  with  dull  olivaeeo-luteous. 
sometimes  witli  fulvous,  ami  tliis  with  a  similar  circle!  of  lirownish  black,  jioiierally 
liroadest  on  tlie  interior  side;  in  specimens  where  the  upper  ocellus  is  liesl  developed 
there  is  usually  in  the  succi'cdini;  two  interspaces  above,  small,  vaiiiiely  dellneil.  whitish 
luiiules.  which,  with  the  ocellus,  lie  in  a  line  parallel  to  the  upper  fourth  of  the  outer 
bonier;  the  win;;  is  crossed  l)cy(md  tlie  middle  by  a  broad,  dull  wliitisli  belt,  often 
tinged  with  clayey  brown,  lirokeii  by  the  dusky  nervules.  its  inner  liorder  very  nearly 
p.'irallei  to  the  limit  of  the  paler  l)asal  half  of  the  wing,  and  including  and  usually 
einliraciiig  tile  large  median  ocellus;  its  interior  border  is  formed  in  general  of  two 
irregular  curves  opening  outwards,  the  upper  passing  from  the  middle  of  the  costal 
border  to  the  subcosto-inedian  interspace,  midway  lietweeii  the  centre  of  the  upper 
ocellus  and  the  l)ase  of  the  middle  modhiu  nervule,  the  other  from  tliere  to  the  sulj- 
mediaii  nervnre  just  before  the  middle  of  the  enter  two-thirds  of  the  inner  border. 
s(mietlmes  striking  the  iris  of  the  large  ocellus  at  the  middle  median  iiervnle;  the 
lireadth  of  the  belt  at  its  upper  cxtrrmlty  is  less  than  that  of  the  cell,  and  the  exterior 
liorder  runs  in  a  nearly  straight  liiij  tow  ird  the  middle  of  the  outer  border,  stopjiing 
short  of  it  by  less  than  the  widti;  of  an  interspace,  and  contiiiuing  downward  at  the 
same  distance  from  the  border  to  the  snl. median  nervnre;  lieneatli  Ihi;  large  ocellus 
the  belt  is  broken,  in  whole  or  in  part,  with  dark  brown,  and  the  portion  in  tlic  inedio- 
sulnnediaii  interspace  toward  the  outer  Imrder  is  more  or  less  tinged  with  deep  orange 
fulvous;  there  is  generally  a  tinge  of  fulvous  also  in  the  snlicostal  interspaces,  at  an 
eiiual  ilistauce  from  the  onter  bonier  beyond  the  upper  ocellus ;  two  faint,  parallel,  siib- 
margiiial.  dusky  lines  follow  the  course  of  the  onter  bonier,  one  at  less  tliaii  an  inter- 
space's distance  from  it  and  the  other  half  that  distance,  and  between  the  latter  and 
the  inargiii  the  wing  Is  !  nerally  a  very  little  paler;  fringe  dark  l)rown.  Interrupted 
very  sliijlitly  with  white  in  the  middle  of  the  subcostal  interspaces,  more  partirnlarly 
ill  the  upper  ones  and  to  a  grerter  degree  in  the  median  interspaces.  Iliini  rini/s  of 
the  ^anie  general  tint  as  the  l)ii-ai  half  of  the  fore  wings,  l)iit  uniform  in  texture, 
lieing  of  a  dark,  slightly  diocolale  brown;  at  the  distance  f)f  aliont  an  interspace  from 
tlie  outer  border  tiiere  is  a  slender,  creiuilate.  dusky  stripe,  paraih'l  to  t!ie  outer 
border,  followed  interiorly  by  an  orange  fulvous  band,  liroadest.  and  of  about  the 
width  of  an  interspace,  in  the  middle  of  the  wings,  attenuated  at  eitlier  exlveinity, 
and  not  separated  from  the  brcwn  base  by  a  distinct  outline;  encroaching  to  a  greater 
or  less  degree  on  this  colored  b'liul.  but  almost  entirely  sitiiatiMl  in  tlie  lirown  base, 
are  two  une<pial  ocelli,  the  ii(>per  iminense,  with  its  centre  a  little  aliove  llie  middle. 
a!id  about  at  the  eeiitn^  of  the  lower  snlicostal  interspace,  I'onslstinir,  llrst.  of  a  many- 
colored,  ronndlsli,  or  generally  a  little  ova;e  -iiiot.  its  innjor  axis  sul)para'.lel  to  the 
inner  border  of  tlie  wing,  the  outer  portion  generally  at  least  oiie-lialf  lilaik.  the  Inner 
orange  fulvous,  but  the  middle  covered  tliiekly  with  pale  bluish  scales  (which  cover  a 
larger  or  smaller  space,  but  niver  more  than  half  the  whole  spot,  and  generally  more 
of  the  fulvous  than  the  black),  which  appear  bluish  only  over  the  black,  but  pearly 


1)^ 


I  'Pi 


496 


'rili:   IIUTTKRFLIKS  OF  M:\V   KNGLAXI). 


■■•?t 


iv 


(iviT  the  fulvous,  ijivinK  ti>  the  \vliok'  iiiiddk'  a  powdiTv  bloom;  second  of  nil 
eiiciicliuf;,  ratlier  broad  riu;;  of  yellowish  clay  brown,  soinctlnu's  broader  on  the  inner 
than  on  the  outer  side;  and  third  of  a  similar,  eiiual,  and  very  distinct  riii^  of  l)lack; 
the  whole  ocellus  usually  reaches  from  the  upper  median  to  the  upper  subcostal  nervule, 
l)Ut  sometimes  extends  further  al)ove;  the  lower  ocellus  is  situated  in  the  middle  of 
tliat  portion  of  the  lower  niediau  interspace  which  lies  beyond  the  second  divarication 
of  tlie  median  nervure:  it  tills  it  and  is  similarly  formed  to  the  larjier  one.  its  loii;;er 
diameter  at  ri^llit  aiiv;les  to  tlie  costal  marfrin;  it  usually  lacks  the  fulv<:us  inti'rior 
and  is  much  smaller  than  tlie  upper,  surpassing  only,  and  scarcely,  the  middle  median 
nervule;  tlie  ndife  of  the  outer  border  of  the  wing  is  dusky,  and  the  win^  between 
this  and  the  siil)niarj;inal  streak  already  descrilied  is  olivaceouy  clay  brown,  more  and 
more  iiifn-ialid  mi  the  upper  lialf,  and  marked  throujih  its  middle  liy  a  slender,  cronu- 
late,  dusky  streak;  fringe  dark  brown,  variegated  with  pale  l)rown,  vinous,  and  yel- 
lowish brown,  the  darker  tints  at  the  nervure  tips,  the  paler  at  the  interspaces. 

Beneath;  fare  fhiiis  gray  brown,  more  or  less  tinged  with  ferrnginous.  tiie  fulvous 
bars  in  the  cell  of  the  upper  surface  repeated  more  broadly  and  with  the  addition  of  a 
basal  patch  edged  externally  only  with  l)lack.  liesides  which  tlie  liase  of  the  lower 
median  interspace  and  the  parts  alioiit  it  are  .sometimes  Hushed  with  fulvous;  iietween 
the  l)lack  edged  fulvous  bars,  the  cell  and  the  costal  liorder  above  tlieni  an;  pale  gray; 
the  subcostal  nervure,  as  far  as  a  little  beyond  the  tip  of  the  cell,  broadly  but  thinly 
clothed  with  ratlier  delicate,  recumlient  liairs ;  the  oi'clli  ami  the  broad  whltisli  belt  are 
also  repeated  beneath  the  latter,  generally  a  little  paler,  and  extending  to  the  outer 
and  inner  l)order,  and  thus  completely  enclose  tlie  large  ocellus,  wliicli  not  iufrc- 
<liieiitly  shows  a  Hush  of  pale  fulvous  next  tiie  lower  outer  angle  of  the  wing:  as 
iibove.  the  interior  border  of  the  pale  belt  is  better  delliied  than  the  exterior,  and  Is 
bordered  more  or  less  broadly  with  blackish  fuscous;  the  wing  is  edged  extirnally 
with  ferruginous,  and  at  about  an  interspace's  distance  further  from  the  border  in  front 
than  behind,  is  a  submargiual.  broader,  but  generally  more  or  less  interrupted  and 
crenulate,  ill-detlned.  dusky  stripe,  heaviest  on  the  inedlo-submedian  interspace;  tlio 
Iringe  is  dusky,  >vlth  a  darker  thread  passing  through  the  middle,  beyond  which,  in 
tlie  interspaces,  it  is  interrupted  as  above  with  white.  Hind  iriiii/s  of  the  same  general 
tint  as  the  apex  of  the  fore  wings,  but  sometimes  a  little  brighter  or  darker.  In  some 
females  it  becomes  wholly  and  deeply  tinged  with  vino-ferrngiiions.  but  this  is  generally 
limited  to  a  straiglit.  transverse,  tapering  band,  with  ill-dedned  borders  passing  from 
tlie  middle  of  the  outer  half  of  the  costal  border  toward,  but  scarcely  reaching,  a 
lioint  just  above  the  anal  angle,  and  which  includes  at  its  outer  border  two  eiiual  and 
rather  small,  circular  ocelli,  luie  in  the  lower  subcostal,  the  other  in  the  lower  niediau 
interspace ;  these  are  often  rather  obscure,  but  soiiietimcs  bright  and  distinct,  and  then 
occiiiiy  nearly  the  width  of  the  interspace,  and  are  formed  similarly  to  the  larger  one 
ill  the  fore  wing,  except  in  having  usually  more  bine  in  the  centre;  in  llie  interspaces 
between  them  and  in  the  upper  subcostal  interspace,  are  little  brown  dots,  In  a  regular 
series  with  the  ocelli,  occasionally  In  the  interspaces  bordering  the  upper  ocellus. 
deviio|)ing  into  niinute  ocelli,  patterned  after  that  between  them,  and  then  touching 
its  border;  occasinnaily  the  spot  In  the  njiper  subcostal  only  develops  in  this  way; 
an  Irregular,  crenulate  tlireail  of  dark  ferruginous  crosses  the  wing  just  beyond  the 
middle,  and  sometimes  marks  the  limits  of  the  tapering  stripe  where  the  latter  is 
broadest;  it  starts  fvimi  the  co.stal  nervure  opposite,  a  little  beyond  the  middle  of  the 
( ostal  border,  and  pass<!s  in  a  nearly  straight  general  direction  (always  removed  a 
little  toward  tlie  basi>  in  the  lower  subcostal  interspace,  and  from  the  base  in  the  next 
interspace  below  J  toward  the  middle  or  a  little  beyond  the  middle  id'  the  outer  two- 
Ihlrds  of  the  medlo-submedian  Interspace,  where,  nearer  the  subniedian  tliau  the 
median,  it  is  bent,  with  a  rounded  curve  at  right  angles  toward  the  Inner  border,  and 
dies  out  before  reaching  the  Internal  nervure;  it  crosses  the  upper  median  interspace 
just  beyond  Its  extreme  base;  wiliiiu  this  line,  and  especially  about  midway  between 
it  a  id  the  base,  the  wing  is  crossed  by  a  number  of  slight,  more  or  less  distinct,  curv- 
ing, transverse  streaks  of  a  similar  color;  tliey  arc  particularly  to  be  noticed  in  tlio 


k\ 


NYMl'HALINAi;:  .UNOXIA  COKMA. 


497 


middU'  tliinl  of  llie  ci-U  iiiul  in  two  siiiall.  tnpcrini,'  st^i|)l■^<  clcpi'iiilini;  from  the  costal 
boi'dcf.  fiiii-  at  about  miihvay  ln'twocii  tlio  base  ami  the  cxtra-moiiil  thread,  and  the 
other,  which  sometimes  almost  crosses  the  wiiifj,  midway  between  the  llrst  and  the  lat- 
ter; at  about  an  interspace's  distance  from  tlie  outer  border,  bnt  approachinjr  nearer 
to  it  at  till'  I  xtremlties,  and  especially  next  the  anal  an;;lo.  is  a  re;:ular.  transver>e, 
creinUate  lliread,  still  of  the  same  color,  but  often  Mifn^cated.  the  crenulations  open- 
inir  inward  in  the  interspaces;  between  this  and  the  extra-mesial  thread  tlu'  win?!  is 
often  a  liltle  deepi'r  in  lint  than  elsewhere,  even  when  the  transverse  band  which  icen- 
erally  occnpics  a  portion  of  it  is  not  present  at  all:  and  onlside  of  it  the  wlnir  is 
paler,  a  tint  which  sfimetimes  reaches,  with  the  exception  of  this  thread,  to  the  trans- 
verse band  ;  the  outer  edsio  of  the  wini;  is  also  ferrii^tinou- :  fringe  irenerallv  p.nler 
tlian  on  the  fore  winjis,  es])ecially  on  tlic  upper  half  of  the  wiir_'. 

Altdomen  above  black,  covered  at  base  by  louil,  fulMi-olivacenns  hairs  ami  on  the 
uipper  portion  of  the  sides,  especially  on  t lie  api<'al  half.  l)y  a  few  oramre  scales  ;  beneath, 
of  the  color  of  the  under  surface  of  the  wimt^.  .\ppi'nda;;es  of  mah' (33  :  ■"■o)  :  upper 
oraan  with  the  sides  i>(  the  base  of  the  hook  so  slronudy  couipri's^ed  that  a  deep  triau- 
irular  hollowiuLr  occurs  above  at  tlie  base ;  apical  two-lifths  slronirly  curved  downwards, 
aluiost  al  a  riu;hl  auiile.  sliithtly  taperiuir  a>  viewed  from  llu'  side  and  a  little  excised 
beneath  next  the  pointed  tip.  t'lasp..  very  thin,  exceplinu:  above,  broader  apically  than 
basally.  the  posterior  edifc  sliatitly  convex,  tlu'  snpeiior  Iplade  nearly  straiirht.  taperiuir 
l)nt  sliiilitly,  rounded  at  the  extrendty.  both  upper  and  under  ed-ies  stronsjtly  incurved, 
just  before  the  I'Xtninity  furnished  on  the  inner  side  willi  a  recurve<l,  deprcsT-ed, 
pninled.  faleif(M'm  lootliand  a  few  doxvnward  incurved  prickle-.  Interior  tlnirer  liidden 
In  the  sliealh  of  the  blade,  scarcely  naehintr  il~  lip. 


Measurements  in  millimetres. 

.M.M,i;s, 

1  KM. U.I- 

s. 

Length  uf  touffiic,  10.5  nnn. 

Smallest. 

.Vvcrage. 

l-arjrest. 
2:,.') 

2!? 

.Smallest. 

IT. 
T.2.-) 
'},'' 
2/].') 

Average 

'■>.i 
3, 

1  liargest , 

III..-. 
!!..■) 
li..') 
1,S 

•J  I..') 
IJ, 

s, 
2,2 

'    ;ii)..T 

anteiMiae 

Iiind  tibiae  and  tarsi 

fure  tibiae  and  tarsi 

l:!.V. 
HI. 
1       .•!.2.') 

iJex'ribed  I'mm  mure  than  ;!0  speeinien-. 

Egg  (64;  in.  Dark  L'reen.  uleaminir;  vertical  rib>  ten  in  nuiiilier.  stroniily  inu:- 
pressed.  lauiiuati'.  not  very  Idirh.  inci'i'a-in^r  -liy:htly  in  lieiiiht  toward  tiu'  snmniil  : 
cross  lines  very  siiiiht  and  faint  and  frenui'nt.  cro-.inu;  also  tiie  verliciil  ribs.  Ileiirhl. 
,."(11  mm.;  breadth,  .ill  mm.:  irrealest  distance  apart  of  vertical  ribs,  .id  min.  De- 
scribed from  Florida  specimens  in  lilyceriue;  the  heiirlit  may  be  too  small   for  nature. 

Caterpillar      f'ii:<l  nhii/i-.     Head  black:  body  dark  irray. 

.Vrciii/f/  siihj. .  Head  plccoiis.  the  summit  <t(  each  lieuii-pliere  sliLrhtly  pro<lui'ed  to  a 
blunt  cone,  and  all  furni-hed  with  many  very  hnii;.  black  hair-  arisiuii  from  p;ipillae  of 
same  coior.  liody  dark  irray  with  sordid  white  ••subdorsal"  (iiiley)  and  slii'imilal 
stripes,  the  tubercles  disliuetly  tii|  eriiiir.  almost  or  i|nite  a-  hluh  as  the  leiiu'lli  of  the 
seLTiueiils.  yellow  luteoii-.  witli  a  preapieal  friuire  of  black  thorns,  a  few  ba-;il  ones  and 
a  longer  arcuate  apic!il  thorn  fully  ii-  loiii;  as  the  tulierclo.     I,eii'j;tli.  .'!.,")  mm. 

'J'litfil  stfKin.  Head  a-  befiu^e  but  t  lie  liemisphere-  wit  li  a  di-l  inet  tubercle,  liody 
dark  brown,  the  tubercle-  seareely  ta|ieiiuu;.  luteo-fu-coii-,  tlio-e  of  the   tlloraeie    see- 

ments  distinctly  loniier  than  tl ther-.  ilie  apical  ueedles  sliirhtly  shorter  than  the 

tubercles.     Leiurtli.  ."i..")  mm. 

'I'he  above  are  de-eribeil  from  i.;lyeeriue  \\  iih  -oiiie  addition-  froiii  notes  liy  ('.  V, 
Uiley  anil  \V.  Willfeld.    'I'lie  remainder  from  blown  speciiiu-u-  with  -imilar  aid. 

I'niirth  nl'iijc.  Ile!id  i78:ill)  with  coronal  tubercle-  lilack.  Iln'  papillae  luteoiis  or 
viuo-liiteous,  the  hairs  black;  triamrle  yellow  or  oriin:fe.  iufu-ealed  iit  ba-e.  Kody 
brownish,  the  tubercles  blackisli  t'liscous.  the  apical  needle  hardly  more  than  lialf  as 
lone;  as  the  tubercle.     Leuitth.  I;!  mm. 

l-'it'lh  sliiiic.  Head  i78:il."il  much  a-  ill  the  hi-l.ils  po-ierior  a-pect  fcrriiuiiiioii-. 
Body  brownish  black  In  fieiieral  tone,  made  up  of  a  velvety  black  base  heavily  niol- 


m 


f'l 


-'il 


1,  i 


-i 


Wir 


Mm 


mt 


498 


riii:  lun'TKUFLiKs  ok  n'kw  i;n(;lani>. 


M:  , ' 


I'M.- 


''    : 


»>;.  ; ;"'«.? 


iii  -i^?^'' 


^:^1v 

>■:            !'■    ■ 

'?!, 

A' 

,-:ii^ 

'  -iv-ii-! 

i-f^.. 

1  •-VV, 

tli'il  Willi  (iniiii;-.',  ami  aloim  tin-  >tiij;iiialal  line  with  |iiir|ili~li  .i;i'ay,  fDniiiiii;  tln-iv  a 
lii'iiad  lianil.  'riil)"i'i'lr-i  ^tcrl  blue  al  lia-ii'.  the  liiwcr  Imlf  of  <ti'm  dull  liitroiis.  apical 
liair  lilai-ki-ili  fusiMnis  m-  black,  the  terminal  ^|iimilc  lcs»  than  lialC  as  Win;;  as  the  InliiT- 
elc.     Ucii^tli.  '22  mm. 

l.^ist  sliiijr  (74:  L".t.  :M).  Ilcail  (78;iii:)  as  in  last  siau;<'.  lint  willi  a  metallic  lii'nwii 
■rliiss.  Uiiily  hlack-^ray.  velvety  black  in  a  tniiisvei'se  belt  at  tlie  base?  of  the  s|iiiies. 
mii'ked  with  (ii'aiiuic-yeUow  and  (ii'aniri'  i>n  the  dorsal  as|iecl.  arranged  in  short  traiis- 
vei'.^e  liars  and  dots,  always  surrounded  with  black;  on  the  sides  a  maculate  (loiil>!e 
stiM|ie.  ^tiirmalal  (or  sliirhtly  suprastiyimalal)  and  int'rastiuiiiatal  ol' clay-yellmv.  .\11 
the  tnbercli's'with  a  metallic  lustre,  a  steel  bine  base  anil  an  apex  darker  than  the  more 
or  less  hili'oiis  >tem.  .sti^nitila  brown  with  a  black  rim  and  a  narrow  liirht  brown 
annnlns.     I,en.i;tli.  .i'J  iiiiii. 

Chrysalis  (^83 ;  ."ill.  .")7.  li.VilT).  Head,  thora.x.  bus  and  win;rs  nio.slly  vi'ry  palt; 
dull  salmon  color,  all  but  the  wiiii^s  ami  the  front  o I'  the  head  mottled  hea\ilywith 
pale  urreenisli  brown  ;  tonu:ue  case  dusky  ^reeii ;  antennae  ^ray-brown,  Interrnpted  nar- 
rowly with  blackish;  winiis  mottled  on  the  basal  half  and  alonir  upper  borilerwith 
^ri'ecnish  brown  ami  ornamented  with  a  row  of  sin;ill,  arrow-shaped  black  spots  in  the 
intersp;u'es.  arranged  in  a  row  piirallel  to  the  hinder  border  In  the  midilleof  the  outer 
tliri'c-liflhs  of  the  winy;,  the  spot  In  the  lower  median  interspaci-  imieli  larirer  than  the 
others  and  closed  behind,  enclosing  a  pale  spot;  abdomen  olive  brown  in  min;rled 
blotclu'sof  sli;{htly  darker  and  paler  tints,  ^riviiiv;  it  ii  .soniewliat  variegated  appearance 
under  the  lens ;  across  the  upper  portion  of  the  posterior  half  of  the  fourth  abdoiniiia' 
segment,  stretcliini;  from  spiracle  to  spiracle,  is  an  irregular,  part  tally  disconnected,  nar- 
row band  of  very  pale  salmon,  and  across  the  upp^'r  portion  of  the  posterior  half  of  the 
eighth  soiiment  is  another  similar  but  unbroken  baud,  both  connected  tou;ether  by  a, 
narrow,  mottled,  iloisal  band,  and  the  latter  broadened  by  e.xtendiui;  over  the  whole 
upper  half  of  the  ninth  segineut,  except  where  a  pair  of  oblicpie  blackish  dasliets  cover 
thi'  surfiu'c,  runuiiii;  from  the  dorsal  line  at  the  posterior  o<lge  of  the  seginent  and 
divertfiny:  fonvanl.  .\11  the  tubercles  in  advance  of  tlie  fourth  abdominal  segment, 
exceptiny;  the  dorsal  ones,  are  tlauked  posteriorly  by  a  roundish  cream  colored  patch; 
the  rest  of  the  tubercle  and  all  the  other  tubercles  reddish  with  black  tips.  The  abraileil 
surfaces  of  the  abdominal  sea;uients  are  blue  u;ray  mottled  with  t)rowuish  fuscous; 
spiracles  blaekish  bordered  with  pale  cinereous;  there  is  an  indistinct,  pale  salmon, 
substi;;nnital.  narrow  baud  and  a  broad  but  otherwise  similar  lateroventral  band  ;  ante- 
rior eotfe  of  tlie  head  blackish.  lienjjth,  I"  mm.  ;  ■leight  of  abdomen,  li.-")  mm.  :  iieiglit 
of  thorax.  (1.2  mm.     Described  from  a  fresh  specimen  sent  by  Dr.  ('.  V.  Kiley. 

.Vnotlier  specimen  which  has  been  parasiti/.ed  is  (|uito  dill'crent.  beiuif  wholly  jjtolden, 
the  tubercles  with  a  sliirht  umber  line;  those  of  the  wlna:s  a  little  iiifuscated.  Joints 
of  the  autenuae  marked  snbapieally  with  a  siiuiU  mary;imil  (on  the  club  submarKinal) 
blackish  fiisi'ons  spot  on  either  side;  tip  of  the  tongue  black,  previously  growiui; 
blackish,  .\lonu' the  midiUe  of  the  outer  third  of  the  wlmrs  is  n  row  of  throe  black 
dots  placed  in  intcr^piices.  one  posterior,  appareittly  in  the  medio-submedian.  the 
other  two  anterior,  apparently  in  subcostal  interspaces;  and  in  each  of  the  two  inter- 
spaces between  the>e  two  sets  a  minute  wart  of  the  color  of  the  wiuii:  the  warts 
of  tlie  suprastiy;inatal  and  infrasti;;inatal  abdominal  rows  are  black,  and  there  are  be- 
sides lateroventral  and  subveutrai  rows  <if  black  spots  as  lar;;o  as  the  warts  just 
ineutloiied,  the  former  posteriorly  placed  on  the  fourth  to  sixth  abdominal  se;rments, 
the  latter  centrally  placed  on  the  llfth  and  sixth  abdominal  segments;  a  very  few 
blackish  dots  are  scattered  irregularly  over  the  abdominal  sciiments.  'rubercles  of 
the  pri'anal  button  black,  ('remiisti'r  L'olden ;  the  maritinal  ridae  of  the  under  sur- 
face and  the  middle  of  the  tip  of  tlie  upper  surface  black  ;  booklets  dark  mtilioKaiiy. 
Spiracles  coucolorous  with  the  body.  I^'iigth,  2.j  mm. ;  of  cremaster,  2  mm. ;  widtlt 
at  basal  winjf  tubercles,  s  mm. ;  at  supernumerary  wiiit;  tubercles,  8  mm. ;  at  tip  of 
ocellnr  promlnoiicos,  4  mm. 

Oeographical   distribution  (21  :  2).     Coeiiia  Bccnii^  to  belong  to  the 


i     'U 

i 

\    : 

i: 

i-L>-.  f 

k 


NYMI'HAMXAi;:  .MNONIA   COKNIA. 


499 


{^iroliiiiiin  riiiina,  luit    it    occiipitvs    ultio  tlie   efoiitlicni   third  of   tlic  Allo- 
j^iiiuiian,    wliiTo    it    is    found   in   some   aljiindiince  a.s    tar  as   tiic   annual 
isotlu-rni  nf  ")')',  or  even  51  »^,  it"  not  t'lirtlii-r.     Totlicwcst  it  extends  across 
tlie   continent,  a!tliou<^li    it   lias   rarely   l)ecn    reported   west    it'  tlie  (Jreat 
Plains,  excepting  upon  the  C'alii'urnian    coast.      Southward   it   extends   to 
the  \crv  extremity  of  Fhu'ida  (  Maynard).  and  is  found  sparingly  in  ( 'ulia. 
hut   is   in  great   measure  replaced  hy   an  allied   species.      It    also  occurs 
along  the  shore  of  the  (Julf  of  Mexico  at  least  as  far  as  the  Hio  (Jrande 
(Aaron,  Lintner),  and  has  l)een  taken  at  various  points  ni  Mexico, — at  San 
Luis,  Alvarez  and  the  Sierra  dc  San  Meipiilito,  all  near  San  I^uis    I'otosi 
( I'almei').  at  the  Sierra  Xola  not  far  from  Mexico  (Palinev)  and  at  Cordoxa 
(Salle).      Eastward  it  has  invaded   Ik'rnnida,  and  west  of  New    Kngland 
the  northernmost  points  from  which  it  has  been  reported  are  the  following: 
Long  Island  ((Jraef,  Akhurst,  Smith),  Staten  Island  (Davis),  New  Jer- 
sey (Andrews),  Xewi)urgh,  N.  V.    ( Ldwards),  Chatham,  Kllis,   I^ogan. 
Stratf;n-d  and  I'ort  Stanley,  ()nt.  (Cieddes.  Saunders,  MoHiit,  Denton  )  Day- 
ton, O.    ( Pilate),  northern    Illinois    ( Worthington),    AVisconsin   (Hov), 
and  lowu  (Allen,  Parker,  Oshorn).     There  is  a  specimen  in(ieddes's  col- 
lectiim  taken  in  the  IJocky    Mountains,  north  of  our  boundary  I     In  the 
Sierra  Nevada,  at  Summit  Station,  HaronOsten  Sackcn  took  it  at  a  height 
of  7000  feet,  and  it  is  reported  from  near  Truekee,  Nev.  (Mc(Jlashan) 
and  at  San  Mateo,  (al.   (Agassiz). 

It  is  exceedingly  rare  in  Now  Kngland  and  I  accordingly  (ptote  all  the 
captures  known  to  me.  In  Connecticut,  Prof.  S.  I.  .Smith  has  seen 
several  specimens  from  the  vicinity  of  New  Haven,  taken  the  last  of  Sc|)- 
temhcr ;  Mr.  K,  Norton  has  taken  it  near  Farmington,  and  Mr.  T.  V. 
Mc(!urdy  found  the  species  somewhat  plentiful  one  antunni  in  the  vicinity 
of  Norwich.  In  Rhode  Island,  Col.  T.  W.  Iligginson  reports  several 
from  Newport.  In  Mass'i'jhusetts,  Mr.  li.  Thaxter  has  taken  it  in  the 
western  ,/art  of  the  state;  Mr.  Iknnett  (according  to  Mr.  C.  A.  Kniery) 
captured  a  single  specimen  at  Springfield  ;  ^Ir.  V.  II.  Spraguc  took  speci- 
mens at  (Jranby  ;  Prof.  II.  W.  Parker  took  two  anil  saw  others  at  Amherst 
between  July  25  and  August  4  ;  about  IJoston  it  has  been  repeatedly 
taken  :  by  Mr.  Sprague  at  ^^'ollaston,  Maiden,  Jamaica  Plain  and  in  the 
city  itself,  between  fluly  1<H  and  Se|>tember  IH,  he  having  taken  or  seen 
nearly  a  dozen  specimens  ;  at  Natick  l>y  Mr.  H.  .1.  Smith,  August  17  ;  in 
Weston  and  near  Newton  by  Mr.  Thaxter;  and  l)y  Dr.  Harris  long  ago 
in  Milton,  August  lit.  Mr.  Sanborn  took  it  in  early  August  on  ('a|)e  Cod, 
1  took  one  there  on  the  12th  of  that  month,  and  there  is  a  specimen  in  the 
Cami)ridge  Museum  collected  at  Taunton  by  Mr.  Pepper.  In  New  Ilamp- 
shi;'e  I  took  a  specimen  many  years  ago  at  Hampton  IJeach,  on  August  12. 
then  the  northernmost  point  at  which  it  had  been  found  ;  i)Ut  since  then 
we  have  Mr.  Charles  A.  Davis's  capture  of  three  specimens  at  Portsmouth. 


PT 


500 


THE  BL  TTEUFLIES  OF  NEW  ENGLAND. 


m\ 


Jit 


hi'' 


in  1875  iuul  July  187<!,  Mr.  Tliuxtei'.'^  a  little  t'lirtluT  north  at  ('apc]\Ie(l- 
(lock,  Mo.,  July  .'U,  ltS74,  Mr.  Lynmn's  at  Portland,  Me.,  August  11, 
and  even  one  so  tar  north  and  east  as  Uangor,  ^Fe.,  where  Prof.  Carl 
I>raiin  took  a  very  fair  specimen  in  .July,  188;}. 

Haunts.  The  huttertly  seems  to  freiimmt  open  grounds,  the  few  New 
Kngland  speeimens  having  hecn  taken  hi  meadows  and  gardens.  May- 
nard  says  it  prefers  dry,  hot  places  ;  j\i)bott  that  it  frequents  fields  near 
swamps  ;  8})rague,  whose  experience  is  limited  to  New  Kngland,  that  it 
seems  to  prefer  meadows  and  low  lands  to  higher  ground.  Most  of  the 
Xew  Kngland  captures  have  heen  within  sight  of  the  sea,  where  in  marshy 
spots,  one  of  its  favorite  food  [)lants,  the  Gerardia,  best  flourishes.  I  have 
only  seen  it  close  hy  the  sea  shore  in  dry  arid  sjwts. 

Food  plants.  The  favorite  food  plant  of  the  caterpillar  appears  to  be 
Gerardia  purpurea  Linn.,  one  of  the  Scrophulariaceae,  on  which  Abbot 
represents  it  as  feeding,  in  the  British  Museum  drawings  ;  but  it  also  feeds, 
according  to  the  same,  on  Linaria  canadensis  Spreng.  another  of  the  same 
family.  Next  to  these  come  the  Phuitagos,  it  having  been  found  by  icveral 
pMsons  on  Plantago  lanceolata  Linn.,  and  on  what  was  thought  to  he 
P.  virginica,  according  to  Kiley ;  Dr.  Wittfeld  also  found  it  in  Florida, 
feeding  on  Ludwigia  alternifolia  Linn.,  one  of  the  Onagraceae. 

Larval  habits  and  duration  of  early  stages.  Accordin.r  to  Mr. 
lliley  the  caterpillars  spin  no  web  but  feed  on  the  outside  of  the  leaf,  and 
in  the  early  stages  at  least  on  the  under  surface,  which  in  devouring 
they  reduce  to  a  skeleton.  Dr.  Wittfeld's  observations  in  Florida  in  June 
ami  July  show  that  the  egg  state  in  the  second  and  third  broods  lasts  about 
four  days,  the  larval  about  twenty-five,  and  that  the  chrysalis  hiings  about 
a  week.  Abbot's  observations  of  the  earliest  and  latest  broods,  however, 
show  that  in  Georgia  the  chrysalis  then  hangs  fully  twice  as  loiig,  from 
15-17  days. 

Life  history.  There  are  several  broods  of  this  species  in  the  south,  the 
butterfly  hibernating.  At  least  buttei-flies  are  found  throughout  the  win- 
ter in  west  Florida  (Chapman),  and  they  have  been  taken  in  eastern 
Florida  in  February  (Burgess,  Schwarz),  March  (Schwarz,  Scudder,  Pal- 
mer) and  April  (Palmer,  Schwarz).  The  eggs  must  be  laid  early  in  the 
spring  for  Abbot  records  the  imago  from  chrysalis  on  May  4  in  (Georgia, 
and  Mr.  Atkinson  took  a  fem.ale  just  out  of  chrysalis  in  S.  Carolina  as 
early  as  April  H.  Dr.  Wittfeld  in  central  Florida  obtained  the  imago  on 
June  23,  from  eggs  laid  May  18  (probably  the  second  brood  of  the  sea- 
son in  that  place),  and  again  on  July  1(5  from  eggs  laid  June  11.  An- 
other summer  brood  is  indicated  in  the  U.  8.  agricultural  department  notes 
by  caterpillars  andehrysalidsol)taincd  by  Comstoek  in  Alabama  the  last  of 
August,  from  which  the  butterflies  emerged  the  4th  and  5tli  of  Septend)er, 
and  Dr.  Chapman  had  one  emerge  September  9th  in  Appalachicola.     Per- 


NY.MrilAl.lNAi;:   JIXOMA   COKXIA. 


501 


l^l;)^  tlierc  U  .still  iiiiotlior  bnioil,  .;.-<  in  (ieorgiii,  i)y  Altixtt's  notes,  a  Imttcrtly 
enicrjjred  from  the  elirvsalis,  iit'tor  Iiiinjrinfr  si  f'ortnii.'lit,  on  Oetolier  14,  i)iit 
iu'conliiif!;  to  Dr.  Cliiipnian  tlie  autnnni  hrood  does  not  lieeonie  nniner- 
ous  nntil  curly  in  <)<'tol)er,  and  hnttertlies  continnc  to  enierjre  until  the 
middle  of  that  mont'.i,  and  are  al)niid,int  until  N'ovemher.  Doulileday,  who 
ohseived  it  in  Florida  and  elf<c\vliere.  says  it  is  "two-hrooded,  the  autmn- 
nal  i)ro()d,  hyhernatini^,  and  li'ivint;  rise  to  a  ijroad  of  larvae  which  are 
i'ull  ii-rown  in  April,  and  of  which  the  jjcrfcct  insect  appears  early  in  INfav." 
Miss  Murtfeldt  found  parasitized  cifffs  fjjivinj:;  out  the  parasite  on  Aii^nist 
2S  in  .Missouri,  so  that  it  is  prohalilo  thecg<;sarc  laid  there  ahont  the  nn'd- 
dle  of  that  nionih  ;  three  were  found  "deposited  at  the  tips  and  on  the 
luider  side  of  as  many  leaves"  of  (Jcrardia. 

It  is  possihie  that  there  are  two  hrood.s  at  the  north  ;  as  the  hutterHy 
has  heen  found  in  New  Kngland  by  far  most  frequently  in  the  latter 
half  of  .\u}^ust  and  in  Septeml)er,  there  is  every  reason  to  helieve  that 
here  too  the  butterHy  hihernates  ;  and  the  numher  of  specimens  taken  and 
tha  occasional  capture  of  a  July  butterfly  in  a  fresh  condition  suggests  that 
the  butterfly  sometimes  survives  the  winter,  and  that  the  July  butterflies  are 
their  descendants  ;  of  a  spring  brood,  howe'ser,  there  are  no  signs  whatever, 
the  earliest  recorded  capture  being  Jidy  18.  Probably  all  the  August 
specimens  belong  to  this  brood.  It  is  possible  indeed  that  there  is  but  a 
single  brood,  the  later  fresli  specimens  beii;g  the  laggards  of  a  butterfly 
that  has  ventured  too  far  north.  But  it  seems  to  me  most  probable  that  all 
the  July  and  early  August  specimens  arc  inunigrants  from  further  south, 
and  the  Septcndjcr  brood  the  only  one  born  in  New  England,  except  in 
its  southernmost  portions ;  in  that  case  we  must  suppose  that  all  the 
hibernators  perish.  The  fact  that  a  specimen  has  been  taki'U  in  July  as 
far  north  and  cast  as  Hangor,  where  it  can  scarcely  be  believed  to  be  indi- 
genous (or  it  wtuld  have  been  seen  again),  the  absence  of  a  spring  brood 
and  the  known  powers  of  flight  of  the  butterfly  seem  to  make  the  migra- 
tory hypothesis  the  ntore  probable ;  against  it  there  is  only  the  freshness 
of  some  of  the  July  butterflies. 

Habits,  etc.  Thebutte-fly  has  a  rapid,  strong  and  enduring  flight, 
and  according  to  Mr.  Sprague  is  fond  of  the  flowers  of  the  golden  rod. 
Doubleday  says  its  flight  is  "somewhat  like  that  of  Pyrameis  cardui  or 
still  more  that  of  Kuptoieta  claudia." 

Parasites.  A  species  of  Apanteles,  A.  junoniae,  has  i)een  found  by 
Dr.  Kiley  on  this  caterpillar,  and  Aliss  Min-tfeldt  discovered  that  it  has  an 
egg-parasite,  but  no  specimens  are  preserved. 

Desiderata.  It  is  i)lain  that  the  sketch  given  above  of  tlie  annual  his- 
tory of  this  butterfly  is  liable  to  much  modification  from  futiu'c  investiga- 
tion, which  we  hope  may  be  brought  forward  at  an  early  day  ;  we  can 
hardly  expect  to  become  confident  about  the  New  England  history  of  an 


■i  ■    -&'  J 


w 


^fm: 


''I 

:>> 

I  of 
•'  f 

'A' 


•■!■ 


502 


THE    BUTTERFLIES  OF    NEW  EN(iLAN'I). 


insi'ct  here  (*(>  rare  without  ii  knowledjio  of  tlie  clianjfCM  in  its  history  in 
psistiing  tVoni  south  nortliwanl  ahinjr  the  Atlantie  coast.  Meantime  the 
date  nntl  phicc  of  eaptiire,  sex  and  condition  of  every  specimen  taken  in 
New  Enghind  siioidd  l)e  recorded.  Kspccially  are  observations  needed  in 
soutiiern  v'onnecticiit  and  New  Jersey.  AVe  have  no  a('(|uaintance  witli 
tlie  flifrlit  or  |iostiircs  of  tlic  l)ntterHy,  nor  much  with  the  lial)itsi  of  tlie 
cater])iihir,  or  tiic  place  selected  for  the  c<;g ;  and  wliilc  we  know  that  it  is 
attacked  l)y  at  least  two  parasites,  the  rest  lies  in  oliscurity.  Wv  need  also 
better  dcserii)tions  of  the  earliest  stages  and  especially  the  characteristics 
of  the  juvenile  caterpillar. 

LIST  OF  ILLL'srilATWSS.-.IUXOSLX  VOKSIA. 


Kijii. 
PI.  (H,  lijr.  14.     riain. 

(Aitcrinllur. 
I'l.  71,  Ii!.'.  20,  ao.     .Mature  oiitoriiilliu-. 

7S:r)4-00.    Front  vii'\v>  of  licml  in  stiiscs 
iv-vi. 

Clirnsiilin. 
i'l.  83,  fi;;.  ')C>.     .Side  view  in  outline. 

.")7.     Dorsal  view  in  outline. 
(>5-U7.     Side  vie\v>. 


Imnf/f). 
ri.  14,  H^'.  In.     Mule.  Iiotli  surfaeo. 

ri:i:;i(l.     Male    alMliiniinal  appemlauo. 

.">8:  14.    N'enratiiin. 

5;!:  8.     Side  view   of  lieail  anil  appon- 

(lajres    (■nlarf;cil,    with    details  of  tlie 

striK'Inre  of  the  lei.'s. 

(U  ; ;;(!.     I'lipilla  of  foniruo. 
(ienciiil. 
I'i  .1.  tiL'.  2.     Distriliution  in  N'ortli  .Vnieriia. 


tribp:  aegynnidi. 

FRITILL  ARIES. 


.Vrgynnidi  (pai>)  Stepli.;  Arirynniles  (pars) 
Blaneli.-Hnillt;  Argynnidae  (pars)  Dup.; 
Arjiynnitae  (pars)  L\ieas;  Ar};yMnidcs(par.s) 
Bruand;  Arjiynnoides  (pars)  Kocb. 

rapiliones  iioljiles  Woin.  \'erz. 


Dryades  Borkhauscn. 
Miiites  (pars)  Ilcrbst. 
I'crlati  (pars)  L.itrcille, 
.Spinosae  (pars)  GncuOe. 


Lo,  tlie  briglit  train  tlieir  radiant  wii  jrs  unfold ! 
With  silver  fringed,  and  freckled  o'er With  gold  : 
On  the  gav  tiosom  of  some  fra}.'rant  fl  iwcr 
Thcv  idly'tlnttering  live  tlieir  little  licur; 
Their  life  all  pleasure,  and  their  task  all  play. 
All  spring  their  age,  and  sunshine  all  their  day. 

Mas.  Bauu.vl'Ld. 

.  .  .  from  tlieir  deepest  dells 
Tlie  Dryads  come. 

.1.  TAVr.OK. 

Imago.  Head;  club  of  autennne  short,  subspatulatc,  very  distinctly  marked, 
irreally  depressed,  scarcely  more  tlian  twice  as  loii^  as  broad.  I'alpi  larse  with  a 
bushy  mass  of  often  elonirated  scales,  tlie  terminal  joint  very  short,  from  onc-sixtli  to 
one-twelfth  the  leiiixth  of  the  penultimate. 

Tliorax  :  llrst  sn|ierior  subeoslal  nervulc  of  the  fore  wings  arisini;  l)efore  tlie  tip  of 
the  cell;  the  second  at  or  somewhat  beyond  the  tip.  occasionally  a  little  Ijcfore  it;  the 
third  and  fourth  beyond;  cell  closed  in  our  ftenera,  and  llie median  nervure  connected 
beyond  its  second  dlvarieatlon  with  the  vein  closing  It.  Precostal  nervure  of  hind 
wiuiis  orleinatini:  beyond  the  divarication  of  the  costal  and  subcostal  uervnres;  cell 
closed.     Tibiae  anil  tarsi  clothed  above  with  spines;    terminal  tarsal  joint  furnished 


iiWirgrara 


NYMI'IIAI'-NAK:    Till:  TlilMK   AKdYNNini. 


503 


li  ■ili'illli  willU'dm' row^  1)1' >|;iii"-.;  I'cii'f  l;il'>i  (iT  tin-  I'l'mMli' iltililllv  consul iiii;  of  the 
jciliits  1111(1  liciicnilly  riinilslu'il  \\\l\\  spini-.  ii^  vvcll  its  »|iiii'-.  l!ii'  h\>\  Jdiiil  mmriiii'il. 

Aliildiiii'ii  witli  nil  till'  li'i'iiiliial  piivls  liii'ircly  il('\  clnpiMl.  -.n  lliat  tlic  ~('\i-<  itrc  n'lulilv 
ilNliiiu'iiUlKihli'  !)>•  tlii'ir  iiu'iiiis.  withdiit  (IcDiiiliilinii,  rppcr  (iiiriin  iiii<l  iMilsps  dI" 
ilbinit  llii'  Mlliii'  si/c>.  the  foniicT  larili-  iiiid  -tinil  :il  llic  l)a-i'.  bi'ariiii;  oiily  a  siiiitli' 
siroiiiily  coMipiv-^siMl,  ilnwiiwanl  cmi'vimI.  nii'dian.  po^i.Tinr  luink.  ('hi>p>  liir;:i'  ami 
ln'oaij.  InMLriliiiliMally  cvtrinlccl.  laprriiiu:  niily  near  llu'  tip.  the  iippiT  prciccss  ciiiilti  il 
from  iii'ar  till' iiimIiIIc  1)1'  the  iippi'i' iiiai'uiii.  aii<l  cxti'iKJiiii;  parallel  to  ami  oftni  par- 
tially covrriiii;  I  lu' uxlri'inity  of  I  lie  <'la»p>;  Il  i>  >iippiirlcMl  oil  111!'  Iiilcrlcir  siirfaco  of 
till'  flasp  liy  a  ricl^r  wliicli  coiiiin'l-.  it-  ha^r  witli  lln'  lower  ha  '■  of  Ihr  clasp,  often  -ier- 
rated.  1111(1  tlieii  ri'-eiiihliiiir  ail  iiiterioi- lliiurr:  tlie  exlreiiie  ti,  if  tlie  cla-p  irellcrall> 
reciiricil  broadly. 

Secondary  sexual  chajaoteiistics.  In  many  cunc-  the  hraiielie-  of  the  median 
vein  (d'  the  fore  \\\nis  arise  from  tlie  main  stem   earlier  in  the  j  than  in  tlie  '}  .  i\- 

IJeakirl  tii'st  (lotieed;  so  in  some  the  vein  elosiiiu;  tin II   of  the  hind  wiiii;  strikes  the 

iiii'dian  vein  fiirtlier  out  in  llie  (^  than  in  the  9  I  i'  i'""'  "f  special  hairs  is  found  near 
the  base  of  tlie  hind  \viii;rs  in  some:  and  tlnally  aiidroeoiiia  are  present  clustered  aloni; 
the  veins,  particularly  the  nieilian  veins  in  the  outer  half  of  the  upper  surface  of  the 
for.>  wlnss;  they  aiv always  present  in  all  the  spocies  of  a  i;eii:is  or  III 'y  are  always 
nbseiit,  and  are  hnifiribhon-slinped  scales,  blaeknt  base.  poUiieid  beyond,  willui  lancet- 
shaped  frin^fed  apex. 

Egg.  Sn^ar-loaf  shaped ;  lint  beneath,  more  or  less  r(nin(le(l  above,  witli  nnmeroiis 
proininent.  loniiitiidinal  ribs,  diiiilnlshiny;  in  number  toward  the  siinimlt  and  crossed  by 
rather  eonspicnons  cross  lines. 

Caterpillar  at  birth.  Warts  of  the  body  iiicoiispicuons.  similarly  arrantred  on 
Ihovacic  and  abdoininal  sc'frnieiits,  and  0(pial;  hairs  exceediiisily  long,  spicnlifevoiis. 
taperin;;,  but  enlariied  at  the  extremity. 

Mature  caterpillar.  Head  not  much  smaller  than  tlio  body  and  not  tumid  above. 
Body  iH'arly  Lvpial ;  scitnients  divided  by  transvers;;  creases  into  a  larger  anterior  and 
one  ov  two  smaller  posterior  sections;  spines  almost  Meshy,  conical,  with  sessile. 
iKjai'ly  horizontal  nei'dles;  and  arranged  In  two  rows  on  nearly  all  the  segments  on 
either  side  of  the  body,  above  the  spiracles,  besides  those  beneath  them ;  no  niedlo- 
dorsalrow:  (Irst  thoracic  scgnient  without  papillae  anteriorly,  but  the  upper  |ialr  of 
spines  usually  longer  than  any  others  on  the  body. 

Chrysalis.  Head  projecting  beyond  and  distin(.'t  from  the  thorax.  Superior 
border  of  the  wings  with  a  secondary  tubenie  as  in  VannessidI;  dorsum  of  nietatlio- 
rax  pretty  regularly  rounded,  carlnate.  but  slightly  the  more  elevated  beyond  the  mid- 
dle. Dorsum  of  abdomen  not  carlnate.  but  w  llh  a  mediodorsal  row  of  small  and  a 
laterodorsal  row  of  large,  sharp,  conical  tnbenies.  tliose  of  the  tiiini  segment  larger 
than  the  others;  creniaster  short. 


i^L-l-w 


Gsneral  characteristics.  Thi.^  group  is  coiniKiscd  of  l)llttel•riie^< 
Viirvinff  from  ti  little  lu'low  to  tKUiiewhiit  iiliovi'  tlio  nu'iliiiin  .size  ;  their 
wings,  rounded  tind  gcneriiUy  nitiier  elongated,  are  fulvous  and  on  the 
upper  surfaee  liordered  and  eiu-iously  te.ssellfUcd  in  lilaek  :  lieneath,  ;•  'm 
the  hind  wing.s  tin;  fulvou.s  tints  are  sonictinies  disgui.scd  or  supjiliinted  liy 
reddish  or  greenish  hues  and  they  are  often  hcantifidly  marked  with  nacre- 
ous or  silvery  spots  in  iransverse  eurving  rows  ;  similar  sjiots  oocur  at  the 
apex  of  the  fore  wings.  The  males  are  often  furnished  with  androconia 
which  cluster  along  the  veins  of  the  outer  half  of  the  front  wing  above, 
and  are  concealed  by  large  cover  scales  giving  the  veins  a  thickened 
apj  earance  which  some  entomologists,  who  do  not  troulile  themselves  to 


504 


rill-;  iirrn;ui'i,ii:s  ok  m;\v  KXiii-ANi). 


rii    ;, 


U'^      • 


S   f   ■! 


h    'I 


;i 


i'i 


m: 


xtiidy  tilt'  striir/urr  iit'  Idittci'tlii'.".  tlioiiirli  tlicy  may  di.-ipiiss  tlicirt'liis.-iHcii- 

tiini,  liiivf  wri)ii;fly  tiikcii  iisrciil.*     Tin;  Hi;4iit  nf  ilic  l)iilt(it!itt<  Ls  t'ur  less 

vi<;(>r()iis  iiiiil  liiis  iiiui'c  <>l'  the    .^ailiii^'   inution   tlian   tliat  of  tlio  pvcviDiis 

^.Toiips  of  N  viii|ilialiiia(',  and  tliev  .H(>id(iiii  ri.se  to  any  licij^lit. 

Distribution,     'riic  tril)i>  is  cominDn  to  lintli  tlie  Old  and  N<'\v  World- : 

ft  is  most  ri(  Idy  r('|in'scntt'd  in  flic  ti'iiipcratc   [larts  of  the  iiortlicrn  licmi- 

spliL'iT,  tlioiiffli  a   i\'w  species  oeenr  in  the  wanner  distriels  of  iVsia.  some 

in  the  iropies  of  the  New  Wm-ld,  and  a  feu  also  in  tin;  teinperato  rejiion> 

of  South    America.      It  may  he  worth   while  here   to  (piote   tiie  fidiowiiij;' 

passajre  from  Dr.    llcriiiaiin    I'xiir    (  I'roe.    Calif,   nead.    se.,    ii  :   17ii)    in 

whi<'li,    however,  it  should  he  remarkeii.  he  uses  the  n'eneric'  term    Ar;:yn- 

nis  to  include,  not  only  tin-  ifeiiiis   ot' tiiat   name   as    ii.>ed    in    the   pri>eiil 

work,  lint  also  S|)eyeria.  Seiiino[».syelie  and  IJrenthis. 

I  may  miMhii'  Uu^  Miiark  Hint  tin-  t;i'o;;ni|)lii(' (llslriliiilioii  uf  tln' iii'iiu-  Ai'vyimi- 
scL'Uis  I'xiii'tly  pariilli-l  !•)  Hint  111' llu' Viiilii.  and  iiiit  iiiily  in  cK/onpyiii!;  tin,'  -anu'  ri'i,'- 
luiiii.  but  uKo  luu  liii;  tlu' ci'iitiv  of  variety  ami  iiiultiplicntiDii  of  s|ii'fk.'s  in  tin'  vi  ry 
I'l'iitri!  of  llio  riMiiinm  Violai'.  Indcfil  we  llnd  tliu  j;r«'iit('»t  variety  of  tlir  I'eiiii-i 
ArLtyiiiiis  and  tlie  ;reiiiH  \'l(ila  in  llic  iinrtliern.  tciiiperate  and  arctie  /.<iiies;  I'nnn  tlnre 
lliey  diinini.-Ii  in  nn:nlii'r.  and  di'^cnerate  ^radniilly  in  o>cnIaiit  ni'iieni.  like  Alidia  and 
('lri'iic'iii'i)a  in  Hie  Old  World.  A;;raiili>.  and  Iviiptoiela  in  tlic  New.  'I'lic  true  Ar_,yi;- 
iiide>  >eein  iicnvlii're  to  pa>s  the  line,  and  i^liiy  far  in  Hie  xmtliern  extreinllies  i<( 
.\ineriea  and  An-lralia.  wliere  Hie  ani.-iretie  repiV'-eiilants  of  Viola  liejiin,  l)ei;in  also  a 
few  seuttered  l)nt  iKiriiial  forms  (d"  .\ruyiini-.  We  know  very  well  that  even  tlie  typi- 
eal  species  of  Ariiyniiis  are  not  ulto^etlier  restricted  to  Hie  iieiiiis  V'ioln.liiit  mvertiie- 
less  there  exists  an  liiliiuale  coiinietioii  lietwceii  this  eiitoin(dcii;ical  and  iMilanieal 
ifeiius  that  makes  Ihelil  not  only  coiiieide  in  their  ;feni;raphical  disti'ibiition,  Iml  >liows 
i'tseif  even  in  the  oseiiiant  lieiiera  of  tlie  tropics  Hiat  feeil,  as  niiieli  as  >ve  eniild  a-eer- 
taiii,  on  I'arietales— Hi.'it  is,  on  rilatiniisof  the  Viola  trilies.  So  Enplui.'ta  elainlia  and 
.\:;raiilis  vaiiillae  live  in  the  larva  stale  on  species  of  I'assiilorae :  and  we  once  raised, 
in  Manila.  Cilliosia  iii-nlaris  fnnn  ii  cateriiillar  we  liail  found  on  a  species  of  lUack- 
wellia. 

Early  stages  and  history.  Tiio  ejr,i,'.s  in  this  <rninp  are  snirar-hiaf 
sh.ipt'd  willi  nmncroiis  rather  coarse,  vertical  ril).s  united  hy  somewhat  con- 
spicuous, t're(pieiit,  raised  eros.s  lines.  They  arc  laid  sinjj;ly,  often,  appar- 
ently, hum'  after  the  eclosion  of  the  parents,  and  the  caterpillars  liatchinii' 
therefrom  ne\i  r  construct  nests,  nor  live  in  comiiany,  generally  coneeal- 
inji'  themschcs  hy  day  and  feeding-  hy  nif^'ht.  They  are  generally  very 
active  when  tiicy  move,  Imt  on  the  other  hand  •  .my  specie-  are  .suhjeet  to 
attacks  of  dormancy  or  lelhariiy,  often  in  midsimmu'r,  which  does  noi 
ajipcar  to  atl'ect  all  individuals  alike,  some  arousino- i'rom  it  at  widely  diifer- 
eut  intervals  from  others.  They  resemhle  the  caterpillars  of  the  prcced- 
iiu^  groti|)  hut,  in  [ilacc  ot'  spiny  thorns,  the  liody  is  provided  with  regular 

ries  of  rather  taiierino,  fie-hy  promineui't's,  hcset  with  divergent  needles; 


80  r 


a  verv  .siiii 


*   "Tlie   mail's   ot  the  lai'^'e  species   of   the  Orlliopteia.  the  Aelictidae  pi 

Arsryiinidae   have,  as  as  a  ^exual   eharaeleris-  iiai' Ipeenliiirily,  the  '  elyli'on  having' tliiekeiied 

tie,  a  dilatatiun  of  one  ur  more  nf  the  eeiilral  ami  seriated  rays,"  etc  I   Kane.   lairop.  linll. 

rays    of  the    fure    wiiiirs.  ...  In    the    order  ":!. 


NVMI'IIAMNAK:  TIIK  (iKNKltA  OK  Alt(;V.\NII)I.  505 

tlic  puir  ii|i(in  i\w  Imck  of  tin'  fii'st  tlioraclc  H(';:im'nt  is  very  oltcii  larjriT 
tlmii  tlii^  otiii  !>.  Tlii'V  t'ccil  |»rini'i|iiilly  ii|)()ii  viMlctx.  Tlic  cliry.-'iilid.-  arc 
iiKxlfnitcIy  jiiijxiiliitcd,  ll(ll<Iill^^  as  it  were  a  imsitinii  midway  lii'twccn  the 
[nvci'diii}^  ami  tlio  snccecdinir  trilirs.  Tiu'  species  arc  sdinctiincs  siiijflc 
iinindcd,  soiiii'tiincs  doulilc  Itroodcd  or  more,  and  tlic  liistory  of  tlicliroods 
is  ot'teii  more  i'oin|ilieated,  apparently,  tlian  in  any  other  trilie  of  liiitter- 
Hies,  lar;,'ely  due,  aw  it  woidd  seem,  to  tlic  periodic  oi'  occasional  dormancy 
of  tli<'  caterpillar.  'I'licy  ;i:i'iH'rally  winter  as  JMM'nile.  .•.omctimes  as  half 
ffrovvn  caterpillars,  rarely  or  never  as  eg^s,  chrysalids,  or  full  jrrow  n  catcr- 
[)illars,  lint  perhaps  in  some  instances  as  huttcrtlics. 

'I'lil.li'  of  f/i'iicni  of  .\ni>nntiili.  Iiiisiil  1)11  (In- fii'h  / 

Vcrtiial  lili- vt  TV  iiiiincniiii*,  iiiMrc  tli.iii  lliiity  iiiiiiinilMr Kiiptoieta.  )  /''"    '  y  j.-      t 

ViTtiiiil  riii>  Ic-s  niiiiiirdii",  lid  iiiiiii' tliiiii  l\M'iit\-livc  in  mimlirr.  "        T-^  •  .«^    /,^^**     "^ '      '    <» 

Virliciil  rills  ^'riiiTiiil)^lc»  lliaii  ciirlilicii ;  iirt'  al  nm-l  -rarcrly  lallfflliaii  limail.  ,  J     ^^  , 

!■;-;.' liioadciMTiaTi  tall.  tail,  rill-  r;riMMIy Speyprlii.  // '  "     f'/  '  '  * 

K;:;:  talirr  tliaii  liriiail,  ta|ii  rill;;  iiiM.  Ii-ralcly Ai-fO'iiiiiH.  .    .^  . 

\'(rliial  rlli>  L'riM'nilly  iiiuiv  tliaii  iii.'litc'iM;  ('i.'i.' <iiii,li|iralily  talli^r  lliaii  lirciail.IJrt'iitlils.  >^       ''!■'■•    ' -^      •    ^■^'^     , 

Taljli' of  i/i<iii>rii,  lidsfil  oil  tlir  lolpriu'lliir  lit  liirlh.  '         :  I 

Only  two  Idii^'ituilliial  M'rii'K  iifa|i|i('iiilai.'c>  (111  <j|licr>iilc' alidvr  till' «iiii'ac'li» Kiiptoletn.  ^  .  *  '  *     '  /  V      , 

More  than  twii  Imi^'iliicliiiiil  merit's  (if  a|i|iriiilaj.'i>  mi  lilliir  side,  alidvc  Kiiiiadis. 

ilairs  siiirccly  slciiilcri'r  before ciilar^'cil  tip  Iliaii  al  liase;  twu  liair>  aiNiiii:  fniiii  caili  (if 

the  siiliilorsal  warts S|M-yerlii,  ArKyiiuis. 

Hair-  illstiiictly  tlidiiirli  sli'^hlly  tapering'  tdenliir;,'e(l  tip;  one  liair  ari.«iii^  from  caili  nf  ijic 
siiliildrsal  warts Jirciithis. 

Talilc of  fjnnirn,  himnl  on  the  mntiire  culirpillnr. 

Spinen  fully  sw  Ion;,'  us  the  segments  of  the  liddy. 

fpper  spines  df  first  thoraeie  ,>ie;;inent  l(in;.'er  tlian  the  rest  and  distUutly  enlaiu'ed  at  tiii. 

the  <it hers  eipiiil Kuptoiotu. 

Must  of  tlie  tipper  spines  of  uhdoniiiial  segineiits  a  little  ioii^rer  tlian  tlie  rest,  the  dllicrs 

«M  liiMiuftl THTrr Speycrin . 

All  the  s|iines  df  upper  row  eijual  <ir  suliequni,  and  •iinllar  to  tlie  rest ArKynnis. 

jspiiies  only  ahoiit  half  iih  ioiTjTas  segTiniits  of  body Urvntlils. 

Tahli:  (if  f/eiiera,  biiKeil  on  tlie  rlifi/sn/in. 

Upper  rows  of  tuliercles  on  tlie  aliddmiiial  se^rnients  eipial. 

Front  of  head  reiriilarly  iirdied  between  the  oiVllar  libboiis Riiptoleta. 

Front  df  head  laterally  tubeiiulate between  the  ocellar  ribbinis Spoyorla.  Ai'Kynnig. 

Upper  row  (if  tiibereles  dii  alidiiiiiiiiai  seL'inents  iiiieinial.  thcise  of  thinl  si'^'iiiciit  beiiiu'  larirest 
aud  those  of  fourth  se;.'nieiit  iniiiiite lii-eiithis. 

Table  of  ijonrni,  ),aiti'il  on  tin  iniinjo. 

Seeond  suiierior  subcostal  nervule  of  fore  wiii;rs  arising;  beyond  the  end  of  the  cell. 

Fore  wiii;;s  much  iiniduccd  at  ti|i,  cosTii  well  arched  at  base.iiiiter  inaix'in  except  the  apex 

eonciix  e Kiiptoietu. 

Fore   Willis   not  produced  at   tip,  eosta  scarcely  arched  at  base,  outer  mar^'iii  convex 

lliniii^'hout Ureiitliis. 

Second  superior  subcostal  nervule  of  forewin;;s  arisiiiL'2ief(iiie.tJie  end  of  the  cell. 

Middle  joiut  of  palpUinly  about  ■  'le-foiirth  lon;.'i  i  llian  the  lon;.'est  diameter  of  the  eye... 

Speyorla. 
Middle  joint  of  [lalpi  more  than  tliree-fiiiirth«  loiiu'cr  iliaii  the  Idie^'est  diameter  of  the  eye,, 

ArKyniiis. 


1^ 


M 


-km 


T 


506 


p.;. 

L.-..-f*i»         . 


Ei¥'-X' 


mm 


nil:  i!irn:iui.ii:s  of  m:\v  kniiland. 


KllTOrKTA    DorilLKDAV 


Kiiptiiiilii  nimlil,,  (icn.  IHiiiii.  I.(|i.,  i:  ItW. 


7';//>c.— /'<(/)i7('»)  rhiiiilid  <'riiiii, 

.  ,  .     Ami  the  liusy  fiiiin 
Aiiiiinu  the  ^'iivlv  iln-Msnl  iiikI  prrriiiiiiil  liiilicH 
Klllltcrrcl  llkr  lirillcrlllrs  llllloll).'  tlic  llowiTS. 

l.ii.NtlKKI.I.KW.— '/Vic  S/Kiiiisli  SlH(liii(. 


Imago  (53  ;:!).  llriul  Inru'i'.  prclly  ilciNrly  rlnlhcd  with  loiijjt'f  or  shnvtcr  liftlrt*. 
Kripiil  ('(iitshhTiilply  ln'ciadcr  than  hiirh.  iiiucliTatcly  and  pretty  miifunidy  full,  scarcely 
-iirpa>>iiiii  the  front  of  the  eyi's.  aliove  nnifonuly  ilcprc>s4'd.  the  middle  of  the  npper 
border  project  In Lj  hroadly  lietwcen  llii'  antennae  and  ternilnatlii;;  alirnptly  and  Mpnirely 
ill  a  siialiow,  transverse  ciiannel ;  lower  liorder  well  rounded.  Verti'x  very  lariic, 
about  twice  as  iiroad  as  lonit.  very  tnnild.  slisflitiy  and  niiifiM'inly  elevated  above  tlio 
npper  level  of  the  eye,  the  posterior  liorder  broadly  roniided  and  siljjhtiy  llattened  in 
the  iniddk'.  the  anterior  crowding  between  the  antennae  ami  forininii  a  portion  of  tho 
shelvliii;  channel  between  them.  Kyes  pretty  lnri;e.  pretty  full,  naked.  .Vntcnnae  In- 
serted sllirhtly  In  advance  of  the  middle  of  the  siimniit.  In  deep  pits,  separated  by  a 
space  nearly  ei|nal  to  the  wiiltli  of  the  base  of  one  of  tlicni.  lint  connected  by  a  trans- 
verse ;:iitter  with  shelviiijr  sides,  externally  crowded  close  to  the  margin  of  the  I'Ves ; 
consideraMy  loiiirer  than  the  abdomen,  composed  of  forty-llirce  joints  of  wliicli  tin' 
last  ten  or  eleven  form  the  clnb.  w  hicli  is  stroiiitly  compressed,  ovate  or  siibspatiilate, 
liicri'aslnjr  irradniilly  in  diameter  at  its  origin,  very  broadly  rounded  at  the  tip.  the  last 
four  joints  eiiterliiir  into  tlio  diniliintloii  of  si/.e,  scarcely  iiiore  than  twice  as  lona  ns 
broad,  ll-c  times  broader  than  the  stalk,  the  terininal  joint  with  a  scarcely  noticeable 
conleal  tip.  I'alpl  pretty  lari;e.  scarcely  twice  as  Ion;;  as  the  eye,  stout,  the  terminal 
joint  not  more  than  half  as  loiiy;  as  the  penultimate  and  only  clotlied  slij;litly  with  ap- 
pressed  scales ;  remainder  of  tlie  palpi  very  lieavlly  clothed  with  erect  scales,  alviiif; 
It  a  massive  appearance,  and  also  with  Ions;,  erect,  slender  hairs  iipmi  tlic  npper  and 
lower  surface,  directed  in  a  vi-rtlcal  plane. 

I'rothoraelc  lobes  pretty  lar!;e,  straight,  tiniild,  ends  well  rounded,  the  outer  but 
little  smaller  than  the  inner,  four  times  as  broad  as  lonj;  and  apparently  liljjher  than 
broad,  the  npper  surface  strai^fht  and  tho.si' of  the  two  lobes  at  right  aiifjlis  to  each 
other,  ratasialoiift  and  slender,  fully  three  times  as  long  as  broad,  moderately  broad 
at  base,  the  posterior  lobe  contiiined  backward  i\>  a  rather  broad,  aeiitiy  narrowiiiir, 
sll;;litly  sinuous  lilade.  minntely  siibfalcate  at  tlie  tip.  the  outer  border  beiii};  a  little 
concavi;  In  '1  j  inldiUe,  convex  just  beyond,  and  then  nearly  stnii^hi  to  the  tip,  but 
slightly  exc,  ■  .1;  the  inner  border  has  a  very  liroad,  gentle  curve,  slightly  sinuous; 
tip  bluntly  rounded,  exteriorly  angnlated. 

Fore  wings  (39:  4)  nearly  twice  as  long  as  liroad.  the  costal  iiiargiii  liroadly  convex 
on  thebusal  third,  very  slightly  and  roundly  bent  in  the  middle  of  the  basal  half,  be- 
yond which  it  is  scarcely  convex,  the  apex  more  rounded,  tlie  apical  anglewell  roundeii ; 
outer  margin  with  the  npper  half  produced  sonicwliat,  rather  uiore  In  the  <?  than  in 
the  ?,  as  far  as  the  upper  median  nerviile  strongly  and  pretty  regularly  convex,  lielow 
it  scarcely  concave  and  directed  at  an  angle  of  about  4.")  with  the  middle  of  the  costal 
margin;  inner  margin  struiglit,  slightly  convex  in  the  middle  of  the  basal  half,  the 
oxiter  angle  abrupt,  scarcely  ronnded.  a  little  more  than  a  right  angle.  First  superior 
subcostal  nervnle  arising  but  sliortly  before  the  tip  of  the  upper  margin  of  the  cell ; 
the  second  as  far  lieyoud  the  same  as  the  base  of  the  fourth  is  from  the  outer  border  of 
the  wing;  tlie  third  nearly  midway  l)etween  tho  base  of  the  second  and  fourth;  the 
second  inferior  subcostal  uorvnlo  arises  two-tlfths  way  down  the  cell,  curved  strongly 
invard  at  its  extreme  base;  cell  bnt  little  more  than  one-third  the  length  of  the  wing 
and  two  and  a  half  times  longer  than  broad;  uiedian  iiervure  connected  just  beyond  its 
second  divarication  with  the  vein  closing  the  cell. 


NV.MI'IIAI.INAi;:    1111;   (IKXl'S    Kri'TolKTA, 


607 


Iliiiil  u  inu-i  with  llii'  riiitiil  iiiiirulii  liroiully  nliciillilii'iil.  rcniiiiliil  iiinl  l>i'iil  iit  llii'  r\- 
tri'iiic  lm>c.  slliihily  cinivrx  oil  I  lie  liasiil  liillf ,  hey  "In  I  iii'iirly  si  in  i  if  lit  ;  tlu'iiiitcr  iiiiuli'  ii 
Hull'  ulini|il,  lull  I'ciiiiiili'il  nil'.  Ilii' iiiitcr  iiiiii'i;iii  |ii'rtty  "trmiuly  itinl  I'i'Uiiliiiiy  I'miiiilcil. 
sciirccly  iiii^iiliitril  In  tlic  J  nt  llio  ii|)iu'r  iiumIIiiii  iicrviiU',  tin-  wlinli-  iiiai'»lii  r<li«liily 
rri'iiiiliiii' ;  liiiifr  iimririii  foiislilcnililN  cxpniuliMl  nt  tin-  Im^c.  boyond  u  llttln  ciinvi'x.  tlic 

apiial  lilllt' Willi  it  liroinl,  slmlinw.  l-iiiiiiilril  i'liiili'L;illtllii>ll.  tlir  niltiT  llliulc  lU'rtty  Well 
roiiiiiiiMl,  I'rriKslal  iiiTviii'c  riirviim  -.tnnnfiy  miiwiinl ;  cell  closcil.  No  iiiiiliniiiiiiii. 
KniT  Was  siimll,  ili'llciitc,  cylimlrlral,  t'l'lmfcil  dii  holli  sides,  rlllicr  witli  ii  riillicr  tliln 
linisli  of  s|iri'iiilliin  liiiii's  ((J  ),  (ir«ltli  only  ii  few  hails  on  the  l.asal  hall'  of  the  tlliiiir 
{^):  tarsi  cillici'  a  liulc  less  than  tlirec-foiirths  the  lciii;tli  of  the  tiliiii.  coiiiipostil 
of  II  siiiuii'  joint  with  srarcply  (llstiiiijiiishahli'  siihilivlsloiis  (J):  or  a  little  more 
than  llireo-foiirths  the  le.ii;th  of  the  tlhiii,  coiii|ioseil  of  four  joints,  roitiUly  seen 
without  ileniiilatioii.  tlio  llrst  nearly  twice  iis  lona  as  the  rest  toiri'ther,  the  others 
nearly  ei|iial,  eaeh  lieariiii;  an  apical  pair  of  very  small,  hut  rallier  stoiil  ami  laperlim 
spines,  the  space  lietwei'ii  them  naked;  in  addition  the  llrst  joint  hears,  liciiealh, 
a  doiiliie  row  of  very  small,  delicate  spines,  ami  a  similar  spine  or  two  occurs  on  tiie 
under  surface  of  the  outer  half  of  the  tibia,  alllioiiah  tiliial  spurs  are  want iin;  ($  ) 
MIdille  sii:;litly  loiiifer  than  tlie  liiml  tibiae,  fnriiished  on  either  side,  beneath,  and 
on  the  upper  portion  of  the  inner  side  witli  r.itluir  irre;;iilar  rows  of  somewhat  infre- 
(pieiit,  rather  loii«  and  slender,  spreadini.'  s|>iiies.  the  apical  spines  of  the  two  inferior 
rows  deveUiped  as  very  lonj;  and  very  slender  spurs;  beshles  these  the  whole  upper 
wurfnce  Is  sprinkled  with  distant  spines  irreifularly  ilisposed.  FMrst  joint  of  tarsi  c(|iial 
to  the  three  sncceedinir  joints  toitether.  tiiesi  proifiessively  shorter,  tiie  fourth  beim; 
three-llflhs  the  lenalh  of  the  sec(Hi(l.  anil  llie  i!fth  no  longer  tliaii  tlie  tliiril;  all  llic 
joints,  not  e.xceptini;  the  apical,  furnisiied  beneatn  witli  four  rows  of  moderately  lomi 
uiul  slemU-r  spines,  the  apical  spines  of  eacli  joint  sii^iitly  loiii;er  than  the  others; 
above,  the  tarsi  are  also  clothed  witli  siinilar  Imt  iiniforni  scales,  arramxed.  in  a  ijeneiai 
way,  ill  four  rows,  less  refiularly  on  tlie  basal  join*.  Claws  rather  lorn;,  delicate, 
compressed,  taperim;,  on  tlie  outer  inoro  rapidly  than  on  the  basal  half,  nearly  straight 
until  close  to  the  delicately  pointed  tip.  wliure  they  are  falciform,  raronycliia  siiiiph'. 
aculiform,  exi'eedinu'ly  delicate  ami  slender,  scarcely  cnrvecl,  tapering  to  a  tine  point, 
about  three-(piarlers  tlie  len;;tli  of  tlie  claw.     I'lilvillus  wantiii;;. 

.Male  appt^iKlages  of  the  abdomen  :  upper  orijan  rather  snialler  than  "rdinary,  with  a 
pretty  loiiu:.  slender,  nearly  straiglit  hook,  bent  downwards  and  fui-irunK  flasp- 
direcli'd  upward  as  >vell  as  backward,  and  thus  resemhling  the  Vaiiessidl.  not  very 
lonj;,  the  upper  process  sliort  and  liroad,  and  developing  at  its  upper  posterior  extrem- 
ity a  pretty  loiiy;,  recurved  tooth,  beariiiu;  three  or  four  slender  spines  directed 
forwards. 

Egg.  Siiiiar-loaf  shaped,  of  similar  ln'icrht  and  breadth,  sipiarely  truncate  at  top, 
furnished  witli  very  many  ratiier  coarse  and  eijiial.  vertical  ridjies.  many  of  wliicli 
unite  with  their  neiglibors  or  terminate  near  tlie  middle,  the  iiit<'rspaces  broken  liy  un- 
nsiiaily  distinct  raised  lines. 

Caterpillar  at  birth.  'I'lie  body  furnished  witli  hair-beariiig  papillae  arraiiired  ii~ 
follows;  on  tlie  llrst  thoracic  si';riiient.  just  liefoi'e  the  iniildle.  a  transverse  series,  id' 
which  four  are  chisely  crowded  on  the  ilorsal  portion,  the  others  lower  down  and 
separated  from  theui ;  on  the  suceeedliij;  se;;ments  of  the  body  a  latcrodorsal  series 
just  before  the  middle  of  the  seijineiits,  a  lacerostigmatal  series  in  the  inlildle  of  the 
posterior  half  of  the  segments,  and  an  infrastiirniatal  scries  In  tlie  middle  of  the 
segments. 

Mature  caterpillar.  Head  moilerately  small,  narrower  than  tiie  l)oily.  JSody  of 
nearly  uniform  size,  tiie  lirst  thoracic  and  last  alidomimil  segments  only  noticea- 
bly smaller  than  tiie  others,  distinctly  but  not  strongly  nioniliforni.  dark  with  lighter 
longitudinal  stripes,  furnished  on  either  side  with  tiiree  rows  of  spines,  one  to 
a  segment  in  each  row.  namely  :  a  distant  subdorsal,  a  siiprastigmatal  and  an  Infra- 
stiirniatal row,  tiie  last  wanting  on  the  thoracic  segments,  all  of  eipial  length  exceptiiii; 
the  subdorsal  spines  of  the  lirst  segment,  whidi  are  twice  as  long  as  the  others  and 


A" 

■■':  * 


'h 


L    !i  V 


508 


TIIK   lUrrKRFLIES  OF   XKW    KNCLANl). 


'4'' 


Ff 


eiilarjiod  at  tlio  lip.  'I'lie  spinos  ari'  long  ami  slender,  broad  at  base,  attenuated  in 
basal  half,  bluntly  pointed,  covered  witli  strai;;lit  spinous  hairs,  directed  nearly  at 
rifilit  angles  to  tlie  spines. 

Chrysalis.  Viewed  from  above,  tlic  body  in  front  of  the  inesothorax  is  nearly 
e(|nal,  or  if  anythinir  the  liead  is  sliijlitly  swollen.  Tlie  ocellar  prominences  (lo  not  pro- 
ject but  are  iilobnlar;  tlie  front  of  the  head,  including  the  anterior  portion  of  the  promi- 
nences very  slightly  convex.  Viewed  from  the  side,  tlii'  i)rominences  ha. e  tlie  same 
gU)bular  character,  entirely  without  angles,  but  tliey  [iroject  downwaril  a  little  in  their 
inferior  curve:  mesotluirax  rntlier  high,  arched,  the  anterior  curve  more  gradual  tlian 
the  posterior,  highest  and  sliglitly  angulated  in  the  middle  of  tiie  posterior  half,  slightly 
and  broa<lly  carinate  along  the  middle  line  of  tlie  wliole  thorax.  Inferior  surface  with 
:i  long  and  very  slight  sinuosity,  iieing  straight  from  tlie  bast  of  the  ocellar  protuber- 
aii'^es  to  near  tlie  tip  of  the  wings;  basal  wing  tubercle  broadly  conical,  not  angulated, 
not  very  high;  ridge  behind  it  rather  low,  but  slightly  elevated  for  the  supernumernry 
projection;  a  laterodorsal  series  of  ratlier  lilniit  conical  tubercles,  scarcely  as  high  as 
broad  on  the  middle  of  all  the  thoracic,  ami  the  tirst  to  eighth  abdominal  segments; 
they  are  very  small  on  the  prothorax  ami  lirst  iilxlominal  segment,  but  otherwise 
about  etpial ;  on  the  abdomen  there  is  a  suprastigmatal  series  of  similar,  though  some- 
what smaller  and  usually  pniportionally  lower  tubercles,  a  little  in  advance  of  the 
middle  of  the  second  to  eighth  abdominal  >e!iinents;  and  a  dorsal  series  of  minute 
warts  at  the  posterior  edge  of  the  fourtli  to  s'yth  segments.  Walls  of  the  preaual  Init- 
ton  coarse,  broad,  not  very  high,  considerably  curvi'd  outward  In  the  middle  fourth, 
but  otherwise  nearly  straight,  though  inclined  inwards,  eadi  lerminatiiig  anteriorly  in 
a  small,  short,  rouiuled  tuber.'le;  creniaster  vii'wed  from  above,  very  short,  triangu- 
lar, bluntly  rounded  at  tip,  mudi  iiroader  than  long,  tlie  sides  I'xtemling  far  liaek, 
tlie  bonuding  walls  very  broad  and  not  high  ;  viewed  laterally,  It  is  as  long  as  it  is 
liroadat  the  base,  eijual  on  tlie  basal  half,  beyond  expanding  very  greatly,  especially  on 
the  under  side:  the  apical  (l''lii  of  anal  booklets  is  hmgitiidiual.  about  three  times  as 
long  as  broad,  cxpaudinit  roundly  at  cither  end:  booklets  not  very  long,  moderately 
slender,  the  stem  perfectly  .-traiglit.  roundly  bent  at  right  angles,  tiie  apex  tapering  to 
a  blunt  point  and  again  bent  roundly  at  riglit  angles. 

TIlis  is  ii  purely  Amcriran  genus,  eoniprisiing  only  two  or  three  speciei^, 
iiiul  extending  piineiiially  east  of  the  great  luountain  ciiain  eonunon  to  the 
two  eontinents,  from  tiie  tropic  of  Capricorn  to  4(1°  north  latitude ;  onr^ 
species  is  common  to  the  whole  of  the  South  American  part  of  the  dis- 
trict and  as  far  north  as  (iuatemala,  wiiere  it  encomiters  a  second  species, 
E.  hegesia,  which  occurs  tliroughoiit  Central  America  and  the  Antilles. 
A  third  species  is  found  within  the  limits  of  the  Tnited  States,  cast  of  the 
Rocky  Mountains,  hut  is  ahtUKlaiit  only  in  tlie  southern  states.  This 
s[)ecies  certainly  diH'crs  very  slightly  from  the  Central  American,  though 
tiiey  are  generally  classed  as  distinct.  I  have  not  sufticicnt  material  for 
proper  comparison,  imt  Dr.  (iundhicii  lias  sent  the  description  of  the  lar\a 
and  chrysalis  of  the  Ciihan  species  given   in  the   note,*  which  feeds  on 


*  f.iirrit  in  s.'ener;d  bluinl-ri'd :  mi  the  liead 
there  is  a  lilaek  -iput  mi  llie  triiiTi^'le.  iiiiiilliir 
black  one  iilmve  tlii'  oi'elli,  ami  a  tliii'd  hiliiiicl 
till?  seeoiid.  yellowish  while;  (in  the  IkhIv 
there  is  a  siibihirsid  while  or  yellowish  white 
stripe  on  all  but  the  terminal  segment,  with  a 
black  border,  iiiterriipti'd  nii  the  middle  cpf 
each  wing,  and  sunietiiiies  within  this  a 
'jiuwiiish   line;  there  is  :i  similar  black  lior- 


deiccl  white  stripe  Jii>t  lielciw  the  spiracles; 
llic  Ib'sl  thiinicic  segini'iil  N  riinilslieil  with  a 
i  ..Ir  of  black  aiili'liiiit'dnii  cIiiIiImmI  pnicessi'S, 
I'nvi'i'ecl  with  bluish  black  liilstles;  the  other 
se.'meiits  of  the  body  arc  furnished  with  a 
lateiiil  pair  of  lihiik,  bristly  spines  nildway 
lietwceii  the  white  stripes;  on  the  nliduiiiiiial 
segnieiils  ihere  is  another  scries  lieiuuth  the 
iiifcrior  while  stripe;  there   is  a  siilivciitral 


m 

hp  ' 

\i^ 

«/■ '  ! 

1.' 

XYMI'IIAMNAK:   THK  GKNJS  KUITOIKTA. 


500 


Tiirncm  iilniifolia,  iuul  wlik-li  is  ho  (lirt'erciii  from  ours  that  current  opinion 
fii'oms  tlie  more  rcasonaiile. 

The  hutterHics  of  thin  jrenus  are  a  little  al)ove  the  medium  >size,  and  the 
eoh)rs  of  tiie  wing  are  arranged  in  a  soniewliat  comitlicated  pattern  ;  the 
ha.sal  two-fiftiis  of  tiie  wing  al)ove  is  tawny  cohired  and  crossed,  espeeially 
at  its  outer  extremity,  i)y  narrow  l)hiek  l)andH  ;  tiie  distal  portions  are 
fidvous,  the  outer  edge  nearly  Idack,  and  preeeded  hy  two  di^^tant  narrow 
stripes  of  blaek,  tiu'  outer  of  whieii,  l)arely  escaping  the  border,  encloses 
a  series  of  small,  round,  black  spots  in  nu)st  of  the  inters[)aces ;  Iteneath, 
tlic  fore  wing  repeats  vaguely  the  pattern  of  the  upper  siuface,  hut  has 
its  apex  marked  with  hrowu  and  iioary  hues,  separated  i)y  an  ol)li<|ue  line  ; 
on  the  hind  wings  idmihir  colors  prevail,  the  hoary  tint  being  •  i-  !■-  con- 
fined to  a  narrow  marginal  hand  and  a  broad  extramesial  be';,  ii,  .  'cui- 
s|)icuous  on  the  upper  half  of  the  wings;  the  sul)margi(  d  s(iie,  of 
roundish  spots  of  the  ujjper  surface  arc  repeated  faintly  lieneath. 

The  species  are  polygeneiitic,  but  how  the  winter  is  pa.-<sed  does  not 
clearly  appear  from  the  facts  at  our  disposal  ;  one  brood  appears  very 
early  and  another  rather  late  in  the  season  ;  the  larvae  feed  «.n  various 
pulypi^lalous  angiospern.s,  j>referaiily  I'assiHorae,  and  the  chrysalis  liangs 
from  one  to  two  weeks. 

The  butterflies  freqiic  it  open  grassy  tracts  and  the  rank  and  tangled 
vegetation  that  fringes  ihe  border  of  woods  ;  they  fre<|uently  settle  on 
flowering  shrubs,  and,  when  Hying,  beat  their  wings  with  an  irregular, 
undulating  nu>tion,  usually  keeping  near  the  ground;  I)oul)Ieday  says 
that  the  Hight  of  the  I'nited  States  species  is  rapid  ;  Hates,  however,  calls 
that  of  the  Hrazilian  slow. 

The  eater|»illars  are  ratiier  slender,  with  a  small,  iniarmcd  head  :  the 
body  is  bright,  with  two  longitudinal  white  bands  on  each  sidv  edged  with 
black,  and  the  skin  highly  polish(>d  or  glazed  ;  there  is  a  pair  of  spines  on 
the  dorsum  of  each  segment,  those  of  the  first  thoracic  segment  gri'atly 
i^longati'd  and  clubiied  ;  there  is  also  a  suhstigmatal  seri"s  of  short  spines 
on  the  abdominal  segments. 


wliilish  siripc;  ftiilriu'lcs  liliick;  Ii'l'>  lihu'l, ; 
l)ri)l«'K«  liliiik  ill  the  Ipiimc,  lirvcuni  nU'oiis. 
('Iirymilin  lilmk.  with  silvi'i..  w  lilc  iniirk- 
iuita  llrt  follows:  ;i  ii'laii;riiliir  spril  ..t  llic  r\- 
Iri'iiic  liiii'i'  of  till' \viii;:>.  ili\  liji'il  ii\v:i.v  I'roiii 
Uti'  l>aHi'  of  llir  Hint,'  ImIm  two  piiiiillrl  »iriiM> 
Ptii|ll>>t  In  lPoliil»(.  .iliil  licslilr  the  poslcliol  of 
wlilfli  if  a  rliu'iih'iiclal  spot;  a  iiairow , 
olili<|U<'  ImikI  croHsiii;;  tin'  iiildillc  of  <lir 
tt  )<!•;,  it'ri'/n))ir  In  liicailtli,  I'licloslii^'  ii  Mark 
Hfii  iitKl  i-xIriKlhi);  oviT  llir  alidoliii'li  as  a 
iXixaiittHi  liiiiiil  M  fur  as  llir  pi'miltiiiiato  sc).'- 

lllrIM  :  rluts  Ull  ritlKT  Hi<ll'  of  till'  frDUl.  OIK' 
uli  the  '<"-ii)Ut  aiwt  uiK'  lii'liiiiil  rui'li  of  the 
proHn*rit<4<  t(il«"ivlt>n;   Uicn*  are  utlicr  ilol't 


srallcrnl  oM'i'  ilii'  iliiirax  anil  a  larger  oiii' 
lic'hinil  till' otiii'i'  tliorarlr  tiiliri'ilrs;  tlii'i'i'  is 
a  spot  lii'lilml  lacli  of  tlir  siiliiloisal  tillirrili's 
of  till'  llrst  ami  siioinl  alxloiiiliial  •I'^tiiirnls. 
anil  a  siinllai'  oiii'  upon  tin'  siirrrt'ilin^'  >»%- 

iiM'iits,  liiit  In  till'   lalti asi'  roiillnriit  with 

anotllrr  spot  ImIiIihI  llir  lalrllil  tlllirii'lis  allil 
riii'loslii^  two  lilai'k  points,  sonii'tiiiirs  ill:>- 
tlnrt,  soint'liiiii's  niri'i.'iil  in  tli-'  uiiiniiil  I'olor; 
all  till'  silvi'iy  spots  (in  llir  postrrior  tlirco 
liners  art'  inaily  roiiilnciit  aliovi';  tlir  last  si'jr- 
nii'iit  lias  no  niarkinu's,  I'MTplin;:  soniillnii's 
II  frriiiKintnis  Insiii'  on  ilic  ImiHltTs;  spiriirlci 
lilai'k;  tulicri'lrs  (.'olilrll. 


m 


M 


510 


TIIK   HUTTEUFLIKH  OF   NKW    1;N(;I.AM». 


;'«^ 

S 

I^^b'  '^ 

'?1 

•J 

nB! 

■  '^, 

HB: 

';„■  .A 

m 

wHj 

•  s 

Tlio  clinwalids  aro  uitlicr  IdiU'k  witli  j^ilvuiy  wliitc  or  nacrcniis  markings, 
or  the  converso  ;  they  arc  ratlicr  stout  luit  I'loiijratt'il.  liardly  anirulatctl : 
the  head  is  sciuaroly  cut.  witli  no  projectiufr  oeellar  proiiiineiK'os,  and  the 
gddcil  tiil)erclcs  ot'  tlie  l)ack  are  distant  and  conical.  'I'hey  are  often  of 
very  strikinjf  appearance,  the  color  heinjj;  compared  hy  Alil»ot  to  •"  pol- 
ished niotlier-of-pearl  spotted  witli  {fold  and  hlack,"  and  Edwards  rcniark- 
inji  that  the  pearly  surface  fj;ivcs  all  the  colors  of  the  raini)ow,  while  the 
tuhercles  are  sometimes  metallic  lironzc. 


EXCriiSi'S  XV.— THE   ORKIIN  AM)  DKVKLOl'MENT  OF 
OKNAMEXTATIOX  IX  BUTTE liFLlES. 


w  :. 


i.-'i 


.  ,  .     Itiit  will)  can  paiiii 
Like  .s'aliirc!'    (  an  iiiiii^iiiiiliiin  Ima^l. 
Aniiil  il>  L'ay  crraliun,  jiiics  like  liri'^i' 

'I'lroMPsox. — Sjiri)ii/. 

Kcii't'vci-  tcai'liiiiir  us 
The  li'ssuii  which  Ihc  iriaiiy-ciil(ircil  »kics. 
The  tli)\Mi>,  ami  lca\c>,  ai'iil  iiahilcil  ImUcrtlii's, 

l'"(ircvci'ini>rc  repeal. 
Ill  varie  I  Idiics  aiul  sweet. 
Thai  heaiil\ ,  in  and  (if  ilx'lf,  is  ;,'uo(l. 


■'ir.     -i 


Wiin  iiKii. 

D<>lUTf.i:s!<  every  one  is  a>vare  that  the  patterns  on  the  painted  wings 
of  liiitterHics  are  a  sort  of  mosaic,  formed  by  tiny  colored  scales,  which  by 
varied  coinl)inations  make  the  most  ex(|uisite  designs.  The  very  regular 
arranirement  of  these  scales  may  lie  less  generally  known  :  for  though 
mere  -tpecks  tlu'V  oNcrlie  one  another  as  slates  on  a  rool';  and  just  as  fig- 
ures aBtule  i)y  the  oltliipie  arrangement  of  colored  slates  ajipcar  from  a 
distance  to  have  straight  and  not  serrate  liorders  ;  so,  through  the  minute- 
ness of  the  scales,  markings  on  a  hiittcrtly's  wing,  which  really  have  ragged 
edges,  appear  iierfcctly  uniform. 

From  this  peculiarity  of  wing  adornment  a  whole  order  of  insects. 
Including  those  popularly  known  as  moths,  millers,  hawk  or  liiimniing-bird 
moths  and  Imttertlies,  was  named  l>y  Liunc,  Lejiidupttra — scaly-wings. 
As  a  general,  but  by  no  means  universal,  rule,  the  lowest  of  these  insects 
fly  by  night,  some  which  hold  a  middle  rank  by  twilight,  while  tlie  highest 
fly  almost  exclusively  by  day,  Many  of  the  night  or  twilight  -iiccics  rest 
iiy  day  in  exposed  situations,  and  then  cover  the  hind  wings  with  the 
front  pair,  and  often  the  alidomcii  liy  lioth  :  in  such  insects  the  upper 
•«irfai-cs  of  the  front  wings  arc  marked  with  varicgatcil  patterns,  while  the 
hind  wings  and  the  under  surfaces  of  botii  pairs  are'  usually  of  a  iinitbrni 
brown  color.  Kven  u|)nn  the  upper  surface  of  the  front  wings  the  tints 
are    usually    very    somlire.    bright    colors    being    I'xccptional    iiin.iiig    the 


.'■■», 


IS'  u     '■ 


THE  OUKJIX  OK  ORNAMKXr.VTION'. 


511 


inotli.s :  wliilo  in  tin;  lowest  tril)C8  there  are  inuiiy  ('Xiiinples  of  iiliiiont  iiiii- 
f'orin  drill)  or  l)ro\vii  eoloriiiiLr  throiijflioiit.  'I'o  this  lust  statenu'iit,  however, 
many  exceptions  could  l)C  f^iven  of  insects  with  front  winj^s  pictured  witii 
variepited  desijjns  of  such  ex<'essive  niinnteness  tiiat  their  real  beauty  can 
he  ajjpreciated  only  when  the  surface  is  niagnitied.  So,  too,  in  the  large 
family  of  I'halaenidae,  or  {reometrids,  wc  have  moths  which  often  Hy  by 
day,  and  rest  with  all  their  winjrs  fully  expanded  :  and  here  the  hind  wings 
are  ornamented  as  well  as  the  front  pair. 

It  is,  however,  only  when  we  come  to  the  l»nttertlies,  the  highest  Lepi- 
doptera,  that  we  find,  as  a  general  rule,  all  the  wings  and  both  surfaces 
highly  ornamented.  Even  within  this  group  wc  may  see  ditt'erences  cor- 
responding to  their  relative  perfection  of  structure  :  for  in  the  lowest  faniily 
somiirc  cohirs  prevail,  and  in  very  many  instances  the  under  surface  is  almost 
uniform  in  tint ;  while,  with  the  sole  exception  of  those  liutterHies  known 
as  swallow-tails,  the  most  variegated  and  ex(piisite  patterns  are  to  be 
found  in  the  highest  families,  and  arc  far  more  generally  distributed 
among  them. 

I  am  not  aware  that  such  a  direct  relation  between  beauty  and  rank  has 
been  pointed  out  in  other  groups  of  the  animal  kingdom.  There  can  be 
no  question  of  its  existence  here,  and  in  an  order  of  animals  at  once  a 
synonym  for  all  that  is  delicate  and  exfpiisite  it  is  what  should  be  expected 
on  the  theory  that  the  lower  re|)rescnt  earlier  and  the  higher  later  forms 
developed  from  a  <'onunon  stock.  That  ctiniplicated  or  variegated  pat- 
terns (if  coloring  must  have  had  their  source  in  simpler  and  less  varied 
(lesigns,  and  these  in  slight  variations  from  an  absolutely  uniform  tone  of 
color  will  not  l)c  denied  by  any  who  liclieve  in  the  evolution  of  complicated 
structural  forms  from  tho.«c  of  simpler  organization  ;  and  must  be  regarded 
lis  possible  if  not  proiial)le  by  all  who  study  the  past  life  of  the  globe  and 
see  the  march  of  life,  with  its  constant  tendencies  to  differentiation. 

It  shouhl  be  l)orne  in  mind  that,  so  far  as  the  direct  influence  of  phvsi- 
eal  agencies  is  concerned,  we  are  dealing  heri'  with  a  class  of  fa<'ts  Ncry 
diflf'erent  from  those  we  meet  in  discussing  the  ornamentation  of  vertebrated 
animals.  In  birds  and  (piadrnpeds,  the  feathers,  hiiir,  and  other  dermal 
iippendiiges  lia\e  developed  to  maturitv  and  even  wastecl  and  been  replen- 
ished uiidei- all  the  vicissitudes  to  whii  li  animal  life  is  exposed  during  a 
period  if  several  ye:ns.  In  butterflies,  on  the  contrary,  the  ornamenta- 
tion We  an nsideriiig  is  confineil  to  thi'  lirief  final  epoch  of  life,  there  is 

no  replenishing  of  the  scale-tissue,  and  the  scales  are  formed  rapidly  and 
once  for  till,  at  a  definite  period,  viz.,  iunnediately  upon  the  change  from 
liirva  to  pupa  ;  and  being  then  eou<'ealed  from  light  and  excesses  of  tem- 
perature "ithiii  a  thick  integument,  an«l  often  also  behind  the  walls  of  a 
•lark  •Iminber  of  silk,  vegetable  fibres,  or  earth,  riw-y  are  as  far  removed 
as  pi»8sible  tinii  external   ageni'ies.     In  the  depths  of  this   retreat   the 


II 


m 


'!■■    '¥• 


i- 


512 


I'ilK  BUnKUlLIKS  OF  NEW   EXdLAM). 


I 


•i  i 


I 
t 

•A-'  ■ 

\i  ■: 

a'    ' 

J. 

i" 

^ 

III 

i 

ifiLi 

1 

sciilos,  incliidinjr  nil  tlii'  [)i<jinent  of  the  wings,  are  coiiipK'tt'ly  (l('vc'l()[)0(l, 
the  insect  ajtpeiu'ing  t'ull-Hedged  and  perfectly  caimrisoned,  snlyect  to  no 
further  ciuinge. 

Nevertheless,  the  gener.il  phenomenp.  of  ornamentation  in  vertel)rates 
arc  80  exactly  repeated  in  butterflies  that  no  one  can  plausibly  claim  tiiat 
these  [)henomcna  originate,  in  the  two  groups,  in  distinct  proximate 
causes.  Kven  the  same  relation  of  color  to  locality,  which  has  i)een  so 
well  brought  out  by  Mr.  .F.  A.  Allen  in  various  papers  upon  our  native 
birds  and  mammals,  reappears  in  butterHies.  It  would,  therefore,  seem 
not  unlikely  that  we  shall  l)e  forced  to  discard  the  idea  of  dire(!t  physical 
causation  in  the  one  case  as  in  the  other. 

I  have  seen  only  a  single  attempt  to  trace  the  origin  of  the  color- 
patterns  of  butterflies  by  the  light  of  modern  ideas.  This  was  the  suitject 
of  a  short  article  by  llcv.  Mr.  Higgins,  published  some  years  ago  in  the 
Quarterly  Journal  of  Science.  This  writer  maintains  that  wiiat  he  terms 
the  jirimary  or  fundamental  pattern  was  a  '*})ale  ground  witli  darker  linear 
markings  following  the  course  of  the  viens"' ;  and  he  explains  its  origin 
from  the  earliest  monochronifitic  wing,  by  supposing  that  "the  scales 
growing  on  the  mcmlirane  upon  or  near  the  veins  would  be  distinguished 
from  tlie  scales  growing  on  other  parts  of  the  membrane  by  a  freer  devel- 
opment of  pigmentary  matter"  within  them.  From  this  simple  form  of 
Linear  markings  he  would  derive  all  those  patterns  which  bear  definite  rela- 
tions to  the  veins,  such  as  the  dark  bands  which  cross  them  at  an  angle 
and  are  si^aUoped  l)etween  each  pair  ;  thus  he  says  :  "a  portion  of  the  dark 
-alt*  i)egin  to  diverge  on  each  side  from  the  veins,"  and  "the  dark  lines 
rfaMc  formed  will  meet  in  the  middle  of  the  areas  between  the  veins,  pro- 
(iuiiiig  a  band  of  scallops."  Ikit  all  the  lighter-colored  and  more  brilliant 
sjM"-  lie  wonid  derive  from  modifications  in  the  extent  and  intensity  of  the 
griMMid-color,  or,  as  he  afterward  terms  it,  the  "blush." 

It  will  hardly  be  worth  while  to  follow  his  line  of  argument :  for,  plansi- 
l>k'  and  simple  nt^  tlli^  hypothesis  appears  at  first  glance,  it  is  unsatisfac- 
ton-.  An  examinution  of  an  extensive  series  of  specimens  and  illustrations 
ctriivinces  lue  tiuir  an  even  simpler  explanation  can  be  given,  in  which  the 
«kirker  rtn»i  iiglitev  markings  have  a  conunon  origin.  Moreover  there  are 
•lefinite  obft^-tious  t«-  Mr.  lliggins's  tlieorv.  Its  basis,  that  the  scales 
next  tJM'  veim>  would  iiave  a  freer  development  of  pigmentary  matter 
within  t^em,  itimliough  perhaps  true,  is  a  pure  assumption,  to  support  which 
no  facts  are  given.  His  observations  are  drawn  wholly  from  lutterflies, 
with  no  ri'ference  to  the  ornamentation  of  moths,  which  naturally  W(»idd 
give  some  cIik'  tn  the  previous  simpler  condition  of  l)Ufterfli('s  ;  and  fiindly, 
if  tlie  fjivll.  -r  tonii  of  ornamentation  were  linear  markings  on  a  pale 
groiuiil,  tiiini  which  the  scall(ipe(l  iiands  were  derived,  \ve  ought  now  to 
fiiiil,  as  one  form  of  variation,  transverse  scries  of  dark    spots  xriilrt/  o» 


.-,., 


TmC  OKICIN   OF  ORNAMENTATION. 


513 


the  ri'lus;  acdially,  Iiowever,  wliile  transiverso  scrit's  of  <liirk  spotn  arc, 
next  to  (!ro8.s-l)aiuls,  the  very  coininonoMt  pattern  in  Lepidopteni,  I  do  not 
know  of"  a  single  instance  in  ImtterHies,  and  only  one  or  two  in  niotlis. 
where  siieh  spots  are  seated  npon  the  veins,  excepting  oidy  snch  as  occur 
at  tlie  extreme  margin  ;  such  8|)ots,  in  the  body  <•♦  the  wing,  are  invaria- 
l»ly  placed  in  the  iiifcrfipncrs  between  tiie  longitudinal  veins.  The  mode 
of"  development  of"  eye-like  spots,  which  Darwin  has  shown  to  l)e  extrenKjly 
simple,  is  also  oppose<l  to  Mr.  Iliggins's  theory,  since  these  have  their 
origin  in  a  simple  dark  point  in  the  interspaces,  and  yet  give  rise  to  some 
of"  the  most  brilliant  colors  possessed  by  butterflies. 

We  can  hardly  hope  to  obtain  a  rational  explanation  of  the  origin  and 
development  of  ornamentation  in  i)utterflie8  without  studying  the  eolor- 
patteriis  of  the  lower  ineml)crs  of  the  same  order.  Tiiis  sliould  be  our 
starting-point,  since  the  mode  in  which  the  scales  originate  in  the  individ- 
ual precludes,  I  conceive,  all  hope  of  assistance  from  anatomical  or  em- 
bryolugical  study.  We  have,  indeed,  an  especial  advantage  in  studying 
the  numerous  living  types  of  moths,  from  the  fact  that,  so  far  as  the  hind 
wings  are  concerned,  all  differentiation  in  coloring  has  been  greatly 
retarded  by  their  almost  universal  concealment  by  day  beneath  the  over- 
lapping front  wings.  In  sucii  hind  wings  we  find  that  the  simplest 
<leparture  from  uniformity  consists  in  a  dee|)ening  of  the  tint  next  the 
outer  margin  of  the  wing ;  next  we  have  an  intensification  of  the  deeper 
tint  along  a  line  parallel  to  the  margin  ;  it  is  but  !i  step  from  this  condi- 
tion to  a  distinct  line  or  band  of  dark  color  j)arallel  to  the  margin.  Or 
the  marginal  shade  may,  in  a  similar  way,  break  up  into  two  or  more 
transverse  and  parallel  submarginal  lines,  a  very  common  style  of  orna- 
mentation, especially  in  moths.  Or,  again,  starting  with  the  marginal 
shade,  this  may  send  shoots  or  tongues  of  dark  color  a  short  distance 
toward  the  base,  giving  a  serrate  inner  border  to  the  nnirginal  shade  ; 
when  now  this  breaks  up  into  one,  two,  or  more  lines  or  narrow  stripes, 
these  stripes  become  z:gzag,  or  the  inner  ones  may  be  zigzag,  while  the 
outer  arc  plain — a  very  connnon  i)henomenon. 

A  basis  such  as  this  is  sufficient  to  account  for  all  the  modifications  of 
simple  transverse  markings  which  adorn  the  wings  of  Lepidoptera,  and 
cx|jlains  why,  amid  all  the  profound  modifications  the  color  |>attenis  ha\e 
undergone,  the  transverse  style  of  markings  holds  a  fundamental  |)osition  ; 
and  why  such  markings  are  far  more  prevalent  on  the  outer  than  on  the 
basal  half  of  the  wing,  and  are  also  so  frequently  scallo[)cd.  All  tiie 
steps  of  this  process,  as  1  have  explained  it,  a|iply  efpially  well  to  the 
front  wing,  excepting  that  we  cannot  there  so  well  trace  the  initial  step 
in  the  (liU'erentiation  of  the  primordial  uniform  coloring. 

To  carry  this  theory  another  step  :      Hy  the  breaking  up  of  any  one  or 

more  of  these  l)ands  into  spots  or  bars,  we  mav  conceive  two  new   forms 

4s 


4 
I 

■■m 


;.f 


5U 


TIIK  iJUTTKHl'LIES  OF   NKW    KXCiLAXl). 


^w 


,<.Mfi 


of  puttern  accordinjr  us  the  break  oeeure*  in  the  intcrsi)aces  or  at  tlic  veins. 
In  the  tonncr  case,  tlie  temleney  of  <hiriv  scales  to  chister  along  interrup- 
tions of  any  nature  in  the  surface,  wliether  veins,  folds,  creases,  or  niar- 
|.!;ins,  tojfcther  witli  the  concentrating  force  presunicil  in  a  rupture  of  the 
hand,  will  be  sure  to  Ciuise  the  scales  to  collect  along  the  veins,  and, 
uniting  with  similar  spots  upon  thcni,  to  border  the  vein  on  cither  side 
continuously.  This  will  niaj)  the  veins  very  distinctly  upon  the  groinid, 
producing  in  fact  that  condition  of  tilings  which  Mr.  Iliggins  considers 
the  primary  pattt'rn,  i)nt  which,  certainly,  wc  rarely  find  in  moths  and  not 
very  commonly  in  the  highest  butterflies.  Intleed,  when  carried  to  an 
extreme,  as  in  the  dark-veined  insects  with  otherwise  diaphanous  wings,  we 
find  it  only  in  some  of  the  vevy  highest  moths  ( Aegerians  and  Sesiadae) 
or  butterflies  (Ileliconians).  The  junction  of  tlusse  darkened  veins  with 
the  darkened  border  of  the  wings  produces,  I  sup|)ose,  the  series  of  spots 
upon  the  tips  of  the  veins  whicii  sometimes  occur  there,  but,  as  already 
stated,  on  no  other  i)art  of  the  veins. 

If,  on  the  other  hand,  the  break  be  supposed  to  occur  at  the  veins  them- 
selves, then  the  tendency  would  be  to  form  short  transverse  bars,  or  cpiad- 
rate  or  more  or  less  rounded  spots  in  the  interspaces  ;  and,  finally,  by  a  differ- 
entiation of  the  exterior  and  interior  portions  of  a  round  spot,  a  more  or 
less  perfect  ocellus  would  l)e  formed.  Occasionally  we  find  long  streaks  of 
dark  color  down  the  middle  of  the  interspaces,  similar  to  those  along  the 
veins,  produced,  no  doubt,  by  the  frecpient  presence  of  a  crease  in  such 
places,  and  the  tendency  of  scales  to  follow  it ;  the  comparative  weakness 
of  such  breaks  in  the  continuity  of  the  memlirane  is  the  reason  of  the  com- 
parative rarity  of  this  form  of  ornamentation.  The  fornuition  of  ocelli  has 
been  shown  i)y  Darwin,  who  traced,  in  specimens  of  a  South  African  but- 
terfly (Cyllo  leda)  a  |)erfcct  gradation  "from  excessively  minute  white 
dots,  surrounded  by  a  scarcely  visii)le  l)lack  line,  into  perfectly  synnnetri- 
cal  and  large  ocelli" ;  and  instances  are  common  in  our  own  butterflies 
where  one  can  follow  a  similar  series  onward  from  a  uniform  circular  dark 
spot.  First,  a  central  white  dot  appears  in  it ;  next  the  whole  is  encircled 
l)y  a  light-colored  halo,  an<l  so  on.  Darwin  mentions  one  moth  with  a 
magnificent  ocellus  consisting  of  a  black  centre  with  eight  concentric  zones 
of  colors. 

Ocelli  not  infrcf|uently  surpass  the  bounds  of  the  inters[)ace  in  which  they 
origimite,  but  among  the  hun<lrcds  of  ocellate  specimens  examined  with 
this  point  in  view,  I  have  failed  to  find  a  single  ocellus  of  asimj)le  charac- 
ter which  could  not  be  definitely  referred  to  some  particular  interspace. 
But  there  are  other  ocelli,  of  a  complex  character,  such  as  those  of  the 
[leacock  butterfly  of  Europe  (Inachis  io),  where,  assuming  it  had  a  similar 
origin,  we  cannot  possibly  say  where  it  belongs  ;  but  in  this  butterfly,  the 
other  markings  of  the  wing  are  seen  directly  through  the  ocelli,  as  through 


M 


TIIK  OlMdlN  OK  OKXA.MF.N  r.\ri(i\. 


515 


a  veil ;  ami  I  ht-liovo  tlicv  can  lie  wliowii  to  liavc  arisen  in  an  entirely  iliH- 
erent  way.  Iiy  an  alteration  in  the  relative  position  of  certain  liars  and 
spots  conunon  to  butterflies  of  tliis  jjrou|).  No  donlit  all  other  complex 
ocelli,  such  as  those  with  spiral  annuli.  could  lie  shown,  upon  special  study, 
to  have  ori^rinated  in  s<inie  similar  mamier. 

Alter  r<'acliinjr  such  a  stn^'e  of  complication,  and  assiimin'^  the  known 
tendency  to  suH'usiou  of  markiufrs  in  Imttcrtlies.  that  is,  the  l>lendin;j:  of 
nei^hliorinir  spots,  we  may  easily  see  that,  liy  the  amaliramatinn  of  adjoin- 
inj^  spots  in  dittcreiit  transverse  rows,  every  eouceivalilc  |iattcrn  can  lie 
explained.  There  is  nothin^r  left  to  consider  lint  the  diversity  in  color 
itself:  and  <iliservation  shows  that  althonu'h  there  are  prevailing:  tints  as 
well  as  prevailinji  jiatterns  in  special  f^roups  of  liutterflics,  that  neverthe- 
less these  colors  are  often  very  plialile  ;  for  instance  w  hite,  yellow ,  and 
oranjre  are  reailily  interehaiiirealile  :  and  a  similar  reciprocal  relation  exists 
lietwceu  oiaufi'e  and  re<l,  or  lietween  certain  tones  of  yellow  and  limwn. 

Airaiu.  when  we  compare  indiv  idnals  of  the  same  spci'ies,  es|iecially  if 
of  opposite  sexes,  the  frreat  difl'erenev  lietween  thi'm  in  ihe  profusion  with 
which  scales  of  metallic  lilue  are  sprinkled  upon  a  normal  dark  frronnd 
shows  how  easily  lilack  or  dark  lirowu  is  replaced  liy  metallic  lilue  :  the 
latter  a^ain  is  readily  interchanficalile  with  metallic  jrreen.  or  with  purple 
or  onlinary  liluc  or  <rreen.  Some  instances  of  this  interchaniiealiility  arc 
i^ivcii  elsewhere,  aiul  it  is  not  therefore  worth  while  to  dilate  upon  it 
hero.  It  siiould,  however,  lie  stated  that  the  iridescence  on  the  winjjs  of 
nianv  liutterflies  is  of  an  entirelv  ditl'erent  nature,  lieinj'  due  to  a  micro- 
scopic  striatiiin  of  the  outer  siu'face  of  the  scales. 

The  hypothesis,  then,  of  the  orifjfin  and  development  of  color-jiatterns 
in  liutterflies  which  I  would  maintain  is  liased  upon  the  scale  of  complica- 
tion seen  in  the  markiuffs  of  livinjr  Lepidoptera,  and  the  |irevalence  aiuonj: 
them  of  certain  ffcneral  patterns.  Accordiufr  to  it,  the  win^^-*  first  showed 
siirns  of  divernence  from  tiniformitv  liv  a  dcepenin";  of  the  color  next  the 
outer  nuirjfin,  which  thereafter  hecame  separated  into  distinct  transverse 
I)and8 ;  these  hands,  in  lireukin<r  up,  {rave  rise  to  dark-veined  or  to  spotted 
wings,  which  served  as  the  liasis  for  all  the  varicj^ated  patterns  of  the 
present  day,  includinj.'  ocelli,  which  ari'  only  specialized  forms  of  simjile 
interspacial  spots. 

This  discussion  leads  naturally  to  the  eonsidirati<!U  of  the  intimate  con- 
nection lietween  the  color-jiatterns  and  the  frame-work  of  the  winfrs  in 
Lepido|itera  ;  this  relation,  indeed,  nmst  lie  considered  one  of  the  most 
important  features  in  the  topo^rraphy  of  the  winjrs,  if  I  may  use  the 
expression.  It  is  seen  with  the  first  a|i|icaranee  of  ornamentation,  in  the 
wavy  outline  of  the  transverse  hands,  each  wave  correspondin<;  to  the 
|)osition  of  the  adjacent  veins.  It  is  still  more  conspicuous  when  these 
hands  lireak  up  into  bars  or  spots.      Hut   its   full   force  is  shown  when  the 


I 


m 


•"Vsicjfe 


% 


■'W 


.10 


'iiiK  iu;tti:hilii;s  oi-  m;\v  i:N(iLAXi). 


m 


I  , 


i       4 


jmttt'vnst  l)C'(!()nu'  luotit  i'om|)li('titc'(l,  where,  iiulewl,  we  whoiild  niitumlly 
expect  that  orniinieiitatioii  woiiUl  he  least  restrained  l»y  siieh  liiiiitatioiiB. 
The  i't)(l-liko  veins  of  the  winj^  are  often  eonipletely  concealed  hcneath  the 
downy  coverinjjj  of  scales,  and  yet  tiiere  is  scarcely  a  spot  in  the  wing  of 
any  hutterHy  whose  precise  |tosition  is  not  fixed  hy  the  nearest  veins. 
This,  however,  is  a  very  imperfect  statement  of  the  facts  ;  to  consider 
them  fairlv  we  mnst  recall  the  general  strnetnre  of  the  wings  in  butter- 
tlics.  These  consist,  as  cxplaii  ed  more  fully  in  the  Introduction  to  this 
work,  of  a  ii.:'-  doni  u  ;i»ini>rane  sup|>orted  l)y  tubular  rods,  which  extend 
between  them  and  diverge  somewhat  like  the  rods  of  a  fan.  In  hutterHies, 
the  number  and  distribution  of  the  main  rods  or  veins  are  osfcntially  the 
same  in  the  front  and  hind  wings,  although  the  wings  ther.iselves  dirt'er 
greatly  in  shape.  Omitting  details,  there  is  a  single  unltnnched  vein  in 
front  and  another  behind ;  while  between  these  are  two  others,  both 
bi'anched,  of  which  the  front  one  (the  second  vein  of  thj  wing)  throws  out 
branches  on  both  sides  and  the  other  only  behind.  '!  his  distribution  of  the 
veins  may,  forour  purjiose.  be  considered  as  dividing  the  wing  longitudi- 
nally into  four  separate  areas,  each  occupied  by  a  distinct  vein  with  its 
branches.  The  principal  ditl'erence  between  the  two  wings  is  found  in  tlie 
branches  of  the  second  vein  ;  in  the  front  wing  the  anterior  branches  arc 
numerous  and  most  of  them  run  to  the  front  border  of  the  wing  ;  this  arrange- 
ment is  plainly  for  great«'r  strengih,  the  front  edge  of  the  fore  wings  having 
to  bear  the  brunt  of  flight,  wliih-  the  front  edge  of  the  hiiul  pair  requires  no 
such  special  provision,  these  wings  in  flight  being  practically  a  part  of  the 
front  pair ;  and  they  therefore  have  only  a  single  front  branch  to  the  sec- 
ond vein  terminating  on  the  outer  margin. 

Xotwithstanding  th"se  great  differences,  but  in  harmony  with  the  fun- 
damental idea  in  articidated  animals  tliat  similar  parts  on  successive  rings 
siiould  have  similar  structure,  the  markings  of  the  two  wings  I.'irmonize 
even  to  a  greater  extent  than  appears  at  first  glance  :  for  although  there 
is  a  distinct  tentlency  towani  synuuetrical  repetition  of  markings  n[»on  the 
front  and  hintl  wings  of  a  ixUterfiy,  this  synuuetry  is  not  ai)solute,  being 
sul)ordinated  to  the  distribution  of  the  veins,  and  this  again  to  the  diverse 
needs  of  tlie  two  wings.  Tlie  distribution  of  s|u)ts  on  these  wings  may 
therefore  appear  very  different,  when  in  reality  they  hold  the  same  posi- 
tion  on  both,  t'ehitirr  Id  IIk'  xtnirhtn'. 

The  numl)er  of  instances  in  which  similar  markings  appear  in  the  same 
areas  of  the  two  wings,  and  in  the  sauu'  relative  position  in  those  areas,  is 
far  too  conuuon  to  be  a  mere  coincidence  :  it  is  most  readily  traced  in  the 
disposition  of  ocelli,  whicii  are  very  apt  to  be  similar  in  size  and  perfec- 
tion and  to  l»e  situated  l)etween  the  same  branches  of  homologous  veins. 
As  one  of  a  thousand  cxauifdes  of  this  kind,  the  peacock  butterHy  may 
again  be  cited.     On  the  front  wing  of  all  the  butterflies  of  this  type,  the 


TIIK  OUUilN   OF  OKNAMXNTATIOX. 


'')17 


hasis  for  a  i'(»iii|iU'X  ocellus  fxists.  as  alrt'iuly  n'liuukcd,  in  tlio  (liNponitioii 
of  the  Itars  and  colorctl  piiti'lu's  in  tlic  mihco.xtal  an-a,  or  the  arra  of  the 
second  vein  ;   in  tlio  peacock  I)nttcrt1y  such  an  ocellus  is  formed  and  extends 

to  the  front  niarj^in  of  the  wip.jf.  Iiecansc  the   sui stal   area  reaciies  that 

margin.  On  the  hind  winffs  of  tiiese  huttertlies  almost  the  only  element 
for  tiie  formation  of  an  ocellus  is  a  short  har  in  the  same  area  resemhiinj; 
one  on  the  front  winjf.s  ;  yet  from  this  a  complex  ocellus,  not  so  imposing 
as  that  of  the  front  wings  certainly,  lait  still  a  marked  ocellus,  has  heen 
formed;  which,  true  to  law.  just  fiiils  of  reaching  the  front  margin,  keeji- 
ing  within  the  normally  narrower  limits  of  the  sul)costal  area  of  the  hind 
wing. 

'I'his  distribution  of  the  veins  enahles  us  also  to  point  out  an  interesting 
relation  hetween  the  ornamentation  of  the  front  and  hinder  portion  of  a 
single  wing,  which  seems  never  to  have  heen  noticed,  and  whi<'h  shows 
again  hoth  the  strength  and  the  weakness  of  symmetry.  The  relation  of 
the  ornamentation  of  the  hind  to  the  fore  wing  is  not  oni-  of  slavish  repe- 
tition ;  indeed  our  ingenuity  may  often  lie  taxed  to  discover  it.  Hnt  the 
relation  of  the  two  parts  of  the  same  wing  has  even  less  of  repetition;  for 
to  a  certain  extent  there  is  a  polar  distribution  of  markings.  For  instance, 
there  is  often  a  bright-colored  ocellus  at  the  inner  angle  of  tlie  hind  wing, 
in  the  area  of  the  fourth  principal  vein  ;  should  a  single  similar  ocellus,  or 
a  bright-colored  spot  corresponding  to  it,  occur  in  any  other  part  of  the 
wing,  t/icrc  )'■<  oil/;/  oint  placi-  ir/irrr  ll  iriffj'ii//,  viz..  at  an  exactly  eor- 
res|)onding  position  in  the  area  of  the  first  (i.  e..  the  other  unbranched) 
vein  of  the  wing,  as  'nay  be  seen  in  Kuph(jeades  troilus.  I  do  not  mean 
there  will  be  a  ctirresponding  spot,  tor  on(!  often  occurs  in  one  of  these 
positions  and  fails  in  the  other;  nor  that  there  may  not  be  similar  spots  in 
all  the  areas  ;  but  that  if  there  is  a  brilliant  s|»ot  in  the  area  of  the  fourth 
vein,  and  only  one  other  similar  spot  elsewhere,  the  latter  will  fall  in  the 
area  of  the  first  vein.  This  is  the  more  curious,  because  I  do  noi  discover 
the  same  ptlarity  in  the  repetition  of  markings  in  the  areas  of  the  branch- 
ing veins ;  here  repetition  Is  frequent,  but  it  is  far  more  connnon  to  find 
similar  markings  between  the  hinder  liranehes  of  the  (tne  and  of  the  other, 
or  between  their  front  branches. 

Can  such  a  |ilay  of  plan  in  ornamentation,  afieeting  more  than  our  mere 
sense  of  beauty,  awakening  indeed  in  us  an  intellectual  pleasure  which 
does  not  rest  upon  the  surface  of  things  .'is  a  purely  sensuous  ap[)reeiation 
nuist  do — can  this  lie  ex[ilained  as  purely  for  the  purposes  of  the  ephemeral 
creatine  itself  V  If  it  cannot  ;  if,  for  instance,  it  is  of  no  advantage  to  the 
butterHy  that  its  second  brilliant  ocellus  should  occur  in  the  area  of  the 
first  rather  than  of  the  second  vein,  then  it  cann<it  liave  arisen  throu"h 
natu.-al  selection,  without  the  guiilance  of  a  higher  law,  which  has  other 
ends  for  beauty  than  the  mere  survival  of  the  creature  possessing  it. 


4 

]3 


^h 


518 


llli;  l!l  ITKUILIKS  OF   M;\V    KNdhANl). 


■.■■'•-11 


^ll'^'i 


'I'lic  icl;itiuii  ut' till'  iii;irkini.'.s  tii  tlic  urea*  is  still  t'lirtlicr  sIi-umi  in  a  ciiri- 
(tii.s  way.  'rransvcisi'  niarkiiijjs,  as  lias  lici-ii  said,  arc  a  piciluiniiiatin;: 
fl'Mtiiri'  lit'  itutti-rriy  oniaiiiciitatiiiii.  If  in  the  tiaiisviTsc  markinf^H  tit'  tlu' 
(inter  |iait  nt'  tlu'  winji,  tlicro  i.s  a  lircak,  a  siultlcn  uliil'f  i.t'  (lirirtidii,  a 
rc'i.'iiival.  pcrliaps,  ut'  a  Irajjjiiicnt  ot'  a  iiaiul  to  our  side  ;  siicli  a  cliaii^rc 
iinai'ialily  takes  placi',  I  lu'lievi',  ut  the  line  (if  (Iciiiarcati.in  liclwci'ii  the 
ureas,  (ir  at  (iiie  uf  the  iiiiiiiediatt'Iy  adjaei'iit  veins  :  never  witliin  I  lie 
limits  proper  (if  any  (ine  area.  ( )ii  tlie  t'l'unt  winj^s  dt'  the  lowest  liutter- 
flies  we  freipiently  iiiul  a  .snliniari.'iiial  l>and  of  spots,  of  which  one  or  two 
ure  tiitinited  in  tlie  space  hetweeii  the  udjacenl  hranclies  of  the  second  and 
third  veins.  The  eontinnity  of  this  otherwise  uniform  hand  is  almost 
always  liroken  hy  the  shiftiiiL;-  of  these  particular  spot-  a  little  toward  the 
mar;,fin  of  the  wing.  'I'liis  is  a  .-ingle  instance  of  which  very  many  could 
he  given. 

It  will  lie  .seen  then  that  the  relation  of  the  markings  of  the  wing  to  the 
disposition  of  the  imdci'lying  t'ramcwork  is  an  iiii|iiirtant  one.  ;ind  actually 
seems  to  increase  in  im|ioitance  with  the  comple.xity  of  the  m  lamentation  ; 
so  that  the  study  of  the  diversity  of  patterns  heeomes  an  iiitelleetiial  plen.s- 
nre.  Indeeil  my  Hrst  appreciation  of  this  relation  arose  from  the  necessity 
of  carefully  deseriliing  tin  >c  markings  for  the  present  work;  it  was  not 
until  the  mimite  examination  which  this  reipiired  had  forced  it  upon  me 
tli.it  I  learned  w  sidiservient  is  orinimentation  to  the  recpiiromentu  of 
,structm-e.  or  i,  u-  nuicli  relie.x  light  was  thrown  liy  mere  color  patterns 
upon  the  \(ry  plan  of  structure  itself. 

in  all  that  has  lieen  said  I  have  oidy  attempted  to  trace  the  proliulile 
lines  along  which  ornamentation  increased  in  complexity.  Causes  1  have 
pin-posely  left  in  tlu'  liackgrunnd,  although  I  hav(  here  .md  there  intimated 
that  I  do  not  lielie\e  change  is  wholly  due  either  to  the  action  of  physical 
agencies  or  to  natural  selection.  That  each  of  these  forces  has  horn  its 
part  in  the  w(irk,  there  can,  I  think,  lie  little  doidit  ;  hiU  in  u  ease  like 
this,  where  we  find  lieauty  of  the  most  ex(piisite  and  refined  chanicter  in 
creatures  of  an  inherently  low  organization,  J  can  oidy  express  a  deep- 
seated  convict iuii  that  a  preordaining  purpo.se  and  plan  governs  these 
proximate  causes,  and  that  In  .uath  lioth  structure  and  heanty  we  may  dis- 
cern far-reaching  and  controlling  thouglit. 

And  here  I  cannot  do  lietter  than  translate  the  following  |)ussagc  from 
VVeruehurg,  Krst  read  after  the  aliovc  essa\  was  written.  "\Vhen  we 
consider."  says  he,  ••the  variety  and  in  many  cum  -  the  remarkaiile  splen- 
dor (it  coiur  which  is  not  only  peculiar  to  Lepi(lo]itera  in  a  far  higher 
degree  than  to  any  other  group  of  insects,  lint  which  is  also  displayed 
liefore  the  eyes  of  the  oliserver  in  a  remarkaiile  way  ;  and  when  we  further 
rememlier  that  in  many  cases  the  color  is  not  of  the  slightest  use  t.i  the 
creatures  themselves,  but  rather  of  disadvantage  hyits  lu.strc  and  hrillianev. 


^m 


N'Y.MI'IIAI.INAK  ;    I  I  m  UK  TV  CLAIDIA 


r>V.) 


we  rHiinot  '' ■I'liciii"  ti)  cminirf  into  tin-  nicimiii^  iiiid  iiiii'ihimc  ot'  r^iicli  ii 
|iluMiiiiii<'iii>ii.  Anil  lu'i'i'  I  .it  l('.'i>t  am  iiiiiilili'  to  timl  any  udu'i'  iiply 
tliiin  iliis  :  that  till- lifiuity  of  liiittcrilii'^  scrvi'-*  to  I'lilivni  anil  I'lnlMllish. 
ami  tlii'i'tliy,  like  all  ntlirr  liriiiitii's  of  nature,  t"  ilo  it-  part  in  llir  iiiItiMi- 
tion  of  till'  liiinian  niiml  and  lirart.  \N  iili  tliis  \  irw  airi'ios  tlir  fmt  that  it 
i>  pri'cisrly  tlio^c  tliat  Hy  l)y  ihiy,  wlirn  man  !■<  most  in  the  •  ■\n-n  air,  anil 
hi-mity  c'liii  h«-  tlic  mure  nailily  olisi'i'\ril,  that  art'  thr  most  licaiitifnl  ;  ami 
till'  fiii'th'T  fart  that  thi'ir  rohir^.  on  the  ii|>|(«-r  snitiu'r,  as  that  wliirli 
prt'M'nts  itsi'lf  mo-(  prominrntlv  to  tlu'  ryr.  a- a  rulr '•(*/<//•//.«/  «\  itli  tli«- 
i)l»jirt(*  on  wliifli  tin  v  srti 'i' or  alioiit  uhiih  tliry  tliitlrr.  hy  wliirh  nu'iins 
the  I'tl'iM't  is  ilrriili'iliv  >trci,irthrn('il,  anil  hy  whii-li  tliry  arr  essentially  <lis- 
tinjiuisiied  from  those  I^epiilopterM  that  Hy  l>y  ni.Lrht,  where  the  exaet 
ojH>o.iito  is  generally  Iriie."'      (  her  sehnietterling  iinil  sein  lehen,  ll.'i.^ 


'  .K 

'•♦is 

'  "''4 

.-'At 


EUFTOIETA  CLAUDIA. -The  variegated  fritillary 


I'I'Ih' Viirici.'iilcil  Initilliirv  ((i(is«(0;  |i:ilr  nd  ImiIIii-Hv  (M;i\  iiiinhj. 


k 


I'din'lin   '7(n«/i'"  Irani.,  riip.  rxot..  i ;  IIKI.  I'(iiii/i>  rhiiishu)    llcrli^l,   N:itiir«\<l.    ins. 

pi.  (iO,  liiis.  !■;.  K.  (ITTll).  -.hini.tl..  ix  :  1h1I-1!Ki.  pi.  i-)T.  IIl's.  IW  (ITOs). 

Driins  fi(r((tii  i-liiiolid  lltWtw.,  fii\m\\\].('\itt.  I'din'lin    ilmnihis  IIi'rli>l.    NiiHirsvst.    ins. 

silimrlt..  i.  Lc'p.  i.  I'ap.  i.  \\  nipli.  iv,   Dryail.  .«rlinii'll.,  ix  :  IsHs."..  p|.  iM),  li;...  l-'i  i  lT!»s). 

U.  flic  .  a,  li^'>.  1-4  (IHlili),  l'(t)iiliii   hiiiriniiiiii-   AMi.,  I>ra\v.  in>.  (ii(i. 

Ilrciilliis  rliniiiiii  lliii.n..  Vcrz.  silnncU..  Ilrll.  niii>..  \ i :  ill.  li/s.  ;(ii-:!7:  x\l:  2!t.  tali.  iVi. 

.•lO(lsiii).  (ca.  l.SIKI.) 

Arijiiunin  i;t(nitU(i  |)<inlil..  Catal.  I.i'ti.  Itrit.  Ar;ii/iiin's  ruhnnl-iii'i  (ind.,  Kmyrl.  nii'tli.. 

inns.,  i :  fi7(ls44).  ix  :'J.V.',  2I!0  (Islrt);-   |I.M>,I.-I,rl  ..  [/p.  Ainrr. 

EiijitiHita  claxilin    Di.iil.l.-Ifcu  It-.,  li.'ii.  x.pt..  l.'i.'H.M.  pi.    (4.  lii'i.  l-KIS;t;!);  — MdIt. 

illiirn.     lA'p..     i:17ii    (|s|s):  —  riicn.-l.ii.'..  Syn.  i.rp.  N".  .\niii-..  it  (IW!2). 
Kiu-ycl.  hist,  niit.,  Pap..!K),  liu'.  1!>2  (l«.')a):— 

Kilw.,  Can.  rut.,  xii :  2.'ll-'j:i.")  (I.ssii):— Kri'iicli.  Ki).'iir<'il   liy   .Milicit.  I»ra\v.  ins.  (ia..  (Jray 

Itcp.  ins.    111.,   vii:  l.VI-l.'.l  (187S);   Halt.  rast.  Cull.  I!.»t.  mm.  nat.lii.t...")l ;  i  •cnilrr  iiill.,iliiil.. 

r,S.,  IifcVK^.  II^'.  4;t(ls.sil);_Mi(l(ll.,  lii'p.  ins.  11;— (ilo\..  III.    \      .\.  I,.p.,    1. 1.  1.  Ml'.  HI;  pi. 

111.,   x:  SI)  (IS'^I);  —  Kini..   Miitl.   Mi'.,  4-1-4  .">  :iil,  11;:.  1.  iiicd. 

(ls}*4);-Mayn.,  Itutt.  N.  K., 'Jl-22.  pi.  4,  !!«.  [Nut  I'apiliip  .•(.Imnl.jna  fahr.) 
24,  24a  (l.s«t)). 

Soini'  tinislicil  Imttirlh . 
Sinnc.tn'i'alliiii.-  .iijiiicniil-llakc  uitii  linf-.'nlil  fans, 
'I'lial  lake's  till.  air.  iiii  tr:i.  r  nf  wurni  il    u:i~. 

IfHoW MNi;.--77(('  HllliJ  i'll'l  lllf  Itnnk, 

Imago  (14:4).  Iloiul  covi'ivd  profasi'ly  Avitli  pntty  imiir.  lim-i'.  ik'liriiti'.  iliirk 
olivaciMis,  I'liUoiis  ami  liliiekisli  liaifs,  w  liicli  form  iilso  liitfnil  tufts  upon  tlic  tmsiil 
four  or  llvi!  joints  of  tlir  mitunnai';  sick's  iiiul  iiiulrr  Mirluei'  covn-i'd  \\iHi  fulvous 
iiinl  lilnck  si'ali's.  I'xri'ptlni:  a  Iwinlrr  of  wliili'  ^-i-iilcs  tu-xt  thr  posti'iMoi'  and  liiwiT  por- 
tion of  till'  rye.  whii'h  liroadiMis  below  ami  xiiaetiiiies  .nTHpii's  nrarly  the  AvIiiiliMif  thli 
part  of  till!  head,  to  the  almost  ('omploti' exiliision  of  thr  fiihous  si-ales  :  palpi  with 
the  basal  joint  white,  the  iiiidille  joint  wliilr  iii'iu'iilli.  on  the  lower  half  externally  uml 
the  basal  half  of  the  middle  internally :  the  rest  and  the  apical  joint  foxy  fulvous, 
miiifjled  with  blackish,  liair-iike  scales,  the  inner  surface  paler:  bristles  of  the  inferior 
fringe  black  when  they  issue  from  a  white  base,  or  fulvous  when  tlieyiloiiot;  an- 
tunnai   dark  liiteo-fulvous,   heavily   llecki-d  above  with    \ery  min„  •■  blackisli  scales. 


■#i 


520 


IIIK  lU  TTKUKLIKS  OK   Ni;\V   i;N<;i,AM) 


m:^ 


wliii'li  lii'i'oiiic  Miickisli  lii'iiwii  on  tin'  nilddli'  half,  ciillvi'iu'd  tNitliii  I'l'w  riihoiiH  x'lili'-, 
rspi'i'inlly  nil  till-  liiiHiil  tlilril  fxtirnallv,  all  tlir  Jiilnt'«  ahnvc  iiiarknl  ilrllcati'ly  nltli 
|)«1(' rastaiicoiis;  Imsal  tlilnl  Ix-iii'atli  liravlly  I'ovcrri;  witli  uIiIII.hIi  or  ycllowlsli  wliito 
scali's,  wliii'li  contliiiir  cxlcnially  iii'arly  to  llic  club,  at  a  nIcikIit  lliu';  Ihto  llicyox- 
paii'l  attain,  roriiiinu; a  lai'iro.  triangular  »|>ol  of  iliill  wliltUli  Nralcn  on  the  onlcr  siir< 
face,  cxrlnilliiii  tin'  a|ilc!il  four  or  llvr  joliiN;  clnli  iitiovc  ilark  brown  on  the  basal. 
•■aMtani'on-'  on  ajiical  half  of  llu'  johils.  the  nilildlc  third  iii-xt  the  wliitKh  wi\Wh 
(•ovcri'il  with  blackish  scales,  beneath  a  little  iiifiisi'atcci ;  the  terinlnal  f<Mir  or  llvi' 
joints  n;iked  or  nearly  s<i.  ami  above  nincli  paler  than  the  rest.  Incllnln;;  to  Intcoils; 
tonani'  Inteons.  Inriiscatcti  above  for  the  leiicth  of  tin'  tirst  coll,  beyond  black  at  the 
sides,  above  paler,  tlio  tip  blackish  fuscous. 

I'rothorncic  lobes  covered  with  ImiK  Imirs  like  those  of  the  head,  rest  of  thorax 
above  covered  with  Ions:  fnlvo-olivaieons  hairs,  perhaps  sllirhtly  darker  ini  lln'  pata- 
Uia.  frecpu'iitly  niintfleii  with  sonu-  brownish  hairs;  l)eiiealh  covered  with  pale  vIiioiih 
ami  pale  araylsh  Imirs  and  pale  siabs;  forele;;s  of  jj  covered  above  with  fnlvons 
hairs,  paler  on  the  tarsi ;  rif  9  fnlvons  above,  vvhltisii  below,  the  tarsi  all  pale,  tinned 
with  fnlvons  dowji  tlie  front  of  the  upper  surface;  femora  and  tibiae  of  other  lejfs 
above  fulvous,  s..ii. "limes  ileep  fulvous  on  fi-niora,  beneath  white,  tarsi  testaceous. 
often  lleckcd  to  a  con-iderable  extent  above  with  white  scales;  spurs  luteo-testa- 
cooiis;  spines  l)lack ;  claws  luteo-testaceous;  paronychia  pale,  nearly  colorles^i. 

Wliiits  above  pale  fulvous,  tinifcd  sliniitly  witli  oraii«e,  exceptbiK  In  a  broad,  coin- 
moll,  mesial  iiaiid.  marked  with  l)lack  and  blackish  fuscous,  the  veins,  excepting  tlie 
base  of  the  p.edian.  lilacklsh  fuscous.  Hasal  half  of  Jon'  irimjs  a  little  deeper  In  tint 
than  the  rest  of  the  wln^,  and  lijilitly  powdered  with  lirownisii.  );'viii}{  it  a  slight 
ifriseoiis  aspect,  limited  exteriorly  by  a  cininccted,  very  irrettnlar.  strongly  deiitatod, 
transverse  stripe  of  medium  widtli.  running  from  the  costal  border  to  the  submedlaii 
iicrvnre;  it  starts  from  scanely  beyond  the  middle  of  the  costal  border,  and  rims  to 
the  lower  subcostal  nervnle.  In  an  oblhpiely  placed  curve,  the  lower  half  more  boweil 
than  tlio  upper,  strlklmt  the  lowest  subcostal  at  about  the  middle  of  Its  basal  half;  In 
the  subcosto-medlan  interspace  It  leaps  outward.  Its  Inner  bonier  boliiK  usnoUy  beyond 
the  outer  border  of  the  previous  and  sncceediiiK  part  of  the  bund,  while  in  the  median 
ami  medio-snbinedian  Interspaces  It  passes  by  successive,  more  or  less  obllipiu.  snb- 
paralU'l  bars,  bent  outwards,  particularly  on  the  lower  half  or  two-thirds  of  each, 
which  are  placiMl  snccesslvely  nearer  the  base;  that  in  the  upper  median  beiiiK  as  u 
whole  ill  continuity  witli  the  sulicostal  portlim  of  the  stripe;  that  in  tlie  lower  median 
starting  from  a  sll>?ht  distance  beyond  the  orlKiii  of  the  middle  median  and  from  about 
half  an  liiterspaci-"s  distance  within  the  termination  of  the  previous  bar,  and  teriiihiatinjt 
at  about  tlie  middle  of  the  basal  two-thirds  of  the  lower  median;  that  in  the  medio- 
sulniiediaii  bearinj:  the  same  relation  to  tlie  lower  median  as  tliat  does  to  the  upper 
median  liar,  but  usually  less  oblique,  and  terminating  scarcely  beyond  the  middle  of 
the  snlimedian;  tliese  bars  are  almost  always  connected  by  slender,  recurrent 
stripes  traversliiir  the  nerviiles  almost  longitudinally;  where  this  mesial  stripe 
toiiciics  the  costal  border  it  is  often  van'ic  and  dispersed.  makiii!<  the  whole  of  the 
outer  half  of  the  basal  half  blackish  fuscous;  tlic  extremity  of  the  cell  is  marked  by 
a  transverse,  prominent  bar.  foUowim;  and  coverlnit  the  veins,  ami  the  cell  itself  Is 
crossed  by  two  similar  bars,  the  outer  connected  above  and  below  with  the  exterior 
bar.  ami  so  ('iiclosiinf  lietweeii  liieiii  a  transversely  snbovai,  very  pale  fulvous  spot,  its 
shorter  axis  about  twice  as  Ioiil'  as  tlie  breadth  of  tlie  bars,  the  inner  crossing;  tlio 
niiddli'  of  the  cell,  often  not  altainin«  eitlier  nervure.  and  jieiierally  crcsceiitlc,  opeii- 
iiiit  inward,  its  lower  extremity  opposite  the  origin  of  tlie  Uiwest  median  nervnle;  in 
tlie  medio-snlmiedian  interspace  is  a  bent,  transverse  bar  opeiiin;;  Inwards,  starting 
above  at  lin^  origin  of  tlie  lower  median,  and  having  its  aiifrle  produced  so  as  often  to 
Unich  the  mesial  stripe;  iieyoiid  tlie  mesial  stripe,  and  separated  from  It  by  a  width  of 
from  one  to  two  interspaces,  is  a  transverse,  connected,  blackish  fuscous  streak  or 
stripe.  oriuiiiatliiLr  above  in  a  lon;;itudinal,  trlanixular.  blackish  fuscous  spot,  seated 
with  its  iiroad  liase  upon  the  costal  mar;;in,   from  the  tip  of  the  costal  nervure  to  a 


NVMl'IIAIINAK;    KIITOIKTA   Cl-AriMA. 


r)21 


little  lii'Nollcl  Ihi'  lll^l  ili\al'li'!ltinli  of  llir  4l|li('(>stlll.  Illlil  rMl'llilllll.'  In  llic  lllidillr  ol'  lllc 
lli'.Xt  l<i  the  lii«iT  >illicii«lill  lli'i'\  lllc  J  fl'iilll  liiTc  it  |>llf.cH  ■<llli|>ill'allcl  to  I  lie  (illlcr  Imrilcr 

In  II  scrlrn  of  iriiiiHViTrtc,  -"Icnili'r  Imrs,  »iicfi's>|vcly  iicnfrr  tiic  lm>i'iif  tin-  wlinr,  to  the 
miiIiiiiimIIiiii  iiiTMiri',  wlilcli  It  strikes  nt  n  little  less  thiiii  tiiiilwiiv  frniii  tlin  extremity  iif 
the  Iil('»lal -ttrlpe  tci  the  niiler  lioriler;  nil  the  Upper  llleillilii  liervule  the  extremity  iif 
llie  iippir  meJIilli  l)iir  ti>llrlii'>  tiie  extri'llllty  i<(  till'  mexiill  -llipe.  tllllo  ili\  lillli:.'  Illln 
two  >iiliei|iiiii  ptirts  liie  nillier  Irrciruiiir.  lu'iiinl,  ViTv  piili'  fiilvoii'*,  me>lal  liiimi  fMniii'ii 
bet  "•fell  tiiesi'  two  ^tri|>e-.;  lieviiiiil  llii-  Inlllil  llu'  linniml  ciilnr  ol' tlie  «  ill';  i»  li«imll\ 
of  tile  siitiie  depth  Illlil  l)i'li;liliie>s  as  liefole  It,  ami  it  is  crn-'seil  liy  aiinl her  »iiliiiiar- 
Uimil  lilaeklsli  <ti'ipe.  siiliparaliel  to  tiie  outer  lioriler.  removeil  froiii  It  hy  rroiii  hall'  an 
Ititerspaee  (lieliiw)  to  oiu-  nml  oiie-halT  (aliove),  nml  rnriiied  of  a  serle*  of  shallnu 
curves  In  the  Interspaces,  opeiiliii;  Inwards,  and  most  bowed  hi  the  lower  vllhcostal 
ri'uloii :  at  the  costal  liorder  this  stripe,  too.  expands  into  a  trianifiihir  spot,  which 
often  merges  Into  the  one  pre\ioiisly  nnulioiied  and  into  tiie  lilackisli  outer  liorder; 
midway  lietweeii  tills  stripe  and  llie  exlr.i-uie..ial  stripe  Is  a  series  of  roiiiidi-li  oval, 
transverse,  niedluiu  sized.  ei|nal.  hlinki-li  spots  in  the  lower  two  siilie.^tal.  nudiaii 
and  luedlo-suliinedlan  iiiter^paees.  oreupyiiii;  more  than  half  the  width  of  Mieinlir' 
spaces,  the  lowest  approxlmaled  to  the  siihuniritiiial  stripe,  and  sometimes  louiliieiil 
ultlilt:  ocia-ioiially  a  dot  oeeiirs.  also.  In  the  sulicosto-inedlan  intersp  ice ;  the  milcr 
border  Is  bordered  with  blackish  or  blackish  fuscous  In  a  variable  deuree.  sonietlmes 
eiicroachlni!  so  far  on  the  siilimaririiml  stripe  as  to  lenvp  only  slender,  fiilvoiis  liiniiles 
between  llieiii  (most  commonly  In  the  $).  or  reduced  to  n  narrow  edifiiii:  no  broader 
than  llie  siibuiari;liial  stripe  (iiiost  I'ommoiily  In  the  ^).  lint  In  all  c;ise>  broadesl 
upon  the  nerviiles ;  friiiife  whlti'.  broadly  Inlirrnpted  with  blackish  fiiscoiis  at  the 
nerviire  tips,  and  tienerally  llecked  tliroii::liii',i  on  tlie  basal  half  with  bhirkisli  brown. 
Ilhiil  iriiKis  i;euerally  a  very  little  deeper  in  color  on  the  basal  half  than  either  fore  or 
bind  wiiiirs  are  elsewhere:  and  broadly  llecked  witli  blackl-li  fuscous  scales  aloni;  the 
meillaii  iierviire;  an  infra-mesial,  rather  slender,  sinuous,  blackish  stripe  crosses  the 
winji;  startliiir  from  a  very  little  beyond  the  middle  of  the  costal  border,  it  passes  In 
a  eiirvo  openlnj;  outward  to  the  inlddU'  of  tlit-  basal  half  of  the  upper  subcostal 
nervulc;  from  here  In  an  opposlni:  curve  to  the  middle  of  the  lower  subcostal  intei- 
spai'e,  a  short  distance  from  Its  base,  lieiiee  In  a  strai;rlit  or  nearly  straight  line  to  the 
middle  of  the  basal  curve  of  the  upper  niediaii  nervule.  is  liere  bent  at  nearly  ri:;ht 
aiiirles  toward  the  Inner  border,  and  pas>es  to  the  iiicdio-siibuiediaii  Interspace  in  a 
slljihtly  Irrcitnlar  course,  nenerally  scarcely  broken  at  the  middle  Dieillan  iiervule ;  a 
crescentlc.  transverse  bar.  opetiliii;  Inwards,  crosses  the  extri'iiilty  of  the  cell,  nearly 
connectlni;  the  base  of  the  middle  subcostal  and  lower  median  nerviiles;  beyond  the 
infra-mesial  stripe  Is  n  broad,  very  pale  fulvous,  bowed  baud,  miieli  more  rcirnlar 
than  that  of  the  fore  wiiisjs.  and  about  one  and  one-half  iiiterspaees  In  width ;  It  Is 
boiiinled  externally  by  a  slender,  blackish  fuscous,  extra-iiiesial  streak,  bent  and 
broadest  in  t!ie  lower  half  of  the  subcosto-iuedlan  Interspace,  but  otherwise  nearly 
St ral;;ht.taperliii;  toward  either  extremity,  and  often  fadiiiiroul  alto;;etlier  before  reacli- 
iiiit  either  border.  Floyouil  this  tlie  markiiiiiS  are  an  almost  exact  repetition  of  those  of 
the  fore  wiiiils.  with  the  sexmil  di.tlnctions.  exceptini;  tiiat  the  nervures  of  the  hind 
wiiijfsare  also  accompanied  more  or  less  by  blackish  fuseous  scales,  nearly  or  ipiitc  as 
far  as  the  extra-nieslal  band  in  the  9  ,  and  that  the  roundish  spots  are  almost  always 
circular,  occur  only  In  the  subcostal  and  uiedlnn  interspaces,  the  upper  subcostal 
reduced  to  a  mere  dot  or  even  wholly  obsolete;  as  in  the  fore  win;;,  there  is  also 
occasionally  a  dot  in  the  subcosto-mediau  interspace ;   f  rlmie  as  on  fore  wiiiirs. 

Heiieath. /())•(■  ir('/i;/.ioranv'o  fulvous  (111  the  basal  half  with  the  blackish  markini:-.  of 
the  upper  surface  repeated  with  diminished  .iiror.  the  two  outer  bars  of  the  cell  divari- 
citliiiT  from  biiinv  upward,  not  uultiii;;  nor  even  approat  lilni;  above,  the  emiosed 
spot  white  or  whitish  fulvous;  the  broad  mesial  band  Is  pale  straw  color  and  lll- 
dellneil.  since  the  extra-mesial  stripe  is  wautiin;:  In  its  place,  above,  is  a  silvery  while 
triani;iilar  spot.  laru;ely  llecked  witli  brown  scales,  especially  alon-r  the  costal  mar;jlii 
and  next  the  mesial  band,  and  in  such  jilaees  often  tinued  with  a  very   faint  greenish 


i      1 

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;j22 


rilK    lU  riKUKMKS  Ol'   NKW    KNdl^AND. 


Ijliii'.  iiiviii^  it  :i  liiiiiry  !i>|n'il  ^suniciiiiii's  rciichiiiLt  acniss  llu:  iin'>i!il  liiuid  to  tin'  iiil  ii- 
iiic-iiil  sliipci  oxli'iidiiiK  I'll  till- cosl.il  hiinlcr  fruiii  iiiiihviiy  liclwcfii  lliu  ti|i>  of  the 
second  mill  third  siipcfior  hriiiuiics  of  llu:  >iilici»liil  to  tlu'  iiicsiiil  i)iiiid,  mid  to  tli" 
liiiddlf  of  tluMiiitci'  I'oiir-lH'tlis  of  the  lowest  siibcostnl  iici'vulc,  its  outer  limit  well 
dflliir<!  mid  Hourly  strai;:lil ;  ulieii.  as  occasionally,  it  includes  tlic  i'|. per  portion  of  the 
mesial  band,  it  extemis  douinviird  to  tlie  iippi'r  iin'dian  iierviile.  Midway  lietwei  n  this 
and  tlieoiiter  liorder.  tliere  is  nsnally  another  vai;nely  delliied  whitish  spot  oeciipyini; 
the  whole  width  of  the  lowe-i  siilieostal  inti'rspaee.  soiiietiiiies  slnulln;.' oil' very  irrailu- 
•1 1 ly  toward  tlie  tipof  tho  win;;,  whieii  U  ^iiMierally  of  anochraeeoiis  hneaild  between  which 
and  tlie  triangular  silvery  spot  is  ii  fiisco-fnivous  stripe,  often  tiii;ied  with  olivaceous, 
broaileiiin^i  dowiiwanl.  exti'Udinur  from  the  costal  bordi'r  to  the  lowest  subcostal  iier  ule; 
the  same  color  is  repeated  next  the  outer  liorder  ill  the  subcosto-mediau  and  upper 
median  interspaces,  limiti'd  inward  liy  a  dark  fuscous,  slender,  siibniar^iiiial  stripe,  less 
than  ail  interspace's  distance  from  the  (Uiter  border,  and  which  reaches  iii;arly  to  the 
inner  border.  In  the  median  ari'a  the  outer  iialf  of  the  wiiiLt  is  fulvous,  not  so  deeply 
tin^jiMl  with  oranL'e  at  lIu' liase.  and.  c(U'respoudiiiir  to  those  of  tlieupper  siirfaci',  are 
three  i-ouiii|isli  blaclx  spots  ill  tlie  median  ami  medio-subniediaii  iiiterspiices :  a  blackish 
t.'iiscons  line  traces  the  limit  of  the  outer  border;  friiiiie  blackish  brown,  interrupted 
rallier  broadly  with  dirtv  pah'  yellowish  in  the  interspaces.  //('/(('  irinii.')  Iiiteo-tawiiy 
upiui  the  basal  two-tlfths,  stroii;rly  enlivened  with  ilark  brownish  ferriiitinous.  espec- 
ially ill  the  upper  outer  half  of  the  area,  collected  to  a  considerable  extent  into  minute 
blotches  or  Hecks  and  besprinkled  lightly  with  blackish  iind  silvery  uliite  scales,  the 
former  in  the  upper,  the  latter  in  the  lower  half  of  the  wins;;  in  llie  upper  half  of  tliu 
will;;  the  basal  colors  are  distinctly  liniiled.  the  line  of  demarealion  followin;;  tliat  of 
the  infra-mesial  si ripi' of  the  upper  surfaci'.  exeeptini;  in  the  subi'osto-Miedian  iiiter- 
-pace.  where  it  is  removed  iim-iderably  towards  the  base,  and  crosses  the  cell  in  a  stron;; 
curve.  opiMiini;  inwards,  whose  outer  limit  does  not  reach  the  middle  of  the  vein  clos- 
iim  the  cell ;  in  tliecosto-subcostal  interspai'c  there  is  astroiij;ly  curved,  transverse  s.reak 
of  white,  or  i;rayisli  white,  usually  enlar;;ed  considerably  at  eitlier  extremity.  Us  lowi'r 
eiiil  ri'stin;;  on  "^e  lirst  divarication  of  tlie  subcostal;  and  in  the  niedio-submeiliail, 
next  to  the  first  divarication  of  the  median,  a  transverse,  often  bent,  black  streak,  be- 
twi'<'ii  which  and  the  rnnitation  of  the  basal  color  (which  in  this  part  of  the  wiiii;  is 
marked  by  an  indepeiidi'iit  thoii;;li  faint,  intrii-iueslal,  lilackish  streak)  the  color  is  paler 
freipieiilly  foriiiiuu;  a  broail  pale  liaiid  exteiidiiitf  nearly  to  the  inner  border;  the  costal 
iiiar;;iii  is  traversi'd  tlirim:;liout  its  lem;tli  by  dc'llcale  transverse  streaks  of  black- 
ish brown ;  beyond  the  liasal  two-llfths  is  a  very  broad  mesial  band  similar  to  that 
of  the  up|)er  surface,  but  usually  broailer.  of  silvery  or  grayish  white  above  the  sub- 
costal iiervure,  belo.v  it  pale  brownish  white,  more  or  less  lleeked  with  very  sho.t, 
minute,  transverse  streaks  of  blackish  and  ferrnuimms.  ;;euerally  more  freiiueiil  on  the 
outer  half:  the  outer  bop'  r  is  broadly  bordered  witli  hoary,  tlecked  somewhat  with 
dark  brown.  averai;ini;  fully  half  an  interspiice  in  wiilth.  but  taperlii!;  to  <'  point  at  the 
costal  ami  submediaii  iierMin's ;  the  inner  border  is  not  rei;iilar.  but  iiKmnts  inward 
above  and  upon  the  lower  two  subcostal  and  upper  median  nervules;  between  this  bor- 
der and  the  mesial  baiiil  is  a  liroad  liand  of  fusco-ferruj;iiious,  or  dar!;  fulvous, 
deepest  in  color  above,  and  lleeked  miimtely  Avitli  transverse  bliickisii  lines,  and  en- 
closiii;;  in  tlie  middle  of  the  lower  subcostal  and  the  mcdliin  interspaces  roundish 
blackish  spots  half  as  broad  as  the  interspaces  •.vltli  a  faint,  minute,  whitish  pupil;  rrliij;.; 
pale  dirty  yellow,  interrupted  rather  broadly  at  the  Interspaces  with  blackish  fuscous. 
Abdomen  above  blackish  brown,  larttely  sprinkled  on  the  sides  and  apical  half  of 
upper  surface  with  fulvous  scales;  beneath  dirtv,  nvayish,  often  yelhiwlsli  white. 
Male  appendajzes  (33  :  l!7)  upper  oraan  witli  the  ceiiirum  only  half  as  lout;  as  broad, 
longitudinally  channelled  a  little  on  eitlier  side  of  the  middle;  hook  fully  as  ioiii;  as 
thceentruni.  beyond  the  basal  third  as  broad  as  lilt;h,  straight;  clasps  apparently 
formeil  of  two  loii};itiidinai  pieces,  the  upper,  bearliif;  the  recurved  hook,  belni;  sinuous, 
of  nearly  eipial  breadth  tlirou;;liont,  and  less  than  half  as  broad  as  the  clasp  proper;  the 
reeiirved  hook  is  small,  bent  backward  at  a  ri;;ht  anitle  and  a  little  inward,  ami  bears  four 


m 


XYMi'iiAi.iNAi:    i;n'i()ii;r.\  ci-aii'Ia 


r)23 


or  IIm' ilivcru'iiii;  N|iiiii.s.  wliicli  ;ii\i'  il  a  |i.'iliiiair  iiiipcariiiicc ;  tlir  <-l:i^|i  pin|ii'r  i-  from 
two  tip  tlii'iM'  liiiii'--  .■!'  lull','  as  hrniul.  lias  a  rallHT  liroa<lly  rniiinli'il.  •.|iiiiii;iTiiiH  liiiicli'i- 
liorilff.  iiiiil  11  ccpii^iiliialilc  laiiiiiiali- ili'iitatiiiii  ncai'  iltc  ti|i  « ilhin.  ami  aNn  nrav  the 
iiiiiliili'  of  tlic  InwiT  lionlor  witliiii;  the  iippi'f  pimi'ss  i»  ^iiiall.  cil'  ii|iml  linvultli. 
liriiaill.v  rmiiKlril  at  llir  li|).  alHuil  nvicc  as  Icnij;  as  lin>a<l.  a  lilllr  iiiiiii'\<'il  l)ut  mainly 
l>arallil  with  llic  .  la^p. 


.MiMsiiiciiii'iil>  ill  MiilliiiM-lro. 

MAI.K.S. 

FK.M.\I.|-.S. 

I.rll'.'tll  iif  Immllr.  !(  null. 

.Siiialli-st. 

■J."i.T."i 
1-.'. 

X. 

a. 

Avoraffp. 

Larjiont. 

■.>!t.."l 
II. 'l 

S.'i) 

8lllllllp^t, 

•iH. 
Hi. 
». 

Vvi;ra>;i'. 

.■ll..-| 
n. 

11.") 

;i.s 

I,iir;.'i-I. 

l.i'ii^lli  uf  fciic   «iiii.'s 

aiili'itii;!!' 

3.1 

:i:t. 
ll..-> 

10. 

1. 

Iiiiiil  liliiac  anil  tar. '  . 
fun-  tiliiai-  ami  tarsi.. 

•Ml 


Id'scrlliril  fiiiiii  I  <  .  •"'   I  . 

Malformation.  In  a  tCiiiaU'  spiM'inii'ii  I  lliiil  on  tliu  liiwci-  win$;  ol'  liolii  siilcs.  a 
ciuion-  tlioniili  uni'inial  (li'volopiiiciil  of  iln'  upper  subcostal  m-rviilc:  on  tin-  ri^rlil 
siili'.  I'l  ahcnit  Iwo-llftlis  tlio  clistaiR-c  Ironi  its  origin,  tlic  vi'iii  forks,  and  tlicii  airalu 
unites,  forniiii!,'  n  sli^jlit  loop  less  llian  l.."i  iinii.  lon^';  on  llic  left  wiiiv'.  at  a  little 
before  I  lie  miililli'.  it  forks  in  a  sinillar  niaiiiier.  ami  in  siieli  a  way  llial  one  liramli 
sL'elii.s  no  more  iniporUint  than  the  oilier,  that  is,  wilhonl  denmliiii;,  oiH'  eaiiiioi  tell 
.vlu'ther  it  semis  olf  a  superior  or  Inferior  liianeh;  the  upper  hraneli.  after  iliver^inu 
scarcely  more  than  .'>  nun.  from  tiie  lower,  eonlimies  parallel  to  it  a  short  ilislanee 
and  I  hen  disappears;  its  total  Icimtli  Is  2  nun  ;  the  lower,  after  heiiiu  liy  this  deiteetcd 
a  littli'  from  the  course  of  the  iicrvule.  returns  to  it  aijiiiii  as  soon  as  the  upper  has 
disappeared. 

Egg  i64:  '-':!)  ei|Uiilly  hljih  ami  hroad,  narrow  Inir  with  eousideraUle  resinliirlty  In  ilie 
siimmil.  which  is  alioiil  lialf  as  liroad  as  the  base:  vertical  rid;:es  very  niiinerous,  iM>r- 
haps  nlioiil  fcuMy,  at  exirenie  base,  where  they  are  scarcity  more  than  .o."i  ;iiin.  apart, 
many  either  amaliiainalin;;,  ;;enerally  a  little  below  the  middle,  or  terminatliiir  inde- 
pendently, generally  a  Utile  above  the  middle,  so  that  at  summit  there  are  only  ei;;ht 
or  nine  rid;;es,  and  in  the  upper  portion  of  the  rti'j;  the  interspaces  have  a  w  Idlli  of 
about  .1  iiiiii. ;  till-  cross  lines  are  from  ,(i|-,oil  iiiiii,  apnrl,  and  the  surface  is  nni- 
forinly  and  lulmitely  punctate  and  jxlistciiinij; ;  the  suiiimit  depression  is  saucer-shaped, 
rather  shallow,  about  ,l.">iniii,  in  widtli,  and  the  luicropylo  rosette  (67  :■•<)  is  abiuit 
.Oil  in  cliami'ler,  coiisistinj.'  of  a  central  circular  cell,  ,ol  mm,  in  diameter,  and  around 
it  two  irre^nlar  raii.y;es  <d"  about  tweiitv-llve  peiitai;onal  cells,  the  inmr  ones  loiiirer 
tliiiu  broad,  the  otlu'rs  abonl  e(|nal,  ^lie  whole  rosette  abrnplly  terininalin^  aiiaiiist  the 
su.'face  lieyond.  the  entire  depression  very  ininulely  punctnlate. 

Caterpillar,  I'lrM  Kl'iyc  Head  diisky  :  body  pale  iiri'cnlsh  brown,  mottled  with 
ilull  while,  emirclini;  the  black  base  of  the  hairs;  hairs  black,  Lcnitlh,  l.j  iiiui,  ; 
brondth.  .!■;  mm, 

Si-cii)  (I  sliiij( .  'lead  blackish,  Itody  dull  fcrrilfiinous,  dusky  at  the  Incisures,  a  stiu:- 
intltal  H'ries  of  roundish,  dull  while  spots  at  either  e\tremity  of  each  sejtineiit.  those  of 
adjoiniuu  sey;nenis  separated  only  by  the  incisure-^;  a  similar  liorsal  series;  spines 
and  p  ipillae  on  w  hieli  they  rest ,  black ;  h'iis  and  prole^s  black  ;  sinnes  of  ec;nal  leiinlh 
throuifhout,     I.i'iinth,  ".'.I  mm ;  bri'ailth,  1  mm.;  leiiitlh  anterior  spines,  .2,")  mm, 

'I'hinl s'  njc.  Head  black,  liody  onin4;e  ferruiiinous.  willi  ;iii  interrupted,  dorsal,  dull 
whitish  stripe  and  a  suprastimnatal,  moderately  narrow,  '.vliilo  bell,  broken  narrowly 
once  or  twice  at  the  anterior  extremity  of  each  si';iineiit,  and  tapi'rlnir  just  beyond  the 
inlddli!  of  each  .scj;meiit  until  lost  near  Hie  mlihlle  of  the  posterior  lialf ;  extrcliir;  base 
of  lejis  and  proleiis  while,  beyond  black;  spines  black,  the  anterior  subdorsal  pair 
latifcr  by  one-third  than  the  others  oi  the  same  row,  lA'iijrth  1  !,.'<  mm,  ;  breadth, 
1,1   iiu'i, ;  leny:tli  iiiiterior  spines,  l,'J,"i  mm, 

I-'"Uiih  sliiijc.  Head  black,  lloily  dark  oranuie  ferriiiriiKMis ;  a  dorsal  and  supraslle- 
matal.  narrow  white  stripe  broken  bv  several  traiisvi'i'se  black  lines  on  each  sey:niciit. 


m^ 


,  i.^    I 


ii-i 


ff 


024 


riiH  i!Lrn:i!ii-ii:s  ok  nkw  knci.a.nd. 


tftrt- 


vim-'-' 


.111(1  i'ily;i'(l  llu'oiliilumt.  iilxivc  ■•im!  hclow.  witli  an  iiiwi|iial  black  line;  t'Xtiviiir  liii-^i'  of 
li'if-i  and  in'oU^^s  >vitli  a  similai'  lilack-i'iliicil  wliilo  lino,  tlui'^i'  of  tlio  proli'iis  liroki'ii  in 
tliu  inulillc  ami  each  part  oblniuo.  the  lower  ed^lnij;  incrirlnii  into  the  bhiek  of  the  iiieiii- 
b'>rs;  spines  black,  tin;  anterior  siilulorsal  pair  of  llie  latter  longer  by  about  two- 
thirds  than  the  others  of  the  saiiu!  row.  Leiiu'tli. '-':'>  •">  iinn;  breadth,  ;!  iniii. :  leiii;l!i 
of  anterior  spines,  ;l  iiiiii. 

The  above  are  described  from  colored  drawimis  in  .Mr.  \V.  II.  Kdwards's  possession. 

hisl  nlniji!  {75  -.i'l,  7).  Head  (79:  I)  shiniii;,'  1 'ackisli  pnrple.  Ilie  sninmit,  the  tri- 
angle and  the  borders  of  tlie  same  pale  reddish  oraiiife;  a  re<ldish  streak  throniiii  llio 
ocellar  lleld ;  basal  joint  of  antennae  pale,  terminal  blaekisli ;  iicelli  black,  t lie  upper 
(Hie  rcddisli,  and  tlie  others  sometinies  faintly  1  imted  uitli  the  same ;  labriim  pale,  man- 
iliiilcs  black;  hibial  palpi  pale,  somewhat  aniuilated  witli  blackish. 

ISody  reddish  oraii:;o,  witli  liroad  latorodorsal  and  snprasti;riiiatal  black  baiid^:  the 
former  oiicIoso.h  •white  spots,  varialile  in  size  and  arraii^'ement.  but  ;;enerally  i|tiadrati' 
and  placed  aloii:;  the  iniddlo;  the  latter  encloses  aloiii;  its  lower  [lortioii  much  inoro 
frei|uent,  abnost  connected,  ireiierally  transversely  i|nadrate,  wliite  spots;  there  is 
also  a  narrower  lateroventral,  irreijular,  tortnons  band  of  wliitish,  and  a  simile  loimi- 
tndinally  ovate  ilor:  ;il  spot  of  white  encircled  with  black  on  I'acli  si';.'iiient,  tlie 
abdominal  ones  much  the  larirest;  under  surface  of  body  reddish,  infnscated :  whole 
surface  of  the  liody  covered  with  incouspicuons,  short,  very  delicate,  distant,  lilackish 
linirs,  surmonutinu  minute,  speck-like,  black  warts ;  spines  black  or  steel-blue ;  spiracles 
.black.  Lesis  exceedingly  dark  metallic  iirceii,  witli  loni;,  delicate  hairs ;  prolciis  reddish 
nfnseatcd.  the  apical  portion  metallic  irrecu,  tlie  whole  covered  with  lonu;,  delicate, 
blackish  hairs ;  lensrth  of  body,  lib  mm. ;  of  anterior  spines,  7  mm. ;  of  other  spines, 
'-'.■.">  mm,  ;  breadth  of  body,  t.,"i  iniii. ;  of  head.  '2.ti  mm. 

'I'here  is  considerable  variation  in  the  color  of  this  strikiiii;  caterpillar;  the  two 
lli;ires  whicli  we  publish  show  this.  Om;  drawing;  by  .\bbot  represents  the  jirouud 
c<dor  as  iluU  einnanioiieous,  tlie  louifitudinal  stripes  ami  blotches  nearly  white,  the 
spines  dark  brown. 

Chrysalis  (84  :  ■■<,  '■>).  Silvery  white  marked  with  black,  all  the  tubercles  gilt  with 
their  posterior  faces  sometimes  silvery.  Summit  of  the  head  between  the  bases  of 
the  antennae  with  a  small  black  spot  in  front,  joininj;  a  double  black  spot  on  the  upper 
portion  of  the  front,  and  next  the  iiosterior  base  of  the  anteuuae  a  small  spot  on  either 
side.  Labrum  and  all  the  iiarts  b"low  it.  tosfetlior  with  tlie  tonjfue.  and  a  iarire  oval  spot 
ruuniu;;  up  the  inner  front  of  eacn  ocellar  proinincnce  which  encloses  a  hiteous  blotch, 
black;  ausnlar  border  of  tiie  tomjue-basc  luleons:  suminit  of  the  eye  with  a  longi- 
tudinal dash  of  black ;  the  ocellar  ril)boii  luteons,  edged  broadly  over  most  of  eitlier 
side  Willi  black.  .Viitennae  yellowisli  witli  the  division  of  tlie  joints  marked  ratlier 
broadly  with  fuscous,  at  liase.  where  the  joints  are  short,  conlluent,  and  deepening  into 
lilack,  and  on  the  club  broadly  continent  along  the  median  line:  extreme  anterior 
base  of  llrst  joint  black,  r^cgs  over  the  anterior  half  silvery,  marked  with  a 
few  moderately  large,  black  blotclies ;  on  the  posterior  half  mostly  black.  Wings 
marked  broitdly  with  black,  never  extending  upon  the  nervures ;  a  broad  inferior  border 
of  lilack.  Interrupted  in  the  middle,  and  two  very  large,  longitudinal  blotches,  broadly 
divided  by  Inteous  at  the  nervures,  and  having  some  outlying  spot.s  in  close  connection  ; 
one  shorter,  occnpying  the  posterior  third  of  the  wmg  in  its  length  and  the  inUldle  of 
the  lower  half  in  its  breadth;  the  otlier,  the  jiosterior  half  and  the  middle  of  the  supe- 
rior two-thirds;  the  superior  face  of  the  projecting  part  of  tlio  wing  is  marked  with 
black  .111(1  liiteous.  Thorax  marked  with  a  considerable  number  of  small,  round,  black 
spots,  conlluent  in  front  of  the  tubercles  ami  encircling  them  with  black  excepting 
posteriorly,  on  the  two  hinder  segments  bordering  them  only  on  the  inner  front  on  tho 
prothorox;  on  tlie  posterior  edge  of  the  abdominal  segments  is  a  transverse  row  of 
small  black  spots  arranged  for  the  most  part  in  a  laterodorsal  (at  the  upper  edge  of 
the  tubercles),  a  laterostigmatal.  snprastigmatal,  and  stiguiatal  series,  besides  a  vcntro- 
stigmatal  one;  besides  these  there  Is  a  subdorsal  series  in  the  middle  of  tlie  segments 
and  a  laterostigmatal  both  in  the  middle  and  on  the  anterior  border  of  the  seitments; 


NYMIMIALINAK:   KriTOIKTA    (LMIHA. 


lliiTc  is  iil-io  !i  -tiLriiiiital  :iiilc'rior  s.M'ics.  aiul  tin'  >|iir;irli's  iiri'  lilMik  Imiiiillv  Imnlri-cl 
with  lil:ii'ki-i|i  fiiscdiis;  tin'  -puI-  alioiil.  llic  spiriicli's  i's|n'ciiill.v  lln^  |i(is|rri(ir  0110.  iiii' 
(pl'iiii  ciiiilliicnt.  'I'lic  liiln'rclcs  arc  iiUd  ciIlji'iI  luitrrinily  iv  illi  11  stniiiilil.  tniii~\  I'l's.' 
tl.'wji  i)f  liliu'k;  1111(1  nil  tlicsi'  aiiliTior  mid  I'l'iilnil  iiuukiiii:-  liicmu'  (•(inlliiciil  !•>  ;i 
^i-i'atiT  111'  less  I'Xtciit  on  tlic  sccnnil  t.ii  fiiiirtli  si'i;iiiciil^.  foniiliiir  a  iniiisvcT-f  liaii.1 
llki'  a  ■•^ri'ciaii  lnii'il.'i'."  I'l-i'ini^l  t  >IiiI1  IiiImik  licavilv  liui'.lri'ril  willi  lilack.aml 
111!'  wlidli'  veil  I  nil  piiiMioii  of  llii'  sixiji  t<p  cinlilli  s.'irim.nt,  |ira\  ily  iiil'iisi  alrcl.  I.i'iijilii. 
H  iiiiii  ;  lii'raillli  at  orcllar  jirDiiiiiiriiiTs  l.-.Ti  miii  ;  at  basal  wiiiu:  pr'iiiiiiii'iircs,  1;  hum  -. 
at  siipi'i'liir  wiiiu  pniinliii'iiiTs,  c  miiii. 

Distribution  (21:  ;>).  I'lii^  lpiilt<'rHy  dcciirs  tlimiiirlioiit  nnd  :iImi  licycmd 
llic  ('ui'olinian  t'aiiiiM  :   to  tlic  smitli  it  is  tniiii<l   aliiiiiilMiitly  in   all  the   (iiill 

states  and  is  said  to  lie  f'mnid  alunir  tlic  ist    of  tlic   (lull'  of  Mcxicn  and 

Curililieaii  Sea,  tliroiii^li  Mcxicd  and  as  Car  as  Honduras  ( Ifcakirt  )  and 
(iiiatcniala  (Hates).  It  may  lie  doulilcd  wlu'tlicf  it  lias  not  here  liceii 
mistaken  tor  one  of  tlie  \ery  nearly  allied  species.  I  liavc  niyselt"  seen  it 
from  as  tar  as  San  liuis.  Mexico  (I'ainier).  and  Aaron  and  Lintner  lnitli 
report  it  from  tlu;  .Mexican  liorder.  Westward  it  I'caelies  the  IJocky 
.Mountain  rejjion  and  the  mountains  of  .\i'i/oiia  (  Mead.  Kdwards).  It  is 
ai)iindant  in  Colorado  where  it  has  heeii  taken  in  various  places  iiy  Mead, 
I'utnam,  Packard,  .Snow  and  myself.  It  is  found  in  New  Mexico  (Snow) 
and  I'tah,  .\nierican  Fork  Canon  (Scudder)  ;  Carpenter  reports  it  from 
Fort  Niohrara,  Nehruska,  Kdwards  from  the  Wijs  Horn  .Mountains;  and 
north  of  our  hordi  r  it  has  hcen  taken  at  Calj^ary  and  tiii'(ioosc  Lake 
region  by  (Jeddes  and  at  Moose  Mountain  hy  .Miss  Pierce.  It  has  iiceii 
reported  from  California,  hut  probably  by  mistake  for  K.  hegesia.  It  is 
very  rare  in  the  northern  half  of  the  liiiitcil  States,  but  hsis  been  reported 
from  Pennsylvania,  New  ^'ork  (Long  Island  ),  .New  .Ier<ey.  ( )hio,  northern 
Illinois,  Wisconsin,  Minnesota  and  Iowa,  and  has  even  been  taken  in 
single  examples  at  Cli'vcland.C  Hiio  (Kirkpatrick  ),  St.  Catherines  (  ncidle), 
and  near  London,  Ontario  (Denton),  and  at  Chatcaiiguay  near  .Montreal 
(Jack). 

In  New  England  it  is  therefore  naturally  a  very  rare  insect,  but  it  bus 
been  taken  repeatedly  in  eastern  Massachusetts  :  the  only  instances  known 
to  me  are  the  following:  .\mherst  (Parker),  Leominster  ( Slnn'tlctf ), 
Chelsea  (P.  S.  Spragiie),  Newbnryport,  several  specimens  in  lS,s;i  ( I  lav- 
ward,  Maynard),  .Maiden,  four  specimens  in  Ins;;  (  K.  H.  Sprague), 
Wollaston  (Mason),  and  Cainbridg*'  (Folsom).  The  northernmost  local- 
ities in  New  Lngland  are  Kitfcry  (IL  Tbaxter)  and  near  Portland,  Maine 
(Lyman),  It  has  never  been  taken  in  New  Hampshire  as  stilted  acci- 
dentally by  French  ;  probably  New  Kngland  was  intended. 

Food  and  habitn  of  the  caterpillar.  'I'hc  caterpillar  ticeds  on  vari- 
ous poly|)etalous  plants,  having  been  recorded  by  .Vbboi  on  one  of  the 
Herberidaceae  (Podiphylhmi  peltattini  Linn., — the  mandrake  or  .May 
apple)  and  on  one  of  the  Passitloriurcuc  (Passitlora  incarnata  Linn., — the 


i<\ 


^ 
1 


WW 


m 

1^ 

i^ 

.-i 

m 

^1 

1 


W'^i' 


•52B 


Till-:  lu  rn:i!n-iKs  of  nkw  i:n(;lani). 


jjiis-iioii  Howi'r).  (irotf  imd  otlicrs  lia\f  t'oiiiid  it  (Hi  tlic  .-;uiic.  It  is  ;il-ii 
reconlctl  {'niiii  otiii  r  I'assitloriio,  1*.  ciicnili'M  t'ui-  iii>t!iiict'.  Mr.  Kilcy  liiis 
iilsi)  1(11111(1  it  iiijiiriciiis  to  one  ot'  tlic  N'ioliU't'iic, — the  jiiinlcii  piiiisy.  Niolii 
(licolor  I  jinn.,  and  Mr.  Kdwai'dd  ted  spociini'iis  readily  witli  violets.  In 
tile  west  Mr.  Mead  t'oiiud  it  on  Sednni,  one  (A'  tlie  Craissidaeeae  closely 
allied  to  tlie  I'assiHorae.  It  is  also  fiirnred  liy  Aliliot  on  Desniodiiini  pani- 
enlatiini,  a  lejriiininoiis  plant,  and  is  said  to  oeeiir  on  pnrslant'.  one  of  the 


Portulaeaeeae.      Mr.  IJili'v  reeeived  it  from  \orfolk,  N'irjrinia. 


talu 


eahiiaiT*'.  « liieli,  however,  his  informant  added,  it  did  not  harm,  its  princi- 
pal food  lieinji'  the  "pop  apple"  (prohahly  the  May-pop,  the  fruit  of  I'as- 
(•iriora  inearnata).  Finally  Aiihot  says  it  feeds  on  "hejigars  lice" 
(C'viioglossinn?).  Passitiora  and  Sediim  are  evidently  its  favorites.  The 
Cuhaii  spi'cies.  E.  hciresia  (P.  eolinnhiiia  Faljr. )  which  is  distinct  from 
ours,  has  heen  foimd  liy  Dr.  (iimdlaeh  on  Tiirnera  iilmifolia. 

It  is  probahlc,  as  Mr.  Kdwards  sii<!:;j:e!*ts,  that  the  larva  feeds  liy  iiij:ht. 
and  liy  day  resorts  to  stems  of  bushes  and  higlier  plants,  for  he  has  found 
it  on  lilack  alder  several  feet  from  the  ground;  -Mt travels,''  .Mr.  Kdwards 
remarks,  "vitli  wondert'iil  rajiidity  and  a  daily  journey  of  ten  feet  would 
lie  a  small  atl'air."  Aliliot  in  several  places  speaks  of  the  liutterHy  as 
common,  but  the  larva  as  rare  (probably  because  it  hides  by  <lay). 

Life  history.  Ibc  species  is  'iiniarently  trijile-brooded ;  the  first 
lnitterHies  appear  very  early  in  the  spring,  the  middle  of  February  in 
Texas  (Helfrage),  or  the  last  of  March  in  northern  Florida  (Chapman). 
Whether  these  are  hibernating  individuals  or  fresh  from  wintering  chrvsa- 
lids  is  not  stated,  but  in  either  ease  they  probably  belong  to  the  same 
brood  as  those  which  ap[iear  late  in  *lie  preceding  autiunu.  In  (ieorgia, 
caterpillars  arc  fidl  grown  early  in  ^  iid  after  about  eleven  days  spent 

in  the  chrysalis  stage,  enu'i'ge  a?  butteiHies  (Abbot)  ;  ajuiareiitly  these 
torm,  properly  sjieaking,  the  first  brood.  A  second  seems  to  appear  about 
the  middle  of  July  in  N'irginia  and  Tennessee,  when  the  egg  state,  according 
to  Kdwards,  lasts  five  days  (it  may  be  as  long  as  twelve  at  other  seasons), 
the  caterpillar  grows  to  maturity  in  a  fortnight  and  the  chrysalis  hangs  a 
week.  A  third  —  the  only  ninnerous  one  —  apjiears  in  the  middle  of 
.September,  becomes  abundant  by  the  first  of  (Jctober,  and  in  the  extreme 
south  certainly  contimu's,  although  in  diminished  numbers,  throughout 
most  of  November  (Chapnian).  It  is  possible,  perhajts  probable,  that  in 
the  extreme  south,  other  broods  are  interpolated  between  these. 

As  to  hibernation,  it  seems  iirobable :  1,  that  the  butterfly  often  liiber- 
mites  :  2,  that  some  of  the  autniiin  ehrysalids  do  not  <lisclose  theii  inmates 
until  very  early  tlu'  following  spring;  and  i\,  tiiat  caterpillars  hatched 
from  ctriTS  laid  liv  the  ( )('t(iber  lnitterHies  hibernate  either  as  soon  as  born 
or  |iartially  grown,  reviving  in  the  following  spring  with  the  earliest  vege- 
iation   and  devel(i|iing   so  rapidly  as  to   transform   to  the  May  butterflies. 


XY.MrilAI.lXAi;-.   KIITOll  lA  (  I.AI  niA. 


••)27 


Mr.  Kil\v;iril.>  tliiiiks  tliiit  tlic   cMtcriillliirs    nt'  the   Miitiiinn    linxid   |ii'(iIimIi|\' 


liih 


iiTiiatc  \\\un  liair  liinwii 


itcrpilltirs,  li(i»M'M  I .  (I'd   dii    |i;i>>icin  Hi 


( tlicir  I'lnniiti' t'lMid ),  ;ill  LTifw  I'lijiidly  iiiiil  ufiit  ilir(iiii;li  ill  the  cliiiiiuc.-i 
tu  liiittiTlly  lict'oi'c  l)i((iiili(r  :  wliilc  tliust>  fed  on  \  ioKt  cndy  |iM--rd  tlic 
sfcuiid  iiiiiult  liy  (lie  end  oi' (  Jclulirr.  Mild  :ill  fiiiiijiy  died,  tlic  lM>t  just  ;i-  it 
Wiis  :il)iiiit  til  |iii|iiit('.  on  Marcli  'J'J. 

In  New  KiiLilMiid  tlic  tew   <|i('rini(ii-  <':i|ilnr('d  Iiiim'  i;''.'n('r;dly  liccn  l,d> 


(11 


111 


tiiu  Hist  liiilt'uf  Aiiijriisi.      Mv.  Thaxt. 


KilU 


crv  s|K'cinit'!i  WHS 


taki 


lati"  as  Scptcinlicr    Land    Mr.    S|irai;ni'   took  a  f'rc-li  tt'inaU-   mi  S(|itci 
l)cr  7  at   .Maiden,  licsidcs  trcsli   i 
would  si'i'iii  as  it'  those  were 


naics  ini   the  ITlli  and  'iTtii   ot"  ,lul\  .      It 


tors  ot  an  oarlv 


f  tl 
Ml 


ill 


nu'iiiiiers  ol  a  snitch'  imikk 


1.      Wl 


ii'ii  nil  in- 


,li 


I. 


i<l 


lint.'   iii'ooii  arc  tunmi,  wc  nia\   ino 


ire  coiifidcntl 


consider  it  really  indiixenoiis  to  eastern  New  Mni>laiid. 

The  hutterllies  t'rei|iicnt  fields,  especially  lowlands,  and  arc  \crv  partial 
to  How'ers, — accordinij  to  Keakirt,  to  Ileliantlii  ;  this  author  adds  that  it  is 
•'ot'  very  'piick  liiit  not  liiirh  tliffht"  ;  and  Donlilcday  says  that  "it  is  an 
insect  of  rajiid  Hin'lit,  t'rc(|iU'ntiii<r  open  places,  especially  near  ri\t'rs, 
dclitjhtiug  to  sit  on  the  dry  sand,  risinjj;  instantly  it'  a|)proaclied,  and  \iry 
ditticiilt  to  tollov  even  with  the  i^ye." 

Desiderata.  The  lite  history  of  this  insect  is  t'ar  too  iinperfcctly 
known,  the  ahove  acccjiint  lieinj;  larirely  conjectural  or  fonndcil  on  \iry 
meagre  data.  The  ninnher  of  hrooda,  both  north  ami  soiitli.  might  he 
easily  deterinincd  liy  local  ol)servers,aiid  tin  mode  ttr  modes  in  wliicli  hilier- 
iiation  is  efl'octi'd  especially  need  attention.  I'artieiilar  attention  should 
ho  given  to  any  signs  of  periodic  lethargy  in  the  caterpillar.  The  haliits, 
(lostnres  and  special  characteristics  of  the  flight  of  the  Imttcrtly  should  he 
studied,  and  any  parasites  of  the  early  stages  arc  (piitc  unknown.  It  is 
hardly  to  he  expcctcil  that  much  information  w  ill  he  gained  in  New  Eng- 
land ;  it  must  come  from  more  southern  ohscrvers. 


m 


^  f 


''Sl 


■;'.':  '■'/ 


LIST  or  ILLUSTUAriOSN.-EUl'rolKTA  <I..\ri>IA. 

(icnernl.  i 'lif'i.-^'i/in. 

PI.  21,  til,'.  3.    Dislriliiition  ill  Ninth .ViiKTicii.  I'l.  .s-l.  li'.'.  s,!i.    Siilr  vicw^. 

AV/;/.  Iiiiiiijii. 

PI.  04,  «!,'.  2.1.    Coloml.  Pi.  14.  li).'.  t.     K.iimic,  l«>lli  Mirliiio.«. 

07.  S.    .Micuopyli'.  ;i;i:;lT.    .Malr  iilMluiiiiiiiil  :i|i|iciulages. 

VntcriuUnr.  »•:••    N«'ii"'iiii..ii. 

Pi.  73, lijt.  0.    MimirtM'iitoriiilliir.  '"'''-'•    .Sidf  vifw  ot  liia.l  iiml  iippciuliiKOS 

7.    Ddisiil view.  ciiliirv'tM.  Willi  il(liiil«  111' liir  >lriuturo  of 

79 : 1.    Front  view  of  liciul in sliigo  v.  "'i'  I"'"'- 


5l'S 


TiiK  III  rri;i{i'i,n;s  ok  nkw  i:x(;i,.\m> 


Sl'KVKUlA      <i  DDKK'. 


M 


;!'■.■'. 


"|iiyciM!i    Si'iiilil., 

(1S7-J). 


»\si.   rev.  Am.    luilt.,  'i.'t 


Argymiis  iP!ir>  Ami 
'I'Vl" 


-I'liliilin  iiliiliii  Drtirij. 


3V- 


A  liiitlri'flv,  Willi  i.'(irL'<'iiii«  \viMi.'s. 
To  villi  lllfl  ll;iu'  line  iiioiiicnt  ililifTs, 
Tliiii  witli  :i  ^ill(■\^•^c•  wiivcilii^'  lli;!lil. 
l!i••^•^  iiiul  lliittcrs  mil  i)f  si^'lil. 

Kkvyiin. — At)  iDiiimplelf  Anijlir. 

Imago  (53:7).  IIciul  nitlicr  larjic  profusely  covorcil  witli  ino<kTntely  lo, ;;  Iiiiirs. 
l;iiiv'i'>^t  iiljoiit  the  bii.xe  of  the  anteiiimc.  Kroiit  pretty  full,  most  so  a  little  below  the 
iiiiddlc,  >li;jlitly  and  broadly  depressed  above,  broader  than  hljjli,  but  not  nearly  so 
liroad  as  the  eye;  upper  bonier  liroadly  anitular,  the  apex  docked  and  ('(•pri'ssed  lie- 
t ween  the  ar.!  nnae.  its  >iiies  scarcely  curved  ;  lower  liorder  rather  broadly  rounded, 
scarcely  do.  ked.  Vertex  pretty  larjic  and  ipiite  tiiinid.  lint  scarcely  rlsinvr  above  the 
upper  level  of  llie  eyi>.  twic<'  as  broad  as  loiiK.  the  hinder  border  very  broadly  rounded 
mill  in  the  miiliHe  apprcsscd.  the  front  rapidly  slopinjj;,  the  border  extended  forward 
with  a  broad  anu'iilalion.  the  apex  docked.  Eyes  very  lariie,  full,  naked,  .\iilcniiae 
inserted  a  little  In  advance  of  the  middle  of  the  summit,  in  deep  pits,  with  a  very 
broad  and  jiretty  deep,  transverse  ehannel  between  them,  separated  by  a  space  fully 
ii|iial  to  the  diameter  of  the  apex  of  the  second  autemial  joint :  a  little  Unijter  than  the 
iilidomen.  composed  of  llfty-two  joints,  the  last  thirteen  of  which  form  a  sliirhlly  de- 
pressed cylindrical  club,  tlattencd  beiieath.  snboval  in  shape,  thnr  times  as  broad  a^ 
the  stalk,  two  and  half  or  three  times  as  lonjr  as  broad,  the  cxlrcinity  rather  broailly 
and  re^'iilarly  rounded,  four  or  live  joints  euteriiij:  into  the  diininution  of  si/.e.  the 
r.liy:htly  produced  apex  of  the  minute,  conical,  ajiical  joint  breakiii;;  a  little  the  re^tu- 
larity  of  the  eurvc.  furnished  on  the  upper  portion  of  the  inner  side  with  a  slnirle 
slifiht  carina  extending;  a  ionj;  way  upon  the  stalk.  I'alpl  not  very  Inrsie  nor  stout, 
scarcely  half  so  louj:  airaiii  a.s  the  eye,  cnrviiif;  slightly  forward,  the  terminal  joint 
alioiil  one-sixth  the  leiiij.'i  of  the  penultimate,  the  basal  two  joints  furnished  on  either 
~iile  beneath  with  pretty  loin;,  coa.'se.  projecting  hairs,  and  the  miilille  joint  above 
with  snorter,  scale-like  hairs,  which  {irow  loninT  in  advance  of  the  eyes,  cnrvinii 
upward  to  partially  encircle  tliem,  and  beyond  beeoiniuj;  tiiiunerand  iirojectiiiii  upward 
ami  forward:  only  the  terminal  joint  thickly  clothed  witli  scales,  ratlier  recumbent. 

rrothoraeic  lobes  n.  iderately  lar^e,  not  very  tumid,  a  little  lonirer  interiorly  than 
exteriorly,  in  front  slij;litly  appressed,  the  upper  surface  nearly  straight,  liotli  ends 
well  rounded,  >•  "reely  fi  •  >•  limes  as  liroad  as  lom^,  and  somewhat  higher  than  long, 
I'Mtairia  very  loiiu;  and  sic  ..!er,  slij.'htly  tumid,  more  than  three  times  lontter  than  the 
extreme  breadth,  the  base  moderately  liroad  and  nearly  sipiare.  the  pii>terior  lobe 
taperiiii;  rapidly  next  the  base,  beyond  nearly  eipial,  anil  bent  downward  considerably, 
the  tip  well  rounded,  the  upper  border  slightly  curved,  scarcely  sinuate,  the  under 
border  auirulated. 

Fore  wings  (39:2)  sevi  n-eightlis  as  long  agaiu -lis  broad,  the  costal  border  rather 
strongly  convex,  the  mii'dle  half  less  so,  the  apical  angle  well  rouiulcd;  outer  margin 
ni'arly  straight,  rounded  oil' toward  the  angles;  imier  liorder  scarcely  convex  in  the 
(^  ,  scarcely  concave  in  the  ?,  at  an  angle  of  about  ll.')"  to  the  enter  border.  First 
>iiperiiir  subcostal  ucrvnle  arising  beyond  the  middle  of  the  outer  half  of  the  upper 
inariiin  of  the  cell  ^  second  at  the  en  !  of  the  cell,  or  a  little  witliin  the  exlienu-  limit 
of  its  upper  border,  which  is  iiere  piislu'd  outward  a  little;  the  third  at  about  two- 
thirds  the  distance  from  tlie  apex  of  the  cell  to  the  outer  bordi'r:  the  foiirtli  at  but  a 
short  distance  beyond  it.  about  half  way  lietwecn  the  apex  of  the  cell  and  the  outer 
border;  socoiul  Inferior  subcostal  ucrvnle  arising  two-llfths  way  down  the  cell ;  the 
latter  sliglitly  more  than  two-llfths  tlie  length  of  the  wing,  and  three  times  as  long  as 
broad.  I,a-t  median  nerviile  conuected  witli  the  vein  closing  the  cell,  nearly  half  as 
r;ir  bevond  its  ba>  •  as  tliat  i-.  frnin  tlie  base  of  the  llrst  iier\ule. 


hi'H 


*- 


^m 


NVMrHAMNAK:    TIIK  CI'.Ms   >l'r,Vi:i!l.\. 


529 


Hill. I  wiiiLT-^  vry  ^Inm^'lj  ami  imiiihHv  •.huMlili'nMl  iicxi  llir  Ikinc,  licyoiid  whicli  it  i^ 
-liu'lill>  (  V  I  I'l' riiii^idfi-iilily  id  )  ciMivcx.  till' (inter  iiiiirli'  lirmiiliy  i-oiiiuli'd,  <iiiIit  iiiiir- 
yiii  ri'u;iiliM'lv  :iiiil  fully  fniiiulccl,  very  sliL:lilly  full  at  tin'  n|)|)i'r  ^iilMo^lal  ni'i'viilc  i  g) 
I'V  vi'i'v  fully  I'liiiiitlc'il.  iH'iiiiiiiiciil,  iiiiil  rniiiiilly  aiiirnlatt'd  at  '.lie  iipinT  iiu'iljaii  ihtv  iilc 
(^);  iiiluT  iiiarfjiii  Itrnadly  and  al)fii|itly  i'X|iaiidi'd  luxt  llu'  lia^i'.  Iicyniul  »ti'aiirlil 
licurly  ti>  lilt' tip  of  the  internal  iiervnre.  Iieyimd  exci>od  ami  ^lii:litly  and  fdiimlly 
eniar4.'lnate.  the  aiiy;li'  ronmled.  rrecustnl  norvnre  enrved  >tninirly  (intward :  tli'»l 
-.iiln'i»tal  nervnle  midway  ( (jf  )  or  Iwo-lliinis  the  distanco  ( ?  )  from  the  dlvarii'atioii 
of  llic  eosial  and  Milieo-tal  iierviw.-.  to  the  orii'iii  of  the  >eeniid  -iilH'o^tal  iKTviile; 
C.'ll  (■|o>ed. 

Androeoiiia  rililioii-sliaiii'd. 'eqiial  and  shinier,  alxnit  twenty  tlmi- longer  than  In'oad. 
till'  ha-al  piniion  lila(>4<.  the   ri'sl   |iellmid,  tii'iniiialiiiij  in  a  lamel->liaped    fringed   lip. 

Fori'  leyjs  small,  cylindrical,  cither  elolhed  like  tlie  other  le-js  (  9  ■  or  fnniislK  .1  al-n 
Willi  a  very  few  short  iiair^  on  citlier  ^ide  not  projectiinr  ureatly  (  J  >  ;  tibia  >raicil\ 
iiini'e  I liaii  one-third  as  Inm;  a- tin' iiind  liliia.  tlie  tarsi  a  little  simrtcr  llian  the  tiliia: 
tarsi  composi'd  either  of  a  sinirU'  undivided  joint  with  a  hlnntly  conical  api'\  1  J      oi- 

of  live  Joints,  vlsilile  without  denndalion.  of  wliich  the  llrst   forms  fully   llii tiftli- 

of  the  whole  tarsiis.  the  si'cund  nearly  half  of  llie  remaimler.  while  tlie  fonilh  Is 
cplili'  siiiall  and  tlie  llftli  niinnte.  each  of  the  joints  exccptiiii!  tlie  last  furnished  at  tip. 
heiieath.  with  a  pair  of  short  rather  stoni  spurs,  tlii'  llehl  in  wldili  they  oecnr  iiaUed  ; 
all  the  j<iints  are  also  fnrnisln'd  (MI  eitlier  side,  lieiieath,  with  a  row  of  very  iniiinte 
spines  easily  overloolceti  (  $  ).  .Middle  tibiae  live-sixths  the  leiiittli  of  the  hind  tibiae, 
fnriiislied  on  either  side  beiieatli  with  a  row  of  pretty  f re(|ii('iil ,  very  lonj;  and  slender, 
scarcely  taperin;;,  sliiihtly  spreadim;  spines,  the  terminal  ones  dcM'loped  to  very  lonj; 
ami  vi'ry  slender,  scarcely  taperim:  spur-:  the  tibiae  ari'  also  fninislied  abcive  .'.ml  mi 
the  inner  sidi'  witii  rathi'r  iiniiierons  short  and  slender,  nearly  recninbent  spiiie~, 
irrc;;iilaily  disposed.  'I'arsi  bemalli  A\ itii  four  very  renular  rows  id'  freiinent.  ^Imrt 
and  nilhersliiiil.  sliirhlly  cnrviiiy:  spini's.  llie  Icrniiiial  ones  of  eacii  joint  lon;;er  than  the 
rest;  above  similar  -pines  are  profusely  distrilmted  onall  the  juints.  scarcely  <lispii>e(l 
In  valine  lonsitmlinal  rows.  Claws  ionir.  rather  stout,  stronirly  curved  at  base.  Iieyond 
nearly  strai};ht  niul  eipial.  tlio  apical  third  falcate  and  tapei'liii;  to  a  pointed  <lp; 
paroiiyi'lila  wanliii!;;  pnlvilliis  niinnte. 

t'pper  orttan  of  inali'  pretty  stout,  the  ccnli'iiiii  v'lobosc.  archcii.  the  Imok  lar^re, 
-troiiL'ly  I'ompressed.  loiiiier  than  tlie  ccntrnin.  a  little  ciirveil  and  directed  somewhat 
downward,  the  tip  niinnlely  hooked;  clasps  very  lar;;e,  broad  ami  loni;,  more  than 
twice  as  lonu  ns  broiiil.  i^enlly  ciirvcil  in  either  (lin'ction,  tlu' upper  prcK'css  arisiii;i 
near  lln'  inidille  of  the  upper  border.  nian\  times  lon;rcr  than  broad,  the  basal  half 
nearlv  eipial.  beymid  iircatly  laporinu;;  main  blade  expandini;  ronndly  at  tip  and  beyond 
till  middle  of  the  upper  border,  and  especially  at  the  upper  hinder  amrlo.  where  a 
small  prtcess  is  directed  upward  and  a  little  forward  and  inward. 

Egg.  \'ery  sliort  sn^ar-loaf  shaped,  scarcely  taller  than  broad;  the  base  a  little 
convex,  tlie  sides  ronmled.  -wollcii  a  little  just  above  the  liase.  tai)criii!r  considerably 
nn  the  upper  half,  the  summit  mil  very  small:  furnished  witli  a  nioderale  iiiiiiiber  of 
heavy,  prominent,  nearly  straiylit.  bniiritndinal  ribs,  sliarply  dellned.  rniiiiiii;;  from 
the  base  to  the  very  siimmit.  nearly  as  f;ir  as  the  micropyle:  in  the  narrow  in;:  upper 
half  of  llie  e;;;;  some  of  the  ribs  die  out,  citlier  by  semlin;r  di;iiroiial  oIIsIumiIs  In  ijie 
nei«liborin.i;  ribs,  or  by  nnitinsi  with  a  nei;jhborlo  form  a  sin;;le  rib.  Surface  between 
the  ribs  broken  up  by  very  distinct,  raised  cross  lines,  which  traverse  also  the  ribs,  nearly 
iis  prominenl  as  the  ribs  thronjrhoiil.  breaking;  iiji  the  whole  surface  of  the  cjiur  into 
pretty  deep  siibiniailraiia:nlar  pil-,  cxceptin;:  a  central  circular  space  at  the  botti.m  of 
whicli  the  micropyle  is  siiniiled.  'I'liis  is  formed  of  a  miimle  ceiiinil  circle  aronml 
which  radiates  a  sinirlc  row  of  broad  lozeiifrc  or  kite-shaped  cells,  eiiclosiim;  between 
their  extremities  otlier  larirer  peiitaL'onal  cells. 

Caterpillar  at  birth.  So  far  ;is  the  arran;xcmi'iit  of  hairs  Is  concerned,  this  Ltciin- 
doe-  not  appear  to  ditt'er  from  Ariiynnis,  but  I  failed  to  make  the  proper  comptiriitive 
studies  when  spoclmeiis  of  eacli  were  in  my  hands. 

<'7 


I 


1 


':  . mi 


■*-ii;v'^ 


530 


TIIH   lU'TTKUFLlKS  OF   NKW    i:.\(il-AXI). 


|Tis: 


It  .I*;* 


J 


Mature  caterpillar.  Accordiiiu;  to  .Mr.  Kilwiirtls's  ili'scriptlon,  this  illllVrs  fnnn 
.Vruviiiiis  in  Us  nidfc  fusiform  slmpi',  tiipi-riii;;  oltlier  way  from  tlii'  mldilli'  niul  in  the 
jjrciiU'r  Ifiisith  of  till'  s|(liu-<  of  tlu;  uppi'r  row  on  tin-  third  to  sovcntli  iibdomiiml  scj;- 
iiu'iits;  till!  spines  of  the  same  row  on  tho  llrst  thoracic  sujiinent  art;  shorter  than  Iho 
others. 

Chrysalis.  •Much  conpresscd  liiterally.  tlic  wlnj;-cases  very  prominent  and  tlarliiK  at 
the  base  on  ventral  side;  head  nearly  s(piaro  nttop,  compressed  and  excavated  on  the 
sides  with  two  small  ocellar  prominences;  tnesonotwni  ronnded.a  little  carlmited,  fol- 
lowed by  a  deep  rounded  excavation"  (Edwardsl.     Tnbcrcles  as  In  .\r;;ynnls. 

This  genii8,  rcprt'sentctl  liy  ii  sinjrlc  species,  itelongs  to  tlie  eastern 
L'nited  States  ;  its  exact  lummlary  will  be  discussed  "vvitli  the  species,  hut 
it  is  ai>parently  more  aliiindant  in  southern  New  Knjfland  and  on  the 
noithwestcri)  prairies  tliaii  elsewhere. 

The  liiitterriies  are  the  liiust  nf  Arjfynnifli ;  they  are  nearly  as  iarf^e  as, 
and  evet)  more  siiperl)  than,  their  allies  of  the  <::enera  Daniora  and  Sein- 
nopsyche,  and  as  thi-re  tiie  two  se.xes  iliHer  in  coloration  :  the  tore  win;fs 
are  oranjje  red,  heavily  honlercd  with  hlack  and  crossed  liy  hlack  niark- 
inirs  :  four  hars  cross  the  <'en  ;  the  middle  of  the  winjf  is  traversed  hy  a 
stronjfjy  sinuous,  ano'ulatcd  scries  of  liars,  and  the  mi(UUc  of  the  outer 
half  has  a  row  ot'  small,  round  spots  :  liesides  tiiesi',  the  outer  liorder  con- 
tains a  series  of  intcrspacial  spots,  oranj^e  in  tlie  male,  whitisli  in  the 
female.  There  are  other  apical  white  spots  in  the  female  which  are  want- 
in<r  in  the  male:  hut  heneath,  the  markiiiLTs  of  hoth  sexes  rescmhle  the 
upper  surface  of  the  female,  exceptino;  that  tlie  white  is  transt'ornied  to 
silvery.  The  hind  wiiiiCs  are  hluc-lilack  ahove,  with  a  mesial  series  of 
small,  whitish  spots  and  a  suhmaririiial  row  of  similar  re<l  (male)  !>r 
white  (female)  spots;  liencath  the  jrround  is  lirownish  and  the  s|iots  larj^c 
and  silvery,  forniino;  sulimaro;iiial.  extra-mesial,  intra-niesial  and  basal 
series  ;  there  is  besides  an  indejtendent  spot  at  the  tip  of  the  cell. 

The  sole  species  is  sinf^le-brooded  and  Hies  in  the  latter  half  of  summer  •, 
tin  caterpillars  do  not  hatch  befoic  Se|(tember,  and  hibernate  before  their 
first  Mioult.  .apparently  the  same  phenomenon  of  continuous  and  varied 
(level, (pnient,  possibly  due  to  irrcfiular  htharfry  of  the  larva,  is  frtund 
here,  as  ii(;curs  in  .Vrfrynnis,  where  it  will  be  more  fully  discusse<I.  The 
riij,dit  of  the  biutcrllics  ditl'ers  somewhat  from  that  of  the  sjieeies  of  Ar- 
^fynnis.  but  in  j^encral   resembles  it. 

The  eiro'  is  broader  based  and  more  taperinif  than  in  .Vrjiynnis  but  other- 
wise closely  resembles  that  ^'enus.  The  yoimu:  caterpillar  scarcely  differs 
from  the  same,  but  the  matm-e  eater|iillar  differs,  to  judj^e  from  descriptions, 
in  its  proportionally  jrreater  size  in  the  middle,  from  which  it  tapers  towaril 
cither  end,  in  its  somewhat  eurviutr  spines,  and  the  greater  size  of  niost 
of  those  of  the  supralatcral  rows  on  the  posterior  half  of  the  body;  the 
body  is  black,  hamled  and  stri|)ed  with  yellow,  the  spines  more  or  less  varie- 
gated. The  chrysalis  is  said  to  be  of  the  same  shape  as  in  .\rgynnis  and 
of  a  similar  brown  color. 


ANTKiF.NY:   OI!    SKXIAI-   DIVKItSUY 


031 


b:.\CC/,'srs     XVI.  —  AXTiaiJW:  on  sijxlal  ihveiisity  IX 

n  urn:  R  FLIES. 

I'.'i|iilliili.  i|lli  vlrii>  lie  paniill'i' 

l.or-i|iii'  li'  •iili'il  v:i  pAlii', 

.Ir   ihlill-  Ic  »(irl  i|lli  Ir  III  lliliirr 

I'liiir  lirillrr  iiiif  liiiiii-  it  iiioiirlr. 
Kn  \;ilii  Ir-  iiliis  xiiit  piin'r- 
PlJ  I'i'lli't  (Ic  liilllr  i'iiulrlll'>, 
Kile-  ii"  oriiiruiit  iiii«  U-  llriir>, 

l)r|i|lh  li>lll.'lilll|i).  iliS(i|.i|('c». 
•I:iijj:iI.'<  Hi  lie  lMiii'M«  lo  |>lriii'> 
tjiic  I'  aiii'iii'c  vi'ii.'iil  ri'|iiiiiilri' 
I  ••■in-  liin-  cailiTs  |ili  lii<  ilr  iiilrl, 
I'll  JMiMiil!'  Ill  n'  Inif  «ii>|>riiili'i' 
A  li'ili'  I'i'IiIIIiil:!'  'I  nil  \i\[  liiiilri' 
'I'll  IClIu'  (111  M'  |icilll    I'  iin-cii-i|il. 

Anon. 

1 1"  in;ilt'  and  female  lniit(  rtlies  of  the  hiiiik'  fiiecie,-  silwiivs  re.seiiil)le(l 
eaeli  iitlier  mure  tlmn  eillier  rescinliled  tin;  .siiine  sex  of  an  allied  s|ieeies, 
the  work  of  the  «y«teniati!<t  would  lie  lasy,  and  we  may  |ierha|i.s  add, — 
stupid.  No  such  simplicity,  no  such  stupidity  is  in  store  for  him.  Nature 
is  eoiistantly  perple.xini.'  him,  pi(|uiiiLr  his  eiirio>ity,  testinjr  the  .-liariuiess 
ot'  his  wit.  and  leadinj^  him  on  from  one  comparison  or  one  coiiclii.-ioii  to 
anoth(  r,  till  he  finds  himself  c.>i>''ronti'(l  with  ipiestions  ot'  deepest  interest 
and  wide  jmrport.  It  matter-  little  what  liranch  of  zoolo^fy  a  stuilent 
niav  follow  ;  modern  science,  with  its  new  ipiestions  horn  of  eMiliilioii. 
will  not  leave  tlu-  mind  to  stagnate. 

IJy  secondary  sexual  diversity,  or  aiitijreiiy.  as  it  may  he  more  lirietly 
termed,  is  meant  all  such  accessory  peculiarities  of  one  sex  or  the  othi'r  as 
are  not  directly  connected  with  jfcneratioii.  Tlu  y  are  multiform  andnuilti- 
tudiiioiis.  'I"hc  lines  of  I'rect  hairs  on  the  upper  surface  of  the  winjj;s  of 
tioino  Satyrinae  and  Aryiuiidi,  the  <;land-likc  spot  at  the  hase  of  the  wiiifjs 
or  till!  powdery  liand  at  the  niai'<;in  in  some  Uhodoceridi,  the  little  oval  <lisk 
near  the  middle  of  the  front  edj^e  of  the  upper  surface  of  the  fore  winjrsot 
most  Theclidi,  the  pocket  hesidethe  tirst  median  uerviile  of  the  hind  wiiii.ts  of 
.\uosia,  the  iiiii.ic/iltif/  or  fold  of  the  front  edi^e  of  the  fore  wiii<;s  in  many 
Ilcsperidi,  anil  the  velvety  dash  in  the  middle  ot'  the  fore  winj(s  of  nearly 
all  tlu!  I'amphilidi,  always  coiiliiu'd  to  the  males, — these  are  all  accessory 
sexual  peculiarities  fuund  on  tliii  tviii^N  iihiiie,  iiiid  are  ipiitc  on  a  par  with 
the  characteristic  pliiiiiaifc  of  (he  males  in  many  liirds.  Or,  if  one  seek 
soiuethinjf  still  closer,  he  may  find  it  in  the  hristling  front  of  the  head  of 
the  Theclidi. 

So  when  we  come  to  eohir.  and,  to  a  certain  very  limited  extent,  to  its 
distrihiition  in  definite  arranjremeiit  iipini  the  surface  of  the  wiiiir,  w(>  find  the 
same  thiii^r.  Here  we  may  pass  from  (lie  simpli'st  imauiiiahlc  distinctions 
to  those  which  are  quite  extraordinary.  In  Vanessa  liiintera,  for  example, 
a  slender,  short,  transverse  stripe  near  the  apex  of  the  njipcr  wiiiirs  is  m  liite 
in  out;  sex  and  oraiipe  in   the  other;   nothiiijr  could   he  simpler  than  this, 


■*'^: 


o3'2 


TIIK   ItlTTKliKMIls  o|'   NKW    KNCLAND 


f 


mill  till' ilisiinciioi,  is  sn  sli^lit  it  iiiiu;lit  'k'  rt'^Mlilv  dm  i'li>nk('il.  yet  it  is 
the  only  (litli'i'ciii'c  uiu'  t-iiii  liiiil,  iiiiil  tlicrc  is  iiiitliiii;r  iiimln^oiis  ti>  it  in 
till'  iillii'd  spi'cics.  \' .  ciinliii.  ( )ii  the  otiicr  liiiiiil.  ilic  two  scxi'h  of  MrurM 
Lutii  liiivf  so  ilitJ'oi'i'iit  nil  ii|i|K'iiriiiK'('  that  it  i-  not  >iriin;:t'  that  tiny  were 
oriMiiiiiilly  di'scrihi'd  hy  tlic  sainc  iktsoii  as  two  (iislinct  sjiccirs  :  and  the 
diirci'i'iici'  is  still  inorc  inarki'd  in  the  ('lii'ysophaiiidi.  uIhtc  it  may  possiidy 
lie  said  to  altri't  also  the  pattern  ot'  -oloration.  In  on<'  species,  |'',pideniiii 
epixanthe,  the  leinale,  liesides  laekiu^r  on  its  upper  siirtiiee  the  l)rilliant  and 
peenliar  lustre  ot'  the  opposite  mx,  is  also  marked  liy  the  presenee  ot' a 
row  of  hlaekish  spots,  which  is  ipiite  wantinji  in  the  male.  In  anothiT, 
C'lirysoplianiis  thoe.  tiio  iiiaK'  has  the  ii|>per  siirtace  of  a  deep  coppery  line, 
with  n  inirrow  hlaek  iiorder  :  while  the  t'eniale  has  a  deep  m'anffj' c(dor 
with  II  liroad  hlai'k  margin  and  a  transvt'rse  mw  ot'  distinct  iilack  spots 
near  the  iniddi'  >t'  the  outer  hall'  of  the  wiiiij;.  which  appear  in  the  mah' 
only  thnin^rh  the  diaphanous  nature  ot' thu  wings,  the  same  row  occurring 
in  hoth  sexi's  upon  the  under  surface.  This  striki's  iih  a(<  tlic  more  reniark- 
al)Ie,  since  in  the  two  .New  Kngland  geiu'ra  which  arc  most  closely  allied  to 
it.  and  with  oiu-  ot' which  it  is  usnally  directly  associatetl,  no  such  sexual 
distinction  is  found.  A  somewhat  similar  example  occurs  in  I'apilio 
polyxenes,  the  male  of  which  presents  upon  the  upper  and  imder  surfaces  of 
all  the  wings,  a  little  distance  beyond  the  middle,  a  transverse  si'ries  of  yel- 
lowish or  orange  spots,  which  are  cipially  distinct  on  the  under  surface  of  the 
female,  hut  partially  or  sometimes  wholly  ohsolete  ahovc.  In  'riiynielicus 
Itri'ttns  we  have  even  a  more  conspicuous  example.  The  female  is  very 
dark  hrown.  almost  Mack,  with  two  little  yellow  spots  in  the  midtlle  of 
tlu'  t'ront  wings  :  while  the  male  differs  totally,  heing  tawny,  with  indented 
hrown  horders  and  an  ohliipie  hlack  dash  in  the  middle  of  the  front  wings  : 
at  first  glance  no  one  could  suppose  them  identical.  In  Semin)psyche 
di;ina  the  male  is  a  rich  dark  lirown,  with  a  very  hroad  fulvous  margin 
n[)on  all  the  wings,  marked  on  the  front  wings  hy  one  or  two  rows  of 
black  spots.  The  female,  on  the  oth<  i  hand,  is  a  rich  purple  black,  with 
no  trace  of  fulvous,  but  with  the  space  where  it  belongs  occupied  on  the 
fore  wings  by  three  rows  of  white  spots  and  dashes,  and  on  the  hind  wings 
by  two  belts  of  blue,  broken  into  spots,  one  of  the  belts  narrow,  the  other 
exceedingly  broad.* 

It  is  not  a  little  remarkable  that  in  all  these  cxami)Ics,  and  indeed  in 
very  nearly  all  that  have  come  imder  my  notice,  this  sexmd  diversity  is 
displayed  only  upon  the  itj)/)cr  surface  of  the  wings,  .and  almost  invariably 
upon  the  fore  wings, f   a   mark  of  ancestry  and  of  the  lower  position  of 

*  Hero,  liowcvt'r,  lis  will  In'  >li()\vii  in  an-  liirf;e  piitcli  of  glistening  swiles  on  tlic  umlor 

otlicr  excnrsus.  tlic  ditlt'ivin'c  is  really  due  to  snrfaee  of  the  fore  wings  (Hiitt.  India,  ii :  S) ; 

anotlier  disturliiiis;  element,  miinii'ry.  and  wtiut  under  the  uirennistaiiees  ia  eurioUH, 

t  I)e  Niei!ville  states  tliat  in  Ergoiis,  a  geiins  tbese  hutterflics  always  seUle  with  expamled 

of  oriental  Nyniphalidae,  the  males  have  a  wings. 


W',-) 


Rl 


I'. 


'i 


ANTIKKNY;  0|{    >i;xr,\l     l>l\l.l!>l  I  V. 


'.33 


iimtli?',  ill  wliicli  ilir  liiml  wiiiL'-i  art'  comtciI  I>\  tlic  t'i<Mit  \\iiitr'*  in 
i'i'|ni«c,  ami  art'  as  a  I'lilc  Ics*  nriuinu  ntcd  li\  dixcr-r  piiitcrii-.  \\  i  iniirlil 
|i('i'iiii|irt  :iiiti('i|iiit(' the  I'l'sirii'tiiiii  .•!'  the   «'liiira('t»'ri-<tit's  tc  (Im' t'oi'f  >\  iiij;>. 

M/iri'  ii|iiiii  flic    ii|(|Hi-   siirt'iK  !•  till iii|ilifatii)ii    of'  ciil'inititiniil  (h'.-i^'ii   i« 

^frcalcr  in  Inittci'llics  on  tiic-i'  iliin  on  tin'  liiiid  wiii;.'«  :  yi-t  tliis  waiiii' 
I'L'iiMitttitii;  makes  tlicir  I'c.xti'iriiiiii  til  till'  u|i|ii'r  >iMiiii'i'  tin'  iniiii  ti-ikiii^'. 
•iiiiiM'  till'  miller  nm'tiii'f  of  tlir  liiiiil  wiiiLi-  ul'  Imttrrtlii's  is  ii-^iimII  niurr 
varic^atcil  tliaii  any  otlici'  |iart. 

\ii\v  ill  all  tlicxc  ciiHCM  lit' riijuiatiipinil  aiitiLii-iiv,  it  i^  tlir  I'liiiaii'  anil  al- 
iiiu~t  iii'vcr  till'  iiialf.  wliii'li  lir-t  il('|»arl«  tVinii  tlir  iinriiial  lypr  ntriilnriiiL; 
III'  till'  ^ri)ii|)  tn  w  liii'li  till'  ^|ii'i'ii's  li('|i>n'_fs,  ( )i  rasiiiiially  tin'  li'iiiiiiiin' 
pri'iiliarity  lia"  In  in  ti'an.-niittril  tu  tin  iiialc.  ami.  Iiy  tliis  iii('aii.-<,  a  iirw 
tvjir  lit  rnloratiiiii  rstalili>'  ''il  ill  till' ^riiii|i  :  liiit  I  rriall  aiiiiiii<i'  mil'  liiit- 
tfrriii'M  lint  line*  ra.'^c  wlui-i'  tin  iiiali  aliiiic  ilcparts  (rum  tlic  iiU'iicral  fy)"' 
i)t' I'liliii'inif  [n'culiar  ti>  till'  i;niii|'.  1  ,iis  is  precisely  tlu'  i»|)|i(isit('  cinirln- 
simi  tn  that  wliiili  I )ar\vin  nacluil.  lit' jrivt's  srvcral  cxainplcs  on  tin- 
antlmrity  nt'  IJati's.  wliii-li  certainly  favor  liis  I'lHii'liisioii.  lint  may,  at  tlir 
same  time,  lie  exjilaincil  tVoin  lie  "i|i|)ositc  i  nif  of  view.  He  jiixcs  iitlier 
exani|(li's  from  the  Knroju'an  i  iiic  Imttertlics,  which  not  only  do  not  snp- 
|ioi'i.  lint  even  i)|)pose,  hi"  ^'cin'ral  statinieiit. 

Take  the  case  of  Senm.  diaiia,  thiin  which  we  could  hardly  tiiid  a 
>troiij:cr,  since  the  irroiip  ( Ariryiinidi)  to  which  it  helotiirs  i.>  rtinaikalily 
iiniform,  exhihitiiii;  in  all  U-  iiimieroiis  iiieinlicrs  the  sami'  cliaracli  ristic 
play  of  fuhoiis  and  lilack  iiiarkinfrs.  'I'lie  male  of  S.  diana  is  iiideeil  very 
unlike  most  other  fritillarics,  lint  it  retains,  nc\ci'tlicless.  alimidaiit  traces 
of  the  same  style  of  ornamentation,  and  has  precisely  the  same  colors  ; 
while  the  female  departs  widely  from  the  characteristic  t'eatnres  of  oriia- 
nieiitation  in  the  jri'nni'.  and  in  addition,  loses  c\ery  trace  nt' fiilvoiis,  so 
that  no  oiu'iit  first  irlance  would  rccoirnizeif  as  a  iiicmlicrof  the  Ar^vnnidi. 
<  >r.  it'  it  lie  olijceted  that  a  case  of  variation  through  mimicry  should  not  he 
used  here,  take  Kiirymiis  philiMlioe,  and  its  allies.  In  some  Kiirymi.  indeed, 
there  arc  only  pale  t'cmalca  ;  hut  in  others  all,  or  most  of  the  females,  are 
vellov  or  oraniTc,  like  the  malc-^  r  and  any  one  who  knows  how  yellow  and 
orange  tints  prevail  thronghoiit  the  group  of  Hliodoceridi  will  acknowledge 
thiit  the  color  of  the  males  is  normal.  So,  too.  with  the  hhies  (  Lyeaenidi), 
which  Darwin  himself  ipiotes  :  in  almost  all  of  them,  hoth  males  and 
females  arc  of  some  shade  of  hlne  ;  in  comparatively  few,  the  males  are 
hlue  and  the  females  hrown  ;  in  exceedingly  few,  hoth  sexes  are  lirown  ; 
and  the  very  fact  that  they  are  familiarly  known  as  •'hliies"  is  a  pi»|>ular 
recognition  ofthe  [irevailing  cohir.  In  the  group  of  skippers  to  which 
Thymeliciis  hrettns  helongs  (Pamphilidi),  the  prevailing  colors,  at  least  in 

*  Cyaiiiris    pseuilar);iulii.s,    in    wliicli  liotb       face,  but  in  tlio  suiitli  tin' iiiiili' is  sDnietiincs 
scxfr"  are  oriliimrily  lilii'*  upon  the  upper  sur-      brown. 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
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Sdences 
Corporation 


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534 


THE    HUTTEIIFLIKS  OF    NEW   ENfiEAND. 


tl.c  tcinpi'i'iitc  zont'ti,  are  certainly  lawny  and  l)la('k  or  l)r()un  ;  tlio  latter, 
raargiiuil.  Tliis  is  tlic  case  with  tlie  male  of  T.  Iirettus,  while  the  Himaie 
iliverges  from  the  type  in  l)econiin<f  wholly  hi'own.  In  riasoniades  <.flaucll!^, 
where  we  sometimes  have  a  Mack  female,  it  is  moredirticiilt  to  decide  what 
shonld  i)e  considered  the  n(»rmal  color,  owir.;;  to  diversity  of  view  njton  the 
relationship  of  many  of  the  swallow-tails;  hut,  to  judge  only  from  those 
agreed  l)y  all  to  i)e  most  nearly  allied  to  it,  there  can  he  no  (piestion  what- 
ever that  the  striped  character  prevails. 

It  will  also  he  noticed,  in  this  last  ease  and  others  gi\en,  that  wherever 
partial  antigeny  or  dimori)hism  is  confined  to  one  sex,  it  is  nearly  always 
to  the  female  :  Cyaniris  seems  to  furnish  our  only  exception  to  this  ride. 
In  these  instances,  on  my  hypothesis,  half  of  the  females  de[)art  from  the 
type;  on  DarwinV,  half  of  the  females,  and  all  of  the  males.  But  if,  on 
Darwin's  theory,  sometimes  one-half,  and  sometimes  three-rpiarters  of  a 
sjjccies  has  diveiged  from  the  type,  why  docs  it  so  rarely  hapjjcn  that  only 
one-fourth  of  tiie  s])c<'ies  dixcrges':' 

The  instances  gi\i'n  hy  Darwin,  which  strongly  sustain  his  view,  are 
drawn  from  specimens  of  the  South  American  genus  Kijicalia,  i'uuiid  in 
the  rich  ciU)inet  of  Mr.  Hates.  Tiie  facts,  as  stated  l)y  him.  are  tlicse  : 
There  are  twehc  species  of  tl.c  genus  discussed  hy  him;*  of  these,  nine 
iiave  gaudy  males  and  plain  ft'males  ;  one  lias  plain  male  and  plain  fcniide  ; 
and  two  have  gaudy  males  and  gaudy  t'emales.  The  plain  females,  he 
adds,  "resefuhle  each  other  in  their  general  type  of  coloration,  andlikewisc 
rescmhle  hoth  sexi's  in  several  allied  genera,  found  in  various  parts  of  the 
world."  To  examine  tiiis  case  fairly  would  need  a  large  colled  ion  of 
exotic  huttei-flies.  If  we  confine  ourselves  to  Epicalia,  we  evidt'Utly  cannot 
say  whether  the  gaudy  or  tiie  jjlain  coloring  he  normal  ;  there  woidd  he 
less  variation  from  the  standard  on  the  supposition  that  the  gaudy  were 
the  normal  type,  and  in  this  case  it  is  the  female  which  has  departed  from 
the  type  ;  but  the  difference  is  not  enough  to  form  lui  ol)jeetion.  It  is 
only  when  we  look  outside  of  Epicalia  that  judgment  seems  to  lean  toward 
Darwin's  side  :  hut,  from  the  unfortunate  want  of  material,  1  cannot  fairly 
discuss  this  point. 

l^ake,  however,  another  case,  which  appears  to  he  equally  complicated, 
— our  native  c(jppors  (Chrys()j)hanidi).  We  have  one  species  in  which 
both  sexes  are  fiery  red  marked  with  black ;  another  where  hoth  are  ful- 
vous marked  with  black  :  others  where  both  sexes  are  brown  ;  an<l  several 
where  the  male  is  brown,  markccl  with  fulvous,  and  the  female  fulvous, 
marked  with  i)!'i)wn  :  others  where  the  male  is  wholly  brown,  and  the 
female  fulvous,  spotteil  with  brown  ;  and  again  othi'rs  with  fiery  male, 
and  brown  female.  W'e  have  nearly  every  possible  variation,  but  the 
prevalent    feature   is   a   dark   male,  often  with  more  or  less  metallic  retlec- 

'   Kirliy.  in  lii>  l:i>l  goiieral  eatiilojjui:,  vjivi'S  Uftucn. 


■-•»■ 


NYMl'Il AI-INAK:   Sl'KYKUIA    IDALIA. 


53o 


tions,  wliicli  sonictiiiK's  iueroa.se  so  as  to  give  tlio  insoct  n  fiery  co])pcr  luit : 
and  a  t'iilvoii8,  spotted,  and  niai-ffined  female.  I  do  not  see  liow  we  can 
|)ossil)ly  discover,  witli  any  certainty,  from  witliin  tlic  limits  of  the  LCronp 
of  coppers,  what  should  he  considered  th<'  normal  fyi)e.  Nor  are  we 
nnich  i)etter  off  in  an  examination  ont«i  '.  the  ijroiip  ;  there  the  prevailing' 
tint  is  eitlur  hrown  or  hlne  ;  and  I  am  inclinei'  to  think  that  hrown,  tend- 
in<r  strongly  to  copper,  should  he  considered  the  normal  type  ;  in  which 
ease  the  males  are  normal,  and  the  species  generally  antigenic. 

Sexual  (limorphisni  is,  hf)wever,  hy  no  means  confined  to  color  or  pat- 
tern ;  there  is  alst»  structural,  as  well  as  colorational,  aiitigcny  ;  hut  as  wc 
have  already  prolonged  the  present  discussion  to  a  sufticient  length,  we  will 
reserve  its  further  consideration  to  a  future  page,  alien  we  will  treat  sepa- 
rately of  several  characteristic  differences  lictwccn  tlie  sexi's  which  arc  of 
eonsiderahle  interest. 

r.ir.l.KKiKAl'IlY. 

Ki'lVislriii,  A.    Kiiii.;^(.'  iMMUi'ikuii^cii  (iliiT  ilic  iffsclilcctsvi'isiliicilciilicit  ilcr  -(■liincttcrliiii.'i'. 
(Stettin,  cut.  zoit..  xiv)  1S.V!. 

n;u'«iii,  ('.    Dcspi'ut  of  Man.  Clnip.  xi.  London.  Is71. 

.MiilliT.  Fr.    Uclicr    liaarpinsc'l.  lilzllcckc  nml  iiliniii-lic  ,;riliililr  ai'.f  ilcn   lliinclM  niiiiinlicluT 
.•iuliinctlci-linL'c.  (.lona.  zcitsdn-.,  xi)  IsTii. 

ScuiMiT,  S.  H.    .Vntiiriny ;  or  «i>xiial   ilinior|)lii>;n  in  lintli  rlllts.   (I'mc.   iiiniT.  acail.,  xil). 
lioston,  1877. 

Miillci-,  Ki'.     As  in!i('nla>  sc'xuas   ilos  imliviihios  niiisrnlinos  das  osju'i'-i's   Danais  cripiniM'. 
1).  ■^ilipinis.  (An'li.inu-^.  niio.  l!io.  iii)  1877. 

Mullcr.  Kr.     Kpicalia  ai'ontius:  ein  unirlcii'lios  olicpaar.  (Kosnios,  iv)  I.i'ip/lL'.  IS"!). 

ili'ldola,  K.    JJnttcrtlics  with  dissimilar  soxcs.  (NatntP,  xix)  London,  18711. 

Anrivillius,  ('.    t'olxT  scknndiirc  ^.rcsc  lili'dsrlinniklcn' ■lonliscliir  lairfaMor.    (Dili,   svensk. 
vrt.  nkad.  liandl.,  v)  Stockhulni.  ISSO. 

.Siiuddcr,  S.  IL     Hiltlcrllii's.  (.'liap.  x.  \ow  York,  18,81. 


SPEYERIA  IDALIA.— The  regal  fritillary. 


[Idalia   biitterlly  (Harris);  royal   fritillary   (Sciidiler);  rc^al  silver-spotted  liutlerlly  (>Ia>- 
nard);  rev;al  sllvor-wiiiit  (Maynanl);  ideal  aritymic  (Einnions).] 


A'yi/i;'/(. ;)/('(/.!'?"/('(  Driiry.  III.  nal.  Iiisi., 
i:A"i,|il.i;!.  ti;;s.  l-:i(177()). 

J'niiiUn  iiliilid  b'alir.,  Sysf.  enloni.,  "iK! 
(177.">);— tram..  Tap,  exot..  1  ;(!!l-70,  tab.  11. 
tins.  I).  K.  V.  (i.  (1779) ;— I'anz..  Driir.  ahbild.. 
.W-uit,  pi.  i;t,  li^'s.  l-;l  (17.8.-));— Uerhst,  Xatnr- 
.sy.«t.  ins,  sclinietl.,  ix :  l(«)-lft8,  p|.  iVJ.  liirs.  ;!-t. 
pl.2.'>;!,  tins.  1--J  (17(18). 

Ari/ijiuiis  iihtlia  (Jod.,  Kneyel.  intHli..  ix  I'J.VJ, 
iCy,  pi.  117,  liufs.  1,1  Ids  (1810)  ;—Hoisd.-LeC., 
Ltfp.  Aliii!r.  sept.,  117-148.  p|.  IK,  Ijfjs.  l--i 
(183:1) ;— Liie.,  Lep.  exot.,  Ifts,  pi.  M,  upper 
fe.  (184"));— [D'LIrl).],  Can.  nat.  jieol.,  ii ;  3."4- 


:ir)."i(18,")7);— llarr..  Ins.  Inj.  ve;.;-.,  ;!d  ed.,i8.'). 
lii;.  110(l»y);— .Miirr.,  Syn.  Lep.  N.  Anier., 
WAi  (iMli);— Kdw..  V-.m.  ent..  xi :  •'.17--Ji:t 
( 18711) :—l'"renili,  l!ep.  ins.  III.,  vii:  14!).l.-ii 
(1881);  Uutt.  easl.  V.  ■-..  l.-|l)-l,-):i  (1880);  — 
Middl..  Uep.  ins.  111.,  vii:  81  (18.81);— Coq.. 
il)i(L,  Ifii  (IS.xi);— Fern..  Itntt.  Me.,  18-39. 
(1881);-Mayn..  Unit.  X.  K.  i2-2;t,  pi.  3.  tigs. 
•J."),  1m\.  pi.  I.  tiirs.  -i.-jli.  ■>:»•  (1,88(i). 

Spi'ijcrid  iihiH'i  SeaiM.,  Syst.  rev.  Aiuer. 
Imtl..2!!(1872). 

Aciiliilin  cyliclc  (fiars)  Iliilin..  Verz, 
sehineU.,  ;!1  (181(1). 


530 


■nil-:  miTKiirLiKs  ok  ni;w  i:n(;l.\M), 


li   .  Ilf 


f,<  wHti 


m 


*A 


'M'.^ 


I'tipili'i AM'..   I)i-;i\v.  ill-,  (ir...    liril.       (i-jn.  |,1.    l!l.  li-.  li  (IT'.Mi  :-(ilinfi-.    Ill,  N.A. 

Mils,,  vi :  ;','J.  IJL',  7  (i"i.  l^iiii),  Lip.,  |il.  •'<'>.  liu'.  s,  iiicd, 

Kii;iirc'il  liy    .Mlill..  Linn.  N;iiiirs.\  >!.,  i,v: 

I.iisllv  lii«  >liinir  will:;--  :i-  -ilvcr  liri'^lil. 
I':iintnl  w  illi  !liiin>;iiiil  ciilwiirs  |i:i«>in;;-  fnrir 

.Ml  |iMliit>'r> -kill.lh' ili'l  ;il I  liinnliLrlM  : 

Niil  liiill'cMJ  iininic  >iiihlrii'  I'l.i.nirs  ;ii'rc 
In  lrj«  liuw  (■:  nc  lirmm  ijnili  >liinc  >■■  Kri-lil . 
I'isliiiL'iii-lii'il  Willi  iniinic  ii  l\\  iin'Uliir.;' st;irri' : 
Ncir  .Iniicpi'.-  Iiii'il.in  lin- r_v->|iciniil  ii'iiiiii', 
>>ii  many  piuijly  <'(ilniii>  dnili  (■(inlaliic. 

.■^l'l'N>r:i!.  -  Mllinjn.liil'iS. 

I''r»iii  yon  liavc  I  hccn  alisciil  in  llic  spriip.;, 
\Vlirii'|iiMiiil-|iii'il  A|iril  ilii's>M  ill  all  liislriiii 
I  hull  lull  a  >|  liril  nl  .-pi'liii  in  every  ililn^'. 

.•^IIAKr.SI'K.MIK,  — .V"/(»<7. 

Imago  yi  :'■'>■  > :  12  :  1-  '.  lli'.'iil  ciiviTcil  wilii  ilark  tauiiy  (iraniic  scale-  ami  liair^.  a 
few  r.lill  wliili-lMilie-  eihrini;  llie  |in~tei'iiir  Ixirdoi'  of  the  eye  anil  I  lie  outer  basi.'  nl'  llie 
anteiinao.  iiinl  sepanuiiiij:  the  dur-al  rroiii  tlie  lateral  ri>y:ii)ii  of  tlie  head,  liy  an  inecni- 
-piciKiiis  line  niiininu  direelly  haekwiU'd  rrum  the  smiiiiiil  nl"  the  eyi'.  Talpi  covered 
rnilwardly  Avith  ilark  |inr|ili~li  scales,  iiitcniiiiiirled  with  a  few  lawny  and  wiiiliNli 
scales  and  scattered  black  liristles.  friimed  licneatli  with  dark  irray  hairs,  tiimed. 
cs|)ecially  lievdiid  the  liasal  joint  with  oranire.  friiiued  aliovc  ■with  pale  jrray  hair--  and 
at  lip  of  pei.iiltiniate  joint-  with  oranire  haiis.  Inner  i.mler  surface  of  antennae 
devoid  of  sca'ics  and  liriirlit  lawny  oranire.  elsewhere  irray.  with  minified  black  and 
pale  yeliow  scales,  the  former  more  abniKhmt  on  tlio  apical  half  of  the  stalk  and 
aliove.  excepliiiir  at  the  ba-i-  of  the  joints,  the  latter  on  the  basal  half  of  the  stalk,  at 
til"  base  of  the  joints  and  on  the  siilis;  club  black,  the  tip  and  three  or  four  apical 
joints,  especially  lieneath.  more  or  loss  tiiii;od  w  ith  oranire  tawny,  'roiiirne  dark  liiho- 
fiisciMis  at  liase.  with  a  nu'dian  line  of  black;  papillae  (61 :  l!l )  loiiiro>al,  four  limes 
a-  loin;  as  broad,  the  ap'n.-al  rim  entire,  tlie  central  lllanieiit  rather  stout,  bluntly  coni- 
cal, half  as  lonir  as  the  widtliof  the  papilla:  they  are  arranircd  on  tin-  a| ileal  twelfth  of 
the  tonirue,  at  Ih'si  on  tlie  under  side,  at  the  inner  inarLrin  of  each  maxilla,  but  in  l!ie 
inlddle  of  their  course  crossinir  to  the  outer  edire. 

Thorax  niiil  patairia  covered  w  ith  dark  chocolate  brown  scales  and  hairs,  those  on 
the  front  tlnitod  partly  with  taw  iiy  orar.jrc :  femora  dark  purplish  brown;  tiliiae  and 
tar.sl  the  same  e.Kleriiiilly,  th  ■  forincu'  pale  dull  yellowish  beneath,  the  I;itter  fiisco-lnte- 
ous;  spines  black;  spurs  n-ddisli,  darker  at  tip;    claws  dark  reddisli. 

Winirs  aliove;  fmc  !(■(■/(;/.^  brilliant  oranire,  sprinkled  near  the  base,  cspechilly  on  the 
lower  hiilf  of  the  winir,  with  black  sc;iles.  marked  with  iinnieroii>  purplish  bhick  bars 
and  sp.its;  costiil  inaririn.  as  far  as  the  subcostal  iiervitre.  black,  powdered  with  dull 
orauiie  next  the  base;  cell  crossed  by  throe  similar,  sinuous,  black  stripes,  the  middle 
Olio  ill  the  middle  of  the  cell,  the  <illiors  at  oipial  distances  from  it;  besides  thc-e  the 
outer  limit  of  the  cell  Is  lior  hred  iMleriorly  with  black  and  the  upper  half  exteriorly 
by  a  band,  •wliicli.  below  ihi--  poinl.  curves  abruptly  outward  and  then  inward  to  iiie 
Ixittom  of  the  cell,  enclosing  iin  oranito  spot;  beyond  llu'  cell  is  a  nioderati'ly  broad, 
greatly  tortuous,  broken,  mesial  stiipe  of  black,  commeiu'inir  at  the  sulicostal  and 
cros-iiiir,  ilrst  the  snbcosliil  interspaces  dijigonally  outward,  in  the  middle  of  their  basal 
t\'o-lliirds ;  next,  the  middle  of  tin'  siibcosto-niedian  interspace,  its  interior  border 
continiiinir  the  exterior  border  of  the  previous  part  of  tlie  band;  then,  the  subinodiaii 
interspaces  by  separate  sinuous  bars  in  the  middle  of  their  biisal  half,  and  across  the 
nilildlo  of  tlie  succeeding  Interspace  by  a  cnrvinir  bar,  openiiijr  inward;  beyond  this 
mesial  stripe,  depeiidinir  from  the  costal  border,  is  a  trlanirular.  diaironal.  black  patch 
Willi  a  very  vairue  outline,  crossing  the  snl)cost;il  interspaces  paralU-l  to  the  iiei:rlib()r- 
iiig  portion  of  the  mesial  stripe:  beyond  this,  across  the  iniddio  of  the  outer 
Inilf  of  the  win:.',  is  a  series  of  six  round  black  spots  parallel  to  the  outer  border. 


BnH;':i  , 
■■t\-    ■■ 


i.W.; H  m I ' '•■- -  ..  '■  ■■  J  I     -lJ*!!ip»>iWPWW"»PiliiWllilllliilllWillg^Wl 


XV.Ml'lIAMN'Ar,:    Sl'EYKltlA    IDAI.IA. 


537 


■li 


iiiiL'  ill  riu-li  of  llii'  |ii'iiici|)!il  iiitci'spiu'tjs.  Hint  ill  Hie  lower  iiKMliiin  iiilci'spiici'  lar- 
{Ii'.-l,  11  little  iiidfu  tliaii  !l  tliinl  the  wiiltli  of  lliu  iiilcf.simcc  iiiiil  ilNtiiiit  from  tlic 
oiilir  boriliT  liy  tlic  width  of  two  iiu'diaii  iiitiTspiiCfS.  Ill  tin;  ft'iiinlc,  liowt'vor. 
tlio  tipporiiiost  of  tliPM'  spot-i,  ami  to  some'  extent  the  siiccefiliiii;  one,  toi;etliei' 
witli  the  iieialiboriiiu  triangular  costal  piiteli  of  black,  are  inerit>'<i  into  a  «oiienil 
wa-li  of  jpiirplisli  black  wliicli  tills  the  apex  of  tlie  wiiii;  as  far  as  a  line  drawn 
alona  the  inner  eil;;e  of  the  triangular  patch  to  the  lowest  siilx-ostal  iiervnle.  but 
whicli  is  varietl  with  iiiti  "spaceal  dashes  of  white,  liavini;  a  powdery  ediie.  situated 
in  two  rows:  an  inner,  composed  of  four  spots,  the  upper  two  small  and  triaiiiriilar. 
the  tliinl  lamest  and  suli(|nadrate,  the  fourth  vai;ne,  the  line  of  their  outer  edires 
subparallel  to  tlio  outer  border  and  tenninntinj;  below  at  the  inner  edire  of  the  lower 
subcostal  round  spot;  and  an  outer,  of  two  small,  obloii',i-ovate,  longilndinal  spots  in 
the  lower  subcostal  interspaces,  jnst  outside  the  round  spots;  besides  these  white 
spots,  the  interior  biu'der  of  this  lilack  iiliex  is  separated  by  Avhite,  iiisteail  of  orniiy;o, 
from  the  upper  portion  of  tlie  mesial  liaud.  in  all  but  the  lower  subco~t:d,  and  the 
adjoininir  poi'tion  of  the  next  liiirher  interspace.  The  outer  border  is  I'ither  margined 
with  liliick  to  the  depth  of  half  an  interspace,  and  followeil  by  s;iirittale  spots  of 
black,  seated  upon  the  border,  one  in  each  interspace,  the  upper  two  subcostal  spots 
separated  more  distinctly  from  the  mari;iii  and  nincli  hirj;er,  enclosing' ronndish.  triiin- 
irular,  oraiijre  spots,  the  uppermost  often  paler  {S  )  '•  "•'•  uiar<;iiied  much  more  heavily 
with  black  (eiiuivaleiit  to  the  outer  border  and  the  saitittate  spots  toijether)  and 
inchiilimr,  at  ii  general  distance  of  half  an  intersii;ice  from  Hie  border,  nearer  below, 
fartiier  aliove,  a  row  of  eight  !'oundisli  wliite  spots,  loiinitiidinal  above,  transverse 
below,  one  ill  each  interspace,  usually  increasing  in  size  upward,  the  lowest  double; 
the  inner  bonier  begrimed  with  dusky  scales,  increasing  toward  tlie  tip.  Sometimes, 
at  the  liase  of  the  lower  median  and  inedio-subniediiui  interspaces,  or  of  only  one  of 
them,  a  tcu'tuons  line  is  present,  in  lirokeii  contiunity  with  that  crossing  the  middle  of 
the  cell;  fringe  black,  intcrruiited  abruptly,  but  not  very  broadly,  in  the  interspai;cs 
with  white.  Jliiifl  irhii/s  rich  purplish  black,  besprinkled  on  the  basal  third  and  espec- 
ially in  the  subcostal  and  median  area  with  (U-aiige  scales  au<l  long  hairs;  a  submariri- 
mil  row  of  seven  iiiterspaceal  orange  (^)  or  cream  colored  (  $  )  roundish  spots,  nar- 
rowly edged  with  irray  blue,  decreasing  in  si/.e  toward  the  inner  border,  averaging 
half  the  width  of  an  interspace,  their  outer  edges  di-tant  from  the  outer  bcu'der  by 
more  than  half  tlie  widtli  of  an  interspace,  their  borders  powdery.  Crossing  llie  mid- 
dle of  the  wing  is  an  irregular  series  of  seven  similar  spots,  often  vague  in  the  niale, 
cream  colored  in  both  sexes,  narrowly  edged  with  gray  tilue,  situated  in  the  same 
interspaces,  the  middle  one  smallest  and  usually  triangular;  the  upper  four  are 
arranged  iu  a  nearly  straight  line  from  the  middle  of  the  costid  border  towjird  the  lip 
of  the  upper  median  iiervule:  the  fourth,  tiflli  and  sixtli  form  a  sec(nid  line  at  right 
angles  to  the  tirst  ;  and  the  seventh  falls  ccuisideralily  l>elow  that  line,  lying  iu  the 
middle  of  the  apical  half  of  its  inters]iace;  liesiiles  tiiese  there  is  sometimes,  most 
freipiently  in  the  female,  a  vague  triangular  piiteh  of  miiiKlcd  cream  colori'il  and 
gray  blue  scales,  a  little  way  beyond  the  extremity  of  the  cell ;  fringe  very  dark  pur- 
plish, interrupted  broadly  and  snddenly  at  the  interspaces  with  cream  white. 

Beneath  :  /on  icj^f/.s  orange,  slightly  paler  than  above,  the  black  stripes  about  the 
cell  and  the  mesial  .stripe  similar  to  those  of  the  ujiper  surface,  but  more  circum- 
scribed ;  the  subapical  triangular  black  patch  is  also  reiieated,  Imt  rather  as  :iii  obli<|ne 
bar  reacliing  to  the  lower  subcostal  interspace;  the  costal  edge  is  black  but  varied 
with  silvery  white  streaks  and  spots,  nrranged  iu  three  transverse  series;  the  llrst  two 
limited  by  the  peuultimate  subcostal  nervnle,  and  comiiosedof  nearly  laterally  ciMitin- 
nons  streaks;  the  llrst  is  placed  between  the  cell  and  the  mesial  stripe,  the  second 
between  the  mesial  stripe  ami  the  subapical  black  bar,  ami  the  third  beyond  it;  the 
last  is  composed  of  two  or  three  comparatively  short  streaks,  placed  side  by  side,  fol- 
lowed by  two  greatly  elongated  ovate  ('.ashes  in  the  two  lower  subcostal  interspaces, 
rcacliiiig  as  far  as  the  snbmargiiial  markings;  excepting  iu  the  lower  median  inler- 
sjiace,  the  row  of  round  spots  crossing  the  miiidh'  of  the  apical  half  of  the  upper 

OS 


mr 


538 


TIIK  BUTTERFLIKS  OK   NHW  KNdl.AXD. 


(   ^ 


Ki' 


sMi'l'tu'i'  (if  llic  wiiiLts  is  iKit,  rcpi'iiti'd  hiMiciUli,  cxcciitiiiii  vaijiu^ly,  hut,  hi'twreii  llirsi^ 
1111(1  llio  siiliiiiiii'^iiiiiil  iiiiirkiims  tlicrc  is  sdiiiclinics  a  yellow  line  down  tlic  inlddlc  (-f 
tlic  iiilcrsimccs;  tlic  iiiiiririiiiil  iiiiii'liiiins  (-(insist  ot'  ti  luind  of  iinrplisli  lilacl;  liiilf  un 
intcrsimcc's  width,  cnclosinir  iiiiiiiy  oliviiccons  st-alcs  (sonictlnics  occnpyinji  tlic  ;;i'cal('f 
part  of  cacli  Interspace),  followed  directly  liy  a  series  of  silvery  wliite  triaiiiilcs.  bor- 
dered, especially  Interiorly,  with  purplish  lilack.  eacli  whole  one  nearly  as  broad  as  the 
inlerspaee:  the  inner  liorder  as  far  as  the  sniiinedian  nervnre.  and.  on  the  basal  half 
of  Ihe  winy;,  the  lower  poi-tion  of  the  next  interspace,  brown  a:ray.  In  the  female, 
llie  whole  apex  of  the  win;;  is  waslied  willi  olivaeeons.  where  it  Is  oraniie  in  I  lie  male ; 
frhiife  as  aliove.  IHihI  "•(/(;/.<  (iarl<.  I'allier  brilliant  olivaceous,  the  inner  border,  as  far 
as  tile  snbmediaii  nervnre.  and.  in  the  outer  tliird  of  tlie  wiiiij.  the  lowest  median  ner- 
vnle.  jnirplisli  liiacl<:  liasal  lialf  of  tlie  costal  and  inner  liorders  liroadly  lionh'i'ed  witli 
silvery  widle.  Ilie  mar;;in  itself  lilacl< ;  at  tiie  jnnction  of  the  costal  and  subcostal,  the 
>nbeostai  and  median,  and  the  median  and  sniiinedian  nervnres.  a  nuiderately  laru;e. 
>nli(ivate.  silvery  widte  spot,  ('rossinii'  near  tlie  middle  of  tlie  cell,  lull  scarcely 
reaclMiiir  eitlier  side,  is  an  oliloiii;.  transverse.  siihi|nadratc.  silvery  winte  spot  ;  licyond 
tills  are  three  rows  of  silvery  white  spots,  all  more  or  less  ed;j;e(l  with  purplish  black; 
tile  llrst.  consistiiii;  of  live  spots,  is  tlie  most  irrcirniar :  the  tirst  of  tliem  is  trans- 
versely ovate,  situated  in  the  costo-snbcostal  Interspace,  either  jiist  beyond  the  lii'st 
divarication  of  the  subcostal  nervnre  (  $  ).  or  just  opjiosite  its  second  divarlcalloii  [J  ), 
and  extends  across  the  wiiole  intei'siiace:  Ihe  second,  very  small,  is  in  tlie  upper  sidi- 
(■o~ial  interspace,  next  the  second  divarication  of  llie -ubcostal  nervnre;  the  tliii-d  is 
very  l.'iiuc.  situated  (III  eilhcr -ide  of  tlic  vein  ciosiim-  the  cell  and  broken  into  two 
~pot~  liy  a  \fv\  liroad  liar  of  purplish  black ;  the  interior  of  tlie  two  is  snb(piadrate, 
bill  convex  witliiii.  and  the  exterior  is  lriaii;;iilar ;  the  fourth,  obliiinely  ovate,  is  in  the 
upper  two-tlii"(ls  of  the  medio-subinediaii  interspace,  jiist  below  the  tirst  divarication 
of  the  median  nerv  nre:  tlie  liftli.  very  hiru'e  and  ;;reatly  el(lll^^■^te-(lvate,  is  in  the  snb- 
medio-iiiternal  interspace,  diroctly  opposite  the  fourth;  all  Iheso  spots  are  pretty 
broadly  bordered  iMlerioi'ly  with  black  and  have  a  powdery  exterior  ontliiie.  'I'lic 
second  row  of  spots  eiMsses  t||c  iniddle  of  the  outer  two-thirds  of  the  wiiiu.  sulipar- 
;illel  to  tlie  (Miter  borijcr.  and  consists  of  ciiilil  laru'e  spots,  one  in  eacli  of  the  princi- 
pal inlerspaces,  .u'arly  e(|nal  in  size,  the  one  beyond  the  cell  smallest.  Hie  llrst  six 
elonL^ale.  snbtriannnlar.  with  more  or  less  romided  sides,  the  last  two  roiindisli ;  the 
tirst  four,  coinineiiclii;;  from  above,  .-ire  phiced  in  a  nearly  straiirht  line,  riinninir  from 
a  very  little  beyond  tlie  middle  of  the  costal  border  to  the  oiitor  border,  at  tlie  middle 
of  the  upper  median  interspace;  the  fourth,  tiftli  and  sixth  are  placed  in  a  strai;;lit 
line  at  riuiil  aiiirles  wilii  llio  previous;  tlie  seveiilii  and  ei;rlith  are  on  a  line  parallel  to 
tliese  lint  farther  removed  from  tlic  liasc  liy  the  width  of  an  interspace;  all  of  tliesi' 
sp<its  are  heavily  bordered  at  base  and  tip.  narrowly  at  the  sides,  ivitli  pnrplisli  black. 
'I'hc  third  row  consists  of  a  subniiir;;iiial  series  of  seven  Irianunlar  spots,  one  in  each 
interspace  between  tlie  costal  and  snbniedian  nerviires.  each  llie  width  of  an  inter- 
space, their  bases  removed  from  the  outer  border  by  half  the  width  of  an  interspace, 
ediicd  narrowly  exteriorly,  very  heavily  interiorly,  with  puriilisli  lilack.  the  interior 
edifiiiL'  of  these  spots  often  coiiimiiiiiiiui;  with  the  exterior  ediiinu;  of  tlie  previous  row 
ol'  s|i,iis;  outer  border  narrowly  edii-ed  vvitli  purplish  black  ;  frinu'e  as  on  the  iippiir 
surface. 

.Vbdonieii  pui'plisii  black,  the  base  iiesprinkled  above  witli  ii  few  oran^'e  scales  and 
loiiat  hairs,  enlivened  beiieatli.  toward  the  tip,  by  a  few  dull  oransic  scales,  .\ppen- 
(lau;es  of  male  (33  r  |:t)  ;  upper  orjiau  with  the  cxtrenio  base  of  the  hook  expanding,' 
sHuhtly  at  the  sides  and  aiiirnlated ;  liook  compressed  so  as  to  be  laminate,  of  nearlv 
eiiual  depth  throughout  until  close  to  the  tip.  where,  especially  by  an  inferior  incision, 
it  tapers  rapidly  to  a  hooked,  delicate  point;  clasps  with  the  posterior  lobe  nnmdiy 
anyinlaled.  the  superior  stroimiy  arcln^d,  the  upper  posterior  aiitfle  produced  to  ii 
sliKlitly  incnrved  lobe  directed  upward  and  a  little  forward,  taperiii^r  on  tlie  basal  half, 
(Mpial  beyond,  rounded  at  the  lip.  about  twice  as  loiiir  us  its  apical  width  and  friiij^ed 
at  the  posterior  edirc;  with  Ion;?,  backward eiirvod,  still'  brlstloM.    The  apical  half  of  the 


XVMntAl.lXAK:    SI'KVKIMA    IDAMA. 


539 


interior  of  llif  ciasp  !>  fm-iiisliiMl  >vitli  forwnnl  diivctcil  hristlcs;  uppiT  process 
curved  iiiwnrd  a  little  more  stroiiudv  tlian  the  hlade,  four  limes  as  loii"?  as  the  width 
of  the  l)asal  half,  tlie  apieal  half  rai)idlv  taperiim  to  a  liiimtly  rounded  apex  one-IIfth 
as  l)road  ua  the  Imse  of  the  process.  l)_v  the  excision  of  Hie  under  ailtic  wbU-U  is 
Miinutely  and  revorsolv  dciiticnlatcd,  esi)ecially  toward  the  tip. 


.Mea.«i.remeMt.-(  in  milliinetrcs.  MAI.K.s. 

LiMi-tli  of  ton-ue  19.5  mm.         Smallesl.  Average. 


F.enL'th  of  fore  whiL.' 

iiiileiinne 

Iiind  tiliiao  and  tarsi 

fore  tibiae iMul  tarsi 


IS. 


41. 

IT.Vo 

13. 


Lars;cst. 
42. 
If    I 


FICMALKS. 


Smallest. I. Vvcrai; 


44.5 
1H.5 
14.25 


4(>.5 
lit. 
15.5 
5.75 


Lar^'est. 


4«. 
1!».75 
l(i.25 
(!. 


Deseribeil  from  :i  t  •'  V  . 

Malformation.  One  snecimcn  examined  has  two  of  tlie  joints  of  tlieelnli  completely 
auiai^'aniated  on  liie  under  side,  liul  not  elsewhere,  the  two  combined  joints  beiny:,  at 
their  narrowest,  no  lonirer  than  a  normal  joint,  and.  at  their  l)roadest,  are  each  e(|ual 
to  a  normal  joint. 

Aberrations:  S.  i.  Asnr.Mioiii  (Arnininis  aslarli-  Kisli,.  I'roc.  acad.  nat.  se.  I'lillad., 
js.'is.  17II-S0.  pi.  2;  ,1.  Ksliliirnlli  Id.,  ibid.,  l.s.">:i.  ;\:,2).  Three  specimens  of  a  most 
remarkable  sull'used  variety  of  this  >pecies  liave  been  recorded.  Two  of  them  were 
lakc'u  in  N'ew  .lersey,  and  described  and  liiiured  by  Kisluu';  a  tldrd,  taken  at  Coha-^set. 
Mass.,  is  llirnred  and  brielly  described  by  Maynard  (Butt.  X.  E.,  22,  pi.  t.  II;;-.  2.-.  I).  25 
c.)  ;  !i  fourth  (.Mns.  Host.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  No.  122(1)  was  captured  on  Cape  Cod  by  Mr. 
\V.  C.  Ki-h. 

In  this  last  specimen  nearly  the  whole  upper  surface  is  dark,  the  orann'e  markings 
bein;r  conllned,  on  the  fori' whiifs,  to  the  followiuji  :  the  basal  half  of  the  <-cll  inter- 
rupted by  tlie  innernu)st  black  bar.  broader  than  usual,  the  centre  of  tlie  band  lnu'der- 
im;  tlie  cell  exteriorly;  a  powdery  spaci^  just  beymid  this,  in  the  subcosto-niedian 
interspace;  a  similar  powdery  space  at  the  base  of  the  lower  median  interspace, 
extending;  to  a  little  beyond  the  >ecoud  divaricati(  n  of  the  median  nervure;  the  basal 
lliree-lifllis  of  the  medio-suDiiiedian  inlerspaee  and  the  interspaces  below  partly 
powderi'd  Willi  dusky  scales  on  Hie  outer  lialf :  I  lie  veins  of  tlie  median  and  subinediau 
nervures,  exeeptinit  (Ui  the  ajiical  r<uirtli  of  tlu'  xvim;,  similarly  powdered :  and  a  few 
powdery  scales  scatlerecl  abmil  tlie  middle  of  the  outer  half  of  the  wiui!;;  on  tlii'  hind 
win^;s  tlie  oranv;e  markinjrs  are  mii"li  as  usual,  but  are  restricted  within  a  sliitlitly  nar- 
rower area;  as  to  the  whilisli  mar'  in;j;s,  tin;  spots  at  the  divarication  of  tlie  snlicostal 
nervure  are  present  as  usu.'il,  and  form  part  of  an  arcuate  series,  tlie  lower  portion  of 
which  sei'iiis  to  take  the  place  of  the  normal  submaririnal  row  (which  is  eiilirely 
wautintr)  in  the  intersiiaces,  at  fully  an  inlerspace's  width  from  tlie  border:  on  the  hind 
^vill:.fs  a  similar  series  of  indislincl ,  sometimes  obsolete  spots,  occupies  tin,'  middle 
ground  iietwcen  the  two  norinal  rows,  wliicii  are  alloLielher  absent;   friiiire  !is  usual. 

lieneatli,  on  the  furc  iiv'»;/.s.  the  vivaeiiuis  colors  are  aLrain  more  limited ;  all  the 
norimil  Ijlai'k  markiii;;s  <if  tlie  cell  an'  present,  altliouu:li  so  chauired  above,  but  the 
ilai  k  imirkiniTs  of  I  lie  middle  of  the  win;;  are  eonnected,  sult'used  and  spread  to  a  jireat 
decree;  in  the  snbciaririiKil  region,  nciirly  tiu'  wiiole  spaci'  from  tlic  cell  to  the  silvery 
spots  is  sull'used  with  lil.aik ;  below  that  the  black  is  sharply  delined  toward  the  base 
of  till'  win,;;  tiy  tlie  interior  licu'der  of  the  inner  black  spots,  and  exteriorly  liiis  a 
blurred  limitaliim,  parallel  to  the  imter  border  ;il  the  middle  of  Hie  apie:il  niedi:in 
nervules;  the  outer  bordering  Is  nearly  oriiuile  an  inlerspaee  in  widlli,  and  is  fol- 
lowed by  broad,  hmtx,  silvery  dashes,  an,u:nlated  externally,  broadly  bordered  witli 
blac'iish,  the  lower  ones  beeomlnjr  altered  lo  lar;re.  rcuindisli  spots,  bordered  with 
black,  the  interior  border  exlendinu-  f:ir  inwards,  very  nearly  to  the  median  spots.  On 
the  lihiil  ii-iiiiis  the  silvery  spots  are  sli;rlitly  linu;cd  with  yt'llowish,  and  the  olivaceous 
become  changed  to  a  brilliant  snull' color;  the  position  and  character  of  the  silvery 
spots  are  greatly  chanj:ed ;  that  at  the  base  of  the  costal  border  is  broadened ;  each  oC 


\i^'^ 


|!V(., 


i 


'.■\ 


■      ■    *  :! 


,,'JvP-: 


W'' 


u.^v  ■ 


li::':?* 


540 


TIIK  nUTTKUFLir.s  or   Ni;\V    r.Ndi.ANIV 


iliu  iiitcrspiu'f*  's  lllloil  ill  llicliiisc  Willi  il  vi'i'v  liiriio  silvery  spaiM',  cacli  (X'ciipyinii  tlic 
place  iiDniially  Ix'lonitiiin  ti>  Hie  spots  i)f  Hie  two  l)asal  rows,  toiri'tlier  witli  Hie  iiiter- 
vuniiii;  area.  Hie  black  esliiiii!,'  heiiii.'  nblitenitiMl ;  tlu'  whole  cell  is  lUled  wiHi  silver, 
anil  Hie  spot  of  the  snliiiieilio-intenial  iiilersp.ice  is  extemleil  to  the  tmse;  lieyoiid  the 
iiiiddU!  of  the  wliiir,  the  black  l)asal  and  apical  bonlcriiii;  of  tin,'  silvery  spots  is 
retained,  excepliii!;  the  apical  bordcrinit  "f  the  iiiaririiial  row.  but  tlie  spots  them- 
selves are  at. sent,  lieiiiy:  snpphmted  by  a  new  set  of  roundish  spots,  liordered  within 
liy  the  norinal  exterior  border  of  the  Inner  row.  and  withonl  by  the  interior  border  of 
Hie  outer  row. 

Secondary  aexual  peculiarities.  Hesides  Hie  strikiiiLi  diU'ereiiees  lielween  tlie 
sexes  ill  the  liiarkinirs  of  Hie  upper  surface  of  botli  willifs,  fully  detailed  in  tlie  ile- 
scriptioii  above.  Hie  lowerniediaii  and  snliniediaii  veins  of  the  fore  wiiii;s  liave  a  thick- 
ened appearance  in  the  middle  of  their  course  in  the  male,  due  to  the  presence  (44:  4") 
of  dark  scales  of  niinsual  si/e.  wliicli  here  conceal  the  androcoiiia  (46:  11)  wliicii  lie 
aloiii;  tlie  upper  surface  of  the  vein,  mingled  willi  onlinary  scales;  these  have  lieeii 
dcscrilied  under  the  ifeiius. 

Egg  (fi4  :  :')1).  Sixteen  to  elL'iileeii  loii'^itudiiiai  rilis.  at  broadest,  .ml.")  mm.  apart ; 
surface  between  them  covered  with  minute  circiil;ir  pniiclnlations,  alxiiit  .ool  nini.  in 
diameter,  distributed  pretty  reuuiarly  iver  tlie  siirraee.  their  eeiilres  aliont  .<loi;  mm. 
apart;  the  cross  lines  are  liner  cmiipressed  ridiies.  nearly  as  liiifli  as  the  ribs.  .07  mm. 
apart;  where  tiiey  traverse  tlie  rilis  they  Iiccmmiic  iiidistinel;  on  the  snmniil  the  ribs 
and  cross  lines  form  a  pretty  uniform  siibipiadranjiniar  pittiiii;.  which  obtains  as  far 
as  the  micropylo  (67  :  I'.l)  which  is  . ;  mm.  in  diameter ;  the  central  circle  of  tliis  Is  .OOH.'i 
mm.  ill  diameter,  and  the  kite-shaped  cells  of  the  tlrsl  row  n.ljoliiiuf;  it  are  seven  in 
nnmlier.  and  tliose  of  the  outer  row  the  same;  color  wlien  fresh  laid,  pale  ;;reeii, 
clian;;iiiir  snbseipiently  to  shining  purplish  fuscous.  Ileii;lil.  ..s  mm.;  lireadtli  at 
liasc.  .7."i  mm. ;  at  snminit.  .;!;>  iir.n. 

Caterpillar.  Fiml  sIikj,-  (72:  lo).  Mead  (79:  -')  pieeoiis.  witli  a  few  louir.  pale 
lirown.  taperinjr  iiairs.  Hody  dark  olive  luteoiis,  the  incisures  paler,  the  papillae 
darker  and  the  hairs  pale  brow  1. ;  the  latter  are  shorter  Hian  the  widtii  of  the  body, 
and  delicately  and  distantly  siiicnliferous.  Leii;;tli  of  Iiairs.  .:!t  mm.  ;  leimtli  of  body. 
2  mm, ;  lireadtii  of  head,  :t  mm. 

SWiiiid  st'iiji:  Mead  black.  I?oily  cinereous,  miiti.led  and  stripeil  witli  brown;  a 
macular  strijio  follows  the  laterodorsal  row  s  of  spines,  and  anotlier  lateral  row  is  iiulo- 
pcndeiit;  spines  lilack,  witli  short  black  siiiracles.     Leiiirtli.  .1.,"*  mm.  (after  Kdwards). 

TliinJ  ftmii-.  Head  black.  IJody  mottled  and  striped  with  iiirht  and  dark  cinereous; 
spines  lonirer  than  liefiu'e.  black,  dull  yellow  at  base.  Leny;tli,  7.i!  mm.  (after 
Kdwards). 

Fourth  Ktiiijr.  Head  liLtlil  lirowii.  liody  with  more  contrasted  colors,  the  dark  jior- 
tions  (inite  black,  the  light  of  a  dirty  white;  a  white  dorsal  stripe,  "tiirougli  which 
runs  a  lilack  line;  at  the  junction  of  Hie  several  segments  a  trnnsvorse  white  stripe, 
on  whicli  are  sliort  black  lines;  each  segment  crossed  loiigitndiiially  liy  black  stripes, 
interrnpled  l)y  tlie  sjiiiics,  witli  a  wedge-shaped  mark  between  the  spines;  these  are 
long,  shining  liUick,  witti  black  liristles,  and  mostly  arise  from  pale  orange  tnliercles." 
Length,  Is  mm.  (Kdwards). 

l\tVi  MiKjo.  Body  witli  the  ground  color  Indt'.  the  markings  nearly  as  liefore;  a 
broad  buM'band  covers  tlie  middle  of  dorsum,  enclosing  a  macular  black  line;  the 
spines  and  Ijases  of  the  spinnles  mostly  orange.     Longtii,  2."(  mm.  (after  Edwards), 

Z,((«!  ,s^r(/r' (75  :  10).  Head  reddlsii  ferrnginons  m\  upper  half,  lilack  lielow,  some- 
what pilose.  Hody  velvet  lilack.  Iianded  and  striped  witli  ochrey-yellow.  changing  to 
dull  orange  or  red,  oiivi' lirown  iieneath ;  a  liroad  dorsal  band  enclosing  a  sometimes 
obsolete  black  line;  a  series  of  siiort  laterodorsal  yellow  stripes ;  a  darker  stigmatal 
band;  at  the  incisures  tiiree  narrow,  transverse  stripes  aliove  the  stigmatal  liand; 
the  last  segment  yellow.  Laterodorsal  spines  silvery  wliite  witli  lilack  tips;  the 
other  spines  yellowisli,  those;  of  the  lower  row  orange  at  base  and  half  way  to  tip;  of 
the  upper  row  part  are  orange  at  base;  all  the  spinnles  lilack.     Legs  black;   prolegs 


•i* 


NVMI'llAI-INAK;    SI'KYKKIA    IDAI.IA, 


•541 


>iiiiiky  lii'ciwii ;  spiiMcli's  lilii 'k.  witli  wliitc  miiuili.  I.i'iiirlli.  1 1",  luiii.  (iil'tcr  Kihviinis). 
Chrysalis  (84;  I).  ■  r.i'owii  iiml  yi-llow  over  iiIkIoimcii  ;  llic  niosoiiotuin  pinkish 
hi'dwii;  the  wiiijr-ciisc-.  liriiwii  :itici  nioni  dccldiMlly  tinted  pink :  I'licii  [latcfo-]diir>iil 
tnlii'fi'lc  sliii\v>  II  liii'iri'.  (link  piitcli  on  tin'  iintcrior  side;  simiiaf  piitciics  (ni  tlic  Avin^r- 
ciisc's;  till' Inlii'rclos  on  incsdiiiilnin  liliick,  and  fiicli  i>  joliicil  l)y  a  l)lack  band  to  a 
pali'li  hark  of  and  near  tlic  lia>c ;  almiit  llic  liciid  scvcnd  in'c^nhir  ilark  or  Mark  >poi» ; 
on  tlic  win;;*  a  brown  patch  at  ba-i'.  o'lc  on  middh'  of  di-k.  and  -ix  <'loii;ralcd  spoi>  in 
row  within  till' iiniri:in."     I,cn;:lli.  '.'s  nini.  ( l'',dwaril>  ). 


Distribution  (21 :  I ).  'I'liis  Inittci-fly  lidoiiji's  totlic  Allcirliiiniaii  tiiiuiii. 
tliiiiio'li  its  (listriliiitioii  iijijicmi's  tci  lie  somcwiiiit  ii'ii'oiil;ir.  It  iiilialiils  low - 
liiiiils  and  is  luiii'li  iiiiii'u  alitiiidaiit  in  thofxtrciiic  eastern  portion  of  its  raiio'c 
than  elsewiiei'e,  unless  it  he  on  the  western  |irairics.  It  oceiirs,  howcNcr.  as 
far  south  as  the  elevated  parts  of  ( ieoi-o-iu,  "taken  hy  Mr.  Kiiotinhis  jour- 
ney to  the  mountains"  (Ahhot),  wlieiice  also  it  is  recorded  liy  Mr.  Kd- 
wards,  who  has  not  hei'ii  alile  to  diseover  it  in  West  \'iioinia.  Otherwise, 
indeed,  it  lias  not  l.'eeii  recorded  on  the  Atlantic  slope  south  of  P(  nnsyl- 
vaiiia.  West  of  the  Alleohanies  Kirtland  states  that  he  has  never  met 
with  it  in  iiorthoni  Ohio,  iilthoiigh  he  hits  ohtained  a  few  specimens  from 
Dayton  in  thiit  state,  and  Diiry  t*iiys  it  is  "very  rare"  at  Cincinnati. 
\^'ortliin_oton  reports  it  from  nortiiern  and  not  from  southern  Illinois,  and 
Kirtland  and  Hoy  have  found  it  ahiindant  in  \Visconsin.  It  has  heen 
taken  in  various  [larts  of  Iowa  (Allen,  I'arker,  Oshorn,  Austin,  AN'altvii) 
and  it  occurs  also  in  Lawrcnee  "connnon"  and  Wallace  County,  Kansas 
(.•^now),  Xehraska  (Dodge),  Arkansas  (Kdwards)  and  even  Louisiana, 
aecordino:  to  Sttrcker. 

In  New  Kngland  it  is  reported  abundant  in  Connecticut  at  several 
places  and  has  lieen  taken  in  Massachusetts  iihoiit  IJoston,  at  Levcrett  and 
Montaoiie  (  F.  II.  SjiraoiR. ) ,  alioiit  SpringHi'ld  "(piite  common"  (  Dim- 
mock)  and  in  Walpolo  (Miss  (inild)  ;  the  only  places  where  I  have  found 
it  tolerahly  ahundant  are  in  I'erkshire  County,  on  Cape  Cod,  and  particu- 
larly on  the  island  of  Nantucket,  (ieiu-rally  speaking  it  is  not  a  common 
insect  and  is  seldom  seen  ahove  the  annual  isotherm  of  4')°  :  the  most 
noiiherly  stations  from  which  it  is  recorded  are  Waterville  (also  the 
easternmost),  Norway  (Fernald),  Ilallowell  "not  very  common"  (Miss 
Wadsworth),  Hriinswick  "one  may  see  two  or  three  in  the  course  of  an 
afternoon's  walk"  (Packard)  and  Portland,  Mt'.  (Lyman)  ;  Isles  of  Shoals 
"a  few  specimens"  (Thaxter).  Milford  "connnon"  (Whitney),  A\'olfl)oro 
(Alaynard),  Suncook  "not  connnon"  (Thaxter).  Duhlin  (Faxon)  and 
Walpole,  \.  IL  "ahundant"  (Smith)  ;  and  Williamstowii,  Mass.  ( Scud- 
der).  It  is  very  rare  at  Albany,  N.  Y.  ( Lintner)  and  has  not  been 
taken  beyond  the  Kennebec  river  in  Maine. 

Haunts.  It  frecpients  ojien  breezy  niciidows  or  pasttires  in  close  prox- 
imity to  marshy  land  or  [jonds.  The  ])liU'e  where  I  have  found  it  most 
ahundant  is  Nantucket,  where  it  occurs  sparingly  near  damp  spots  next  the 


■:■:■'] 


H'''i 


542 


Till-;   Itin'KKFLIKS  OK   NKW    KNdl-ANU. 


m< 


■;■■■*' 

;il^^ 

1 

-ta 

'S  ■ 

:'       i 

n 

'Si'.-  , 

i'f  :; 

\'       J 

")'  ^ 

'{ 

a 

:m 

':m"- 

mi 
m 

-' 

'Sconsct  road,  liiit  iiKot  .■ilnimlimtly  in  tlic  Middle  I'astinc  and  is|)i(ially 
to  the  west  and  soiitiiwcst  of  (Jil)l)s  I'oml.  In  a  lialf  acre  patcli  of 
LToldcn  rod  just  next  the  sandy  l)i'iicli  at  tlic  western  end  I  have  t'onnd  tliein 
always  |)resent  in  their  season.  aii<l  easier  of  capture  than  in  the  afljoininj; 
pastnrinji'  i;'roinid.  'I'hey  appear  fondest  of  aliyhtinji'  on  the  Howers  of 
yolden  rod  and  N'ernonia,  thouj;li  (witii  the  possiiiie  exception  of  asters) 
they  are  then  the  most  connnon  tlower  there. 

Oviposition  and  food  plants.  I  took  one  female  in  Nantucket  on 
Septenii>er  11.  in  llie  act  of  layinjjj  ('jrfrs  on  a  composite  plant,  one  of  tlie 
•Vsteroideae.  Sei'icocarpns  eonyzoides ;  hut  all  tliat  ha\'c  heen  i-aisi'd 
have  licen  fed  on  \ioIet.  Specimens  enclosed  liy  me  on  livinu'  \iolets  lay 
inileed  a  few  euu's  on  it.  hut  tiiese  wen-  as  nothing'  compared  to  the  nud- 
titudes, — some  linndreds. — laid  on  the  lace  which  kept  them  near  the  \  iolet  ; 
these  eyu's  were  in  all  cases  laid  erect  upon  tlii'  iihIs'iiIc  of  the  lace,  the 
female  thrustinji'  its  ovii)ositor  thronj;h  the  mesh  (only  a  millimetre  and 
a  half  in  diami'ter)  eurvinjr  the  ti[)  around  and  depositing-  the  eyfr.  al\>ay,s 
on  its  !)ase.  The  meshes  were  felt  for  as  with  a  snout  and  many  wmdd  lie 
tried  and  pierceil  In-fore  a  satisfactory  [losition  seemed  lo  lie  found  :  the 
action  was  rejieatt'dly  set n.  and  the  net,  sjtrinkled  with  eu-j^s  on  the  outside 
while  the  parents  xverc  witiiiu,  had  a  very  curious  ajiiicarance  :  this  leads 
me  to  couclndc  that  in  nature  the  ej,'ji-s  are  laid  upon  the  under  surface  of 
the  lea\cs  liy  the  parent  .-eate<l  on  the  upper  sui'l'ai-e.  The  e^u's  hatch 
with  us  in  from  twenty-nine  to  thirty-three  days  ;  some,  ho\ve\er,  which 
were  laid  late  in  the  season  remained  uuhatelie<l,  and  in  the  hope  of 
carryint;-  them  tiu-()U!:h  the  wintei-  in  this  state  wci-e  plact-d  in  a  (-<ild  -tor- 
aji'c  cliamln-r.  hut  tiie  caterpillars  ne\t'r  emeru'ed  from  them. 

Duration  of  early  stages,  etc  Mr.  Kdwards,  who  is  the  only  one 
tiiat  has  rai.-ed  this  in--<'er  from  the  ej;'u  to  maturity,  found  in  \\'est  N'iru'iiiia 
that  tin-  duration  ot'  tin-  euu'  was  from  twenty-tjiree  to  twi-uty-fi\  e  days 
(aliout  a  week  shorter  than  in  the  north)  and  the  ditfcrent  stages  of  the 
larva  from  twelve  to  twenty-three  days  each,  not  countinu' the  hiliernation, 
and  the  chrysalis  stjite  seventeen  days,  making'  in  all,  omittinii'  fhe  hihcr- 
natiou.  one  hundred  and  foi'ty-four  days,  'j'he  eaterpillai's  usually  de\()ur 
the  entire  eii'ii-  slu'll  as  far  as  the  hase  as  soon  as  they  emeru'c  and  then  at 
once  seek  slieltcr  and  pass  into  the  winter  lethai'iry .  ^Ir.  Kdwards  found 
that  UKist  ol' his  took  refuu'<'  at  the  liaseof  the  leaf  stalks  of  the  vioK>t,-  on 
which  he  phu-ed  them,  liut  this  was  proliahly  Iiecause  a  luore  suitalde 
place  was  denied  them. 

Life  history.  Tiie  single  In-ood  of  this  hnttertly  occasionally  appears 
w  ith  us  as  early  as  dune  i'."i.  and  then  lieeomes  toleraiily  couunon  hy  the  first 
of  July  and  ahun(|aut  after  the  first  week  in  that  month  ;  more  i-onunouly 
however  its  first  appearance  is  delayed  until  tint  first  week  in  .Inly,  and 
its  subsecjuent  almndanee  is  correspondingly  |)ost[)oiied.      Males  only  can 


w-i^ 


iMriiAMNAr. ;  sim:yi:i!Ia  i|)AI.ia. 


-\n 


<'^ 


lie  iiimi<l  t'ur  ilic  (ii>l  ten  (l;ivs  or  u  Cortiiiiiiil .  iiiid  tlic  IciiimIc  is  ;:iiHi;illy 
tKMi'cc  until  the  liiltcr  piirt  of  .Inly.  Froli  >|i('ciiii(M«  ((iiitiniic  (o  iiik  rL:c 
(Vuiii  tlic  clnysiilis  until  iit'tcr  tlic  niiddlc  df  Aii;:ii>t.  m>  tliiit  .-dine  oliscrx- 
ors  li!i\f  >ii|p|)(>sici  tlirni  til  in(licat<'  :i  sccoiid  ln'iind  (Sec  ('.in.  cnt..  xi  : 
21!').  'I'lic  iilicnoMii'min  i- tiic  •Mine  ;is  in  tlic  ■icvciid  spicics  uf  .\  i  .;ynni«. 
Imt  tlicrc  is  no  iirndl'  us  yet  ot'  ;iny  int<'i'rn|iti(in  in  tlic  iid\ciit  of  tVcsli 
iiuitcriiil  ill  till'  sdiitlicni  |,;irt  <<{'  tlic  riinjjc  ot  this  >|iccic>.  'I'lic  luiltcrtlics 
may  lie  I'ltiind  on  tlic  wiiii^  until  the  cud  of  the  tliiril  wick  in  Se|iteiiilicr 
ill  the  iiortii.  Mild  |H'oii:ilily  Liter  in  the  .south.  'I'lic  cu^s  iirc  not  hiiil 
until  lolly'  iil'tcr  the  eclosioii  ol'  the  earliest  leinalcs,  not  indeed  until  the 
last  oC  August,  coiiinioiiiy  not  until  Se|itciiilMr,  and  I  lia\c  iiad  tlieiii  laid 
as  late  as  thi'  middle  of  the  month  in  ( 'aniliridu'c.  and  Mr.  Kilwards 
.s|ical<s  ot'  scciii'iiiL;'  some  the  la,-t  of  Septemlier  in  the  >iiulh.  The  hir\ae 
liatcli.  and  no  at  once  into  winter  ([iiarters,  the  remainder  of  the  hi-tory 
iicini;'  carried  out  in  the  succeeding'  s|>riiin'. 

Habits  of  the  butterfly-  It  is  found  in  meadows  and  ii|ien,  hreezy 
places,  siicUinn'  the  juices  of  li'oldcii  rod.  thistle  ami  common  red  cloxcr. 
It  has  a  Ixdil  and  rather  majestic  iliulit.  sailing'  more  fri  (iiiciitly  than  the 
other  laru'c  Ai'jzyiiiiidi  :  hut  it  does  not  move  with  yreat  rapidity  cNcn  when 
IVi.n'htcned.  nor  is  it  often  sci'ii  at  any  ijreat  height,  mnerally  tlyiiiu'  ahoiil 
four  feet  from  the  n'roimd.  It  is  rather  wary  ot'  approach  and  will  ji'eiii'riilly 
Hy  otf  ill  a  somewhat  lahored  tiishioii  aj^^ainst  the  wind.  Init  if  piir-iud  will 
keep  just  out  of  reach,  or  may  suddenly  dart  to  one  siih.  and  then,  expaiid- 
inu'  its  wing's  to  the  full,  lie  lioriie  alon^'  liiirricdly  l.y  the  wind  I'ar  to  the 
rear  of  the  pursuer.  The  riiii'lit  of  tlu>  female  is  niiicli  less  \iu'oroiis  and 
.sustained  than  that  of  the  male.  Tlie  latter  ji'cncrally  Hies  a  little  faster 
thiin  one  can  walk  hurriedly,  the  ample  wiiiu's  are  (lapped  with  ureat 
viy,'()r  hut  do  not  .seem  adapted  to  swift  Hiy'lit.  Mr.  II.  Skinner,  speakin::' 
of  the  females,  says  "their  Hiyht  is  exeeedinii'ly  rapid  and  li'enerally  in  a 
.straie'ht  line  for  ahoiit  one  liiiiidrcd  feet,  and  then  they  do  not  aliyht  on  a 
riower  or  liiisli  or  Hiitter  ahoiit  like  the  male,  hut  suddenly  drop  like  lead 
ill  the  loiiii'  li'rass.  It  would  he  almost  impossililc  to  tell  tlii'  exact  spot 
where  they  alight  as  they  drop  >o  suddenly,  hut  on  a]i|ii'oacli  near  it  they 
are  oH'like  a  shot  aiiaiii"  (('an.  cut.,  xiv  :  20), 

The  male  has  a  sli^dit  musky  odor. 

When  restinn'  in  the  sun.  the  wiiiu'.s  are  fully  expiindcd  or  di p  sliMhth'. 

the  fore  winu's  thrown  forward  so  far  a.s  to  show  the  upper  extra-mesial 
ispot  of  the  hind  winji's  ;  the  hinder  odii'c.s  ot'  the  latter  rest  upon  tli'j 
^'roiiiul,  and  the  front  of  the  hody  is  so  rai.sed  that  the  plane  ot'  the  wirgs 
i.s  at  an  anj^lc  of  fully  )5(>'  with  the  .surface  of  rest.  The  anteiinai  arc 
straight,  raised  at  a  nlight  angle  ahovo  the  plaiu-  of  the  wings,  and  dnari- 
catc  ahoiit  12.')".  When  walking,  tlio  antennae,  still  .straight,  are  I  rouglit 
on  a  line   with  the  iip]ier   .surface  of  the   hody   and  di\arieate  oi.ly    <'^tt\ 


'*.» 


•i"A'; 


11: 


m 


III 


% 


te 


1?^.'?^ 


544 


iiii:  iurii;i;i'i,ii;s  ok  ni;\\    i;n(;i,am». 


NN'licii  ri'.-tiii^  l'(ir  tlic  iii^lit  on  n  liori/oiilal  ."iii'tiicc,  tlic  \Niiijj;>  arc  l)r(iiij;lit 
liMck  to  l):i('k,  tlu'  tVcmt  ciiiii-ctilcil  tix  tar  a.s  iiossililc  In-  tin'  liiiul  juiir;  tlii' 
imal  aii^^dc  rests  ii|i(iii  tlic  ;:i'()iiii(l,  cntii'cly  (•oiiccaliiiji'  the  aluliiiiicii.  I>ut 
till'  ti'iiiik  is  raised  aliove  the  siirt'ac(>  of"  re>t  at  an  anj;ie  of  ad  ,  and  tlie 
antennae  lie  in  a  plane  |ier|ienilienlar  to  the  sui't'aee  of  rest,  and  disarieate 
at  an  an^rh'  of  aliont  1  \i)\  IJestin;;  for  the  nif;iit  on  ii  vertical  snrfaec, 
the  thorax  and  ahdoincn  have  the  siiiiii'  liend  a^  itetore,  lint  tlic  trnnk  is 
nearly  parallel  to  the  sin'faee  of  rest,  so  that  the  winj^s  project  to  an 
wniisual  dei;ree.  the  costa  of  the  fore  winj;  fallinjr  t'rom  the  horizontal  only 
ahiMit  •in'.  The  anteiniae  hold  the  same  [losilion  relative  to  the  liody  as 
hefore. 

In  some  experiments  with  this  hntterHy,  Dr.  Packard  found  tiiat  excision 
of  the  antennae  affected  its  action  hnt  little. 

( )a  putting  swe<'toiic(l  water  on  the  ends  of  the  .■.luiniis  nf  tlic  aiilciuiue.  In  a  iiiiiiiitd 
it  partly  but  not  wlioll.v  inn'iilk'd  its  inaxilliU'.  Oii  inoistciiiii'^  tlie  cnils  of  tlic  labial 
pali)l  no  t'tl'oct  was  produced  j  on  inolstoninj;  llic  base  and  oiuls  of  tlie  maxillae  tliey  at 
onee  unrolled  and  felt  aluiut  for  the  swoet  object  with  tlii'lr  lips,  and  on  pnttln;?  a 
drop  of  sweetened  waliron  tlie  window-frame  in  front  of  it.  it  eaiteriy  lapped  it  with 
tlie  maxlilae.  ami  on  bwlni;  the  place  of  the  drop  it  felt  around  utilil  it  foiuid  it  ami 
then  a^'ain  lapped  il.     !  Am.  nat.,  \i  :  121.) 

Desiderata.  I'he  history  of  the  larva  in  its  natural  hannts  is  the  most 
important  lack  in  our  know  ledoe  of  this  species.  1  have  failc(l  to  ohtain 
tlio  lar\a  in  the  fiehl  l)y  the  use  of  traps.  When  that  is  fairly  known  it 
will  explain,  no  donl)t,  the  reason  for  the  lono;  period  din'injj:  which  fresh 
linttertlies  are  lea\inj,f  the  chrysalis.  Is  there  any  letliai'o:y  in  the  cater- 
[lillars  to  produce  this  etiect  y  We  also  need  to  know  whether  the  ciij^s 
are  laid  oidy  liy  lono-tlown  Imtterflies  or  whether  till,  old  or  new,  la}- 
them  at  the  late  season.  Are  the  eggs  over  laid  so  late  as  not  to  hatch 
in  the  autumn ?  If  so,  do  they  liatch  at  all?  And  if  they  do,  is  the 
voting  larva  fully  developed  in  the  egg  i)cfore  the  winter?  Tlie  natural 
food  |)lant  is  still  unknown.  The  distribution  of  the  siiecics  needs,  no 
doubt,  iniich  revision  before  it  may  be  considered  fairly  established. 

LIST  or  ILLrSTIlATlONS.—SPEYERlA  IDMAA. 


f-^"'-. 


.it.v 


m 


(li'DrVnl. 


IllKCJd. 


I'l.  21,  liu'.  1.     Distriliiitiiin  iMXiU'lh  .Vnieri<'a.       PI.  4,  tlj;.  3.    Keniale,  upper  surface. 


/-';/'/■ 


PI.  (U,  flf,',  34.    Plain. 
(iTtlll.    Mienipyle. 

PI.  72.  lii;.  10.     Caterpil 


ilhiv. 

lar  at  liiiili. 


10.    Maturi'  ealeriiilliir,  mostly  dorsal 
view. 
711 :  2.    Front  vii'w  of  licad  in  staire  i. 

PI.  SI,  11^'.  4.    .Side  view. 


s.    Male,  both  surfaee.s. 
12:12.     Both  surfaces. 
3:1 :  43.     Male  abdominal  appen(hi','es. 


)!): 


Xeuration. 


44  :  4.    Median  vein  of  lore  winiisof  male, 

.showin;;  position  of  s<'ale.s  and  androeonia 

40:  It.     Androeonium. 

53:7.    .side  view  of  head  and  appendages 

enlarfred,  with  iletails  of  the  Htrnetuie  of 

the  legs. 

01:31.    Papilla  of  ton','uc. 


.-k-U 


''«Vk 


NVMI'IIAI.INAi;:    llir.  (.KNTS    AltCVNNiS 


:)4.'. 


Al{(iVNMs    I'AIMMCirs. 

Ai-'.'yiiiiM'':ilir.  III.   him;,'.,  \  i : 'Jh;!  (  |sii7).  Ai''-'.M'iiniiiiii  siiuli..  iiil.  Iliii.  I.i  |p.,  i;i,  •j.'iih 

(IVpII).  '/■///".   -I'>li'.  iii/l'ii'i  I.iiiii. 

StM>  lli>  •iil't-iiiiiriiiiii'iii'.' u:it('i'>.  L'riilli'  lilll, 
llii-li',  urii-iici-iii'.'  Wine  Is:  \f  nulllir.'  I.r.ivc-  he  iilll : 
l!c«l.  "iUir  Itlllli  rllii-..  MiiiV  i|lliMi'ilii;-  u  iliLi-i 
Ali'^ilil.  >r  l!rill(«.  iriiiii  \uiir  iiii-\  iiiiu>: 
Vc  |i;iiiili'i|  MmIIi.,  Miiir  'jiil(l-i'\n1  |iliiiii;i.:i'  I'lll'l, 
lliiw  \Hiir  w  iilc  lioni-.  ,\<iiii'>|>ii';il  liiiiiKi  iiik'iii'!  ; 

•  ililllT.  \c  (.;l'iV\-\VllllM«,    nil  yilllr  |||.l»«\    IpiiI-; 

I)i'«ri'iiil.  ye  >|iiili'p-».  III!  viiiir  liii'.'iliiiK'il  lliri'ihl-: 
Sliilr  Ini-ri  ye  liiii'iiiil  Sli;iil-.  w  illi  \  Mrni^liM  •licll-  : 
Vf  llic-liyi'iiiilis.  li>liii  ill  yiiiir  \\;i\i|i  iclM 

IHliW  IN.-    yV/c    Itnhlllh'   (illl'hil. 

Imago  33  :  L').  Ilciid  |ii'flty  liirifi'.  fiiniUhcil  with  iiliiiiiilniit.  iDiittcr  iiiKl  slmrlir 
liaii>.  Iniiu;c,t  iirounil  llic  iiiitcnmic.  Ki'iiiil  ihtiIv  full.  In  llic  iiiidillc  liclnw  ciiiiNlilcr- 
iibly  iirotiilu'i'iint,  iihovo  broiicUy  lunl  sliLtlilly  (Ic'|iit—.c(I.  In  tin'  iiiiiMli'  ^li'_'litl\  iinil 
ratlur  lii'iiailly  liollowi'd  loniillinllnally ;  the  iiildilli'  ni'  ilic  upper  linnloi'  thinsi  back- 
■\viird  <''iii>ldor.il>ly  lictwccii  the  niiteiiiiiU',  the  sides  of  llie  pnijeelioii  eiirvinu;  iinnind 
the  iinteniiid  Uiisc's;  lirdjider  limn  hli;h.  lint  not  so  limad  iis  the  eye^.  Vertex  nillnr 
hiriie,  nithel'  tiinild  lint  seiireely  elevali'd  llliiive  the  upper  level  of  the  eyes.  IIKil'e  tliMll 
twici'  IIS  liroild  iis  liiiiu;.  the  hinder  Imnlel'  liioadly  I'dilllded.  scurci'ly  !ippl'e^>eil.  l  lie 
ffoiil  licirder  iiliriiplly  desccndln'j;,  prdjeeliiiL:  iiiurnhii'ly  In  the  middle,  the  -ides  nl'  the 
anjinliilion  sciii'eely  rdiiiuled.  lOye-  prelly.larLte,  fnll.  iiiil<i(l,  .Viileiinae  in-eried 
sllirhlly  in  ndvanee  of  the  middle  nf  llie  siiininll  In  pit-,  the  wail-  nl'  wlihli  are 
higher  ii(Oiiiid  liian  in  friiiil,  eciiiiieele<l  h\  a  r.illier  hrnad.  deep,  lraii-\er-e  riirmw 
separaleil  liy  11  -pace  ei|ii;d  tii  nnire  lliaii  Ihi'  di.-inieler  nf  the  -ninnill  id'  the  seeolid 
aiileiinal  jidnt  ;  ('(iiislderaliiy  hniiier  tliaii  llie  alidimien.  eciiiip(iso('  id'  from  forty-one  to 
forly-iiiiie  joints,  of  -wliieli  from  ele\en  lo  thirteen  form  the  vreatly  depressed  eliili. 
of  whieii  the  llr-t  four  and  the  la-t  live  hear  the  increase  aiii'  iHmiiiiilion  of  size,  the 
cenlnil  joints  lieiiiii  alioiil  ei|iial ;  the  eliili  I-  ovale,  live  or  si.\  limes  as  broad  a-  tlie 
stalti,  a  lit  lie  more  than  twice  as  loni;  ir-  broad,  the  e.xtri'iiiity  well  rounded,  somel  line- 
slightly  laperiiiu;.  the  last  joint  witli  a  iiiiiinlely  proilneed.  eonieal  tip;  fiirni-heii  in  llie 
inldillc  beiKMith  with  a  distinct  median  and  a  pair  of  indistlncl,  -nlimedl.in  earliiae. 
tlie  former  oxteiidiiiir  down  tlie  ^lall\.  I'alpl  pretty  loiiii.  nearly  or  ipiile  twice  as  lonu: 
as  the  eyes,  not  slont.  eurviiia  slightly  forward,  tlie  apical  joint  about  one-sevciitii  tlie 
leii;rlh  of  the  peniilllniale :  clothed  beneath,  excepliiii;  the  a|ilcal  joint .  witli  loiii;-, 
e(pi;il,  cnrviii;;  hairs,  all  in  a  vertical  plane:  above,  in  the  middle  of  the  apical 
liitlf  of  the  second  joint,  with  ii  Ion:;-.  verllc:il  Infl  of  hairs  which  cinbriice  the  eyes 
and  then  dlniliii-h  in  leimth  lo  the  apex,  chaiiiriii^'  llidr  direclioii  at  llic  sjiiiie  lliiU' 
forwards. 

I'rotlioracic  lobe-  pretty  lari;e.  iipprc-scd  conslileralily.  but  s(inicwli;ii  inmld.  hirirer 
interiorly  than  exteriorly,  well  rounded  at  either  end.  llie  siimmil  well  rounded  in 
either  diri'Clion.  about  live  times  as  liroad  as  Ion;;  and  twice  as  liiu;li  as  lonii.  l'!it!ii.'ia 
lon;t  and  slender,  two  and  ;i  ipiarter  times  iis  ioiiy;  as  broad.  Ihe  base  miller  liroad. 
sipnirisli.  the  poslerlor  lobe  at  llrst  coiiliiinin;;  in  llie  line  of  tlie  outer  inarLrin  and 
narrowing:  rapidly,  afterward  of  ne:irly  imiform  widlli  and  bent  eoii-ider:ibly  down- 
wjird   in  coiilinnalion  of  the  inner  mary:iii,  Ihe  lip  blnntly  roimded. 

Kore  winiis  (39:  (i)  more  that  two-thirds  as  lomr  aiiain  as  broad,  the  costal  border 
pretty  stron^ily  aiul  (|iiiterey;nlurly  bowed,  the  iipical  an,i;le  well  roiiiulod  ;  outer  imirirln. 
exeopliiiL'the  well  rounded  anijles.  strid.iilit  or  scarcely  convex:  inner  margin  straii;hl 
or  scarcely  siniuins.  at  aliont  loo  witli  the  outer  border.  I'irst  superior  snbiMistal 
nervnle  iirisini;  :i  Utile  beyond  the  middle  of  the  outer  half  of  the  cell:  the  second 
Inilf  way  or  soinewliat  more  thjin  half  way  from  tlmt  to  tlie  iipex  of  Ihe  cell, or  shortly 


:-:i 


540 


IIIH   ISiri'Kltl'LIKS   (IK   Ni;\V    r.N(iI,ANl). 


h 


I   It*-! 


;;f^^  :  :fi 


It    ^-'S 


l&^. 


licl'iirc  llio  iiprx  of  iu  ii|i|>ii'  biinlrr;  llu.'  lliinl  at  al)oiit  two-lliirds  tin.'  (listaiicc  from 
the  apox  id'  lln'  icll  to  llic  orittin  of  the  foiirlli;  Ilio  latter  at  about  miihva.v  bi'twci'ii 
till' I'pi'X  of  tho  coll  and  tin- oiiti'r  bordi'r;  second  Inferior  sulicostal  ncrviilc  arlsiny- 
nearly  half  way  down  llu'  cell;  tin-  latter  considerably  less  ihan  half  (he  leniilh  of  tlu' 
Willi;:,  and  sonnnvbal  less  than  tlii'ec!  tinn's  as  lon;r  as  broad.  .Median  nirvnre  coinu'ctcd 
witlithe  vein  closing'  tlie  cell  by  its  last  l)rancli.  scarcely  more  ihanone-third  as  far  l)e- 
yond  the  liase  of  the  last  nervnlo,  as  ihat  Is  from  llie  base  of  Ihe  lirsi. 

Hind  winus  wiiji  ilie  costal  border  |iroinineiitly  and  nnnnlly  slionldered  nexl  the 
base.  Ihe  liasal  .'it  almnl  riiiht  aiiirU's  wi,h  the  distal  |iorlion.  beyond  scarcely  convex, 
the  apical  annU'  very  broadly  roniided;  outer  bin'der  faintly  crennlalcd,  well  and  pretty 
rcirniarly  ronmled.  slightly  fullest  in  tlie  median  area,  in  tlie  ?  scarcc^ly  an;;nlated  at 
tiu' upper  median  iiervui>  ;  imier  maru'in  rather  abru|itly  and  considerably  expanded 
nexl  the  base,  beyond  slraiiiht  lU'arly  to  tlu'  internal  iwrvure.  then  reci'diiii;  a  lillle. 
and  sliuhtly  iMid  roundly  cmarLiuate  between  tlie  internal  aiul  siiltincdian  nervule.  the 
outer  ansrle  rounded  oil'.  I'recostal  nervurc  curved  pretty  strouiily  outward.  Kirst 
subcostal  uervnle  arisinii  either  at  considerably  less  than  one-hidf  ((f  61:  I),  or  at 
more  than  two-thirds  (  9  61 :  '.').  the  distance  from  the  divarication  of  the  costal  and 
subcostal  ncrvnrcs  to  the  base  of  the  second  siil)costal  nervule;  cell  closed. 

.Vndrocouia  ribbon-shaped.  l)Ut  broadest  at  the  base  and  taperimj;  sliithlly  on  basal 
half,  rarely  mori'  than  '.en  or  twelve  times  Imiu'cr  than  liroad.  tlie  basal  third  or 
more  black,  beyoid  pellucid,  terminating?  in  a  lancct-sliaped  fringed  ti|>. 

Fore  i.'its.  small,  cylindrical,  furnished  on  I  he  <  niter  side  wit  li  a  row  id' pretty  loiiiiliairs 
divoriiiim  laterally,  less  frciiueiit  in  llie  fcniale  thtin  in  the  other  sex;  tibiao  either  two- 
llfths  till'  lenutli  of  tlie  hind  tibiae  (J  )  or  a  little  more  than  that  ( ? ) ;  tarsi  a  little 
more  than  lhree-iinarli'r>  the  length  of  the  tibliie,  consisting  either  id'  a  sini!;k'  joint 
laiieriii^al  the  tip  and  sometimes  ariiied  V^itli  ail  apical  spur  ((f),  or  of  live  joints  visible 
williont  deiiiidalion.  of  wliUdi  tlie  llrst  is  nearly  two-thirds  the  leiiath  of  the  whole 
tarsus,  while  the  remainder  decrease  rciruiariy  in  size,  the  fourth  'uinii  half  as  lar;.'e 
as  the  secon.l;  exeeplin;,'  tile  terminal  joint  lliey  are  all  provided  lienealh  with  a  pair 
of  stout  and  short  tlionuh  not  ineonspicuoiis  spurs,  the  Held  bel  ween  them  iialicd ; 
besides  llieri'  is  on  either  side  beneath,  and  especially  just  beyond  each  spur,  a  row 
of  loim  and  slender  liristlc-liko  spines  on  each  joint,  those  of  the  llrst  joint 
rociimbeiit  (?).  Middle  tibiae  a  little  shorter  than  the  hind  pair,  the  sides 
of  tlie  onti'r  Ihrec-.piartersof  the  under  surface  furnished  with  a  row  id'  not  very  fri'- 
ipicut  prelty  loni;  and  slender,  somewhat  spveadiiiL'  spines,  the  apical  ones  of  which 
are  developed  into  very  loiiu;  and  slender  laperinir  spurs ;  besides,  the  sides  and  upper 
surface  are  covered  rather  abundantly  w  itli  similar  shorter,  not  very  proniineiit  spines. 
'I'arsi  suiiplied  'uin-uli  witli  four  rows  of  slmrt  and  slender  freipient  spines,  ihe  Imo 
inner  rows  closely  approximate  and.  on  the  basal  joint,  their  spines  iilteinale;  tlie 
apical  OIK'S  of  each  joint  are  stouter  than  llieothers;  al)ove,  the  tarsi  are  covered  with 
iiuiUitiidinoiis  siniilar  spines,  imlellnitely  arraiiiied  In  \a,icue  rows.  Claws  pretty  loiif; 
and  mooerately  stout,  stronijly  and  unifornily  ciirveil.  taperinir  and  delicately  pointed, 
raronychia  double,  ihe  anterior  lobe  half  a-  long  as  the  claws.  rei;iilarly  taperinj:  to  a 
line  point,  and  sliy;l,tly  ciirvt'd  in  the  direction  of  the  claws ;  the  posterior  lobe  ininnte, 
sliort.  triansiiilar.  sir;iy:lit.  riilvillns  small,  transverse,  subiniadate,  iiuu'e  tli;iii  twice 
as  broad  as  lon;r. 

.\bi!  miiiial  appeiidaiies  dilt'eriiiii  from  tliose  of  Speyeria  only  in  that  llie  clasps  are 
proportionally  broader,  bear  a  small  lobi'  near  tlie  base  of  the  upper  border,  and  that 
the  upiier  process  is  less  produced  at  the  tip. 

Egg.  Very  sbm't.  snuardoaf  shaped,  scarcely  taller  than  broad,  larirest  just  aliove 
the  base,  the  sides  wi'll  rounded,  tapcrinii  upward  to  a  iiinch  narrower,  feebly  romided 
summit,  the  ei'iitre  of  which  is  depressed;  base  a  little  convex,  the  point  of  atlai'h- 
mciil  small:  furnished  wilii  a  inoilerate  miinlHr  of  sharply  delliied.  nearly  slraiiiht 
and  ei|Ual.  lonulludiii:il  ribs,  runiiinu;  from  the  attachineiit  id'  the  base  to  the  iiilcropyle. 
some  of  them  unilini;  willi  their  iieiiihbors  as  in  tlie  preceding:  i,'enns :  surface  between 
the  ribs  lirokeii  up  by  distinct  raised  cross  lines,  only  not  so  prominent  as  the  ribs  and 


^  !.'=t' 


NVMI'IIAMNAK:    TIIK   (IKNfS   AKCVNMS. 


547 


[ilaccd  iii','\i-iT  Id^cllu'i'  lli.'iii  tlii\v.  mill  ih'oiiimI  tlio  iiiici'ii|i\ic  ruriiiiir/  a  I'iin.  MiciMiiylc 
rosf'ttc  niadi' up  nf  iiiiiiiilc  iMiiiulUli  (■rll>  .scinii-alcil  by  (li>tiiicl,  IjiiI  cnar^c.  lnw  ami 
riiiiiulc'il  riiliro. 

Caterpillar  at  birth.  Iliail  nuumiIIi,  lii-naWc-t  In  tlu'  niidillc  (if  thi'  ii|)|M'r  liall".  well 
roiniin'il  hfliiw,  Willi  a  few  scallcrnl.  pn^tly  Iciiii;  hairs  arisiii;r  rrmii  iiiiiiiih'  \varN. 
Holly  pliiiiip  ami  i-ylimli-ical.  tapiTiiii:  niily  al  llic  extremity;  each  seiriiieiit  lieiiiml  the 
first  tlionieic  fiiniisiieil -Willi  several  series  nf  |iapilliie  iriviii';  rise  to  very  loiiir.  very 
slender,  scarcely  taperini;.  slii;hlly  ciirviiiu'.  very  dlsl.aiitiy  and  excessively  iiiinntely 
spicnliferoii-  liairs,  terminaliiiLr,  '"■••ceplin^  on  sonic  of  those  id"  the  terniiiial  se;;iiiciit. 
ill  a  mi  mil  e,  short,  cup-sliaped  cliili.  whose  diameter  is  cipial  to  tliat  of  tlie  liase  cd'  the 
hair,  ami  is  a  little  narrower  than  lonir:  the  series  are  (lispo>cd  as  I'ollous;  a  -iili- 
lateral.  each  papilla  licarin;;  two  hairs,  tin' hinder  one  ii  little  nearor  the  iiiiddle  line 
than  the  other  and  loii;.'er.  a  siipralateral  posteriorly  placed,  an  infralatcral  centrally 
placed  and  an  infrasliuinatal  cluster  of  four.  I.eirs  loii^  and  slender,  the  last  joint 
conici'.l,  tlie  claw  small,  st  roiiL'ly  bent,  taperinir.  with  a  -mall  basal  liecl ;  proleirs  iinnsii- 
ally  Ion;;  and  slender  and  approximated  so  that  there  i>  an  nil  usual  space  iietweeii  tlu'ir 
outer  side  and  thi'  spiracles.  Ilooklets  live  in  iiiiiiilK'r.  stnnmiy  cnrved.  In  jiiMaposi- 
lion.  arranged  in  a  semicircle,  the  ouler  end  uppermost. 

Mature  caterpillar.  Head  pretty  small,  well  ronnilcd.  but  anteriorly  appre-scd,  snb- 
(piailrale.  l)roadesl  in  the  middle,  the  liemlsplieres  .separated  above  by  a  deep  snicali.m. 
the  sides  rather  broadly  romided,  rather  deeper  below  than  above:  Irianiile  not  very 
much  lii^ilier  tlian  liroad.  exteiidiuLr  more  than  half  way  up  the  head,  covered  \\llli 
sparsely  scatti'rcd.  very  miiiulc.  liliinl  warts.  ^iviiiL'  rise  to  hairs  of  \  .■iriable  loiiLrl  h-.  one 
to  each,  of  wliicli  those  above  and  onlwardly  are  u^u:llly  the  loiiu'e-t.  .\  ill  eiinae  with  tlie 
secono  joiiil  not  half  so  loui;  as  broad,  third  more  than  half  as  broad  as  •-econd.  ,-111(1 
more  than  twice  as  ion;;  as  broad,  fourth  invisible  in  dried  larvae.  ( leclli  >ix  in  iinni- 
ber.  livi'  in  a  enrce  bent  al  riu;lil  ailjrles  with  the  aiiy;le  well  rouiidi-d,  the  three  middle 
ones  separated  by  less  than  their  own  width,  the  outer  ones  l)y  a  little  irreater  distance 
froin  their  neijjlibors;  the  si.vlh  is  beiiind  the  others,  at  eipial  distances  from  tlie  upper 
and  cent  nil  one  of  the  row,  and  at  a  scarcely  greater  distance  from  tlie  lowest:  they 
arc  :ill  of  nearly  equal  si/e  and  proniiiii'iice.  but  the  lowest  is  a  little  the  most  promi- 
nent. I.abrinn  small,  rather  broad,  well  rounded,  pretty  deeply  ;iiid  niundly  excised  in 
till' middle  id'  the  friml  ;  mandibie- very  small ;  inaxlllary  palpi  willi  the  second  joint 
about  as  lonu;  as  broad,  small,  rounded:  third  -omcwli;it  slenderer,  twii'e  ;i-.  Ion:;-  as 
bro.'id.  cylindrical. 

Body  1,'reiitly  eloii^'aled.  cylindrical,  tapcriiin  coiiNideriibly  forward  on  all  the 
thoracic  sciiinents,  armed  with  very  lon.u;,  con-picuoiis,  ereiM  spines.  sc:iri'ely  broaden- 
imx  at  the  extreme  biise:  the  spines  are  iisnally  vi-ry  slender.  slr:iluhl.  creel.  deHe:ilely 
taperin;;,  terminatinj!:  in  a  tine  |iointed  needle,  often  niiicli  shorter  tUjin  those  which 
ornanient  the  sides  of  the  spine,  where  they  are  nccdle-lilvc  and  moderately  loiiir, 
directed  upward  at  an  aiiij;le  of  aliout  t,") '  with  the  imiin  spine,  simple  and  sealed  on 
sm;ill.  wartdikc  spimiles :  they  are  irreunliirly  di-posed.  but  arc  considerably  more 
unii'ci'ou>  im  the  linsal  than  (Ml  the  ap'cal  half  of  llie  spine,  and  ;ire  sonirtime-  ;ilso 
scattered  alonj;  the  body  in  front  of  tlie  spines,  especiidly  id'  those  on  I  lie  -.iiles; 
otherwise  the  body  is  absolutely  naUeil,  exceptinir  for  a  sp:irse  mieroseopic  pile.  The 
spines  vary  in  lenirth  in  dill'ereiil  species,  but  most  of  tlicni  arc  seldom  or  never  less 
llian  half  as  lonu'  a-  the  ureatc-t  width  .  f  the  liody ;  they  are  arraii;icd  in  lointiliidinal 
rows,  one  to  a  segment  in  each  row.  as  follows  i  a  laterodorsal  series  iilaced  cciitr:illy 
on  the  thoracic  and  lli'st  to  nintli  abdominal  scirnn'iits.  that  of  tlie  tirst  llioracic -ei;- 
menl  soinetiino.s  oiiiial  to,  sometimes  of  nuicli  iiri'aler  Icnutli  tlian  the  others;  a  lalero- 
sti,i;iiialal  series  placed  centrally  on  the  llrst  to  eiyihth  and  tenth  abdominal  scunienls; 
II  suprastijiniatal  series  placed  next  the  suture  between  the  thoracic  seirments:  an  infra- 
stlsmatal  series  plneed  centrally  on  the  llrsL  to  el^jhtli  abdominal  seu;ments.  and  repre- 
,selded  also  on  the  second  and  third  thoracic  seirmcnls  by  small,  spinmi  warts  placed  a 
liltle  lower  down:  and  a  vcntro-stiijuialid  scries  of  small,  spinous  warts,  placi'd  ceii- 
Irally  on  all  the  sejjments;  spiracles  small,  oliovate.  iiboiil  half  as  liiuh  auain  as  hnu;. 


548 


riiK  mri'i:i!ii,ii:s  ok  nkw  kn(;i,ani). 


\W 


'.^if 


*  1 


E- 


tv 


'^1 


I<ci:s  viT.v  iK'sirl.v  iM|iial.  iKit  very  Inn;;.  >U'iuli'r.  Ii\pei'iii;r.  the  clinvs  vi'it  sli'iidci'.  ciirviiif: 
SOiitly:  imilcirs  i)f  iiioilcniti'  Icnyitli.  not  vory  stout .  tii|ii'i'iii::.  tlu'  lionUlcts  prclty  liti'^ri! 
niiil  pi'niiiiiii'Ml. 

Chrysalis.  Vii^wcd  fnuii  ali'ivc.  ilu'  lu'iid  is  iis  iMMud  as  tlio  sixth  ididdiidti.il  sc;i- 
iiH'iit.  roiiudly  t!i|H'rliiu;  i>  little  to  sliirlilly  prmluced  liitcrnl  auiili's.  wliicli  ace  scarci'ly 
ndvaiu'fd  boyoiid  tlic  iiilddlc  of  the  head  ;  bcliiud  the  lu'ad  the  liody  l)i'()adi'iis  suddenly 
to  till'  fXtriMiif  Imso  ol'  till'  I'l'oiil  wiiiir-ca-i's.  wliicli  boar  a  short,  conical  tnbcrcli';  the 
base  of  tlic  liimlcr  cd;rc  of  the  same  is  also  very  I'nll :  beyond  the  tliird  al)doininal  seg- 
ment the  bodyt;ipers  pretty  rcLriiUirly  loa  blunt  point.  Viewed  from  tlieside.  the  lower 
jxirtion  ol"  the  liody.  from  jnst  bel'oi'etlie  tip  of  tlie  head  nearly  to  the  .itreniit.y  of 
the  winirs  is  nearly  ■•trai,u;lit  :  tlie  front  id'  the  head  Is  broadly  rounded  and  tin'  pro- 
thorax  is  continued  in  the  same  curve,  but  the  mesotliorax  is  Indepeiideiilly  ami  pretty 
stron^rly  arched,  more  stroiiLily  sloped  behind  than  in  front,  and  above  lliittened 
sliu:btly  :  tlie  melathorax  and  first  abdominal  sejjnient  are  eonstricteil  .so  ns  to  nnike  a 
very  deep  rouiidi'd  hollowing;,  from  the  summit  of  the  mesotliorax  to  the  second 
alidonnnal  sejrnu'Ut  :  the  win^i-cases  fall  oil' rapidly  toward  their  edires.  espi'cialiy 
near  tlie  ventral  lim'.  where  tlu'  curve  is  about  parallel  to  that  of  the  front  of  the 
niesolhorax  ;  the  abdomen  tapers  but  sliirhliy  before  tin;  sixth  scsjment,  and  then 
rather  rapidly  to  a  blinit  ereniaster:  the  last  three  seamentsseem  to  lie  iinmovalile.  and 
to  curve  over  stronirly  so  as  to  briu.u:  the  tip  of  the  creimister  on  a  line  with  the  lower 
cdiJte  of  the  anterior  half  of  the  body;  the  ventral  surface  of  the  preannl  button  is 
l)roadly  tlilttened  to  an  oval  or  horse-shoe  shaped  sldeld.with  sli^rhtly  raised  ed.iles:  the 
crennisler  is  rather  st<nit.  tniierina  rapidly,  constricted  nt  tlie  base  above,  and  stronitly 
ciMiipressed.  so  as  to  be  perpendicularly  (piadrate  at  the  tip:  the  tlfth  to  seventli  seir- 
nients  of  tlie  abdouuMi  have  a  small  mediodorsal  tubercle  on  the  anterior  edije; 
Ijesides  this  tliere  is  a  lalerodorsal  series  of  conical,  stout  tubercles  on  all  the  thoracic 
and  abdominal  semneiits.  and  inconspicuous  suprasti.4rmatal  ones  on  the  second  to 
fourth  abdominal  seirmonts.  and  similar  infrastiirmatal  ones  on  some  of  the  sefrmeuts ; 
spiracles  transversely  reuiularly  oliovate;  posterior  ed;;es  of  the  movalile  abdominal 
se;:inents  with  a  broad,  even,  lint  very  lluely  striated  border. 

Distribution.  'VhU  o\.|ui.s.  vrry  i'ich_inj<jiocie}<.  i^  pcciiliiir  to  tlitit  por- 
t'unx  (if  the  iiiirtli  tcinporati'  zuiu' nf  Imtli  lu'iiiis|ili('res  wliu-li  licis  liftwcon 
till'  .").")tli  iiiul  (illtli  (U'oi'oc's  (it'  lntitn<li',  o.xcltnliiio-  in  Anioricii  tlio  jii'iiiii- 
.siilii  (if  Liiliriuliir.  It  seems  td  lie  iiKire  iiliiimlantly  represented  in  Aiiier- 
ieii  tliiiii  in  Kiirnpe.  especiiilly  in  tlie  western  liitlf  (if  the  emitinent, 
whence  nnnieniiis  t'(inns  hiive  lieen  deserihed  liy  ^le.ssrs.  Kdwiirds.  IJehr 
iiiid  iithers  luid  snperlily  illiistiiited  liy  the  first  in  his  work  on  Aineriean 
Imtterflies.  Kroiii  Athmtie  Xorth  Ainerieii  three  .species  hiive  lieen 
deserilied.  till  of  tlieni  oeeiifino- iihiindtintly  in  Ni'w  ICnjiliuid  ;  one  is  found 
prineipidly  in  the  siuithern  portions,  one  everywhere  exeept  in  tlu'  White 
.Moimttiin  reirion.  while  the  third  is  peetiliiir  to  that  district  tiiid  the  colder, 
northern  or  iimre  elevtited  ptirts  of  New  Knohind. 

Characteristics.  The  Imtterflies  for  the  most  }mrt  tire  moderately 
lai'oe,  fulvous  colored  iiliovc.  and  marked  transversely  \vitli  lilack.  thus  : 
four  liars  trincrse  the  cell  of  the  fore  wino;,  a  rather  narrow,  zin'ztio', 
liroken  hand  crosses  the  middle  of  the  wing,  ti  serioH  of  ronndish  spots  the 
Muddlc  of  its  (Utter  half,  iiiul  tlu're  is  si  siiiiniiirginid  series  of  saoittiito 
tipiis  upon  a  tliisky  Imrder:  lieneath.  the  di'sign  on  the  fore  winos  is  a 
vague  repttition  of  the  mtirkings  iiliove.  while  the  hind  wings  are  reddish 


.1' 


It 


1= 


tST^iti^smj^mnsBmammaa 


NYMl'lI  J-INAK:    TIIK  (iKN(  S   AltCVNMS. 


")49 


lirowii  or  li'rcc'iiisli  with  :i  liroadfi' or  iiiiiTDwcr  siiliiniirniiiiil  ycIlDwisli  liiiiid. 
Iiitrdcrcil  liy  a  siil)miirt;iiial  ami  an  cxtra-incsial  si  rii's  of  larL;i'  sihci y  or 
Imir  s|)(its  :  tluTc  arc  alsn  iiitra-nu-sial  iiik!  iirclmsal  scrii's  cit'  similar 
s[Mits,  tlic  latter  usually  smalliT  than  tlic  t'ciniuT. 

Life  history.  'I'lu'sc  ImttcrHii's  ai-c  all  siiiLili'  lirnodcil.  lirsr  appcariiiL;'  in 
N('«-  I'jiu'land  late  in  .Iiinc  or  early  in  .Inly,  eontinninu'  to  enierui'  iVdni 
tlie  elir\s:ilis  uninterruptedly  llirnnii'lunit  .lidy  and  a  part  (if  AniiUst.  and 
not  layiuii'  their  e^ns  until  the  last  of  Aiiu'u-t  or  the  first  of  Septeniini' : 
the  ("U'U's  thus  lie  for  a  huiu'  period  wholly  iMi(le\('hip<'il  in  the  o\arie<  ot' 
the  fennde  or  at  least  ot'  thos(>  which  first  eincru'c.  So  far  as  I  can  dis- 
cover, the  period  of' all  Furopean  or  American  species  is  the  same*,  with  the 
siiiu'Ie  exception  of  A.,  calippe,  of  our  I'acilic  coast,  which  accordiiiu'  to 
Mr.  Wriiiht  flics  cidy  in  sprinu'  for  six  weeks  (  lOdwards.  Ihitt.  N.  Am. 
iii).  But  in  the  s(,utheru  part  of  thi' raiii^'c  of  our  New  {''niiland  species. 
and  prohahly  also  in  \,  Kdwardsii.  to  jiidu'c  iyy  Mr.  .Mead's  {)liser\atious 
in  Colorado,  there  is  an  iii/iri-ii/i/<</  series  of  enierirences  t'roiii  the  cln'y- 
salis.  ffiving  the  appearanee  of  two  liroods.        'I'o  (piote  Mr.  l-'dwards  : — 

■•'I'lu'ri'  lu'f  (iiic  <iv  two  |)iiiiu>' ill  I  111' lil'i' lii^lnrv  (it  the  liir:;i'r  Aniviiiiiili'- that  arc 
not  yi'l  iMi'iir.  Willi  as  |  \V.  Va.  j.  cylii'lc  ^  is  on  tlic  wiiiu'  frnin  llic  ■.'"itli  nl'  May  to 
till'  null  of  .Imio.  as  I  liiivo  iiotici'il  t'ov  several  successive  years.  I'l'ubahly  aplii'mlite 
iii'iirly  as  somi,  iiiiil  [SeiiiiiDiisyclie j  iliaua  lirsl  appears  almiit  the  L'litli  of  .lime. 
.Shortly  after  the  1st  of  .luiie  the  J  of  cyliele  Is  to  be  seen  and  Imtli  sexes  al)iiiiiiii  in 
the  clover  llelils.  IJy  the  eiul  of  .hine  cyliele  ha- bi'ciiino  scarce,  and  the  iiidiv  idiials 
to  be  -cell  liave  hist  their  freshness  ,qiii|  are  lirnken  and  worn.  It  i>  eei-iain  tliat  tin'-e 
early  appearing:  feiimles  jiave  not  matured  ei;i.'s  and  laid  tlieiu.  Iieean-e  at  no  time 
from  .lune  to  .Xiiirnst  will  anythiiiL!:  inil  rndiineiitary  eiiirs  be  found  by  di-sei-tin^.  and 
the  eif^sdo  not  liecoine  disliniiuisliable  to  the  eye  until  .\uu;iist.  They  then  mature 
rapidly,  and  in  ti  few  days  attain  full  size.  1  am  eiiiilident  that  no  eir^s  are  laid  till 
.Umnsl.  lint  aliont,  the  llrst  of  that  month  tiiid  all  alon;;- to  near  the  end  of  it  there 
appear  in  ureat  lumibers  lioth  fresh  males  and  feiiialo.  ii>  if  jii-t  froin  ehrysali-, 
with  no  .'ibrasiou  of  the  hairs  on  thorax  between  the  wins-,  whieli  -pot  is  the  lir-t:  t  i 
sliow  wear.  I  doubt  if  lui  Ariiyiiiii-  could  lly  two  days  w  itluuit  thus  irivinu:  evidinee  of 
it.  'I'liere  are  llyinir  at  the  same  time  miiny  worn  individuals,  e-peeially  female-. 
'I'lie-e  la-t  ai'e  the  lir-t  to  depo-il  tlieir  e;;u-.  liiit  -liortly  after,  and  up  to  the  time  of 
fro-ts.  tlie  others  also  are  in  coiiditiou  to  do  tlie  -aine.  I  see  no  [otlier]  explanation  of 
tlie  appearance  of  these  freshly  einerired  butterllie-  than  tliat  they  have  formed  part  of 
the  brood  of  eaterpllhirs  hatched  the  previous  fall,  smue  of  wliieii  brciod  yielded  the 
Imlterllies  that  canieont  in  .May  and  .Inne.  and  tlie  remainder  eontimied  in  the  larval 
oi'  chrysalis  slate  until  .Viiifusl.  and  upon  these  la-t  the  perpetuation  of  the  species 
hll'Scly  depends,  fur  nine-teiitli-  of  the  .lune  lliifht  mu-t  liave  been  de-troyed  hiiiif 
before  Aiisju-t.  If  I  am  riulit.  the  preparatory  -tat;e-  of  the  .\iiiru-t  eyhele  mu-t  con- 
sume eleven  luonths  out  of  the  t^velve.■'  (Can.  eiit..  vi  :  l-'l-."i.'i 

No  such  interrupted  series  of  emero'enees  has  lieen  detected  in  the 
history  of'  our  three  species  in  New  Knyhind  :  litit  if.  as  is  proliahle.  this 
is  a  first  step  towa.'d  true  diji'onetitism.  it  miuht  well  he  looked  for  in 
soutiiern  New  iMiLi'latid.  iiud  should  es|ieciiilly  he  -ouolil  for  in  A.  eyhele. 
How    this   is    hrouirht   aliout    or    whiit   is   the   catise  of  the  lono- continued 


•liueklei'.liinvever.  ivi'iird:'  eiiir-cif  .\.  papliia  in  Kiiulaiiil.  laid  ii-  eaily  a-  .Inly  IIU, 


i^l 


If* 


550 


Tin;  lu  rTi;i!KLiKs  oi'-  nkw  i;\(ii,ANi). 


«', 


II? 


uiiiiitiTniptt'il  I'liU'i'gciicc  of  tVt'Mli  niiitci'iiil  IVoni  the  clirysiilis  in  tlic  north 
is  unknown  iind  nrcds  caiTful  invcstiffation  :  l)Mt  in  \'ww  of  the  plicMionieni) 
\vitn('s.s('(l  in  tlic  nciji'lilMiriii;:'  uronpn  it  is  altonctiicr  proitaMi'  tliat  it  is  tlic 
ontconic  of  a  certain  dcii'i'i'c  of  li'tliaffrv  on  the  part  of  tin-  catciiiillar. 
wiiicli  would  only  nci'd  to  he  jjci'iodic  and  fixed  in  the  south,  casual  and 
invji'ular  in  the  north,  to  produce  exactly  die  phenoinena  which  we  see. 
KxperiniL'iit  and  o!).ser\ation  can  alone  settle  the  ipiestic^n. 

To  ix'tni'u  to  tlu'  connuon  histofv  :  The  etr^s — laid  upon  all  parts  of  the 
larval  food  plant — iiateli  in  ahont  a  fortni^iit.  and  the  caterpillar.-  hiher- 
nate  ix'fore  eatini;'  niori'  than  their  ejig-shells,  and  they  rari'ly  dcNour  the 
wh(di'  of  these.  Aci'ordini;'  to  {'.  (J.  Barrett,  the  Kuro|)can  species  "pass 
the  winter  as  small  social  larvae  under  a  silken  tent  on  the  ji'roiuid"  ( lOnt. 
lU'inthl.  inaii'..  xix  ;  (!)  l)ut  nothing'  ot'  tiie  sort  has  heen  (diserveil  on  this 
side  of  the  Atlantic,  wiicrc  tiiey  have  lieen  raised  in  i^reater  luuuhers. 
I'ritiwitz  says  that  tlic  clims  ot'  .V.  paphia  contiiuie  throULrh  tlie  winter, 
hut  it  was  not  so  in  l'".nu'lan<l  with  some  of  this  species  raised  liy  Mr. 
IJui'kier  :  it  did  ociiir,  howi'ver.  with  A.  adip[ie.  although  it  i.v  prohahii', 
t'rom  lii,-.  acc<(unt,  fh:it  the  lar\ae  were  fully  developed  in  the  eu'^  in  thf 
autuiMU,  and  mereiv  hihernated  within  insteiid  of  without  the  eji'ii'.  The 
e.iterpillars  feed  singly,  and  are  commonly  t'ound  uj)on  \'ioIaceae  hut  ha\e 
al- I  heen  taken — at  Ica.-t  in  i'^urope — on  Ruhns,  Crataeiius,  IJihes  and 
I'rtica,  hcsides  several  Crucit'crae,  such  as  ( 'lu'irantims,  Ilcsperis.  ^\ral>is  and 
l)('ntaria:  as  well  as  on  ( )nolirychis,  I'lantano  and  IJorraifo.  They  nidw 
\ci'v  slowly,  usually  fecdiiio'  only  hy  niyht  and  hidiiiij  heneath  the  lea\c> 
or  in  crevices  in  the  uround  liy  day.  The  ehrysalids  may  he  found  on  the 
under  surface  of  lo^s  and  rijls  lyiny-  n[ion  the  ji'roniid,  and  Lioncrally  continue 
lictween  two  and  three  weeks.  The  hutterHies  may  he  i'ound  in  the  open 
parts  of  woods,  in  liclds  and  hilly  pasture  land,  or  skirtinji'  the  mountain 
hasc  :  tliey  are  excccdinu'ly  fond  of  flowers,  [tarticularly  of  elo\ir,  thistle, 
goldi'u  I'od  and  milk  weed  :  their  flight  is  ra[)id,  strong,  polonged,  fre- 
(jucntly  high  ;  they  sometimes  sail  for  short  distaiK'cs  with  expanded  im- 
movahle  wing>.  often  then  descending  slightly  in  hroad  circles. 

Characteristics  of  the  early  stages.  Tix'  eggs  an'  short,  sugar-loaf 
shapeil.  furuisiicd  witii  distinct,  rather  coarse  and  rather  trecpient  longitu- 
dinal rilis  and  liner  traus\e)se  raised  lines. 

Tiie  hody  of  the  young  lar\ae  is  covered  with  little  conical  wart.s, 
ranged  on  either  f-idv  in  ti\e  rows,  four  ahove  and  one  helow  the  spiraeleti. 
each  giving  rise  to  a  single,  \ery  long,  delicately  .spiculiferoiis,  cluhhed 
bristle. 

The  mature  larvae  are  provided  with  six  rows  of  long,  tapering  s|)ine.s, 
heset  with  luunerons  stitf  hairs,  c(piidi»(tant  as  seen  in  section  and  radiating 
like  spokes  of  a  wheel  :  .sometime.s  one  pair  on  the  first  thoracic  segment 
is  ot' a  ditferent  leiiLi'tli  from  the  rest:   thev  are   of  a  dark   and   rather  <!ull 


i,i:i'ii.vi!(;v  i\  t'A'rKi{i'ii,K.\i!s. 


r)51 


(•(p|(ir.  ol'tcii  with  l(ii)i;-itii(liiiiil  dnrkci'  or  |)iil(  r  (l(>r>Ml  luid  liitoriil  liiuids. 
'I'licir  iiici\ciiu'iits  arc  c'.\co|iti(m!illy  rapid,  like  tlmsc  n\'  the  swit't-travcllinn- 
Ari'tians. 

riic  clirysalids  arc  iiiassi\(\  more  or  less  anuidatc.  constricted  across  tlic 
liack.  tiic  occilar  tul>crcics  (Jidy  moderately  |iroiniiu'iit.  tlie  tliorax  keeled 
and  arclied.  the  winy'  ca.>es  ample  and  protnlierant.  the  ahdominal  sei;-- 
ments  t'nrnisiu'd  on  tiic  hack  with  laterodorsal  rows  of  tniicrclo!* ;  thev  are 
ucneraliy  hrown,  often  furnished  with  yohh  n  or  silvery  spots.  especiaii\ 
on  the  tnherclcs. 


EXCCl^srS    XVIl.—  LKTJIAIidY  IX  CATEIi'PILLJJfS. 

The  i"itrr]iillariiii  llii'  li'iil' 
l!i'|iciil»  111  llicc-  lliy  iniillirr's  i.'1'ii'l'. 
Kill  not  llif  liiutli  iioi'  Ipiiltirlh  . 
Kortlii'  l;i>l  .iiiilgiiinil  ihiiwclli  iil:;li. 

lil.AKi:.— .l/<;/;(((''N  'if  liuliici'iii'r. 

()\i-:  of  the  most  ine.\[)lieah]c  |ihenomeini  in  the  life-history  of  hnttciHies 
is  the  fact  that  durinu'  the  only  period  of  activity  in  the  preparatory  staj>e  <, 
a  period  when  all  the  cucruies  seem  to  ho  concentrated  un  eating  and 
growing-,  there  shonid  occasionally  intorvciic  a  lethargic  period  when  all 
activities  ar<>  suspended,  the  creature  partakes  of  no  nourishment,  moves 
at  most  only  hy  its  own  Iciinth  to  secure  a  position  more  to  its  liking,  as  a 
drowsy  sleeper  turns  in  hed.  and  that  tjii.s  period  should  last  for  weeks  or 
even  months. 

There  are  letharuic  periods  in  the  life  of  every  caterjiillar.  when  it  ha.s 
gorged  itself  to  the  fid!  and  rests  (piietly  to  digest  its  meal  :  hut  these  last 
at  most  l)nt  an  hour  or  two.  For  those  that  feed  excinsivclv  liv  dav.  or 
hy  night,  as  the  case  may  lie.  there  is  also  that  slightly  longer  diurnal 
|)criod  when  they  enjoy  a  period  of  (piiet  shared  with  a  great  iiodv  of  their 
fellow  creatures,  including  ourselves.  There  is  further  that  much  longer 
period  of  inactivity  which  conu's  id  tliose  that  must  pass  the  winter  in  the 
caterpillar  stage,  a  period  we  call  hihernati(m.  and  whi<'h  is  inuiicdiatelv 
related  to  low  temperature  and  ahscnce  of  t'ootl. 

The  period  of  inactivity  termed  lethargy  is  directly  connected  with 
this  last,  although  neither  ol'  the  provocative  causes  arc  present.  It  is 
a  pi'riod  of  grcMitcr  or  less  duration,  lasting  from  a  few  days  to  a  few 
months,  generally  as  nuicli  as  two  or  three  weeks,  often  in  the  vcrv  heat 
of  midsummer,  when  the  food-[)lant  of  the  Ciitcr[)illar  is  supcralnindant  and 
low  temperatures  arc  at  fartliest  remove.  In  some  instances  it  extends 
from  midsununer  to  winter  and  so  may  he  called  |)remature  hihernation. 
Ill  nearly,  if  not  (piite,  all  cases  it  affects  only  a  [lortion  of  anv  given  hrood 
of  caterpillars,  the   remainder  of  the   ijrood  ecnitinning  on  in  the  regidar 


If    '• 


s% 


'•■r, 


FTT 


h 


1*.' 


if 


Is'    ' 


oy. 


riiK  Ml  Tri:itKi,ii:s  ok  ni;\v   kmikam). 


l'<\i'ii   till'   |ii(rtiini   wliicli    is   I'liiicci'iicd    in    it    miiy   he  iiiici|ualiy 
soiiK,'  aroiisinji:  t'nini  tlu'  torpor  at  tlic  I'lid  of  a  tew  wcciis  and  pni- 


c'uur.'-r. 
artlrtod 

cccdiini'  ri'iiiilarly  tluTcat'tci'  witli  tlicir  transt'orniatioiis  :  otlu'i's  cuiitiiininL;' 
torpid  to  and  liirouuli  the  winter.  'I'liis  .<ii(i\\>  its  dircet  relation  to  liilx'i- 
nation.  Tlie  same  plienonienon  ocenrs  in  tlie  chrysalis  state,  where  some- 
times eai'ly  in  the  season  a  portion  oK  a  hrood  will  diselose  the  lintterHy, 
while  another  portioii  \vill  retain  liie  imnates  until  the  sneeei'dinu'  spring. 
l>nl  its  oeeinrenee  in  llie  a<'ti\i'  lar\al  stai^e  is  tar  more  unexpected. 

i'his  lethargy  in  caterpillars  was  first  oliscr\('d  hy  a  French  naturalist 
named  \'andouer  more  than  sixty  years  ayo,  hut  his  statements  lay  a  lonj;- 
while  ncai'ly  nnnoticeil.  Accorclinn'  to  this  oliserver  ( a  full  account  of 
whose  ol)ser\  atioMs  is  n-iven  elsewhere) ,  one  ot'  the  iMU'ojiean  s|ieci('s  ol' 
l>rentliis  upon  which  lie  experimi'uted  Hies  in  ^fay  and  auain  in  duly  and 
Aiiuust.  The  eatiM'pillars  t'roni  the  second  siunmer  lirood  are  halt'  n'l'own 
when  winter  comes,  liihernate  in  this  staj^c  and  in  time  }Uddnee  the  spriny' 
l>rood  :  the'  caterpillars  ot'  the  sprini;'  hrood,  when  they  ha\e  reached  the 
hiliernatinji'  a^e.  late  in  dune,  ai't  in  a  precisely  similar  manner,  and  some 
of  them  do  not  arouse  until  the  succeeding  spring,  when,  with  the  catei'- 
pillars  ol' the  ,-uuuner  liroixl,  they  produce  a  new  spi'ing  iu'ood  ;  hut  other 
caterpillars  ot'  the  spring  lirood,  which  hecame  lethargic,  awaken  from 
their  torpiility  alter  a  time,  resume  eating,  undergo  their  transt'ormations. 
and  emerge  as  liuttertlies  in  .Inly  and  .Vngust. 

This  same  t'eature  occurs  in  >ome  of  our  own  species  of  IJrenthis  as  I 
ha\  e  several  times  ohservi'd.  It  is  also  t'ound  in  .some  of  the  IMclitaeidi,  and 
I  suspect  also  in  the  genus  .\rgynnis  from  the  fact  that  there  are  in  some 
places  two  ap[)arent  lii'oods  of'  the  lintterlly,  momhs  apart,  hut  only  one 
[teriod  of  egg-laying.  Since  in  these  cases  the  winti'r  is  [lassed  in  the 
larval  condition,  the  eatei'pillar  just  from  the  egg,  it  woidd  ajipcar  jiroha- 
hh'  that  lethargy  makes  its  ap[icaranei  in  the  spring  and  eai'ly  siinuner 
among  the  growing  caterpillars,  or  else,  what  (seoms  less  likely,  the  period 
passed  in  ehrysidis  is  \-ery  une(|ual. 

It  is  possihle  that  to  this  list  should  1)0  added  those  Theclidi  and  Chry- 
soiihanidi  which  ostcnsilily  pass  the  winter  in  the  egg  state.  If.  as  is 
prohahic,  these  egg-  miUurc  diu'ing  the  hot  season  in  which  they  arc  laid, 

and    not    in    the   su'ccediug,    i ler,    early    s|)ring    when    tlu^    cater[)illar 

escapes,  then  the  only  dill'crenec  hetween  these  catei-i)illars  and  those  of 
the  .Vrgynnidi  is  that  one  passes  the  winter  within,  tlie  other  without  the 
egg-shell  :  and  their  refusal  to  escape  in  the  warm  wi'athci'  [)oiuts  to  [ire- 
mature  hihci'uatioii,  lieginning  in  a  kind  of  lethargy. 

'I"he  cause  ol'this  strange  feature  in  hnttertly  lit'e  nuist  lie  attrihiited,  like 
all  other  [loints  in  their  history,  to  the  struggle  for  the  jii'riietuity  of  the 
species.  Shoidd  disaster  licfall  the  advance  guard  who  have  not  halted  hy 
ihe  wav,  the  slniiiiards  can  take  up  the  work  :   the  chances  of  survival  are. 


m 


NY.Ml'llAI.INAK:   TIIK   Sl'KCIKS   OF   AKOYXNIS. 


553 


not  (loiil)K'il  |)t>rliti|i.s,  l)iit  <;roiitly  iiiciTiisu'd.  Xiitiiro  .icizo.s  upon  sonu' 
phonoinoiion  in  the  lite  of  eiieii  species  and  turns  it  to  its  a(l\iuit!i<;je  ;  tluis 
in  (lie  European  l?i-entliis,  it  seizes  on  the  eiiterpillar's  hahit  of  hihernation 
when  half  grown,  and  forces  the  sprinjf  brood  of  eutorpillars  at  that  point 
in  their  jjrowth  to  premature  hihernation,  in  which  some  eontimie  thronjih- 
out  the  hot  weather  and  until  the  followini^  s|)ring.  Do  not  all  these 
strange  phenouienu,  invariably  looking  toward  the  surer  survival  of  the 
species,  point  to  something  superior  to  the  mere  forces  of  cvohition,  con- 
trolling and  directing  them?  SuitIv,  if  hibernation  be  the  pure  result  of 
physical  causation — and  nothing  seems  sinii)ler  than  that — where  are  the 
physical  causes  that  first  produced  prematiu-e  hibernation  in  nudsunuiierV 
If  it  be  said  that  this  is  subsequently  induced  through  inheritance  by  the 
haltit  of  the  alternating  brood,  wc:  may  ask  :  Why  does  not  this  occur  in 
liasilarchia,  which  winters  in  the  same  stage,  and  in  'vhose  caterpillars  of 
the  spring  brood  no  such  premature  hibernation  or  sign  of  lethargy  occurs  ? 
No,  the  deeper  we  look  into  these  phenomena,  the  surer  seem  to  be  the 
signs  that  the  forces  provoking  the  changes  and  characteristics  observed, 
arc  doing  their  work  in  no  blind  fashion,  but  rather  under  the  impulse  of 
some  controlling  and  thoughtful  power. 


M 


m 


Table  of  species  a/  Arr/yniuti,  bused  on  the  eijij. 

Uiiiriilosc  pits  in  iiitorspiKMN  sepiinitod  I'l'oni  one  anotlior  by  iilmiit  luilf  their  own  wldHi.     Kiri; 
ei|iially  \\\ii\i  and  lu'oad;  vertical  rilis  nnn-e  tlian  liftecn  in  nnnilier aphrodite. 

I{ni;nlose  pits  in  interspaees  .-ieparatod  liy  nnuli  nioie  tlnin  their  own  width. 

K^'jt  distinetly  liiiiher  tlian  broad;  niuie  tlian  lilleen vertieal  ril)s cyliele, 

K^'^  uf  siinlhir  height  and  l)reudth ;  less  than  lifteen  vertieal  ribs atlautis. 

Table  of  species,  bttseil  on  the  enterpilhir  at  birth. 
Unlrs  not  nearly  so  lonj:  as  width  of  body. 

Their  spienles  ineoiispieuons cybele. 

Their  spienles  fully  as  luni;  as  half  the  width  of  hair aphrodite. 

IIair>  fully  as  lon^  as  width  of  body atluiitls. 

Table  of  species,  based  on  the  mature  caterpillar. 
Spinnles  not  more  than  one-thinl  as  lonijas  the  spines,  the  latter  orange  hiteoiis  at  base,  .cybelo. 
.Spiniilcs  nearly  half  as  loiiir  as  spines,  the  latterpale  livid  at  base ntlaiitls. 

(.Vphrodile  utiknowu  to  nie.  but  said  to  be  slenderer  than  cybele.) 

Tiilile  'if  .iperiis.  bii.ieil  on  the  chrysalis. 

Uasal  se^'nienls  of  abdonu  n  pari ii'oloreil aplirodito. 

Hasal  segments  of  abduincM  slinllarly  colored  in  front  and  behind. 

Angle  made  by  dorsal  and  ventral  surfaces  of  front  fourth  of  bodj  about  00'' cyl)ele. 

Angle  as  above,  about  ."lO" atlautis. 

(For  best  ilistinctions  between  aphrodite  and  cybelo,  see  under  aphrodite.) 

Table  of  species,  based  on  the  imago. 

The  bull' >nliniarginal  belt  separating  the  two  outer  rows  of  silver  spo'.s  ou  under  surface  of 
hind  wings  broail. 
r.arger;  on  upper  surface  a  blackish  border  only  ou  anterior  lialf  of  fore  wings  ..  .cybele. 
.Smaller:  upper  surface  of  all  the  wings  with  an  unbroken  ov  nearly  unbroken  blacki>h 

border,  except  on  lower  half  of  hind  wings atlaiitis. 

The  Imll'snlimarginal  belt  of  hind  wings,  beneath,  narrow aplirodite. 


564 


rilK   lU'lTKIU'LlKS  OK    NKW    KNCiLAM). 


ARGYNNIS  CYBELE.— The  great  spangled  fritillary. 

['I'lic  irivat  •ipaiiu'lcil  fritillary  ((;()>'^r) ;  yellow  liaiiilcd  >llvri' wiii>;  (  Maynanl).] 


I'lllUliri  ryhclc  Kalii'..  Sy>t.  ciitoiii.,  .'iKl 
(r7">) ;— Hi:rlp^t,  Xaliirsyst.  Ills,  sclmu'tt.,  Ix: 
ITti-lTV.  |)l.  ;!.M.  (I.!.'s.  l-'J  (lTn8). 

Aoiihilia  rjilicli'  (pars)  iliilin.,  Vci'/. 
schiiictl.,  ;il  (1810). 

A f;! II II II is  i'liliilf  (1(1(1..  Kiii'vcl.  iiii?lli.,  ix: 
2.V2,  in^-'itH  (IM!)) :— Ilois(l.-I,cC  ,  lA'p.  .\,ii(^r. 
srpt.,  l.")I-l")2.  pi.  4.'>.  litrs.  .'M  (ls>;f);— DouM.. 
Trans.  I.lnii.  .soc  l.imd.,  xlx,  pi.  42,  II,:;'.  7 
(1845);  —  Morr..  Syn.  l.cp.  N.  .\iirt..  4:-ii 
(1802);  — Kdw.,  Ifiilt.  X.  Aiiicr..  i,  .Vr^'.  ii, 
IIl's.  1-4(1808);  II.  Ar^-.  vii  (1870);  Can.  cut.. 
vi:  121-12">  (1874):  xll :  141-14")  (IssO):  — 
"auiul.,  (an.  cnt.,  iv  :  121-12;J  (1872) ;— Krondi. 


I!i'|i.  ins.  III.,  vli:  l.')!)  (1878);  Hutt.  cast 
I!.  S..  l,V.-l.-)li  (18S0);  — .MIddl.,  licp.  ins.  III., 
x:  81  (1881);  — Kern..  Hiitl.  Mi'.,40  (I,h84);— 
Mayn.,  Iliitt.  X.  K.,  2;!-2t.  pl.  H,  IIl's.  20.  20a 
(1880). 

.iri/jliiiiin  (.iiyiiriinijiiw)ciilirli'  Sti'pli..  Cat. 
Hrit.  I.ip.  2.")8  (18,-)(i). 

I'liliilio  iliiiilniis  Cram.,  I'ap.  cxot.,  i:  .Si), 
pl.  ri7.  lii-'s.  K.  V.  (17711). 

.l/v/.///(yi(.'i(7)/()'i((/(7('irninplir.-\V('st\v.,ltrit' 
lilltt..  ;!d  (Ml.,  40,  pl.  12,  llirs.  4-">  ( I8.")0). 

Kiu'.  Iiy  (ili)vcr,  111.  X.  \.  I.cp.,  pl.  ;!."),  W'^. 
8*;  pl.  Iv.  Ii>:.  "i?,  11.  incd. 

(Xiit  Papilid  apliruditr  Kabr.) 


Cdininc  nil  Ovcntail  dc  siiie, 

II  (lOploif 
S(pn  inaiitcan  sciia?  d'ar^ont; 
i:t  sa  rolii'  liiu'arriJe 

Kst  (lorOc 
D'lin  or  vfrdAtro  ct  cliaiiijcaiit. 

1)K  Nkuv.vi..— /v''.t  Pdpilloiis. 


%1: 


Imago  (4  :  7).  Head  coviTcd  witli  fulvous  liiiirs,  in  front  paler;  in  front  of  tlu-  biiso 
of  tlu>  iiii'i'iinsic  and  ludiind  tlio  lower tlirco-ipinrtcrs  of  the  eyes,  pale  yellowisli.  I'alpi 
with  the  wh(  le  of  the  basiil  joint,  and  Hie  whole  exterior  lower  surface  jiale  biitr.  with 
lony;.  still'.  l)li ck  hairs;  beneath  similar,  but  linifeil  stroiiifly  with  fulvous;  tipper  exte- 
rior surface,  especially  on  the  apical  half,  still  more  stron,;ily  fulvous;  above  yellow- 
ish, witli  interminirled  Ions  black  scales,  and  longer  fulvotis  hairs;  extroine  tip  black 
or  fulvous:  interior  surface  pale  yellow,  streaked  with  black  hairs.  Tonu;uo  dull  ful- 
vous at  base,  blackish  fuseons  beyonil,  the  tip  luteo-fns<'ous.  .Vnteiinae  Inteo-fulvous 
beneath,  the  basal  ten  or  twelve  joints  lieavily  marked  with  white,  dusky  brown 
above,  the  bases  of  the  joints,  especially  toward  the  tip,  more  or  less  nnirked  with 
white;  elnb  blackisli,  the  basal  joint  marked  a  little  with  white  above,  the  tip  dark 
reddisli,  and  the  terminal  four  or  live  joints  more  or  less  tinned  witli  the  same,  espec- 
ially above.  Papillae  (61 :  ;12)  occnrriiitr  only  at  Hie  tip  of  the  toniine.  apple-seed 
shaped,  appressed  (seen  edjiewise  in  the  tljiure)  two  to  three  times  loiiifer  than  broad, 
shorter  than  half  the  width  of  tlic  toiiirue,  with  room  for  three  in  the  interspace  between 
every  pair,  the  apical  lliament  not  a  fourth  as  lony;  as  llie  width  of  the  papilla,  a  little 
oblhiue. 

Thorax  covered  above  with  fulvous  hairs,  tinijed  stront'iy  with  olivaceous^  e.xceptins 
on  the  prothorax  and  the  outside  and  front  of  tlie  pataifia.  IJeneatli  covered  with 
pale  brownisli  yellow  hairs,  some  of  them,  and  especially  the  exterior  ones  (most  c.x- 
l)osed  to  view),  tinned  with  fulvous.  Fore  lefts  similarly  marked,  the  front  of  the 
tibiae  briiihter;  other  legs  yellowish  brown,  the  under  surface  of  the  femora  covered 
with  silvery  brown  scales, doltedwitli  black,  and  the  tibiae  and  tarsi  besprinkled  sliu'litly 
with  whitish  scales.  Spines  dark  reddish  brown,  witli  dusky  insertions ;  spurs  yellow- 
Is.-  brown  at  base,  reddish  brown  beyond:  claws  nMldlsh  brown;  paronychia  yellowish 
brown. 

Wind's,  above  either  oraufie  fulvous  (^),  or  lilteo-fiilvoiis,  the  bind  wings  very 
slightly  iialer  ($).  Inner  margin  of /o/v;  u'inij  scarcely  sinuous,  being  very  slightly 
promineiit  in  the  middle  of  the  basal  half  and  beyond  it  very  sliglitly  and  broadly 
emarginale.     Second  superior  subcostal  nervule  arising  either  one-half  (?)  or  fully 


XY.MI'IIALIXAE;   AIKIYNNLS  CYHKIJ:. 


555 


two-tlilrds  ((J  )  ilu'distiiiicc  from  tliporifjiii  of  tlii-lliNi  iicrviilc  lo  tlic  iipi'x  of  ilu'ccU; 
tlii>  tliinl  at  sciii'ccl.v  two-tliirds  tlie  (listiiiicc  from  tlii' tlpcx  of  llic  cell  t<i  tlic  oi'i- 
Riii  of  the  fonrlli  iit'i'viiU';  tlio  liittcr  miilua.v  iK'twt'cii  llic  apex  of  tlKM'i'U  inid  llir 
oiiti'i' liordcr.  Veins  of  the  fore  wins;  lilai'k :  hannl  Imlf  of  t'ostal  m«i'i;in  and  of  llio 
cdl.and  from  hero  to  Uie  middle  of  the  outer  half  of  tlie  inner  l)or(ler  \er.v  heavily 
liejrrimed  with  hlack  scales;  in  the  cell,  erossins;  it  on  cither  side  of  tlic  middle  ami 
separated  from  each  other  by  more  than  their  own  width  are  tuo  lrre;:iilarly  siniions 
black  liars ;  and  nddway  between  the  onter  and  the  lip  of  i 'le  cell  a  similar  one;  the 
onter  limit  of  llic  cell  is  marked  within  hy  a  narrow  iHirder  m  liliK'k  and  wilhont  by  a 
sickle-shaped,  black  bur,  enelnsln!;  below  next  the  cell  a  semli  ircnlar  or  snbtrian;;nlar 
fnlvons  spot  ;  beyond  Is  an  irrciinlar,  mesial,  rathernarrow,  blaeU  band,  c.\ten<lln;r  from 
close  to  the  costal  border  at  abont  thrce-llftlis  the  distance  from  the  base  to  the  snb- 
incdlnii  nerviire  a  little  before  the  middle  of  Its  outer  half;  It  llrst  stretches  in  a 
nearly  straittht  line.  Its  inner  border  always,  It.s  outer  border  fienerally,  /Isjziitf,  to  the 
upper  median  nervule,  which  it  strikes  in  the  middle;  here  it  turns  inward  aitain. 
crossiuii  the  middle  of  the  basal  'ilf  of  the  upper  median  Interspace  as  a  ;;reatly 
carved  bar,  its  upper  limb  stretch.. ..c  far  out  lo  join  t'.ie  upper  portion  of  tiie  stripe; 
the  lower  median  interspace  Is  crossed  In  a  similar  manner  in  the  middle  of  its  liasal 
half  (sometimes  of  the  basal  two-thirds),  wiille  in  the  laedio-submedlau  Interspace 
It  Is  nearly  straijilit,  or  if  curved  or  bent  it  is  ;ieiierally  in  tlie  opjiosUe  direction, 
crossln;;  It  beyond  the  middle  of  tlie  Interspace  directly  beneath  the  bar  of  the  ujiper 
median  interspace.  Ueyond  the  mesial  stripe,  ne.xt  the  costal  border,  is  a  short,  trans- 
verse stripe  iiarallel  to  the  iidtlal  portion  of  the  mesial  stripe,  at  alxint  a  tiiird  the 
distance  between  this  and  the  tip,  and  crosslnii  all  the  s\ibeostal  Interspaces  ex- 
ceptlns;  the  lower  half  or  the  wliole  of  the  lowermost;  between  this  and  the  apex  of 
the  cell,  the  lower  two  subcostal  uervnies  are  heavily  edired  with  black,  and  llie 
median  uervnies  are  jienerally  rather  heavily  bordered  with  black  In  both  se.xcs.  in 
the  vicinity  of  tlie  mesial  band.  In  the  middle  of  the  ajucal  half  of  the  wliii;  is  ,i 
transverse  series  of  six  round,  black  spots,  in  the  two  lower  subcostal  and  tliesuceeedius: 
interspaces ;  the  fourth  and  fifth  are  lar^'est.  about  half  the  width  of  an  interspace, 
ami  tlu!  sixth  usually  smallest.  The  outer  margin  of  the  winn  Is  narrowly  edired  with 
black,  and  at  a  distance  of  one-third  the  width  of  an  interspai'c  (or  rather  more  than 
that  above)  Is  a  similar  black  line  expandinij;  Into  small  roundish  powdery  spots  on 
the  uervnies  and  c<Mniected  there  with  the  border;  tlie  space  between  these  two  lines 
is  almost  or  quite  obscured  In  the  upper  half  of  the  win;;  in  the  female  by  blackish; 
followluf;  this  iimer  line  is  a  series  of  roundish  fulvous  spots,  their  outer  limit  the 
line  mentioned  and  its  nervular  swelliuj^s,  tlieir  inner  tlio  outer  curved  border  of 
lunnlar  black  spots,  the  arms  of  whlcli  are  seated  upon  or  just  fail  of  toucliiiif;  the 
nervular  sweillnirs  of  the  inner  maririnal  line,  and  the  produced  inner  border  of  wlileh 
reach  half  way  to  the  row  of  round  black  spots;  In  the  subcostal  interspaces  above 
the  round  spots,  tliese  luiuilar  markluiis  become  rather  short,  louiiiludinal  ihishes; 
frinixc  dull  yellowish  white,  r;ither  narrowly  and  iiriidnally  liilerrnpted  with  blackish 
at  tlie  nervule  '.ips.  Outer  mariiln  of  the  himl  viixjn  no*  so  fully  rounded  as  In  .\. 
aphrodite,  witli  a  broken,  bent,  mesial  strli>e  of  black  luuules  and  liars,  rather  narrower 
tlian  tliatof  the  fore  winjis;  it  starts  from  aliout  the  centre  of  the  costo-subcostal  inter- 
space, and  liastlrst  a  ireiieral  direction  toward  tlie  middle  of  tlie  upper  median  interspace 
on  the  outer  border,  but  when  it  has  reached  the  middle  of  the  subc<isto-iiiedian  Inter- 
space, it  turns  at  a  little  more  than  !i  riijlit  aii,;j;le  toward  the  Inner  iiiarirlii  and  termi- 
nates at  the  sulimedlan  iiervure  at  about  two-thirds  the  dist;iiice  from  tlie  b;isi'  of  the 
•\vini::  the  upper  half  of  this  stripe  Is  usually  coniiiosed  of  stroiiiily  curved  luuules 
opeuiiii;  outward;  tlie  siibcosto-medlan  interspace  Is  crossed  by  a  strai;;lit  biir:  while 
the  median  interspaces  are  traverseil  i)y  luuules,  but  not  so  curved,  uor  frcnerally  so 
large  as  tliose  of  the  sulicostal  interspaces;  tlic  Inise  of  the  winsr,  within  this  inesial 
•stripe,  is  begrimed  quite  heavily  witli  lilack  scales  and  oliscnred  by  ion,!;  fulvous  hairs, 
sometimes  partially  concealing  the  stripe  itself  but  sometimes  not  extending  quite  so  far; 
tlie  apex  of  tiie  cell  is  crossed  by  a  broad  black  liar  (soinetlines  obscured)  having  a  fiuut. 


I, 


fl 


556 


llli:   lU  TTKIJKLIKS  OF    XKW    KNCLAND. 


II,. 
by 


I'^'i-i! 


'     I 


triiii>vcrsi'  li|i;  (if  I'lilvdiis  scak's;  siiiiU'liini's  iilwo  the  (H'U  Is  crossi'il  lu'iir  llio  api'x  liy 
11  iiarniwcr  l)liick  liar,  romu'cli'il  with  tlu' apical  liar  aloni;  the  ^iilicostal  iicrviii'i"  and 
ciicliisliii,'  a  liirlilfi-  I'dUml  spot  bi'twi'cii  ilsoll'  and  thiMipical  bar;  the  bases  of  the  upper 
>ilbe(istal  anil  (if  the  ed'^ln—iibedstal  iiilerspaces  are  so  heavily  beariiiieil  with  blaek 
-(■ales  as  tar  as  tlu'  mesial  stripe  as  to  appear  aliimst  whnlly  l)lai'kisli.  In  the  iiiiildlc 
lit'  the  iiiiter  hair  of  the  win;;  is  a  series  iif  riiiiiiil  blaek  spots,  siiliparaliel  to  the  outer 
border,  the  exact  hoinolomie  of  tlmse  mi  the  fore  wiuijs,  but  iiiucli  smaller,  and 
lielweeu  these  and  the  luniiU's  of  the  mesial  row  (exactly  Uinlted  liy  both)  are  usually 
>;'eu  dear  lonijltudlnally  oval  spots,  the  roverse  of  the  cxtra-mrsial  row  of  silvery 
spots  on  the  iiiidcr  surface.  'J"he  outer  border  is  narrowly  edired  with  l)hick  uud  is 
fnlliiweii  by  another  line  ili>tant  from  It  by  a  little  less  than  half  tlie  wiiltli  of  an 
lnter>paie  and  conneeted  with  it  liy  the  black  veins,  which  are  sometimes  ratlicr 
broadly  irriiny  ami  especially  at  their  union  with  llie  inner  l)auii ;  tlie  spaces  cnelosed 
betwceu  these  nuiruilnal  lines  are  of  a  sii;.'lilly  darker  lint  than  tile  rest  of  tlie  winj;; 
tiu'  inner  line  is  followed  by  sieiider  well-curicd  lumiles,  the  arms  of  which  fail  of 
attalninj;  it,  eiiclosini;  between  tlieniselves  and  the  line  open  rouiiillsli  spots,  which 
sometimes,  especially  iii  the  female,  are  slightly  paler  tiian  tlio  prevailing;  color. 
l'"riiii;e  as  mi  fore  win;rs. 

Beneath.  F(ir<  n-iiiiis  Initl'iolnrcd.  tiiiiicd,  exceiilini;  neartiie  apex,  with  dull  iiranij;e; 
the  black  markinirs  of  the  liasal  liaif  of  the  upper  surface  are  repeated  beiieatli;  the 
row  of  riuind  spots  in  tlie  middle  of  the  apical  lialf  of  the  wiu^  is  also  repeated,  but 
In  the  subcostal  interspaces  the  spots  are  dull  cinnamnnemis  and  each  preceded  by  a  sil- 
very spilt;  the  snbapical  paldi  iiarallel  to  the  initial  portion  of  tlie  mesial  stripe,  as 
well  as  the  subcostal  veins  between  this  and  the  coll,  are  also  ciniiaiuoii  instead  of 
black  i  the  outer  border  is  margined  with  the  same  color,  heavily  aliove,  scarcely  at 
all  below,  to  the  width  of  half  an  interspace,  excepting  at  the  very  apex,  where  it  Is 
mustard  colored,  a  lint  wlilcii  is  found  also  along  the  whole  of  the  costal  border; 
this  Is  foiiiiwed  by  a  row  of  sagittate  spots,  similar  to  those  of  the  upper  surface, 
lilackisli  In  the  median  interspaces,  changing  to  clnnamoneous  above,  enclosing  little 
*pots  lietwccn  tlieni  and  the  border,  which,  lielow.  are  of  the  prevailing  tint  of  the 
wing,  but  above  are  more  or  less  silvery  and  decrease  considerably  In  size;  fringe 
pale  luill'.  interrniited  iiretty  broadly  at  the  nervulc  tips  with  blackish  fuscous. 
Hasal  half  of  the  liiiiit  tciiKjn  as  far  as  the  middle  or  even  the  outer  limit  of  the  extra- 
mesial  row  of  silvery  spots  (to  be  mentlmied)  ciniiainoneons,  besprinkled  on  the  basal 
third,  es|)ecially  next  the  veins,  with  pale  bull' scales,  even  forming,  at  tiie  divarication 
of  the  subcostal  iiervure.  a  not  very  distinct  patch,  and  edging  tlie  costal  norvure  as  a 
similar  streak;  Iridescent  silvery  spots  occur  In  cmislderable  mmibers  ;  tiie  extreme 
base  of  the  costal  border  has  an  oval  patch  and  a  few  silvery  scales  are  also  scattered 
along  the  costal  and  Inner  margins  for  sliorl  distances;  a  small  spot  Is  seen  both  at 
the  junction  of  the  costal  and  subci.stal  and  of  the  subcostal  and  median  nervures;  a 
small,  longitudinally  oval,  lilack-edged  spot  Is  found  a  little  removed  from  the  junction 
of  the  niedlan  and  subinedlan  nervures  ami  two  black-edged  round  spots  in  the  cell, 
the  upper  the  larger,  lying  next  the  lirst  divarication  of  the  subcostal  nervnre,  the 
lower  smiietlnies  reduced  almost  to  a  dot,  next  the  llrst  divarication  of  the  median 
nervnre;  tlien  follows  a  prenieslal  curving:  row  of  tlve  very  uneipial  silvery  spots, 
rminded  Internally  and  edged  on  tliat  side  with  black:  the  llrst  spot  Is  rudely  seiniclr- 
cular,  occurs  in  the  costo-subcostal  interspace,  above  the  second  divarication  of  the 
subcostal  iiervure  and  crosses  the  whole  intersiiace;  the  second  in  the  upper  subcostal 
Interspace  Is  almost  (sonietlmes  i|ulte)  olisolete,— a  minute  siiot,  just  below  the  outer 
border  of  llie  tirst;  the  third  and  largest,  snbtriangular  or  roundish,  occurs  just  within 
the  extremity  of  the  cell,  crosses  the  whole  of  ii  and  throws  beyond  it  a  little 
powdery  detaclimeiit  of  silvery  scales;  the  fourth  is  a  diagonally  transverse  streak, 
crossing  the  inedio-submedian  interspace,  a  Uttle  way  beyond  the  llrst  divarication  of 
the  median  iiervure;  and  the  llftii.  smaller  still,  is  a  loiigltudiiial  streak,  beskle  the 
fmirtli  ami  in  the  succeeding  interspace.  There  Is  an  extra-mesial  band  of  seven  spots, 
entirely  edged  witii  black  but  most  distinctly  on  the  inner  side,  .iidely.  broadly  and 


NY.Ml'H.VMN'.VK:   .VlKiYXNlS  CYHKI-K. 


557 


liiiiLfiliKliiiullv  iiviil,  t'xrciitlliic  till'  >lxtli,  Avlili'li  Is  roiintllsli  iiiiil  tlii"  scvi'iitli.  ^vlli^•ll  1» 
ilTi'miliilly  tl'iuisvi'isc;  till'  liildcllc  niic  Is  siililllt"-t  and  the  seventh,  wliieli  Is  (Iniilile,  Is 
seiireelv  liir'.'el':  tile  rest  lire  neiirly  e(|iial.  ipe('ii|iyiiii;  lilxnit  lliree-(|imrters  llie  ■width  nf 
their  iiilers|iiiees ;  llie  hiner  ediies  (if  the  llvst  rmir  splits  rim  hi  lieiii'l.v  ii  ■.Irali.'ht  Ihie 
frnill  till'  llllddle  iiT  tliei'iistal  Imrili'r  til  the  middle  nf  the  lljijier  lllediMII  ilil>'r-|iai'e  at 
the  outer  lioi'der;  the  eeiitres  iif  the  fourth.  Ilflli  niiii  sixth  folluw  a  siniiiiht  line 
drawn  lietweeii  two  points  a  little  way  iiliove  tiie  lips  of  the  inlernal  and  upper  «iili- 
eo-tiii  iierviii'es ;  tile  liilerior  liorder  of  tile  seveiilii  Is  on  a  line  with  tlie  exterior  of  till' 
sixlii.  The  outer  maralii  Ishordered  iniieii  ii>  In  the  fore  wiii;;s  and  is  followed  liy  a 
series  of  seven  lnr«o,  siihtrlaniriiliir.  silvery  spills,  cacli  as  liroad  lis  an  interspaee.  and 
sitnnteii  In  the  same  interspaee  as  those  of  tiie  extia-mesial  row.  lionleri'd  witii  einna- 
moiieoils;  the  whole  (<paee  lietweeii  tills  series  and  tlie  extrii-meslal  forms  a  iiroad  lilltV 
belt — a  c'haraeterislic  niaii<  of  the  species,  trineised  by  einiiaiiioni'oiis  veins  and  upon 
wliieli  the  exlra-mesinl  row  of  sli\ery  spots  InfrinL'i';  frlmre  as  oii  tiu'  fore  winits. 

Abdomen  iiliove  and  on  tiic  upper  portion  of  the  sides  black,  covorcd  profusely 
^vitll  oraiiiic  fulvous  scales  and  on  tile  liiisal  half  with  fulvous  hairs:  lielow  nniforni 
dull  liiilt',  Apjieinhiije.s  of  male  (33  :  44)  ;  upper  oruiili  :  hook  deeper  just  before  the  tip 
than  elsewliere,  the  tip  pretty  strongly  and  delicately  uncinate,  solely  by  tiie  excision 
of  tile  under  surface  of  the  hook;  elasjis  more  than  twice  as  Ions;  as  broad,  nearly 
eipial  throughout,  upper  border  with  a  si|n;lit  rouiided  elevation  near  the  base,  a 
hifiier.  rounded,  incurved  one  above  tiie  lower  base  of  the  upper  process,  and  the  upper 
aiiical  one  siiiali.  similar  to  tiie  extremity  of  the  liasp,  but  directed  forward  and  a 
little  upward,  and  covered  with  liristiy  iiairs :  upper  process  eipial,  exceptiiii;  at  the 
tip.  which  Is  slii;litly  expanded,  obliipiei,"  docked,  or  a  little  excised,  the  iipiior  hinder 
aiiiile  produced  so  as  to  make  the  whole  nearly  four  times  as  lony:  as  brond.  and  to 
reach  U!-'  far  as  tho  liindfr  border  of  tlie  clasp,  the  posterior  I'diie  minutely  and 
reversuly  denticulate. 


Measiirenients  in  inillinietres. 

.M.VI.K.s.                     1 

rKM.\l.l-',S 

. 

I.eiiirlli  iif  tiiii,i.'Ue.  14  iiilii. 

Snmilest 

.\venige. 

i  ~37. """ 

10.5 

12.75 

4.0 

Largest.! 

Smallest. 

30.5 

10.75 

13. 

0. 

.\veraire- 

39. 

17.5 

13. 

I-arjjest. 

1  eiiglli  iif  full' wiii^' 

33.5 
10.5 
1-J. 
4.5 

40. 
17.75 
13.5 
4.75     ! 

44. 

liiml  tiliiae  and  tarsi 

fore  liliiae  and  tar.'-i 

14.5 
5.5 

Described  from  13  »  ,  27  9  . 

Specimens  from  the  south  are  much  lar',;erand  duskier  than  tiio  Xow  Knirland  speci- 
mens described  above.  I  iiave  received  from  Mr.  W.  II.  Kdwards  a  niiinber  of  West 
Virjiinian  specimens  whosi'  fore  wiiiirs  measure  4i)  mm.  .Mr.  F,  II,  .Sprajrne  has 
shown  me  some  very  small  speciinens,  captured  at  Mt.  Tom,  .Mass.,  which  lie  says  are 
of  the  size  usually  taken  tliere. 

Aberrations,  A,  c.  haai.  (,I.  njlnlc  (thh.  a.  Imil.  Strecker.  Cat.  ainer.  macroie]),, 
111),  Mr,  Strecker  thus  describes  a  snIUised  male  in  Ids  collection  :  "  I'jiper  surface 
primaries,  sulmiarfriiml  luniiles  coiilliient  with  the  row  of  round  lihick  spots  interior 
to  liiein.  Secondaries,  snlimaririiial  line  wantiiii;,  snlnnarifinal  Inuules  eonnected  and 
sull'iised.  forming  an  irrev:ular  .iairired  line;  the  row  of  spots  interior  to  this  almost 
olisolete,  other  marks  sulhised.  I'lider  surface  priinaries,  .ill  black  marks  increased 
and  more  or  less  conllueiit.  Secondaries,  over  one-tliird  of  winy;  (liasal  part)  silver, 
ivsl  reddish  lirown.  paler  lowariis  exterior  mari;iii ;  an  irreiiular.  rather  liroad.  siib- 
mai'irinai  band  formed  of  continent  silver  Inniiles  and  spots." 

Accessory  sexual  peculiarities.  The  males  dilt'er  from  the  females  in  the  iienra- 
tioii  of  the  front  Willi:,  as  noted  al)ove,  and  in  liavinij;  on  the  npjier  surface  of  the 
same  wings  a  narrow  series  of  diagonally  disposed  irrayish  brown  scales  on  the 
middle  two-tiiii'ds  of  the  submedlan  and  lower  median  nervnles,  and  on  the  basal 
threi'-lifths  of  the  ujiper  two  median  nervules.  Tliese  conceal  the  aiidroconia  (46  :  12), 
which  closely  resemble  those  of  \.  atlantis,  except  in  lieinjr  proportionally  loii<:er  and 
perhaps  apleaiiy  slenderer,  and  are  considerably  slenderer  than  those  of  A,  apiirmiite; 


1V 


5.j8 


IIIK  IllTIKltl'MI'.S  Ol'  NKW   i;\(;i-.\NI», 


\W-^'.    ■  't 


.■4  ■'7-J  -  ' 


te^-- 


I  i  :< 


tlu'.v  mi'iisiiiv  iilxiiil  .Is  niin.  In  li'iiiilli.  'I'lir  liliid  wiiij,'s  liiivr  mi  tlic  lnwci'  ciluc  of  llic 
biiriiil  tHo-llftliHof  tlic  rosti>-.ul)rii.-.tiil  inUTspiici',  on  tlio  upper  Mirl'iu'i'.  a  row  of  ni'iirlv 
(liM'iinilii'nt.  oulwiiril  diroctril.  Ion;;;,  ccpiul.  iW'llciiti'.  piili'  liiowii  liiiil'.-'. 

Egg  (64  :  '.'•'■<  I.  Slxli'cn  to  clifliti'i'ii  loiii;ilii(lliiill  I'lh^.  ilUlliicl  iiikI  nillici'  proniiiiciit, 
.!■*  iiiiii.  iipnrl  ill  lln'  bniitili-l  :  tritii^vi'i'-c  niKcil  Ihuv  ill-liiul  iiml  not  mi'V  iIi'Iu'iUl', 
.n."i  nnii.  iipiirt ;  -iirl'iicc  vcrnilciilnli',  tlic  nijinlosc  (lcpr('«>ioiis  mliiiili'.  Iri'ciiiiliirly  dls- 
ti'llnilcd.  occiipv  iiiL'  Imi'  1i'>^  >piici'  tliiin  I  lie  sniooili  >iii'riic<';  opni  spiiir  til  -.iiiiiiiiil,  .14 
null,  in  dliiini'U'i';  iniriMpvlc  t'o-x'tlc  (67 :  1:^)  .1  niiii.  InilliiiiK'li'i',  lii'oki'ii  np  Into  inliiiito, 
Irri'iinliii',  roiindlsli  I'dU,  Mirvin^f  Iroiii  .iilT  lo  .021  inni.  In  dliiini'tcr.  Color,  liinii'y 
yellow.     Ilolulit.  .11  ini». ;  liri'iidlli  at  liiix'.  .7  nini. ;  tit  Niiniinlt,  ,L'I  mm. 

Caterpillar.  /•'/(•«<  hIikjc.  Head  (79:1)  ulilnlntf  piucons,  wlMi  n  few  lonif,  paU; 
lialis.  Body  pnU' plunilH'ooUvaci'ous,  tlio  «iirt«  liliicklsli  fiiscons  and  llie  hairs  pule 
brow  n  ;  till'  spi(uU'>  on  tlir  Iniirs  ciiii  only  bo  dUllnctly  m'iii  w  illi  a  Imlf-lncli  olijeetlvf, 
and  are  distant  from  each  other  on  the  -nmv  side  of  a  liair  by  a  spaee  eipial  to  two  or 
three  times  the  wiilth  i>(  the  hair.  I.eimth  of  body,  •_'..">  mm.  ;  breiidlh  of  body,  .ti! 
nmi. ;  leiii;tli  (d' Imirs,  .'.'7  nun. ;  breadth  of  licad.  .  l;l  mm. 

,S(i;, lid  xtiiiii.  lleail  shinln;{  bhiek-brow  n.  siilicordate,  thu  vertlees  rounded,  the 
fnnit  llatleneii  and  covert'il  willi  miuiy  loii;t  lihiek  hairs.  Hody  stoutest  in  middle, 
(lull  itreeii  '.iiottlod  witli  brown,  tiio  latter  takinii  tlie  form  of  interrupted  loiiifitiidinnl 
stripes:  spines  bhick.  the  tubercles  black,  e.xeeptiiiir  those  of  tlie  Infrastlirinatal  series, 
which  are  dull  yellow.  I.eirs  lilack;  proleus  lireeiiish  brown.  Leiiffth,  ;i..!  mm.  (after 
Kdwardsj. 

I'll i I'll  si '(!/(.  Head  idceon-.  iit  the  front  of  the  apex  of  each  licmisplierc  a  liltle 
conicid  l)lack  process;  minute  s<'tii:crous  processes  or  tnliercles  scattered  over  the 
front.  Body  cliocolate  lu'own,  tlii'  basal  third  of  the  infrastiijinatal  spines  pale  yel- 
low. al)ovc  yellow ;  the  other  spines  black,  e.Nceptina  that  their  bases,  especially  tlie 
outer  side,  arc  indistinctly  yellow,  the  setae  black.     Leiiv'th,  (1  mm.  (after  Kdwards). 

luiiiiili  Miiijc-  lli'ad  pici'ous.  yellow  posteriorly.  Body  dark  velvety  brown:  spines 
black,  the  l)asal  third  of  tlie  infrasliitmatal  series  reddisii  yellow  or  honey  yellow,  the 
base  of  the  lalerostiiiinatiil  and  latcrodorsal  scries  ilistinetly  yellow  on  the  anterior 
scifincnts,  the  yellow  iii'iiiliu'lly  fadiiiii-  posteriorly  in  tlie  laterosti/niatal  series,  tlie 
hiniler  spiiios  of  tlie  l;iterodorsiil  series  wlioily  liliick;  the  color  of  the  spiiu's  is  sub- 
jcct  to  some  variation.     Lenatli,  Iti  mm.  (after  Kdwiirds). 

Fi/tk  stiiiji!  (79:.)).  Head  ns  before.  Body 'velvety  black;  lati'rodorsal  spines 
briilht  yellow  in  from,  e.\ccpt  on  tlie  two  thoracic,  and  si.vtli  to  ninth  abdominal  scy;- 
meiits.  where  they  arc  black;  lalcrosti;;matal  spines  bright  yellow  in  front,  (Uiller 
lichind;  infrastiitmaliil  spines  wholly  bright  yolk-yellow;  two  itray  latcrodorsal  dots 
on  cither  side  of  the  last  thoracic  and  llrst  to  eiiflith  abdominal  segments;  the  color 
of  the  spines  still  varies  soiiiew  hat.     Leii-ilii.  l."i  nun.  (after  Kdwards). 

LiiM  slii'jr  (75:  I).  Ilciid  (79:1, ;  ilnll  black,  the  upper  luilf  of  the  hinder  portion, 
Ijchind  the  upper  horns,  caslancons;  nionlli  parts  black,  but  liasal  joints  of  antennae 
niul  paljd  pale;  ediie  of  labrum  testaceous.  Body  dull  black.  tluMiiorc  exposed  por- 
tions somewhat  velvety:  spines  siiiiiiiiK  blaekisli  castaneons,  the  base  of  all  the 
tlioracic  spines  and  tiiu  basal  third  of  those  in  the  two  lower  rows  dull  oraiiire  luteons  ; 
spiniclcs  concoloriuts.  l,cy;s  ;ind  prole;ts  shiiiinir  black,  tiie  last  joint  of  prolcirs  dark 
fiisco-luteous ;  the  |iale  inaiiimif<irm  vescicle  on  proiiotuni  is  very  larire.  and  shows  a 
tninsverse  slit  on  intlalion.  IaiihIIi.  .'i;'>  mm. ;  breiuith.  ."i..j  mm.  From  a  specimen 
received  from  .Mr.  \V.  11.  Kdwiirds. 

Chrysalis  84  :  l-.'i).  Brown,  stained  and  corru:riUed  willi  black,  the  wlude  surface 
uiislciiiny;:  sometimes  glossy  dark  brown,  witli  a  line,  indistinct  motlliiig  of  reddisii 
lirowii  over  tlie  anterior  half,  incliulini;  tlio  winil-cases;  sometimes  dark  l)rown,  mot- 
tled w  ilii  drill)  especially  on  the  wliii;  cases,  or  with  lii;liter  brown,  liglitest  iie.xt  edge 
of  wiiiy;-c;isos;  soniitimus  wholly  dead-leaf  I  rown.  a  little  obscure  on  the  wing-cases. 
V  dark  lino  across  the  tinterior  extremity  if  the  head,  bordered  on  either  side  witli 
yellowish  brown,  'rubcrclcs  black  excepting  tlic  posterior  sides  of  the  latcrodiu'sal 
series   ill   front   of  the  liftli  abdominal  segment  w  liieli  are  yellow.     Spiracles  oval. 


IB 


>KY.MI'II.VI,INAi:;    AliWiYXNlS  (  VIII'.M:. 


r)r,9 


liliick.  I.i'iiiftli,  '.'><  oiiiii.  :  Lfi'i'iitc^l  lircaillli.  in  iiiiii.  :  lil'ciiiltli  <>l'  iiliiliiiiicii.  '.i  nun. 
(  I' I'oni  thr  ili'-rrlptl(ni«  ni'  S;inni|i'r»  iiinl  IvhMinU  nml  ii  I'liry-tilK  -kin  rccrlvi'il  from 
Mr.  IMwiinU.) 

Comparisons.     I''iii' the  pulnl-- nl'  illlli'i'mi'i' lulwi'rn  lliN  >|ii'i'li's  iin<l  .\.  a|>lii'nilii.' 
«i>i'  till'  ni\l  >|)('cic«. 

Distribution  (21:  i>).    'riii>  .-immmcs  Ipcluni..*  >iii(tl_v  tu  tin-  Allcjilmninn 
t'aiinii.  rni'cly  sm'|iii,«i,Hiii<j  it.^  liiiiit.i  in  tlii'  cMst.  Imt  ncciirriiiu'  iiinrc  al)iin<liint1y 

ill  it^soiillicni  tliiiii  ill  it.-^  luirtlicrii  lialt';  ^'n.  t it  i.«  a|i]iiii'('iitly  inort' ciiin- 

iiiiiii  in  till'  cast  than  tlic  west,  altliniijrii  it  cxtcndM  as  far  as  W'iscniisin 
( Cliainlici'liii,  Hoy),  Iowa  (Austin.  O-lioni),  ( isaffc  Co..  Missouri 
(Stolli'v)  and  even  to  Kansas  "(■iiiiiinon"  (  Snnw),  Ncliraskii  nn<l  Dacotali 
(  Kdwtirds)  and.  it' rijj:litly  dctcriniiicil.  Kmt  I'ldiiiimtnn,  iiortlicrn  Aliicita 
((ic'ddi's)  ;  Mr.  Klctclicr  iiit'ornis  inc  tlnit  it  lias  also  lu'cii  taken  at  Miry 
Crcok  on  the  N'ortii  Saskiitchcuaii  and  on  the  I{('(1  Deer  K'ivcr  near  Rocky 
Mountain  Ilonso,  ncitlicr  tar  tVoni  Ivhnonton.  'I'lic  most  southerly  locali- 
ties from  which  it  has  hccn  r('|)(U'tcd  arc  Kanawha  ( 'oiiiity  *'al)iindaiit" 
(Kdwards),  KIk  Hivcr.  \V.  Va.  "plenty"  (  Kdwards)  and  Draper's  Valley, 
\'a.  ( II.  K.  Scudilcr).  It  is  comparatively  rare  in  the  northern  (jiiarter 
of  the  fauna,  hut  (if  the  species  has  always  lieeii  acciii'ately  dcterinined )  it 
has  occasionally  hccn  taken  as  far  as  (^nehec  (  Howies),  Montreal  com- 
inon  (CaiilKelil),  Ottawa  coininon  ( Hillinjrs,  Fletcher),  \'ictoria  County 
(Mead)  and  Loudon,  Out.  (Saunders),  in  .southern  Micliijriin  "not  coiii- 
mtui"  (Ilarrinjrton)  and  at  Saiilt  St.  Marie.  Lake  Superior  ( I?etliiiiie). 
It  has  not  iieen  recorded  f'rom  Nova  .Scotia  or  New  IJriinswick,  hut  a 
single  specimen  was  hroiight    from  Cape  Hrctoii  hy    Mr.  K.  Tha.xter. 

In  Xew  Knglaiid,  where  it  is  scarcely  larfrer  than  A.  aphrodite,  the  two 
have  hccn  fre(|ueiitly  confounded.  Iiiit  cylielc  is  t'oiind  prohalily  tlirou<.diout 
the  whole  area,  excepting  the  ^VIlite  Mountain  region  and  perhaps  a  part  of 
the  region  north  of  it  :  in  the  northern  half  of  New  ICiigland  it  is  iiueoin- 
mon,  hut  in  its  evtrenie  south  exceedingly  ahiiiidaiit.  The  most  nor- 
thern (and,  for  the  Maine  localities,  the  most  eastern)  places  whence  it 
has  heen  received  are  Portland  (r^yinan),  Hriinswick  (Packard),  Hallo- 
well  "very  common"  (Miss  Wadsworth),  Bangor  (Davis),  Waterville 
( ITainlin),  and  Norway.  Mi'.  (Smith):  Isles  of  Shoals  "not  comiiion' 
(Thaxter),  Snncook  "common"  (Thaxter).  Milford  "very  ahnndant'" 
(Whitney),  Walpole  (Smith)  and  I'lynioiith,  N.  II.,  comiiioii  (Scudder)  ; 
Miss  Sonle  found  it  ahnndant  in  Stow,  ^'ernlont,  and  (iosse  ap[iears  to 
have  taken  specimens  at  Compton,  Canada. 

Haunts.  The  hiitterHy  is  found  in  open  fields,  sucking  the  juices  of 
Howers  ;  it  is  very  fond  of  thistle,  milk  weed  (xVselepias)  and  iron  weed 
( Vernonia),  the  latter  of  which  it  shares  in  ^^'est  Virginia,  say.s  ^Ir. 
Edwards,  "with  iiiniimerahle  Papilios.  A'ancssae  and  llesperians,  and 
occasionally  sin  iiphrodite  and  diana."  Captain  (leddcs  found  it  "at- 
tracted hv  the  blossoms  of  the  numerous  vetches  which  occur"  in  Alherta. 


■nt 


'if 


I 

] 

■  t  » 


}^ 


660 


TIIK   l?l  TTKUFI.IKS  or  XKW    FA'dl^AND. 


Oviposition.  Tlu'  cij^s  are  laid  upon  the  leaves  ai\(l  sitalks  of  the  t'ootl- 
plant,  and  not,  as  stated  hy  II.  Skinner,  dropjied  from  a  distance,  mion  (lie 
herljUife.  Speakiny'  of  a  single  female  ohserved  hy  him  Mr.  Skinner  says 
•'it  hovered  al)ont  a  foot  in  lieight  over  a  hed  of  violets,  and  at  intervals 
would  remain  stationary  and  drop  an  ej>g  from  this  distanee  to  the  food- 
plant  helow"  ( I'roe.  aead.  nat.  sc.  Philad.,  1883,  H(i).  It  is  not  an  alto- 
gether uneonunon  thing  for  an  egg  to  heeome  attached  to  the  seak's  at  tiie 
tip  of  the  ai)domen  of  a  l)utterrty  or  upon  one  of  the  hind  legs  ;  and  it  is 
possible  that  in  the  movement  of  the  wings  in  flight  or  poising,  such  an 
egg  might  have  hcen  swept  or  hrnshed  off  during  ^Ir.  Skinner's  observa- 
tion. Tiie  butterfly  has  been  seen  to  deposit  its  eggs  in  the  ordinary 
manner  and  such  a  wide  departure  from  tiie  common  rule  nmst  be  disije- 
lieved  in  luitil  it  has  been  seen  repeated.  If  Mr.  Skinner  had  seen  the  act 
more  than  once  he  would  iiave  said  so.  A  single  such  incident  nnist  l)e 
laid  to  accident  and  not  purpose.  Still  it  would  be  less  sur|)rising  in  this 
l)utterrty  than  in  some  otiiers,  as  the  caterpillar  leaves  its  food  plant  on 
hatching  and  does  not  seek  it  until  spring.  The  eggs  hatch  in  from 
twelve  to  twentv-four  davs  according  to  Kdwards.  Mine  have  hatched  in 
fifteen.  In  one  instance,  Mr.  Edwards  ol)tained  21!t  eggs  from  a  single 
female. 

Food  plant  and  habits  of  caterpillar.  The  caterpillars  feed  upon 
diflerent  kinds  of  violets.  Me,  Edwards  has  fed  them  on  "every  species 
of  wild  violet  accessil'lc  from  the  woods,  and  during  the  winter  cultivated 
species,  and  disct)vered  no  preference  for  one  more  than  another.  Tlie 
wild  violets  were  in  flower  [)art  of  the  lime  and  the  flowers  were  oaten  by 
the  caterpillars  with  aviility."  On  one  occasion  I  thought  I  saw  a  female 
acting  as  if  meaning  to  ovi[)osit  on  Convolvulus  arvensis,  but  no  eggs  were 
found  on  the  plant. 

In  escaping  from  the  egg  the  caterpillar  sometimes  devours  nearly  tlie 
whole  shell  before  forsaking  it ;  usually,  however,  it  destroys  only  al)out 
half  of  it  and  sometimes  it  merely  bites  a  hole  in  the  upper  half  just  large 
enough  to  crawl  through  and  leaves  it.  Like  all  other  species  of  the  geiuis 
it  is  a  very  secretive  cater|)illiu',  13'ing  in  concealment  most  of  the  ti  ne, 
hurrying  to  its  pasture  when  hunger  im[iels,  feeding  voraciunsiy  and  then 
returning  to  its  retreat.  It  was  found  by  Mr.  Saunders  in  spring  "in 
swam[)y  ground,  hiding  by  day  jn  Imles  made  by  the  feet  of  cattle,  and 
concealed  also  by  dead  lea\cs  which  are  more  or  less  filled  with  holes" 
(Edwards,  Uutt.  \.  Ainer.  ).  According  to  Mr.  Edwards,  who  has  reared 
i;  ;)n  several  oi'casions,  it  is  impatient  of  confinement,  tender  and  raised 
only  by  the  greatest  care.  A\'iien  aliout  to  pupate,  it  seeks  tlu-  under  sur- 
face of  logs  and  stones  or  i)ark,  and  making  use  of  tills  [iroelivity  l)y  scat- 
tering, in  the  vicinity  of  violet  patches  by  the  etlge  of  woods,  bits  of  bark 


wi 


th  tl 


le  roll 


convex  side  uniieriuo: 


it,  Mr.  Saunders  succeeded  in  oiitain- 


ms!iws'ssmm'S!mrmmrTj3iizsi'!Wimwmmmmmim 


^1 


NVMI'HALINAK:   AIUJYNMS  CVBKLi:. 


561 


ing  inuny  fiill-<rr()\vn  oaterpiUiirs.  Tlio  period  of  tlio  clinfalis  is  from 
fom-toon  to  sixti'oii  days  iiceording  to  Siumders,  sixteen  to  twenty  aeeord- 
ing  to  Edwards,  and  lie  gives  one  instance  where  it  was  twenty-four  days. 

Life-history.  The  insect  is  sin^'le-brooded  in  New  Kii"laiul,  nassinu' 
tlie  winter  in  the  hirval  state.  Tlie  eaterpilhirs  l)eeonie  fidi-grown  in 
June,  and  the  earliest  InitterHies  appear  in  the  latter  part  of  dune,  some- 
times as  early  as  the  l(!th  in  the  latitude  of  Boston,  usually  not  niucii 
hefore  the  21st,  become  convmon  l>y  the  first  of  July  when  the  female  first 
emerges,  continue  to  escape  from  the  chrysalis  until  at  least  the  middle  of 
July,  an<l  fly  until  the  middle  of  Sei)teml)er  and  occasionally  later.  Th- 
butterflies  generally  pair  at  the  end  of  July,  l)ut  the  eggs  do  not  begin  to 
assume  their  [iroper  size  until  about  the  middle  of  August,  and  are  not 
laid  until  tiie  last  of  August  or  first  of  Septemi)er.  Miss  Soule  oi)tained 
eggs  in  Stow,  \'t.,  on  August  20,  which  is  the  earliest  Xew  England  date 
known  to  mc.  "It  is  evident,"  writes  Mr.  Edwards,  speaking  from  ex- 
i)erienee,  "that  these  butterflies  take  their  time  for  layiniv  their  e'r<>-s, 
instead  of  doing  the  work  all  at  once  as  moths  do,  who  die  from  exhaus- 
tion afterwards." 

Mr.  \y.  II.  Edwards  now  regards  the  species  as  probably  digoneutic  in 
the  south.  There  the  sexes  may  be  found  pairing  late  in  ,Iune  or  early 
in  July,  and  the  early  brood  of  the  butterflies,  to  quote  his  own  words, 

Appuiirs  ill  great  force  here  [\V.  Vii.]  l)y  1st  .luiie,  on  the  clover  blossoms,  tlrsl  the 
iiiftlos,  iiiul  inn  few  (lays  the  females.  After  the  loth  to  20th  .luiio  they  disappear, 
ami  in  July  I  scarcely  ever  see  an  example.  By  l.lth  Auijiist  fresh  malesappear  again, 
and  soon  after  fresli  females,  and  [  can  always  obtain  eggs  between  1st  and  20th  Sep- 
tember. .  .  .  I  slunild  not  have  doubted  there  being  two  broods  were  it  not  for  the 
fact  that  the  several  stages  of  the  larvae  which  feed  In  spring  are  so  remarkably  pro- 
longed that  it  seemed  unlikely  that  between  l,")tli  .luiie  and  isth  .\ugust  the  several 
stages  of  egg.  larva  and  chrysalis  could  be  passed  ;  and  furthermore,  that  I  had  repeat- 
edly dissected  females  .  .  .  In.Iune,  and  when  I  could  obtain  them,  in  .Inly  and  llrst  half 
of  August,  and  never  yet  found  the  least  appearance  of  a  formed  egg.  .  .  .  Hut  suddenly, 
ftbout  the  middle  of  .Vngust,  the  eggs  begin  to  take  shape,  and  in  a  week  or  ten  days 
an^  ready  to  be  laid.  Hut  the  hot  weather  of  .Inly  and  .\ugust,  tlie  mercury  constantly 
rnuniiig  between  so'' and  ll.">°  in  this  region,  and  llie  nights  (hi  wldcli  these  larvae  prin- 
cipally feed)  being  warm,  may  accelerate  all  tlie  iiri'panilory  stages."  (("an.  ent..  i.v  : 
35-;!i). ) 

This  phenomenon  has  been  discussed  under  the  giMiiis. 

Tlie  eggs  hatch,  as  has  been  said,  in  '.bout  fifteen  days,  but  the  cater- 
pillars from  them  go  immediiitely  into  hibernation  without  eating  anything 
more  than  their  egg  shells. 

Mr.  Edwards  was  able  on  one  occasion  to  carry  some  of  the  larvae 
through  the  winter  in  a  cool  room  in  West  N'iigiuia,  and  their  growth 
during  tiie  early  spring  months  differed  curiously  from  that  of  others 
which  had  iieen  kept  over  winter  (five  months)  in  an  ice  house,  as  shown 
bv  the  followinjf  table  : 


■'\/' 


11 


'V^ 


562 


riii':  iu;ttkuflii:s  ok  xkw  kxcland. 


i. 


nil 

In 


IK  ' 

Pi 


K 


Diirntion. 

In 

cool-room. 

After  loni;  hibernation. 

Diiriition  of  socimd  stiitrcof  Inrva. .. 

17 

8-12 

third  stiiiio  of  Inrvii  — 

11 

4-0 

fourth  stiiJTc  of  hirva  — 

12 

5-8 

llfth  ^tlll:l•  of  larvii j 

14 

4-8 

sixth  statro  of  larvii i 

12 

9-12 

chrvsalis 

24 

10-20 

Tliit!  was  iiiuloiilitodly  because  the  eater[)illar»  not  enJDyiiijr  the  long 
ami  equal  hibernation  in  a  cold  plaec  wew  in  a  less  natural  and  t-ioreforc 
less  healthy  condition  than  tiio  other-s.  The  earlier  stages  of  tiioso  in  the 
I'ool  room  were  also  passed  earlier  in  tlu'  season  l)et'ore  the  liibernators 
were  brought  from  tlieir  place  of  cold  storage. 

Flight  and  posture.  Tiie  Higlit  of  this  butterfly  is  somewliat  rapid, 
ratiier  wanderin<f,  witli  siiddi'U  slight  clianifcs  of  course  from  side  to  side, 
usually  at  an  elevation  of  from  three  to  si.\  feet.  When  at  rest,  the  antennae 
divertre  at  al)out  riirht  antrles,  the  wim^s  are  tightlv  closed,  the  costal  edy-es 
of  both  pairs  meeting  and  tlie  anal  angle  of  the  hind  wings  touching  the 
sin-face  of  irst  :  when  walking,  their  antennae  generally  diverge  from  100" 
to  ll(t°,  although  at  the  i)ase,  as  far  its  the  tip  of  the  palpi,  they  divaricate 
but  slightly  ;  with  this  e.xceittion  they  are  straight  and  raised  above  the 
])lane  of  the  body  at  an  angle  of  only  10°. 

Parasites.  Dr.  Riley  has  reared  an  .Vpantelcs,  A.  argynnidis,  from 
this  insect. 

Desiderata.  The  northern  limits  of  the  distribution  of  this  butter- 
riy  need  careful  revision,  since  the  species  has  been  so  often  confounded 
with  A.  aphrodite.  Its  occurrence  on  the  Saskatchewan  in  particidar  is 
ciH'ious.  So,  too,  its  exact  range  in  northern  New  England,  from  some 
parts  of  which  it  appt'ai-s  to  l)e  absent,  needs  c.xamination.  Is  the  range 
dc[)endent  u|)on  altitude':'  The  same  (pu'stion  arises  here  as  in  the  other 
species  of  Argynnis, — what  the  meaning  may  be  of  the  first  advent  of  the 
butterfly  so  very  long  Ijcfore  oviposition,  and  what  relation  it  has  to  its 
psoudo-digoneutisin  in  the  South,  'i'here  are  several  points  in  this  con- 
nection whii'h  it  would  l)e  well  to  establish  for  several  localities  by  repeated 
observations: — 1.  Whether  there  is  any  break  or  fluctuation  in  the  advent 
of  butterflies  fresh  from  the  chrysalis  :  2.  I'ntil  how  late  an  ej)och  these 
appear;  .'i.  When  pairing  <'oinmences :  4.  \\'hen  oviposition  begins; 
.").  Is  this  confined  to  the  late  appearing  ft^males?  Other  (luestions  which 
need  answering  are  whether  there  is  any  lethargic  pcrio<l  f>,>r  the  caterpillars 
in  s|)ring  and  sununer.  to  account  for  the  long  time  diu'ing  which  fresli 
butterflies  apjicar  ;  or  whetlu'r  there  is  any  diflerence  in  their  arousing  in 
the  spring?  Is  it  possible  that  the  female  ever  dejjosits  by  hovering  in 
the  air,  as  Mr.  Skimier  reports?  Parasites  of  the  insect  are  unknown, 
with  the  single  exception  note(l  above. 


■A 


XYMl'IIAIJXAK :   AUCYXXIS   AI'IIlJODITi:. 


ijsT  or  rr.L(JSTi!ATio.\s.-M!fn-\\is  cviikij:. 


563 


V\.  (it,  tii;.  :V.).     I'liihi. 

Ii7:1-J.     Miri(i|iyli\ 

<'iili'ri>iUin\ 
1*1.  T.'i,  li-.  1.     .M:itiil-f  ciitiTiiilhir. 

70:  (-•!.    Knmt  view  of  lii';iil,<tiii:c>  i.  \ .  \i. 

I'!.  XI,  li.ur.  1.    Siilc  vii'W  in  mitliiu'. 

•J.     Dorsal  vii'w  in  oiilliiit'. 
.'i.     Side  vii'W. 


lllKlllD, 

I'l.  4.  lii;.  7.     Fi'iii;i!c,  Imlh  .-.iirfaci's. 
ll;i:+4.     Mali  aliilominal  apiHMiilatiC!-. 
4;i:!t.    I'ppcr    siirfaco    wiiiirs    of     iiiali'. 
sliiiwiiijrstM'Diiilary  sexual  I'liaracli'i's. 
■W:  12.     AnilrocMiiiiiiin. 
(II  ::!-J.     I'aiiilia  ui  lunmic. 

(iinii-Viil. 
I'l.  21.  Ilu'.  I'l.     llisIi-lliiilioM  ill  Xoi'tli  Aiiii'rica, 


ARGYNNIS  APHRODITE.— The  silver  spot  fritillary. 

[Tlir  silver  siicil  ((iusse) ;   .V]ihro(lite  liiittei-lly  (Harris) ;  >ilvei-  \vill^Oll  Ijiilteilly  (.Mayiianl) 
tlie  \'e:iii-  frilillary  (.Mm-ris);  V^mius's  aivyiiiie  (Kmiiiniis).] 


I'lil'ilin  diilirmiili'  Kalir.,  .Maiit.  ins.,  ii:02 
(17K7). 

^\ri/!liiiiis  ophni'Ule  (iud.,  Kiieyel.  niOtli., 
ix:ivi. -Jii-t  (IHl!));— Ilan-..  riis.  iiij.  vcl'.,  M 
cil.,  2S.V2S{i,  ti^'.  Ill  (ls(i2);— Kiili.,  Faun, 
bor.-aiiier.,  iv  :  2011-2! » I  (1.'<:17);  —  MolT.,  Syii. 
I.ep.  N.  Aiiier.,  V-i-U  (l«i2);— Kihv.,  liiitt.  N, 
Am.,  i.  Ar;,',  iii.  liirs.  l-i  (ISIW) ;— I'aek., 
(Jiiiile  ins.,  2r):i,  tis.  18:!  (),S(kS);— Frelieh,  Hep. 
ins.  111.,  vii:  l."iO  (ISi7S) :  Hntt.east.  V.S..  Vu- 
1.">S,  liiT.  40  (liS8(i);~.Mi)n-.,  Hist.  Brit,  hiitt., 
•M  oil.,   IK!,  pl.r)2(lH.'<0);— Mickll.,  Uep.  ins. 


111.,  .\:S1  (l,S,s!l);  — Fern.,  liiilt.  Me.,  41 
(1SS+);—  Mayii.,  r.iiU.  N.  K.,24,  pi.  :!.  liu's.  27. 
27u(18«()). 

Ar!ii/niii.i(.lr!/>/riiii'iii>i')  (ijihrDiUte  Sti  |ili.. 
Cat.  Mi-il.  I,ep.,2r).S(ls.-)0). 

-Injiimiin  rybi'le.  rm:  (ijiliriiili(i>  llei-i'.- 
Seliaell'.,  Trudr.  sysl.  l.rp..  i:  7o  (l!<li."i). 

J'lijiiiiii  ilai'liiih  >rai-|..  I'syelie,  tali.  ;!,  \v>. 
7,  lab.  4.  110.0(1797). 

Fi.i,'iiiecl  liy  (Jlover,  111.  N.  ,\.  I.ep..  [il.  K, 
lig.  .s,  ineil. 

[Xot  I'apilio  (laplinis  C'nuner.] 


till 


Tlie  t,'!"!'^'',  "i'li  it"  low  inseet-lones.  appeals 
A.s  iminiiiiriiiLr  in  its  sleep.    Tliis  Inilterlly 
.Seems  as  if  loth  to  stii',  so  lazilv 
It  tltitters  liy, 

.•siuKKi.— ,l«  Antiihin  I.nnihcaiu;. 

Imago  (4:  1,  2  ;  12  : 1 1).     Head,   tlioni.x,  and  appendices    of  Ixilli.   exeoptinj; 
winfj;s,  Uiosame  as  in  the  prccedinj;  species. 

\Viiii;s  abovo  eitlior  oninge  fulvous,  tiiist'd  with  red.  the  liiiid  wini;s  paler  exeeptinn' 
on  tlie  basal  half  {$);  or  Inteo-fiilvoiis,  tiiiired  faintly  with  red,  especially  on  the 
basal  half  of  the  hind  wiii^s,  and  snilused  with  a  dull  olivaceous  irreonisli  hue,  partic- 
ularly on  the  aiiical  half  of  the  fore  wiiiijs  ($).  Inner  inaririn  of  the  furi:  ifhKjs 
straight,  second  superior  subcostal  uerviile  arisinij  at  two-thirds  the  distance  from  the 
oriiriu  of  the  tirst  to  the  apex  of  the  coll;  the  third  at  three-(|Uarters  the  dislaiice 
from  tlie  apex  of  the  cell  to  tlio  orijjin  of  the  fourth;  tln^  latter  midway  between  the 
iipcx  of  the  cell  and  the  outer  border.  The  veins  black;  btisal  half  of  the  costal  bor- 
der, the  cell  iis  far  as  the  tlrst  transverse  band  and  the  b:isal  third  of  the  winsi  below 

llie   cell    (in   the   female   rather  more  than   this)  rather  (cf  )  "!•   very    ' '^  '    ' " 

bejjriiiH'd  with  black  scales;  the  cell  is  crossed  and 
bars  exactly  similar  to  those  id'  the  precediuj;  species,  althonu'h  the  sickle  shaped 
spot  si'enis  usually  to  have  a  humcr  and  deeper  curve  than  in  that  species ;  beymid  is 
a  similar  mesial  band,  extending  from  dosi'  to  the  costal  bonier  at  about  three-llfths 
the  distance  from  the  base  to  the  submedian  nervure  at  jiboul  the  same  distiiiu'c  from 
the  !)ase;  the  Initial  portion  of  the  band  is  like  that  of  the  precedinii  species  and 
the  upper  median  interspace  is  crossed  by  a  similar  liinulo!  the  lower  median  ner- 
vulo  is  also  crossed  by  a  similar  lumile  ill  the  middl,'  of  its  basal  third  (soine- 
limes  half)  and  the  medio-subniediiiii  interspace  possesses  a  bar  nsiiiilly  siraiirlit. 
its  interior  border  sometimes  scarcely  beyond  the  middle  of  tlie  interspace.  Ilioiiirh 
usually  separated  from  it  by  hidf  the  width  of  au  interspace;  the  cross  markinirs  and 


(?)    heavily 
(U'nanii'iited  at  the    apex   with 


■   r 
\   ft. 


I  ;■ 


664 


TIIK   HUTTKUKLIKS   OF   NKW    KN(iLANI). 


if-^I^M 


splits  ill  the  apical  half  of  tlic  wiiiit  arc  exactly  similar  totliose  of  A.  cvbclc;  between 
the  Mil)apical  transverse  l)laek  stripe  an<l  tlie  apex  of  the  cell,  tlie  h)wer  two  snbeostal 
uorvnlos  are  distinctly  thonirh  narrowly  cil;;eil  witli  black;  tlu^  nicMian  nervnlcs,  in  the 
female,  are  also  sometimes  bordered  with  black  in  the  vicinity  of  the  mesial  band ; 
friiiije  black,  broadly  interrnptcd  with  wliitish  (  ?  ")  or  bull' ( J)  In  the  middli' of  the 
Interspaces.  Onter  maririn  of  /((«(;  )'•/■«;/,<  more  fnlly  ronnded  than  in  tlie  other  New 
Kiitrlaiid  species.  \  lirokeii  and  separated,  irrcunlar,  bent,  nicsiiil  strijie  of  lilack 
liiiinles  and  liars,  slenderer  than  on  the  fore  wiiiifs,  starts  from  aliont  tiie  centre  of 
tlie  costo-siibcostal  iiilerspace,  and  has  llrsl  a  jjencral  direction  toward  the  middle  of 
the  upper  median  interspace  on  the  onter  border:  but  when  it  has  reached  the  intcr- 
si>ace  beyond  the  cell,  it  turns  at  a  rijrht  aiiiflo  toward  the  Inner  marjiiii  and  ti'rmi- 
nates  at  alxmt  the  ini(Ullc  of  tlu?  outer  fonr-tlfths  of  the  snbmcdiaii  ncrvnre;  the  band 
Is  Irregularly  eoiniiosed  of  Inniiles,  half  liiniilcs,  and  bars,  larjjter  and  iisinilly  more 
bent  or  curved  in  the  female  than  in  tiieinale,  ud  particularly  in  the  subcostal  and 
nplier  median  interspaces.  Tlie  markinirs  in  and  at  tlie  extremity  of  tin^  cell  are  the 
same  as  in  the  preeedimr  species  lint  distinct.  'I'lie  base  of  tluMviiiirs  is  covered  with 
fnlv<ins  liairs.  and.  especially  aloiiir  Ihe  median  and  snbmcdian  nervures,  is  consider- 
ably beirrimed  with  dark  scales,  reachiiii;  sometimes,  especially  in  the  female,  as  far 
as  the  mesial  band  bnt  never  obscnrinir  it,  and  very  seldom  the  niarkinj;s  in  tlic  cell; 
in  this  part  of  the  wini;  also  the  red  assnmcs  In  a  slii;lit  decree,  especially  in  tiio 
female,  a  ticry  hue.  On  the  outer  half  of  the  wins^  the  markiii)j;s  arc  the  same  as 
those  of  \.  eybelo  and  the  frin^;e  eoiiforms  to  that  of  the  same  species,  rather  than 
to  that  of  the  fore  w  iiiirs. 

Heneath :  rWiv  (/•('«,'/,<.  exei-ptin;;  the  upper  third  of  the  win>; — limited  by  llie  lower 
siilmiedian  nervule,  either  oraiiiie  bulV(<;f)  or  dull  reddish  oramre  ($).tlie  black 
niarkin,u;s  of  tlie  basal  half  of  the  uiuier  surface  repeated;  the  row  of  round  spots 
in  tlic  middle  of  tlu!  ajiieal  half  of  the  winj,'  is  also  repeated,  but  in  the  subcostal  inter- 
spaces the  spots  have  become  cinnamoneous,  are  more  or  less  nicrjicd  in  other  patches 
of  the  same  color  and  are  preceded  by  silvery  spots,  the  uiii>crniost  ipiite  larirc:  the 
otlier  spots  in  the  same  series  are  often,  especially  in  the  female,  preceded  by  a  sliifht 
llusli  or  cdiiln^r  of  silvery;  the  suliapical  patch  parallel  to  the  initial  portion  of  tlie 
mesial  stripe,  as  well  as  the  subcostal  veins  lietweeii  tliis  and  the  cell,  and  tlie  wliole 
ape.x  of  tiie  winir  lieyoiul,  exeeptiim  the  silvery  spots  already  specilled,  others  to 
lio  mentioned  and  also  usually  some  vai;ue,  irrejiular.  Iiiilf  mottliiiirs  lietwecn  tiieni  in 
tlie  two  lower  subcostal  interspaces,  cinnamoneous.  iniieli  darker  in  the  female  than  in 
tile  male:  the  outer  liorder  is  margined  witii  the  same  color  to  tiie  width  of  half  an 
interspace,  heavily  above,  scarcely  at  all  below  except  by  a  donlile  line;  tliisis 
followed  by  a  row  of  sagittate  spots,  similar  to  those  of  the  upper  surface,  black 
below  the  lower  subcostal  nervule.  above  einnamoneous  or  merged  in  the  general  tint, 
enclosing  large  s|>ots  between  Iheiii  and  the  outer  border,  wliicli.  In  the  median  inter- 
spaces are  of  tiie  previiiling  tint,  or  slightly  paler,  but  above  are  silvery  and  do  not 
decrease  greatly  in  si/.e.  Bet  ween  the  snbiipical  patch  and  the  extremity  of  the  cell, 
excepting  where  tlie  mesial  stripe  crosses  them,  the  two  lower  subcostal  interspaces 
are  llUcd  with  pale  bull',  most  noticeable  in  the  female,  and  the  same  color  extends  to 
the  slender  snbeostal  interspace  above,  to  the  apical  portion  of  the  sumiuit  of  the 
coll  between  till  black  bars,  and  to  tlie  base  of  the  subcostal  interspaecs  just  above 
the  upper,  limer.  silvery  spot:  fringe  as  above.  Hind  iriniis  either  cinnamoneous  (<J) 
or  very  dark  lirownisii  red  or  ciniiaiiKineoiis.  witli  a  faint  vinous  rellection  (?).  the 
veins  of  tile  -ame  color.  f:iiiitly  besprinkled  with  Imll'  scales,  especially  in  tlie  female, 
along  the  jiriiicijial  xrins  on  tlie  basal  third  of  tlie  wing,  and  also  Imiadly  along  the 
internal  ncrviire  to  tlie  tiii;  an  oval  silvery  [latch  at  the  extreme  base  of  thecostal 
border,  followed  by  a  narrower  powdery  streak  along  one-third  of  the  border,  and  a 
similar  bnt  rather  broader  edging  tiie  wliole  length  of  the  Inner  margin;  a  rattier 
small  spot  Is  seen  at  the  junction  of  liie  I'ostal  and  subcostal,  and  another  at  that  of 
the  subcostal  and  median  nervures:  there  is  a  ratlier  large,  iongiludinally  oval,  black 
eiliied  spot  !i  little  removed  from  llie  junctiim  of  llie  median  and  submedian  nervures. 


!^iB^^«^75»W!WW™S'!«3!W'^W!Wi:WW(WJ«)l!»ll,ll,U»W.n| 


AYMI'IIAMNAK;    .\lt(iY\NIS  AlMIltODITi;. 


00  0 


anil  two  bliick  eil^i'il.  rdiiiid  spots  in  tlie  crll.  tlu>  npixT  ^(MU'rally  ninclillu' liirin'i'. 
iioxt  tlic  llrst  divarication  ol"  tlic  snbcoslal  in'rvnrc.  the  lower,  sonictinics  'ntiri'ly 
cihsdU'tc.  a  little  within  tlie  tlrst  divarication  ol'  tlic  .iiodian  norvurc;  Ijcyond  is  a  prc- 
incsial  cnrvhif;  row  ol'  live  very  nneiiual  silvery  spots,  rounded  internally  and  ed^red 
on  tile  same  side  witli  lilack  ;  the  llrst.  in  tlie  costo-subcostal  interspace,  just  over  the 
second  divarication  of  tho  subcostal  nervnre,  crosses  tlie  wliole  interspace  and  is 
rudely  semicircular;  tlio  second,  in  tiio  np|)er  sulicoslal  interspace,  is  a  small  spot, 
ximetiines  almost  (disoletc.  just  below  the  .liter  border  of  the  llrst  :  the  third  is  larttest 
irrei^nlar.  occiiliies  tlie  wliole  extremity  of  the  cell,  tlirowiun' a  dctaclimeiit  a  short 
distance  beyond  it.  and  is  also  bordered  internally  willi  black  ;  llie  fourth  is  a  dian- 
onally  oval,  pretty  lar;re  patcli  in  tin'  inedio-siibinedian  interspace,  a  little  below  tiio 
llrst  ilivnrieation  of  the  median  iicrvurc.  edijed  witli  black  alon;r  tlie  w  hole  face  that 
Tioks  toward  tlie  base  of  tlie  al)donien  :  and  the  llftli  is  a  smaller,  lonuitudinal  streak 
ill  tlio  succcpdiiiir  interspace  lieside  the  foiirtli;  powdery,  loimitndiiial  streaks, 
which  may  lie  siiid  to  form  a  part  of  this  series,  occasionally  occur  at  the  extreme  base 
of  the  lower  subcostal  and  median  interspaces :  the  silvery  spots  of  the  e.xtra-mesial 
and  siilmiariiinal  scries  ari'  precisely  as  in  .\.  cylicle.  only  the  submar,i;iiial  spots  are 
usually  narrowly  edited  externally  (sometimes  also  internally)  with  black  instead  of 
cinnanionoous;  and  the  extra-mesial  markings  are  followed  at  tlieir  exterior  tips  l)y  a 
series  of  small,  round,  more  or  less  vairue.  deeply  tinted,  ciunamoncous  spots,  occa- 
sionally narrowly  edited  with  bnlf  in  the  female,  lietween  tlic  two  outer  series  of 
silvery  siiots  there  is  an  irrcitular  narrow  bull'  belt,  narrower  in  the  male  tlian  in  the 
female,  its  exterior  l)order  pretty  distinct  and  ziitzav:.  formed  liy  the  interior  ed^injj; 
of  tlic  sulmiariiinal  silvery  spots,  its  interii-r  border  very  vaijiie.  but  Sfcnerally  eoii- 
formable  to  the  outer  limits  of  the  ciunainoueous  spots  at  tlie  apices  of  ttie  extra- 
mesial  silvery  spots  :  tlie  outer  liorderiu;;  of  ciniiamoneoiis  is  sometimes  sud'iised  ahniij; 
the  middle  and  especially  on  the  lower  half  of  the  win;;,  with  Imll':  friiiire  as  in  A. 
eyliele. 

.\bdimien  above  and  on  the  upper  half  of  tlie  sides  black,  covered  profusely  and 
especially  on  the  sides  toward  the  apex,  wdiere  they  almost  or  ipiite  su|)plant  tiie 
lilack.  witli  oranire  fulvous  scales,  and  on  tlie  basal  half  with  fulvous  liair>;  below 
uniform  butt';  hairs  of  tlie  terminal  sei;nient  fnlvons.  ,\ppendiii;es;  upper  oryau  of 
male:  hook  of  eiiual  deptii  tlirmnthont,  the  tip  pretty  stronirly  and  ilclicately  uncinate 
solely  by  the  I'xcisioii  of  tlie  under  surface  of  tlie  hook;  clasps  but  little  more  liian 
twice  as  lonu:  as  'road,  the  apical  half  curved  a  little  upward,  of  nearly  eipial  breadth 
throniihont;  upper  border  witli  a  slight  but  rather  abrupt  rounded  elevation  near  the 
base,  a  similar  but  not  so  reirnlarly  rounded  middle  one.  while  the  upper  posterior 
allele  is  produced  to  a  broad  rounded  lobe,  directed  forward  and  a  little  upward,  larger 
than  any  of  the  otliers;  posterior  edire  l»'iit  iu  the  middle  at  a  riv'lit  amrle.  and  a  little 
roundly  produced  at  the  aniile;  upper  process  similar  to  that  of  cybelc.  but  slightly 
smaller  and  not  reachiuy:  tlic  hinder  extremity  of  the  clasp. 


■■'M 


m 


Measurciiieiits  in  inilliiiietres. 

MAI.RS. 

FH.MAi,i:.s. 

LeiiL'tli  of  tiiin;ue,  13.i")  iiitii. 

Smallest. 

Averii-e, 

Kar-est. 

.Smallest. 

1   3;t.3 

1 

11.0 

4.7.') 

Average. 

Largest. 

Length  of  fore  w  iiius 

antciiiiMe 

'Jli..") 

II. 

i().:!,'-> 

10. 
11.5 
4.6 

;)o.5 

10.2,-1 
I'J.So 

■t.'ii") 

HI). 
18. 

.*i. 

Hi). 

}^: 

5. 

hind  tibiae  and  tarsi  . 
fore  tiliiiie  mid  tarsi . 

Secondary  sexual  peculiarities.  I'lie  males  diller  from  tlic  females  in  the  charac- 
ter id"  the  siiuaiiiatioii  of  llie  front  wiiiir.  in  exactly  tlie  same  way  as  In  A.  cybelc;  the 
androeoiiia  (46:  bl).  wliicli  are  seated  on  llie  all'ectcd  veins,  arc  very  similar,  but  dif- 
fer friiiii  both  till'  otiier  New  Kiinland  species  in  beiiiLT  proportionally  broader,  and 
having:  tiie  apical  feathered  piu'tioii  shorter;  the  same  row  of  liairs  is  also  found 
al)ove  tlie  subcostal  nervnle  of  tlie  hind  win^s  in  the  'iiale,  but  In  tlie  present  species 
they  are  lirownish  fulvous,  instead  of  piile  brown,  as  in  A.  eybele. 


-  > 


1 


iiiiS 


50(3 


Tin-:  iiL-m;iti-i-ii:s  oi-  ni:\v  i;N(ii,.\Ni). 


Egg  |64  :  :l."i  I.  Sixtifii  Id  iiiiiflcrii  loiiiiitiiiliiml  ril».  proiiiiin'iit  mul  sliiii'ply  'Ii'IIiumI. 
hilt  ■^U'liilcr  1111(1  lU'lic'itc.  iil)i)ut  .11   111111.   apart.  iiic»tlv  rcarliiiiu  tlic  siiiiiiiiil:  (•i'ii»> 

i;  ic-  ijiiili'  pi- 'mint,  but  lU'licntt'.  mily  less  (listliiLa  tliaii  tlic  iMlis.  I'rcpiii  .im;  to  .d"  imii. 

iipiiii.  111!  ahvav- (-■(iiitimiims  wlu'i-i' llicy  ci'dSN  till'  ril)>;  ^iirl'iK'c  covcri'il  witli  rimii- 
Id-i'  circular  pit>,  .-.cparatcil  Irdin  each  otlicr  In  liall'  their  own  width,  tiic  ci'iilf,  i 
ahdut  .i"i7."i  iniii.  apart,  the  interveiiiiiLc  raised  pdrlimis  Lrli^tcniiiic ;  micrnpvle  rn^etti- 
.1  mm.  in  dianieler.  c(insl-.tiiii;  (67:11)  of  alioiit  ••cviM  luieinial  kite-ihapi'il  ccll>. 
radlatiiii;  nru.iiid  a  iiiiiiiite  central  circle,  and  >tirr<)iiiid<'il  at  once  liy  miicli  lariii'i  .md 
(•"ii>taiUly  eiilariiini;  >iihiiiiadrale  cells.  Color  toward  maturity  reddish  brown. 
Ileiiilit,  .s  iiiiii.  ;  breadtli  at  base,  .s  mm.  :  at  summit.  .■.';>  mm. 

Caterpillar.  I-'iM  !<l<uii-  (72  :.">).  Head  (79:1!)  shiniiiij;  broii/.e  hlacU.  I'lirni^lied 
Mitli  a  few  loiii;-.  pale,  ciirvinir  hairs;  mouth  parts  and  whole  lower  part  of  head  <hill 

lilt IS.     IJody  dull  hoiii'y  yellow,  the  antprlor  half  iiifiiscatod,  the  warls  pale  I'nsroiis. 

the  liairs  pale  l)rownisli.  a  little  curved.  Le^rs  and  proleits  pale  yellowish,  tip;  '  with 
fuscous,     l.eiiyth  of  body.  2  mill.  :   breadth  (d' body.  .1  mill.  ;  leiii;th  ol'  hairs.  .L'-' mm. 

Chrysalis  (84  :  ■>).  I.ivid  lu-owii  and  bhu'kish.  tlie  former  cli.iniriiiir  to  ruddy  brown 
(111  tile  anterior  !iaU'  of  the  alidomiiial -cijments.  and  to  the  color  of  a  dead  leaf  on 
the  posterior  half  of  the  same:  the  w  iiiir-cases  are  livhl  brown,  marked  willi  trans- 
verse creases  of  black,  and  clouded  with  the  s;nne  oi,  the  posterior  half  as  far  a~ 
a  line  within  ail  interspace's  distance  of  tlio  outer  eilire;  the  jointed  iiicinbers  black. 
narrowly  aiinulated  with  livid.  Head  lilack.  with  a  transverse  livid  baud  at  the  ante- 
rior extremity  lielow  and  the  parts  surronndiiiy;  the  eyes  of  tile  same  color:  above. 
Iiea<l  and  thorax  livid  brown,  incliiiiiiit  to  cinnamoiieoiis  on  the  thorax,  mottleil  witli 
black;  alid<iineii  with  antiu'ior  half  of  seiiineiits  !il:iek,  the  posterior  half  livid  brown, 
with  a  cinnaiiioneous  tinjie  on  lirst  tlve  seu;menls,  behind  of  a  dead  leaf  color;  the 
anterior  half  of  the  laterodorsal  spines  are  lilaek,  the  posterior  livid,  and  the  same 
color  runs  up  on  third  to  eiuihtli  abdominal  seitments  between  the  siiines.  to  tlie  ante- 
rior edi;-e  of  the  sev;ment,  forming  a  triaiiiiiilar  patch,  which,  in  the  seumenls  beariiiii 
a  spine  at  tliis  point,  covers  tlio  posterior  half  of  the  same,  'I'lie  last  seuiiieiit  is 
almost  wholly  black,  a.s  is  the  cremaster,  the  sides  of  which  an^  coarsely  luinclured. 
l.ennlh.  L';!  mm.  ;  lifealcst  lireadtli.  .•>.."i  mill.  ,  breadtli  of  head,  .">  mm. 

Comparison  with  other  species.  'I'lie  most  noticeable  ditt'erences  between  this 
spccii's  and  the  |)recediiiit  are  the  foUowiiii;:  cybele  is  lariter  than  aphroilite:  the 
bri.ijht  colors  of  the  »/)/»)•  uKrfarr  are  more  deeply  tinged  with  red  in  both  sexes  of 
aprodile  than  in  cybele;  the  female  of  the  hitter  lack.s  tlie  faint  olivaceous  liue  of 
nplirodite.  particularly  on  the  outer  half  of  the  hind  wings,  ami  the  vinous  or  tiery 
tint  on  the  basal  half  of  the  him!  wings;  the  basal  half  of  both  wings  is  much  more 
Iicavily  and  extensively  betirimed  with  dusky  scales  in  cybele  than  in  aphrodite,  and 
the  bitickish  patches  at  tlie  base  of  tlie  upper  subcostal  and  costo-sul)co>tal  interspaces 
of  the  hind  winirs  ;ire  wholly  wanting  in  aphrodite  ;  tlu'  markiiiits  of  the  tipper  surface 
are  lieavier  in  cybile;  the  mesial  stripe  of  tlie  fore  wiiuis  crosses  the  lower  median 
interspace,  and  terminates  on  the  submediaii  nervure.  a  very  little  further  from  the 
base  of  the  wing  in  cybele  than  in  aphrodite;  the  mesial  baud  of  the  hind  wings  is 
belli  a  ,''.tle  more  slnirply  in  aplirodite.  and  the  1  ml  itself  is  both  more  broken  ami 
more  distinct.  The  color  of  the  ini'lii-  .■mr/'ii-c  diHers.  the  comparative  brightness  of 
the  fore  wiiiL's  being  niiicli  greater  in  aphrodite  than  it  is  on  the  njiper  surface  of  the 
saiiie,  and  the  bull' colors  in  the  middle  of  the  fore  wliiirs,  next  the  costal  border.  !ire 
thus  broughi  into  irre;iter  relief;  the  silvery  spots  on  tin'  same  wings  are  larger  in 
aphrodite  and  llie  ciiiiiaiiioiuMUis  colors  deepi^r:  on  the  liiiid  wings,  the  depth  and 
richness  of  the  reds  Is  very  marked  in  the  female  of  ajihrodite ;  the  smaller  round, 
silvery  spot  ill  the  cell  is  (d'teii entirely  absent  from  nplirodite.  but  present  in  all  speci- 
mens of  <yl)eh'  which  I  have  examined  ;  the  sll'.ery  spots  of  the  outer  row  are  frec|ueiitly 
edged  with  black  in  aphrodite,  but  not  in  cybele;  while,  however,  the  silvery  spots  are 
nearly  ideiitic;il.  the  width  of  the  snlmuirginal  butt' belt  is  very  ditrerent  in  the  two 
sliecies.  foriiiinuMudeed  the  reailiest  mark  of  distinction;  in  cyliele  Its  usual  interior 
limit  is  the  miildle  id'  the  extni-iiicsial  "nw  cd" silvery  spots,  so  that  the  outer  halves  of 


NYMI'IIAI.INAK:   ,\n(;VNMS    AIMIUOIHTK. 


r)ii7 


tlirsi' N|)(iN  pniji'd  ii|iiiii  it;  in  ii|ilii'ii(lilf  its  iisiml  limit  i>  tlic  rxti-rior  ciliii-i  dl'  tlic 
■•imill  I'iiiimiiKiiii'diis  >i)iits  fdiiml  iit  tliiMipicos  <p|'  iJK'fXtni-mi'slal  silvery  spots,  luit  llir 
ciiiimmoin'cpiis  inti'i'ior  lionlcriiiu;  ol'  lln'  -(iliimiri:iii!il  niw  cil"  >ilvt'i'y  spots  is  mhih'- 
tliiii-s  so  lii'oad  its  to  iiiiilr  Willi  llic  vvi\-  lii'VoMil.  iiinl  lliii-  to  lii'ciik  till-  liutl'  liiiiid  liy 
ili'tacliiiiciil-  of  pn-\vclfi'y  stri'iiks.  and  I  lien  I  lie  (Minlni^t  to  tlii'  lii'oad.  iMiniaculatc  hell  of 
1  yin'lc  lici'o-.ncs  more  strikiiiii:  llic  apii-al  appriiilaiii'  to  the  silvrry  spot  at  llic  apex  of 
tlic  fell  on  the  hind  wiiitts  is  I'diji'il  iiitcrioi'ly  with  blacli  in  ajdirodilc  (ndy;  thi'  niai- 
•.'inal  «ilvcry  strciks  ai'i'  more  di cidi'd  in  aphrodilv  than  in  cyUcIo. 

'I'hi'  cliry^alis  of  A.  rOiclr  is  mioit  i-oar-ily  rnifosc  than  that  of  A.  aplii'odili', 
w  hill' till' spines  in  tl','  pn-siMil  specie,  arc  lc~s  proniinenl  than  In  cylicic.  with  the 
possllile  exception  (d"  lln^  laterodorsal  >pines  (d'  the  pi'othorax.  In  inai'kinirs  tlic 
chrysalis  appears  todltl'cr  from  lliat  (d'  A.  cyliclc  in  h;.\ini:  the  hasal  scirnicnt-  of  tin' 
abdoincii  parllcilorcd. 

Kroni  A.  iilcc-tis  I'.dw..  lo  which  tlii>  -.pecic-  is.  of  all  others  known  from  North 
.\merica.  the  most  closely  allied.  A.  aphrodilc  may  lie  disthiirnislied  principally  by  the 
prevailinu  lints,  and  liy  the  total  or  nearly  total  ab>eiiec  of  a  bull'  stibmurirliml  band 
on  tlic  iiniler  side  of  tlic  hind  winiis.  In  .\.  idce>li-.  the  color  of  the  upper  surface  of 
both  wind's  is  alike  and  exactly  (ha!  id'  the  hind  wln.^rs  of  .\.  aphrodite  ■,  in  every 
otliiM'  point  or  ornanien'.atioii.  to  the  ininntest  particular,  the  upper  surface  is  the  same 
in  the  tw<i  species,  lli-ncath.  tile  black  and  the  silvery  markings  are  airaiii  the  same  in 
the  two  species;  the  fore  Min,ir>  are  iiliiiovt  imirornily  washed  with  the  same  tint  in 
.V.  alcestis  that  covers  tli  "  principal  portion  of  llic  win,;;  of  A.  aphrodite,  the  bull 
colors  beinir  completely  absent,  and  even  the  cinnaiiioiieons  tints  uhicli  in  A.  alcestis 
»iipplaiit  the  black  at  the  apex  are  faint  ami  snil'iised  w  itli  orani;e ;  the  tint  of  the  hind 
wiii.irs  of  A.  alcestis.  a  soft,  yellowish  ciniiiiinoneon>,  is  uniform  over  the  whole  wlii^, 
excejitliiir  that  it  is  infnseated  above  eaidi  of  the  silvery  spots  of  the  extra-mesial  row, 
iind  that  sometimes  a  vairne  tinjre  of  bntt'  is  seen  in  the  place  occupied  in  \  aphrodite 
liy  the  biilf  band. 

Distribution  (21:0).  In  I'listci'ii  Amcricii  the  nmtrt'  "t'tliis  luittt'rfly  i.s 
iiiiicli  tlio  situie  as  tliiit  <it'  till'  |ii'('Cf(liiio-  species:  liiit  wliereas  A.  cvliele 
previiils  ill  tlie  soiitii  and  is  sean'e  in  tlie  iiortli.  A.  apliroilite,  on  tlie  contrary, 
i.s  rare  in  tlic  ^outii  (i.e..  in  tlie  soiitliern  (piartiT  of  the  Alleiihanian 
t'aunii )  and  iihoiind.s  in  the  iiorlii.  not  intreipieiitly  eiu'roacliin<r  iijion  the 
Canadian  tatin.i.  Mi'.  W.  II.  Kdwanl.s  states  that  in  the  \ieiiiity  ot'  \e\v- 
hiiro-h.  New  York,  A.  evbele  is  htit  little  more  altundant  than  A.  aiihro- 
dite  :  while  in  the  ("atskills  the  hitter  ahoniid^  and  A.  cyhele  is  rare.  The 
most  sonthcni  localities  whence  it  has  heen  recorded  are  Kanawha 
Coiintv  "occarsionar'  and  Klk  Hiver.AW  \'a.,*'rar(-"  (Edwards),  ahovethc 
Itiise  of  IJiji'  Butte,  one  of  the  Iron  or  Smoky  Moiintiiiii.s.  Tennessee,  tlirec 
tlioiiisand  feet  iihove  the  .sen  ( iican,  fide  I'hler)  and  IJlaek  Mountain, 
North  Carolintt  (Id. ).  EastwanI  it  i.s  "comnioii"  as  far  as  Nova  Scotia 
(Jones):  an<l  to  the  west  it  oeciirs  in  (^liio  (Kirtland.  Kirkpatrick), 
soiitiiern  Michigan  "not  coniinon"  ( Ilarrino-ton,  Mich.  I'liix. ),  Illinois 
(Edwards),  Wisconsin  •'almndant"  (Hoy),  Iowa  ( I'ntnani.  Ot^horn), 
Kansas  ••one  specimen"  (Snow).  Nehra.ska  and  Dakota  (Edwards), 
Edmonton  ((Jeddes)  and  Woody  Mt.,  A-ssinihoia  (Dawson),  .hidith 
Moiintainis.  Montana  (  Edw.irds),  iind  evi'ii  Colorado  and  Arizona  ••\eiy 
;  Mead),  thono-h  the  specimen.s  from   these   localil it's  differ  from  the 

'I'       .1 .1.     :^    1..       1 1'  1     ..1    Af  I.'.... II. ..1 


rare    ( 
ty[)e. 


■-in 


..•A. 


il-v 


y ''  ■ 


»liiliiy,    tiiooi;ii     inv.     i^ov.^  iiiivii.T*     II, 'lu     iini:.^,     1111.11101V. -.,101,1     ii.'iiiiiiv. 

To   the  north    it   has   heen  fotiiid   at   Moo.se  Eaetory,  Iliidsoii  Bay 


I"  •:• 


Itft  \\U;, 


VM'-r 


HI 


.4 


Wt        1 

I  if  U 


»'  > 


568 


THE  BUTTElU'LIi:S  OF  NEW   ENGLAND. 


(Weir),  Fjakc  of  tlir  Wood-i  ( I)ii\\>()ii).  Sniilt  St.  Miiric,  LiiUc  Superior 
"!il)iiii(liiiit"  (IJetliiine),  Lomlon,  Ontario  ••aluiiiilaiil"  {Saimder.-i), 
Ottawa  eonimoii  (Fletclier),  (^nel)ee  (Uowio!-,  etc.)  and  at  \arious  point»i 
oil  and  about  the  lower  St.  Lawrence  (liell).  It  wa.x  once  talven  in 
I'hton  >''ood  near  Iieaniin<'ton.  W'arwicivsiiire,  'v..^I,iin',.  in  liSIi;').  "How 
it  "anie  from  tiie  -Far  W'l'st'  is  now  an  undiscoveraMe  niycterv'   (Morris). 

In  Ne.v  Knjiland  it  is  one  of  oiu-  comnionest  huttcrHies,  l)ut  is  wliolly 
altsent  from  the  AN'hite  Mountain  region  wliere  it  is  replaced  hy  A.  atlan- 
tis.  There  are  no  means  ot' judii'ing  of  its  ahundance  in  nortiiern  Maine, 
hut  probably  it  is  less  coninion  tlian  A.  atlantis. 

Food  plant  and  habits  of  larva.  Mr.  !>.  W.  Ueadle  of  Canada 
was  the  first  to  rear  tliis  insect,  and  according;'  to  him  it  feeds  niiiiitiv  niion 
all  kinds  of  wild  vioii't,  and  during  the  day  lies  concealed  on  the  ground 
beneath  chips  and  stones.  Tlie  eggs  are  laid  in  the  antunni  and  hatch  in 
al)ont  a  fortniulit.  The  vounu'  lar\a  devours  its  egg  shell  and  then  mo\es 
actively  ai)ont  as  if  (piite  e(|ual  to  finding  suitable  winter  (piarters,  utterly 
declining  further  food,  evei\  thougii  placec'  upon  a  growing  plant,  for  it 
hii)ernates  at  this  age.  In  tlie  spring  its  growth  is  slow,  according  to 
Mr.  Edwards,  and  it  is  active  only  cm  sunny  days,  neither  feeding  noi' 
niovinsi'  in  cold  or  cloudv  weather.  He  savs  of  them  : — "After  remaining 
motionless  for  hours,  they  would  suddenly  arouse  and  start  off  in  extreme 
haste,  riuuiing  all  about  the  enclosure  [in  which  they  were  kept],  and  on 
reaching  the  leave-^  would  feed  ravenously,  and  then  return  to  their  resting- 
place.  Xot  iuifre(piently  they  were  extended  on  the  stones  or  the  damp 
earth  as  if  for  coolness." 

The  dim  vision  probably  possessed  by  oaterpillars  is  well  exemplified  by 
an  account  Mr.  Kdwards  gives  of  this  species.  lie  had  the  creatures  under 
a  guazc  bag  on  violets  around  which  were  stuck  some  sticks. 

On  ono  orcnsidii  I  liappoiieil  to  \)v  ill  liniul  wIumi  an  aphrodilo  siuUkMily  ^t!U■tlMl  down 
the  side  of  tlio  bat:  to  disappear  lielow.  and  presently  eniertre  on  one  of  tlii'  uprislit 
sticks.  Tills  it  ran  over  and  nl)nnt.  and  from  a  point  on  tlic  side  of  it  towards  the 
plant  made  itreat  eltbrts  to  reach  one  of  tlie  steins,  wliicli  was  at  soniethiiij;  more  tlian 
an  inch  distant  from  the  stick.  Several  times  the  caterjiillar  stretched  itself  out  till  it 
was  nearly  twice  its  natural  leniith,  lioldiiii:  to  the  stick  liy  its  anal  and  last  pair  of 
ventral  claspers  and  luovinu-  its  head  and  body  from  side  to  side  to  feel  for  tlic  plant. 
But  the  attempts  were  in  vain.  'I'hcii  it  remounted  the  stick,  anil  reached  out  in  n 
similar  maimer  from  the  top  in  directions  when'  -were  110  leaves,  till  at  last  it  turned 
riijlit  ajjaiii.  and  by  an  ellbrt  more  violent  than  usual,  seized  a  stem  by  its  jaws  and  lirst 
pair  of  le;rs.  and  lioldinii  liy  them  dropped  its  body  from  the  stick  and  clinilied  to  the 
leaf.  Tliere  was  evidently  a  sense  of  direction  in  the  lirst  instance,  from  the  descent 
of  llie  ban  to  the  reacliiiij;  the  stick,  tlionirii  not  of  siirht.  as  the  stick  was  li.\cd  at  the 
base  of  the  plant,  and  the  latter  was  as  easily  readied  as  tlie  former.  .\nd  wlieii  on 
the  stick,  there  was  a  sense  that  the  leaves  were  near,  williout  a  certainty  of  the  pre- 
cise locality.     (Hutt.   N.  .\mer..  II.) 

Life  history.  I'ln'  liistory  of  tiiis  laitterfly  in  Xew  England  is  similar 
to  that  of  the  preceding  butferlly,  since  it  is  single-brooded  and  hibernates 


NVMrilAI.INAK:   .M!(iYNNlS    AlMlliODl  IK. 


')C>[) 


a.-i  a  ciitci'iiilliir  just  t'rum  tlio  cj:^'.  It  is,  liowoxcr.  of  the  sjuvies  of  Ar^^yn- 
iiis.  tlic  hist  to  ii|i[)i'iir  ill  iiiiy  jiivcn  lociilitv.  'I'lic  Iiiitti'i'Hii's  niiikc  tliiir 
advi'iit  ahoiit  tiu'  lirst  of  .Inly,  altiioiigli  siiitjk'  sjn'ciiiii'iis  lire  soiiii'tiiiu's 
taki'ii  ill  tlic  latter  part  of  .liiiic.*  '["Iicy  are  seldom  aliimilant  liefore  tlie 
end  of  the  first  week  in  .Inly  and  eoiitiiine  plentiful,  their  nnnihers  rej)len- 
ished  liy  fresh  speeiniens  until  tlu'  middle  of  the  latter  half  cf  August, 
after  which  they  tly  in  (•(uistantly  diininisliiiiii'  niimliers  until  the  middle  of 
Seiitemher  when  they  finally  sanish.  'I'lii'  eggs  are  not  laid  until  the 
niiddk'  and  latter  iiai't  of  Aniiiist  and  lieijiiiiiin<;'  of  Seiiteinher.  'i'he 
earliest  I  ha\e  known  are  some  Miss  Soiile  obtained  on  August  It  at 
Stow,  N'ermont. 

Habits,  etc.  Ike  Kntterflies  are  excessively  fond  ot'  tlowers  and  when 
feeding  can  lie  ri'adily  taken  with  the  fingers.  In  .Inly  the  sterile  hillsides 
overgrown  with  thistles  seem  fairly  ali\e  with  the  biitterHies.  They  fre- 
(]neiit  also  low  meadows  and  usnally  lly  near  the  ground.  ColoiK  I  T.  W . 
Iliyginson  writes  from  Princeton,  AJassachiisetts,  in  the  miikllcof  .liilv  : — 

ofti'ii  lis  I  have  ilruaiiu'il  of  a  more  abuiulaiit  \v<irl<l  of  insects  tliaa  any  over  seen.  1 
never  enjoyed  it  more  vividly  tlian  in  walJcini;  aloni;  tlie  liree/.y,  upland  road,  lined 
witli  a  eonlinuons  row  of  milk  weed  lilossoins  and  while  lloweriiii;  alder,  all  aljla/.e 
with  butlerliies.  I  niiiihthavc  picked  olfhiindreds  of  ai)lir()dltes  liy  hand,  so  absorbed 
wore  tiiey  in  their  pretty  pni'suit,  and  ail  the  interspaces  between  their  broader  winirs 
seemed  tilled  witli  little  skippers  and  pretty  painted  ladies  and  an  oeeasioiial  comma. 
Tlie  rare  i<lalia  and  hnntera  sometimes  visit  tliein  also,  and  a  host  of  (li|iterons  and 
liymenopterons  tlunjjs.  The  be  ntifnl  mountain  liree/.c  played  forever  over  tliem  and 
it  seemed  a  busy  and  a  blissful  world. 

After  a  walk  the  iiext  day  on  a  road  hetween  the  two  Wacluisetts,  he 
adds:  "'There  was  nothing  of  yesterday's  ])roeessioii  of  milk  weed  and 
biitterHics,  though  the  latter  part  of  tlu^  way  the  aphrodites  and  tliaros 
were  so  thick  in  the  road,  I  hnishi'd  them  away." 

Speaking  of  this  species  Mr.  .1.  M.  DeCiarmo  remarks  that  it  once 
exhibited  reiiiiirkable  knowledge  tind  its  remarkable  stupidity. 

1  found  (|Uite  a  iiumlier  of  them  feedin;;  tni  a  cluster  of  tldsUi's  in  front  .if  a  dis- 
used barn.     ISeliind  the  barn  was  a  pateli  of  low  sumacli  liushes,  thron^li  v  hose  foli- 


Tiio  ground  umlerneath 


I'i 
aire  tlie  sunlij;hl   tlltored  in  liny  lilotuhes.  as  from  a 
was  covered  witli  viiu's  of  the  rnuninji  lilacklierry.     I  came  to  tlie  liaru  Imrriedly  and 
M'heii  near  the  bntterllies  tripped  in  the  taiiuled  i;ras^  .ind  fell,  tliiijriim-  tlie  net  into  the 

1  went  to  several  adjacent 


thiMle 


When  I  arose  not  a  bntlertiv  was  to  b 


elii-ler~  of  thistles,  lint  found  iiothini;.  1  searched  all  about  in  vain,  licturniuii  in 
an  lioiir  1  found  tliein  there  airaiii,  and  eaujilM  two  in  a  siujrle  cast  of  the  net.  lint 
after  securinjr  them.  1  discovered  that  tiie  rest  Mea  all  Lrone  anain.  Tlie  next  day  I  came 
(leterniiuod  to  spy  out  tiu'  performauee.  A  eompaiiion  tlu'ew  llie  net  at  the  thisllos. 
and  Ui !  the  bntterllies  all  Hew  around  the  liarn.  and  liuhled  under  tlie  suiuac  Inishes. 
each  on  a  blackberry  leaf.  Now  t)  i>  oddest  part  of  tliis  was.  that  they  had  nniile  the 
circumference  of  tlie  barn  to  ir,.-i  oi  tlie  hiding:  place,  when  they  could  have  reached  it 
1)1  a  short  trip  directly  acr(  ss  the  end  of  the  liarn;  moreover,  part  of  this  rouU'  \va> 
throuirli  t  he  shade,  which  a  liutterlly  usually  slums.     Mere  wa^  auotlier  prolileiu.     'I'he 

*Mr.  .Simiidei'>  re|Mirt.^  a  s|iecimeli  tiiKeii  lit       a  typci^i-iiphic'iil  cner';'     I    lind  lie   ellnr  »ui'li 
l.iindiin.Oiilariii.  (Ill  April  2ii:  bill  is  nut  this       sliileinent. 


';«»:^ 


'■if' 

I 


:• 


!,  * 


i;  • 


■!>ff 


570 


rilK   nUTTKUFLIKS  OF   XKW   KNCLAND. 


sliorl  cut  was  dircrl  ami  in  llui  sun.  Why  diil  llicy  take  tin;  roiiiulaboiit  way?  Tlic  ih'xI 
liny  I  siilvod  It.  for  on  coniini;  in  sl;;lit  of  the  place,  I  saw  three  or  fonr  small  Ixiys 
approachini;  the  thistle  patch,  straw  hats  in  haml,  fmm  the  end  of  the  barn,  and  after 
their  oiislauflht.  not  a  bntterlly  was  to  bo  soon.  The  boys  were  coinninnieallvo,  and  I 
fonnd  had  made  many  attempts  to  entch  them.  They  had  Invariably  come  np  tlie 
same  way.  .  .  .  Tlie  imtterllies  had  availed  themselves  of  llieir  'ori^anized  experien<'e" 
to  do(l?;e  the  iioys. 

On  foUowin;;  liicm  into  tlieir  retreat.  1  roiimi  lliein  motiimless.  .  ,  .  Unt  riiiht  here 
their  stnpidity  bei;an,  for  I  eanu;lit  two  of  them  witii  my  lin;;ers.  and  could  have  talien 
llie  whole  with  a  'itlle  care,  had  I  wanted  tlieni.  Tiien  I  mad(!  a  sranil  swint;  witli  my 
net  into  the  sum.ic  bnslu's,  and  a  more  bewildered  set  of  lieimrs  it  would  be  ditllcult 
to  Ihid.  They  went  lielter-skelter. — r)u  tlu>  l)arn,  on  the  wail,  anywhere  and  everywhere, 
•\vltliont  sense  or  method,  ontroint;  iiack  au;aln,  not  a  l)ut'erlly  was  to  be  fonml. 
Wlictiier  the  liovs  frinhteneil  them  aAvay.  or  wlietlier  my  inroaii  upmi  their  harl>or  of 
refuiAc  di-heartcncd  lliem  1  never  ascertained."    (Trans.  Vassar  liros.  iust.,ii:  l;il-'-'.) 

Postures  and  flight'  Tlio  tliglit  nt'  this  spwics  nnd  tin-  last  do  not  dit- 
t'er  in  styk'.  Dr.  ('.  .'^.  .Miiiot  lias  nott'd  tlmt  Ixitli  during  tlio  motion  of 
tlu'  wino's  iin<l  wliiK'  snilino-.  the  iintcniiiio  are  kept  in  fon.stant  motion. 
^^'llon  at  rest  on  a  horizontal  sni't'aci'.  according  to  tlic  same  oliscrvcr, 
the  wings  arc  generally  iicld  a  little  Iiclow  the  horizontal,  thongh  when  in 
the  sun  they  arc  sometimes  raised  t'l  the  [)er|icndi('nlar  ;  while  the  atten- 
iiae  are  I'aiscd  alioiit  2(1"  from  the  liori/oiital  and  divaricate  aliont  ;5.V\  In 
walking  (from  oliservatioii  of  iialf  a  doxen  speeiniens)  he  fonnd  that 
the  left  middle  leg  and  right  hind  leg  moved  together  and  always  first ; 
while  walking  or  I'esting  on  a  |iei'pendi<Milar  support  the  alidonien  i.s 
raised  and  eoncealcil  w  ithiii  the  gutter  of  the  hind  wings  ;  lait  on  a  horizon- 
tal snrfaei  it  rests,  or  almost  rests,  upon  the  ground. 

Enemies.  Aci'ording  to  (Jentry  he  has  iilentified  this  hiittertly  among 
the  mangled  remains  of  iiisect.s  in  the  eroi)s  of  the  common  night  hawk 
(Choi'deiU's  virginianiis)  and  the  chimney  swift  (C'haetiira  pclagica )  ; 
and  he  further  says  that  lie  has  idso  found  the  cater|»illar  in  the  stomachs 
of  the  Mack-throated  inniting  ( Spiza  americana),  the  towhee  (I'ipilo 
ervthi'<iphthalmus  ) .  and  the  swam])  lilacJdiird  ( .Vgelaiiis  phoeniccns) .  lait 
the  last  assertion,  at  least,  may  lie  taken  as  dmihtful.  as  the  caterpillar  was 
not  known  at  the  time  of  his  writing. 

Desiderata.  Onr  knowledge  of  tiie  larva  and  chrysali.s  of  this  species 
lacks  completeness,  and  the  statements  (Concerning  the  seasons  of  the  in,<ect 
neeil  the  most  careful  revision.  W'v  should  especially  ohserve  whether 
there  he  any  accession  to  tiie  niim!)er  of  l)iitterHies  in  jVtigust,  and,  if  so, 
whether  eggs  arc  laid  hy  tiie  old  or  fresh  females,  or  hy  both.  The  char- 
acteristics of  the  flight  of  the  butterfly  as  compared  with  that  of  its 
Conu'Cners  are  still   undescrihed. 


hV.  t.> 


NVMrilAFJXAK:   AlUiYNMS  ATLANTIS.  f)"! 

LIST  OF  ILLUSTIiATlOSS.-MtOYNMS  APintODlTE. 

llenrral.  Imar/o. 

ri.  il,  fig.  (>.    Dl»trll>iilioii ill  Xorlli  Aimrkii.       I'l.  4,  fl;.'.  1.    Kviiiiilc,  l">lli  siirfiwcs. 

^■,.,.  '2.     Male.  Imtli  siirfiiccs. 

l'l.(!4,llj;.:i.-).    Colnro'-l.'  "  '2:  II-    IMli  miifa.r.. 

(17:11.    MU'ropylf.  ii3:+l).    Male  alMlDiniiiiil  iii)iiciicl:if,'i». 

Cnti'rjiilliir. 
ri.Ti,  (ij,'.  ").    (ali'rpillaral  liiilli. 

79:  .'1.    Kriiiit  view  of  hi'ait  In  *t;if;f  i. 
Chri/solix. 
ri.  M,  lif,'.  ."p.     side  view. 


4(i:  l;).     AiiiIi'iM'iiiiliiiii. 
.'ill:  2.    Siilc  vii'W  of  liradaiul  apiicinlajto* 
('iihii'f,'('il.  with  ilclails  of  Ici;  slnicture. 
11:  t.    N'c'iinitioii  of  liiml  wiiii;,  mule. 
i.    Xciiralloii  of  liiiiil  will)?,  friiinlc. 


AROYNNIS    ATLANTIS.— The   mountain   Bllver-epot. 

[Tiic  iiioiintiiiii  >ilvcr-spol  (Si'udilcr);  iiioiiiit;iiii  silvt'r-spotlccl  liiitlcrllv  (.Miiyinnl).] 


Arntiinii.s  (itlaiid)!  Kdw..  I'roc.  Ariid.  nat. 
so.  l'iiiliid..lwa..M-.>)(l.s(a);  Umi.X.  Aihim-.. 
i,  Arj;.  v,  ll^'s.  l-:i  (ISdS);  Can.  out.,  xx:  M) 
(1,S,M8);— I'acli..  Ollidi-  ins.,  2.')2  (ISCU);- 
Mofsclil.,  Sl«tt.  flit,  zpit.,  xxxv:  1.">0-1.'>7 
(1H74);— Middl.,H('p.  ins.  II!.,  x  :  82  (1S81);- 
Kfrii..  Miitl.  Ml-.,  42  (18.84);  -  Frendi.Iliitt. 


cast.  r.  .S..  KiO-lOl,  llu'.  nil  (IS8H;:-Ma,vn.. 
Uiitt.  .V.  !•;.,  24-2.5,  pi.  4,  llgs.  2,s.  iH;,  ,  |s,S(l)'. 

Ar(/;iniii^  aphrodite  Biitl..('at.  FaKr.  I.rp., 
I(l8(is(;9). 

Fl;,'iin'd  by  (J  lover,  III.  X.  A.  I.op.,  pi.  ;!s. 
fijr.  14;  pi.  L,  lig.  7,iiinl. 

[Not  I'apUii)  aphmiUte  Fidji-.] 


Over  the  lipids,  in  liis  fniiikc  liistilicsM'. 
And  idi  llif  cliainiiaiiu' o'lv  lir  >oari'ii  lijrlit ; 
And  all  the  I'oiintn'y  widi' lie  <liil  possc'ssi', 
Fct'clinir  ii|ioii  their 'pli'Msiiivs  houiiteoiislie, 
Tliiit  none  iridiisaid,  nor  none  did  liiiii  eiivie. 

^vv.ssv.H.—Muiiipiitiitiis. 

Imago  (4 1  <i)-  IlL'ail  covered  witli  fiilvdiis  hairs  liarely  paler  in  front,  pale  bull' 
next  the  hinder  ediie  of  the  eyes.  Tlie  wliole  of  the  Imsnl  joint  of  the  piilpi.  the  Imse 
iiiul  the  whole  hnvenmter  lialf  of  the  mUldle  joint,  white,  the  iipperoiiter  liiiU'  fulvous, 
paler  next  the  middle  line;  apical  joint  fiilvons,  Inner  lialf  <ir  the  iimler  surface  with 
Ions;  fulvous  Imirs;  inner  si<le  as  far  as  the  ai)ic:il  joint,  white,  partially  concealed, 
especially  towanl  the  apex,  with  fulvous  luiirs;  the  wliolt;  paljius  sprinkled  with  hlack 
Imirs.  Autciinae  (lull  oranire  fulvous  beneath,  the  basal  ten  or  twelve  joints  niarkeil 
with  wliite.  wliicli  iliniinislics  in  amount  away  from  the  licad.  blaekisli  brown  aljovo 
and  on  Hu'  club,  the  terminal  four  joints  liri^'ht  oramrc  above  and  below,  tlic  tiftli 
titiiied  with  the  same  on  the  under  surface.  Toiiiiue  castaneous  near  the  tiasc,  tlic 
middle  line  blackish,  beyond  dark  fuscous,  the  tip  dull  lutcous. 

Thorax  covered  aliove  with  fulvous  hairs,  tinu'cil  stronuly  with  olivaceous,  cxcept- 
insi  on  tlic  prothorax.  lieneiith  covered  with  dirty,  iiale  ImtV  hairs,  tinu'cd  at  the  tip 
witli  fulvous.  Lesjfs  as  in  A.  cybele;  spines  yellowish  brown:  spurs  dark  yellowish 
brown;  claws  rcdilisli  brown;  paronychia  liyaliiie:  pnlvillns  blackish  fuscous, 

■\Vin'''s  above  eltiicr  oramre  fnlvons,  tinned  with  red,  sliiihtly  duller  than  in  \.  apliro- 
ilitc  (<J) ;  or  dull,  ratlicr  diiiuy  luteo-fulvous,  tinired  with  olivaceous,  especially  in  the 
bc-^rimed' portions  (  ?  ) ,  the  veins  of  fore  wiiiirs  black,  of  hind  winirs  dusky.  Inner  mnr- 
"•in  of  the  fore  winjis  straisiht.  Second  superior  subcostal  nervnlc  arisini^'at  aliout 
two-tiiirds  the  distance  from  the  oriiiiu  of  the  llrst  to  the  apex  of  the  cell ;  the  third  at 
five-seventlis  the  distance  from  the  apex  of  tlie  cell  to  the  oriain  of  the  fourth  ;  the  latter 
more  tiiau  half  way  from  the  apex  of  the  cell  to  the  outer  border,  /•'oce  ino./.^  considerably 
bcarim  !il.  on  the  cell  as  far  as  the  middle  transverse  bar.  and  on  tlie  median  interspaces 
very  nearly  or  (|Uite  as  far  ns  the  mesial  stripe,  with  fuscous  scales ;  ccU;crossed  by  l)ars 
exactly  similar  to  those  of  A,  cybele ;  the  apex  is  heavily  iiordered  exteriorly  ami  interi- 
orlv  with  l)lack,  ^a-eatly  exiiandiii!.'  outwardly  in  the  siibcosto-median  interspace  and  eii- 


■f«"' 


f     I 


!  '  'i- 


w 


672 


rilK   lUTTKUl'I.IKS  OI-   NKW    KXCiLAXD. 


me' 

:*'  :■."■'■ 


fli>>liij{  11  m'licnill.v  i>l)>iiiri',  Miiiall,  IiiImiii>  s|iot ;  lioynml  Is  a  iiir'.cnitcly  -li'iicli'i'  iiii-.ial 
Ntrlpi'.  stai'tliiis  from  cIdsc  to  tlit'  i-ostal  bunlcr  at  aludit  tlirt'i'-ilftlis  tin-  dlitanci'  I'l'inii 
till'  liii-i'  ami  cxlcnilliii;  to  tlic  -.iiliuu'dlan  lU'i'viirc  at  an  ('(|iial  ili>taiici'  froin  tlic  siiiin' ; 
till'  iiiillal  porlioii  li.is  a  irciirrally  ■.trai^'lil.  ohllinii'  lUi'i'flloii  to  the  iiiitlillc  of  the  ii|i|)rr 
liii'diaii  iii'rviili'  and  !•<  I'oriiu'd  of  »i|iiai'lsli  ^pot-.  in  racli  iiitiT-ipaci',  t'acli  rcniovi'd  a 
lit  111'  fiiitliiT  from  till'  lia^c  of  tlic  winu:  tlian  tlu'  pi'i'iTdinu';  tin"  llin'i'  suciTi'dini:  inliT- 
'«|>ac'i'-i  arc  cnisscd  liy  iisnally  ■■Irai^lil  or  lint  s|l:;liily  cnrvcd  liar-*,  the  iipprr  incdian 
III  tlii>  inldilU' of  Its  lia>al  lialf.  Ilic  lower  nicdiaii  at  Iwo-lldrds  llic  dlslaint'  from  lln' 
border,  till'  iiii'dlo-siihiiii'dlaii  at  aboni  two-ilftlis  tin'  distaiiii'  from  tlu!  same;  at  alioiii 
two-llfllis  the  distaiiee  from  the  iiiillal  portion  of  the  stripe  to  the  apex  of  the  winu;. 
Is  a  transverse  stripe,  similar  to  that  of  A.  eyliele  but  seldom  reaehliif;  further  than 

the  peiiiilliinale  »nl «lal  nerviire;  a  row  of  blaek  spoti  In  the  middle  of  the  apieal 

half  of  the  win:;  is  exaelly  similar  to  that  <d"  A.  eybele :  the  two  lower  siibeostal  iier- 
vnles  are  narrowly  bordered  with  blaek  as  far  as  the  round  spots  and  partieiihuly 
between  them  and  the  mesial  band ;  the  outer  mar;jin  N  liordered  with  blaek  to  the 
width  of  half  an  interspaee,  often  wltli  a  fiilvinis  line  running'  tliron;,di  its  middle  next 
the  medlo-siibmedlan  interspaee  and  oeeasionally  a  little  fnrtlior  np;  the  Inner  edi;e  of 
tlio  bordering  is  almost  always  stralu'lit,  but  smnotlmos  liollowed  at  the  interspaees  j 
npon  the  border  are  seated  (or,  in  the  lower  half  of  the  will};,  nearly  seated)  liiiili 
blaek  Innnles  or,  in  the  upper  two  siibeostal  interspaces,  dashes,  endosim;  between 
them  and  tlie  border,  rounded  triangular,  or  >nbcirenlar.  fnlvons  spots.  deereasim;hnt 
slightly  in  size  al)ove;  inner  ediie  <d'  the  winir  slightly  iiifiiseated :  frinire  l)lack.  the 
outer  two-tliirds  rather  narrowly  iiilc  rrnpied  witli  yellow  or  whitish,  ioinctimes  ex- 
ternally ed^ed  with  fnlvons,  Onlcr  maririn  of  the  hind  I'-iiii/s  not  so  fully  ronndi'd  as 
ill  .\.  aphrodite.  Cell,  as  far  as  the  encloseil  lihick  dash,  and  the  lower  lialf  of  the 
winj;  as  far  as  the  mesial  stripe,  and  sometimes,  to  a  less  extent,  all  the  upper  half  of 
the  wlnjj,  bca;rlmeil,  like  the  fore  wiiiirs,  with  fiiseoiis  scnlos;  the  inarkiii;;s  in  and  at 
the  apex  of  the  cell  are  like  those  of  .\.  eybele;  a  rather  slender,  very  irreyinlar.  broken, 
mesial  stripe,  soinetimes  obseiired  on  the  lower  interspaees,  crosses  tlie  w  in;;,  starting; 
from  the  costal  iii'i'viire  next  the  middle  of  Ihe  liordei'  and  has  a  u:enenil  stniiijiil 
(lirectimi  toward  tin-  onter  border  at  the  middle  of  the  upper  half  of  tlie  upper  median 
interspace,  l)nt  at  the  spot  beyond  the  eel!,  it  turns  at  riirlit  aniiles  towanl  the  iniH'r 
bonier,  terniinatinu:  jnst  beyond  the  middle  of  the  lower  median  iiervnre;  a  straiu;ht 
bar  crosses  the  costo-siibcostal  interspace  at  rifflit  angles;  an  obliipie  bar  directed 
Inwaril.  its  outer  limit  at  the  middle  of  the  upper  subcostal  iiervule,  crosses  the  next; 
a  slijjhtly  obliiiue.  sometimes  aeiitly  cnrviii'^  bar,  siibparallel  to  the  llrst,  crosses  the 
lower  subcostal  interspai'e  about  two-lifths  the  dlstanee  from  the  last  divarication  of 
the  sulieostal  nervure;  the  siibcosto-median  interspace  is  crossed  at  ri;;lit  angles  by  a 
liar,  sonieliines  cnrviny;  inward,  scarcely  less  than  half  way  from  the  extremity  of  the 
cell  to  the  onter  border;  the  median  interspaces  are  crossed  by  slender  Innnles.  a  little 
obliiiiie.  their  inner  limb  the  outermost,  abmit  as  far  from  the  onter  border  as  the  bar 
beyond  the  cell ;  tlic  straijjjht  half  liiir  in  the  medio-snbinedian  interspace  is  at  ri;;ht 
an;ile.s  to  the  nervure.  IJeyoiul  the  mesial  baud  is  a  row  of  round  black  spots,  similar 
to  those  ill  A.  eybele,  and  'uclosiiii;  in  each  interspace,  between  themselves  and  por- 
tions of  the  mesial  band,  -jstiuctly  (  9  )  "i"  scarcely  discernible  ((J ),  larj^e,  oval,  clear 
spots,  the  reverse  of  the  extra-mesial  liand  of  silvery  sjiots  on  the  under  side.  Outer 
border  mariiined  with  black  as  on  the  fore  wiiiK>s,  but  the  middle  fulvons  line  in 
the  medio-sulnnedian  intersiiace  is  broadened  to  half  the  width  of  the  border- 
imi  and  irenerally  extends  somewhat  over  the  siilmiediaii  and  soinetimes  faintly,  or 
even  distinctly,  aloiii;  the  whole  imir;iin:  nearly  seated  upon  the  mai'fiin,  arc  well- 
formed  black  luiiiiles;  fringe  liiill' or  whitisli,  interriipled  liroadly  but  not  suddenly  with 
black  at  the  nervure  tips. 

lleiieath:  Furr  i''uif/,i  conformlii;;  almost  exactly  with  the  coloration  and  iiiarkin;;s 
of  the  under  surface  of  the  fore  winits  of  A.  aphrodite,  with  such  exceptions  as  tlie 
dill'ereiices  in  the  upper  surface  would  naturally  recpiire,  and  with  the  fidlowiii;;  excep- 
tions :   the  bar  bordering  the  outside   of  the  cell  does  not  usually  protrude  so  far 


¥M 


NV.MI'IlAI.INAi::    AUtiVNNI.S    A  11, AM  IS. 


■  )l .» 


miiciilly  (111  ilic  siibcn^in-iiii'iliMM  iiilc-iN|iiici' US  nil  llu' n|i|ii'r  ^iili' ;  I  111'  ciiitrr  Ikh'iIit  i« 

iliirk  rliiimiiiiiiii'inH.  iiioi r  Ic^^  ciillvi'iicd  with  liiilV  (but  iniiu'tliiuw  not  at  iilli  iilmiu 

till'  lllitlillc  of  till'  wllltr,  mill  r-|ii  rllllly  lU'lir  tin-  llllillllr  ol'  llli"  illli'ispiiri'-. ;  l)i'li(«  tlic  iiliil- 

lilt'  iiii'ijliiii  ii(>rvnri'  tlic  iiiarirlii  is  nlinnst  iMitlrrlv  liiiiVnr  nniimi'  l)iitl'.  with  a  ciiiiiaiMo- 
iii'oiis  iiiic  iii.'irl\iii!;  its  Iiili'i'inr  liorili'i',  hut  tailiiiu;  mil  lii'l'iii'i'  allaliilni;  tlii'  ■'iiliiiii'illaii 
iii'i'viii'i';  I'l'liiifi'  H>  aliiivi'.  Iliiifi  ii-(iHis  vrrv  ilui'l<  linivviii^li  rcil,  tin'  I'l'iimii'  slliriiijy 
iliirl\iT  lluiii  tlir  mall';  aslrrnlv  of  Imir  I'nllnws  tin' ii|i|iri' rclLti' nl'  tin-  i'i»lal  iii'i'viin- 
lii'voiiil  till'  pi'iTiotal  iii'i'viiri'.  lU'rIviiiii  al-ii  Imtli  I'lltri's  i>(  [\\r  siilpi'ii-tal  aiil  iiiciliaii  mr- 
viiri'sas  I'aras  till' iiiiiit  III'  tlir  rril.  ami  llu'  Milimriliaii  iirrviii'r  I'ni'  liaU'  \t>  roiiiNc. 
I'liriillllil  siimlli'i'  III'  iiiori'  ill'tiilrt  jiali'lirs  at  llic  siiliii'  hi  tlir  iiiiilillc  nl'  llu-  ri'll  almvi'. 
ami  at  tlic  liasi'  of  llio  siilicnstai  liitiTspai-cs,  and  often  siipiilantliii:  tlic  iioniial  sllvii'v 
spot  tieyoml  till'  I'rii  ami  lillim;  llie  liasc  of  tlioiiieilian  liitepspai'i--  witli  powilcry  scale-  ; 
tlii'so  are  also  foiiiiil  tiii'oimlioiit  iii'iilly  tlie  whole  of  the  siilpiiieilio-iiiti'nial  iiitii -pare ; 
ill  till'  female  this  Imll'  is  usually  more  or  less  ileciileilly  tiiiiieil  with  i.'1'i'i'iii-h  ;  the  ha-iil 
Ihiril  of  the  i'o-t,al  hoi'ilei' ami  the  whoh' of  the  iiiiier  marirlii  as  frii'as  the  lip  of  the  -iili- 
meillaii  iiei'viire,  is  eilijeil  \vilh  silvery;  the  basal  silvery  -pots  are  iis  in  A.  ajilu'oiiile; 
iieyoinl  is  a  eiirv  iii'r  row  of  -ilvery  spots,  iiorinaily  live  In  iiiinilier.  shapeil  ami  bor- 
ilereii  ii-  in  those  of  A.  i'.phroilite.  but  tins  sei'oml — that  hi  the  upper  subeo-tal  liiter- 
-|i;ii'e— ami  the  extermii  frairmeiit  of  the  celliiliir  spot  are  frei|iieiitly  butt',  in-teail  of 
silvery ;  I  he  extra-m  sial  ami  subiiiarufliiiil  rows  of  .silvery  -imi-  ;ire  exaetly  -Iniilar  to 
tho-e  of  A.  aphriiilhe.  the  -pots  of  the  former  row  tlppeil  externally  with  -in;ill 
ronmli-h  -pot-  of  very  ilark  brownish  reil,  ihirker  Ihaii  the  prevailinir  eolor,  oecasion- 
ally.  ill  the  female,  irreeiiisli ;  the  miter  row  is  eiiijeil  exteriorlv  with  a  narrow  blaeU 
line,  ami  interiorly  with  a  broail,  ilark.  brownish  red  border;  between  the  two  rows  i- 
a  pretty  lirii;iil  biilV  licit.  |iartakiinr  of  the  irreniiiar  nature  of  that  of  .\.  aphrodite,  but 
bro;idcr,  hiiviiiLt  tile  general  averaite  breadth  of  an  intcr-|iaee;  oiitep  bonier  reddi-h 
liiown  or  eiiinamoiieoiis,  enlivened  alon;:  the  middle,  but  not  next  the  ncrviire-. 
with   Inilf  blii-lie-:  friiiiie  as  on  upper  siirfiieo. 

Abdomen  as  in  .\.  a|ihroditc.  .\|ipcmhiK<'s  of  male  (33:  :!i;)  ;  liook  of  the  upper 
oriran  of  eijiial  deplli  tlironuhoiil  ami  slenderer  than  in  tlie  other  -peeies ;  tip  eoii- 
siderably  ami  delicately  nneiiiate.  Iiiir  seareely  aided  by  the  exei-ioii  of  the  under 
surface.  (  la-ps  -careely  twice  as  Innj;  a.s  broad,  the  aiiic:il  Inilf  curved  a  little 
upward,  of  nearly  eipKil  bre;idth  tliroii;;liont ;  upper  border  witli  a  eon-icii'rjilile  abrupt 
roiinded  lobe  near  the  ba-e.  a  -lii.'lit  anirnlated  median  one  and  the  upper  hinder  ;in^le 
produeed  to  a  Iiriiad  lobe,  ;i  little  and  obliquely  Iriincat,'  above  where  it  is  liristiy.  and 
in  licneral  liavin.n  a  slight  forward  diroctlon;  the  hinder  ed^e  of  tlie  clasp  is  linimlly 
ronmled  with  a  sliiriit  ronmled  proiniiieiiee  in  the  niiddle:  niijier  iiroce—  as  in  tlie  pre- 
vious speeies  Iml  shorter,  bcin^  scarcely  three  limes  as  hum;  as  broad. 


.Moasnremcnts  in  inilliiiieties. 

.MAI.KS. 

I'KJULES. 

lA'ligth  of  tiini.'lie,  i;!  mill. 

.Smidlesl. 
.(- 
vS.ir, 

!l,l.-. 

•i.r< 

Avci 

"«<■■ 

Largest. 

;io. 
It. 
III. 

8iiialle.st. 

It. 

ID.J.'i 
4. 

Avoriifje. 

Lar-e.it. 

1  eic'th  uf  fore   will""- 

14. 
1(1. 
4. 

II. 
III.  •.'.■) 
4. 

;!4.j 

Iiiiiil  tibiae  and  t:irsi.. 
fore  tiliiiie  ;ni(l  tarsi.. 

10..-) 
4.75 

lle-eril.ci|  fi-om  18,?.  :!V. 

Malformation.  In  mio  specimen  examiiiod,  the  snbcostiil  nervnles  of  tlie  fore 
wimr  are  pecnliar,  tlie  third  superior  iiervnle  bciii<;  removed  toward  the  seeoml  and 
the  finirtli  toward  the  outer  border,  so  as  to  make  the  oriiiiii  of  the  third  and  fourth 
at  about  ei|ual  dlstaiiees  from  each  other,  the  ape.x  of  the  eell  and  the  outer  border. 

Aberrations.  A.  .v.  ciik-Mo.  Mr.  .Vlbert  ().  Davis  has  sent  me  an  interesting 
siiirnseii  female  of  this  species,  taken  .Inly  1,  1KH7,  at  Lake  Clienio.  ten  miles  north- 
east of  Iiaii.uor,  Me.,  "tlyin^  with  the  ordlnnry  form  of  \.  atlantis,  in  a  sunny  j;hido  in 
the  woods."  The  whole  appearance  of  the  Initeet  is  eliaiia;ed.  and  it  has  taken  on  a  ini)»t 
funereal  aspect.     The  entire  »/)/"i'  .■"irfnco  has  for  a  tcrouml  color  a   purplish   black. 


m 


1 1      '  "< 


m 


li. ) ' 


574 


Tilt;  BUTrKUKLIES  OF  NEW   EXGLAND. 


M':'' 


U:-". 


i''.'^ 


rulk'vi'd  In-  one  or  two  eo^^tiil  iiiarkiiiirs.  mid  ii  .suluiinritiniil  srrk's  of  lon^^iludiiml.  moiv 
()rU'ssol)sciirc<l,  fulvous  daslu's:  tlicso  daslios  occupy  only  about  half  tlio  width  of  the 
interspaces  and  extend  from  the  normal  snl)nnir^inal  fulvous  spots  preceded  by  the 
black  Innnles,  to  and  iucludiuir,  as  if  fulvous,  the  preceding  series  of  round  black  spots ; 
tlie  black  luuules  are  wliolly  obliterated;  the  black  spots  eitiier  form  (usually)  a 
fuscous  cloud  obscuring  tins  cud  of  tlie  band.  or.  in  the  median  interspaces,  are  more 
or  less  distinct  and  black.  The  front  winjis  retain  in  an  obscure  way  the  lartie  trans- 
verse fulvous  l)ar  in  the  ndddle  of  tlie  cell  and  some  the  fulvous  lines  near  tlic  nnddlo 
of  tlie  costa,  but  the  marginal  nnirkinv:s  are  wholly  oblitoratcd.  DimaOt,  the  l)rown- 
isli  red  base  of  the  hind  winijs  snifnses  most  of  l)oth  the  wings,  but  Is  somewliat 
infuscated.  On  the  front  winir  It  forms  a  larire  triauiinlar  patch  depending;  from 
tlie  costa.  at  the  inner  ediie  of  wlilcli  the  middle  fnlvons  bar  of  the  cell  is  nndls- 
tnrlied,  a.s  Is  also  that  at  Its  tip;  the  inner  lower  fourth  of  the  wina'  and  the  greater 
part  (d"  the  lower  half  of  the  outer  maririii  Is  pale  obscure  fulvous;  tlie  silvery  spots 
are  sull'used  into  common  pale  silvery  bars.  'I'lie  basal  half  of  tlie  hind  wings  liiclud- 
inii  tlieir  silver  spots  is  nearly  normal,  e.xceptlnir  I'or  the  oliliteratioii  of  the  bull",  but  the 
two  outer  rows  of  .silvery  spots  liave  amalgamated  into  large  triangular  bars,  the  base 
outward,  occupying  the  place  of  and  entin^ly  obllt(U'atliig  the  palo  butf  submarglual 
baud,  the  entire  ground  beiiit:  of  a  uniforin  smoky  brownish  red;  moreover,  the  lilack 
scales  which  fcu'in  the  Inner  margin  of  the  inner  of  these  two  normal  rows  of  silvery 
spots,  as  well  as  the  Inner  uiargiii  of  llic  similar  spots  of  the  basal  half  of  the  wing, 
have  become  spread  Into  distinct  rows  of  roundlsli,  dark  ruligiuous  spots,  wliolly 
independent  of,  though  lonching  the  siiots  on  which  they  are  iiorinally  dependent. 
The  (Uiter  row  of  suU'used  silver  spots  |>  greatly  oliscnred  in  the  sulicostal  inlcrspiues ; 
the  preniarglnal  bulf  line  Is  nearly  olisolete,  Leiigtli  of  the  fore  wliiir.  :\'l  mm.  The 
specimen  is  now  in  tlie  Cambridge  Museum  of  Comparative  Zoology. 

.\uother  speciinen.  but  a  iinite.  collected  at  tlie  White  Mountains  by  Mr.  Morrison, 
shows  a  sllglil  snllnslon.  Imt  on  the  upper  side  of  the  fore  wings  only,  the  broken 
inesiid  band  being  suHnsed  with  that  ciosslng  vaguely  the  extremity  of  tlie  cell  and 
tlie  base' of  I  he  median  nervules.  forming  a  broad  black  belt  relieved  only  by  a  few 
fulMiu>  blotches.     Length  of  fore  wing.  ;'.ii  iniii. 

Secondary  sexual  distinctions.  The  wliole  of  the  submedian  and  lower  median 
nerviiles,  excepting  the  base  and  tip,  the  whole  of  the  upper  two  median  nervnles  ex- 
cepting tlie  apical  lifth,  and  of  the  lower  two  subcostal  iiervulc.s  excepting  tlie  apical 
tliird  are  covered  In  the  fore  wing  of  the  male  with  blackish  fuscous  raised  scales  as 
ill  otherspeeies  of  tills  genus.  'I'liese  partially  conceal  the  androcinila.  (46  :  H)  wlilcli 
dlll'er  from  tliose  of  .\.  cybeie  in  liciug  smaller  and  stouter,  and  from  those  of  .\. 
jiphrodlte  In  the  greater  leiiLttli  of  Ihe  apical  fringed  portion,  which  occupies  about 
<nie-llilrd  of  the  whole  scale  and  tapers  ri'gnlarly  to  a  (loliil ;  they  are  about  one-sixth 
of  a  iiillllmelre  In  li'iiutli ;  Ihe  li.-isal  third  is  black,  llie  rest  pellucid.  'I'lie  long  hairs  on 
the  hind  wings  above  Ihe  subcostal  iiervnre  are  as  in  \.  aplirodile. 

Egg  (64  :  'i'l).  'I'weh  e  to  fourteen  longltuilinal  ribs,  well  marked  and  slightly  raised 
above  the  elevation  to  which  tliey  would  lie  brought  by  the  wave  like  curve  of  the 
iiiters|)aces.  almni  .'.'  mm.  ap;irt,  all  reaching  to  or  dose  to  the  summit ;  cross  lines 
delicate,  especially  in  the  middle,  imu'e  distinct  next  the  ribs,  and  visible  across  the 
rib>  themselves,  about  .o|.">  mm.  apart.  Surface  covered  with  very  ininnte.  ruirulose 
circular  plls.  separated  fnuii  one  another  generally  by  twle(>  their  own  width,  the 
centres  about  .noil  apart,  the  Intervening  scarcely  higher  porthm  smooth  and  glisten- 
ing. Mieropyle  rosette  (67;  11!)  about  .O.s  mm.  in  diameter,  composed  of  from  Hi-  Is 
cells  witli  thick  wall-,  the  innnr  ones  ronndlsh  pyrlform.  about  .012")  mm.  in  diameter 
and  about  half  as  lary:e  as  the  transversely  elongated  centre  ones.  Color,  honey  yel- 
low at  llr«t.  Ilecked  heavily  afterwards  with  reddish  brown;  height,  .m  mm.;  breaiilh 
iiciir  liasc,  .':<  nun.  ;  at  sunimll.  .'J'.'  mm. 

Caterpillar.  /•Ye.'-/  sliKjr.  Ileiid  shining  caslaneo-plceous.  with  nnnv  than  a  do/.eu 
slcndi'r.  p.'ile.  tapering  and  pointed,  spar-ely  spicnlM'erons  hairs,  varlalile  In  Icii^^tli,  but 
slnu'ler  than  those  of  the  liody ,  regularly  arrangeil  and  arising  from  very  nilnnle  warls. 


M- 


^■^•1 


NYMl'lIAI-INAH:    AIUiYNNIS   ATLANTIS. 


•575 


limly  pivlty  iiiiil'i)riiily  riisco-liitiMHis.  the  liiirli  ■\viU'l>  lilacU.  tlie  Iiairs  I'liUy  ii.s  loiiu  a~ 
llii'  wiiltli  of  tin-  Ixitly,  pule  UUimuis,  slii;litly  iiil"useatO(l  ii<xt  tlio  very  baso,  niul  willi 
ilistaiit  spicules.  I,eni;tli  of  IkhIv,  '2.'i  iiiiii.  ;  of  ]iaii's  of  l)o(ly.  .;!;l  iinii.  ;  w  idtli  of  lieaii. 
.:'.;!  111111. 

Sfi-iiiiil  shii/r.  Ileail  lilaek  Willi  black  hairs,  lioily  lirowii-^ireeii.  lln'  tuliereles  anil 
spines  black;  beset  Willi  many  short,  diverueiil .  lilack  liristles.  Leiij:lh.  2.S  nun. 
(.\fter  Kihvanls.) 

'I'Idfil  ntiii/c.  Ileail  as  before,  lioily  :;ray-blai-k  \vitli  a  !.n'ceii  tint  ovei-  the  dorsal 
surface;  beneath  imie  irreen  ;  tubercles  pale  yellow,  the  spines  niid  their  In'istles  black. 
lA'U.iith.  .1  mill,     (.\fter  Kdwanls.) 

/■'tiurtli  sliiiji'.  Head  reddisli  yellow,  iiion'  yellow  behind,  liody  Liray  motllcil  willi 
black;  a  double  dorsal  stripe  of  ;iray  ;  (iibereles  siipporlinu:  black  spines  diili  yclloAv  in 
the  laterosli^'iiialal  and  infrastlLiniatal  series,  blaidi  (ni  the  inner  and  yellow  on  the 
outer  side  of  those  of  the  laterodorsal  series.     I.enuDi.  s  iniii.     ^.\fter  Edwards.) 

Fifth  .it'i;i(  ■     Much  as  in  the  preceding'  staye,     I,enu;th.  IL'.T  mm.     (.\rier  Kdwards.) 

l.ti^l  fliiiji .  Head  dark,  beciniiiiiir  pale  testaeeons  behind,  the  front  with  scattered 
hiiirs.  l!ody  dark,  velvety  purple  abovi'.  scarcely  paler  beiie;il!i.  ISa^-d  half  <d'  spine- 
pale  livid,  the  spinnles  iicurly  half  as  loiiir  a-  the-pini's  tliein-eh  I's  :  -iii,;M  piipd'ae- 
bearinu  bristles  are  scattered  oxer  tlie  body,  with  a  row  of  ihcm  alio\e  the  pridey-. 
(.\rter  I'ackard. )     .\  fuller  dcsi'ription  is  ui\  en  liy  Kdward--    (  an.  <'nt , .  \\  :  '.';. 

Chrysalis  (84:1;!.  Clie-tniit  lirowii.  mottled  and  irroratc  with  lihuk.  tliewiiiu- 
lihiek  .-It  till'  ba-e:  the  whole  surface  of  tlie  body  wrinkled  :  tile  spiracle-  black  and 
conspiciioiis.  (.Vfter  l'aid;ard.  !  I'ackard  makes  no  mention  (d'  a  laterodorsal  tiibereli' 
on  the  me-otlnn'ax.  'Tlu>  drawiiiu' by  Mrs.  I'eart  ,  pi.  s|.  li:,^  ci  made  for  Mr.  \V.  H. 
Kdwards  and  -whicli  he  allow  ed  ine  to  eo|iy.  ri'pre-eiils  thewiui;-.  a-  liiihlcr  in  I'olor 
than  the  rest  cd'  I'le  body,  brow  ni-h  Intcoii-  ratherthaii  cheslnnt  brow  n.  iufn-caled 
oiilv  at  base,  and  the  rc-l  of  the  boily  d.ark  brown,  the  \\';ole  wiiiikleil  and  lilack  at 
the  wrinkle-.      I.enyth.  L'o..",  mm. 

'riicrc  is  111)  lu'cd  dT  I'ont'nitinliiio'  tlii.s  siiocics  with  ,  ■vlu'f  oT  llic  [ifrccd- 
iiio' :  it  is  smiilicf  tiiiiii  tliey,  iliiilcf  in  tint  itliove.  Iims  ;i  lilaekisli  Ininler  tn 
all  till'  wii.o-s  ill  Jiotli  si'xi's.  :ii;il  ii  iiii'fi'  eoiitiiitiiMis  mcsini  iiiitnl  on  tlic 
iiiiiicf  siirllii'o  i.^\'  till'  liinil  winu's  :  tiie  ilarivor  rojurs  ul'  tlie  inn/"  sin  racf  of 
till'  liinil  wino's  ;ii'(  ilci|irf  in  imc  tliaii  in  eillui'  id"  tlk'ni.  w  iiile  lite  lintl 
iii'lr  is  wiiicf  tlitin  tiiat  id' aiiiifoilitc  !iti(l  i:  ithwit  llian  tinit  id  rylirlc:  tlir 
linll'  scales  nil  till'  liasal  liall'  id'  tlie  \>iiio' also  ;is.-iiiiir  iiiiiiT  iin|iiirt;uirc 
tlian  in  the  otlicr  sjn'cics  :  liiniily  lliern-titl  Imi'ilrr  nf  tlir  I'oit  wini^s  ilncs 
not  iippeae  to  III'  i|nitr  so  inni'li  arrlicil. 

Synonymy,  it  is  possiliii'.  |ii'i'lia|)-  e\i'n  pruliaMr.  lii.'ii  ihis  s|K'ri"s  i- 
tlii'  tfiK'  I'mj).  a|)ln'iiilili'  id'  l'"alifii'ins.  Inil  as  it  i-  (|i''ii'  ini|ius-ilili'  tn  lie 
I'crtiiiii  iit'il,  till'  natni's  utiolit  ti>  stand  as  o-iven  l>y  .Mr.  \\ .  II.  I'Jlwanls, 
uliD  lirst  I'li'ai'K'  dislitii;iiisliiil  tlie  s|n'eii's  in  lliis  ilitHenlt  ornn|i.  'I'lir 
sjH'cii's  wcfi' still  I'liiit'iiiindi'd  in  llir  llritisli  .Miisi'imi  at'li'i  tlii'  |itiMii';iliiin 
lit'  liiitler's  l'\ilifii'iaii  liiiltci'llii's.  a-  I  tnysilt'  saw.  and  nut  \\  itli-tandin^' 
I'mtli'r's  rciiKirks  mi  |i.   in'.)  ut'tliat  work. 

Distribution  (21:  T).  This  nicnilici'  id' ihe  ( ';iiiailiaii  latina  is  iilnindaiil 
tliroi|o-liont  all  the  cooler  |i;ifls  ot'  Ctinaihi,  and  in  llir  ea-t  is  \i'i'y  nearly 
limited  smitiiwardly  'ly  tli"  annual  isollu'nn  of  l.V,  only  sni|iassino'  it 
in  L'lL'VUte'd  n\oiiiiis  iind  aloiio-  nioimtain  elitiiiis.  Noriliwanl  it  a|i|i('ar- 
rari'ly  ti)  ouerimi-'li  upon  the  Ilndsonian  tiiiiiiii,  hut  speiiniens  are   repoiied 


':Mm 


rrf 


TiiK  m  r 


It,-* 


at  (VowV  Ni'st  ((te(l(lo>).  A  .s|K'('inu'ii  in  tlii'  liritisli  .Miisciini  is  cmmi 
ii'p^pi'ti'd  fniiM  IJi'ititilt  ("oliimliia  anil  Mr.  A.  (i.  DiitK'i'  siiys  it  is  lodiu!  in 
Calitornia.  hut  Mr.  W.  II.  Kdwanls  (Ionics  its  occnncnci'  on  lliv  Pacific 
CDMst.  It  Is  coninidn  tln'(>uji"liinit  llic  •wlndc  ot'  liowcr  Canada  ( rare  at 
Montreal  accordinu'  to  Canlticld).  ('(M'ncan  r('i)orts  it  as  common  at  (iod- 
lioiit  I{.\ci'  on  tlic  lower  St.  Lawrence,  .Mi\  ('uu|icrtook  it  in  southern 
Lubrador  nnd  Anticosti,  Mr.  Kilwards  reports  it  from  Xcwt'oundland, 
Mr.  Tliaxti'r  olitaiiu'il  specimens  on  ("ape  Breton  Island,  and  specimens 
from  Nova  Scotia  are  in  the  liritish  Museum,  and  others  lunc  heen  sent 
me  l)y  Mr.  .lones  ;  compared  to  .\.  aphrodite,  however,  it  is  vci'v  I'.are  in 
tlial  pro\ince.  South  of  the  liritish  possessions  and  Itcyoiid  New  Knjiland 
it  o 'curs  in  the  Adirondacks  (Hill),  Tlie  (ilcn,  \Varren  County,  a  siniile 
>pci'iiiien  (Lintner)  and  the  Catskills,  N.  V.,  "not  uncommon  in  certain 
localilics"  (Ivlwards).  the  higher  ]iarts  of  l*cnnsyivaiiia  (Strickei  An- 
drews), Like  Superior  (  Auassi/.  Osten  Saekeii ) ,  Michiu'an  (  lvl\'. 
Minnesota  (Sciidiler),  \\'i>cimsin  "rare"  (Iloy).  Iowa  (Freiicii)  and 
lliin  lis  (  ^^'ort]lillL:■tou  )  :  and  Mr.  .Mead  c\eii  found  it  in  the  \iilleys  of  the 
IMatte  and  .Vrkansas,  Colorado,  at  an  elevation  of  7.')()U-S(ll)()  tect. 

In    New    Hnii'laiid   it  is   prol)ahly   common  almost  everywhere  north  of 

I  III  I' I  ii'iif  f*w    i,:itt-|w>i'iit    f  tf'  ii\*i  V  iiiiti  lit    ti>iiiiii>r!itiii>i>  III    .l.*\'    ti  ir  t1if>  .^tiriiwi' nil  tilt  li^- 


Minot),  Littli'ton  ( .'^anliorn)  and  rieffersoii  (Seiiddcr).  and  cm'ii  at  Sim- 
cook  "not  common"  ('riiaxter),  I)iililiii  (Faxon)  and  Milford,  N.  H. 
"very  rare"  (Whitney)  :  at  Mt.  Mansfield  "not  common"  (Merrill),  Stow 
"aiiiindant"  in  JNMl  (Miss  Sonic)  and  Lake  McmphremaLidi;'.  \{.  (Dim- 
mock)  ;  on  Mt.  Tom  and  at  .^^oiitli  Iladlcy,  Lc\erett  and  l)eerlicld  (  F. 
II.  Spran'ui' ) .  and  at  W'iiliaiiistown,  Mass.,  where  it  is  not  iineonunon 
(  Sruddcr). 

Haunts.  'I'lie  l'a\orile  re<orls  of  the  hutterlly  arc  jirassy  fields  skirtiui;- 
tlu'  moiiutaiii  >treain.-.  and  it  dill'crs  slii^htly  from  its  coiiu'i'iiers  in  prefcrriniL;- 
sunny  woodland  nooks  to  open  country.  .\s  Mr.  Fdwards  remarks;  "It 
10  i\  he  -cell  ill  eoiuiiiiM  with  artliemis  .  .  .  ali'dited  in  small  clusters  auKm"' 


"-,•>*'    '•     ••>    .-limit    1    m.-iv    I.:-   <llliw||<^ 

H'al    uF  any   (Ic.-^criptiou.      All 


tlic  d:iiii{>  le.iM-  liy  liic  roadside  or  upon  oll'al  of  any  description.  All 
tiiesc  species  arc  altr:icteil  liy  any  decayiiij^'  animal  mailer  and  a  piece  of 
meat  or  a  dead  iuid  or  snake  ha-  irresistihlc  eliarin>  for  tiicm.  ' 

Life  history.       Tiic  liuiierlly  i-<  sinjile  hrooded,  the  lar\a  hilicrnaiin^  as 


XYMI'IIAMXAK:    AHCiVXNlS   ATLANTIS. 


577 


soon  ii!<  liatc'liiHl  and  licf'ore  eating.     It  undergoes  its  later  trunsforniations 
in  the  i<[)ring,  proliahly  awakening  at  an  early  period,  as  the  larva  feeds 
upon  violets,  wiiieli  are  early  in  leaf.     In  the  White  Mountains,  the  but- 
terHy   api)ears  al)out  the  middle  or  latter  part   of  June,    but  does   not 
beeonic  couuuon  until  the  elose  of  the  month.      In  theC'atskiils,  aecording 
to  Mr.  Edwards,  the  males  api)ear  early  in  Jiuie.     It  is  the  earliest  of  the 
species  of  Argynnis  in  any  given  locality.     The  butterHy  continues  abund- 
ant until  the  middle  of  August  and  is  still  upon  the  wing  in  September. 
Kernald   is  certainly   mistaken  in  saying  that  in  Maine  it  "is  on  the  wing 
from   the  middle  of  .tune  to  the  early  part  of  July"  only.     The  eggs  are 
laid  during  the   latter   part  of  August,  when  the  numl)ers  of  the  butter- 
Hies  begin  to  diminish.     Mis.-?  Soule  sent  me  some  laid  in   .Stow,  Vt.,  on 
August  22.     Mr.  W.  II.  Kdwards  obtained  them  in  the  Catskills  August 
28-;^ I,  and   all    I    have   had   were  laid  at  about  the  same  time.     I  ha\e 
opened   old  and  worn  females  at   the  AVhite   Mountains  the   middle    ol' 
August,  and  found  the  eggs  only  partly  developed;  later,  on  August  lU, 
I  have  found  them  very  nearly  ready  to  be  laid.     The  eggs  hatch  in  a  lit- 
tle more  than  a  fortnight*  and  the  caterpillars  go  innnediately  into  winter 
(piarters.     Of  some  which   ^Nlr.  Kdwards  kejjt  over  the  winter  on  ice  and 
brought  out  again  in  AVest  Virginia,  March  21,  one  moulted  April  I.t. 
the  second  moult  was  passed  by  different  caterpillars  A})ril  2o-2it ;  after 
which   one  catcriiillar,  the  only  one  carried  to  chrysalis,  moulted  success- 
ivelv,  on   May!',  1!'  and  2'>,  and  changed  to  pupa  June  3.     The  length 
of  the  several  larval  stages,  not  counting  the  wintering  one,  was  10,  14, 
10,  (!,  and  !•  days.     The  chrysalids  attach  themselves  to  the  under  side  of 
loi's  on  the  ground  and  in  similar  i)laccs. 

Habits,  etc.  The  butterHy  is  wilder  and  more  difficult  to  capture  than 
the  allied  New  England  species,  which  it  resembles  ck)scly  in  its  Hight. 

The  male  has  a  very  percei)tible  odor  which  1  found  it  difficult  to 
determine;  it  seemed  to  me  at  Hrst  to  have  somewhat  the  fragrance  of  the 
pine  woods ;  liut  on  applying  to  INIiss  Soide,  she  at  once  said  it  was  the 
odor  of  saudal-wood,  which  exactly  describes  it.  She  added  that  speci- 
mens she  had  brought  into  her  room  at  the  mountain  hotel  made  it  seem 
close,  and  a  fri  lul  who  called  inquired  on  entering  :  "AVhy  I  do  you  liring 
your  sandal-wood  box  u^)  here?"  The  odor  is  ajjparently  equally  strong  in 
new  and  old  specimens,  and  arises  from  the  fringed  androconia  as  I  have 
found  by  careful  tests.  It  is  often  retained  for  months  after  death  by 
specimens  enclosed  in  papers. 

The  male  follows  the  female  closely,  even  long  before  (jviposition.  The 
fenuile,  when  wearied  with  Hight  from  its  pertinacious  mate,  will  rest  with 
erect  wings  motionless  upon  the  ground  ;  its  mate  immediately  takes  posi- 
tiim  beside  it,  distant  about  half  an  inch  or  an  inch  on  one  side  and  behind 

•Soino   liiM   Aiii;iisl  21-2'J  uiid  sent  to  Wt'st  \'irL'i:,i:i  liatclicil  ii  littlo  sooner.  Scploinlicr;!. 

73 


'X. 


■ii 
1 


I,  j'*V/ 


fW 


; .{ 


578 


rilK   lU'lTKUFLlES   OK    NKW     INC  LAND. 


mf 


In  -  ■ 


:■  ■■»' 


/;Uvo^  /f,^!  y^ 


/;' 


it.  Tlio  t'oiiiiile  in  moviiiii'  makes  a  i|iiifk  st;  •*  liirwanl  for  a  tew  f^tejif-, 
then  the  male  does  tlie  :^anK',  and  liere.  witii  winii's  erect,  lie  keeps  up  a 
sliiflit  (iii\erini;'  agitation  of  tiie  winii's  until  liis  consort  (h'jjarts,  wiieii  in 
an  instant  the  pursuit  is  renewed. 

Wiien  it  aliglit.s  in  tlie  road,  it  rests  with  wings  fully,  tlatly  e\()anded. 
(teddcs  states  that  he  ohscvvcd  it  in  the  mountains  of  the  Canadian  north 
west  alight  on  the  upright  trunks  tit'  trees,  head  downwanl.  An  im- 
prisoned specimen  resting  tor  the  night  on  a  \ertical  surface  took  the 
opposite  position,  with  tiie  trunk  somi'what  ol)li(pie,  the  wings  closely 
shut,  tlie  front  wings  tucked  well  l)et\\  ecu  the  hind  pair,  the  abdomen 
droojiing  between  them,  and  the  antennae,  divaricating  aixjut  ll)0%  (ui  a 
line  with  the  U])per  |ilaiie  ot'  the  thorax. 

Desiderata.  Theearly  histitry  of  this  species  is  almost  wholly  unknown, 
the  dirt'civut  stages  of  the  caterpillar  and  the  chrysalis  never  having  been 
:ide(pialcly  descrlTied.  The  flight  and  postures  of  tiie  butterfly,  though 
undoubtedly  differing  somewhat  from  those  of  the  other  species,  are 
not  fully  descril)ed  :  and  it  remains  without  explanation  \\]\\  so  long  a 
period  elapses  lietween  the  first  appearance  of'  the  imago  and  o\  i|iosition. 
For  how  long  a  tinu'  are  males  only  on  tlie  wing? 

LIST  >ir  I /./. rsruATii L\.s.—A ii'( ; y \.\ IS  at/.axtis. 


I'l.  -11. 


iiLnr,;il. 
'.     lii>lnliiiliiiii  ill  Nmtli  Aimi  ii;i. 

^'';/.'/- 

I'l.  lit.  li-. -J-J.     Col.iiv.l. 
ii7:l:!.    .Mi.To|iylc. 

(^'Iii'iiaiilis. 

l"l.  St.  tin.  li.      Siilc  VH'W. 


hil'i;/!!. 
I'l.  I,  lb.  II.     .M;ilc'.  lioih  >url'iu'c-. 

.■l;!:.'iii.    .Mull' ;ilM|(.iiiiiii;il  :i|i|»'iiiliiL'f». 

:l!t:il.    Xi'unitioii. 

Ill:  1 1.     Aiiili'iM'ciiiiiiiii. 


r.RKNTIlIS    Iirr.NKK. 


SMALLER   FRITILLARIES. 


Iliviitliislliiliii.,  Vi-iz.  Iii'k.  M'liiiirit.,  yi)(|sHiJ. 


.Vr.u'yiiiii«  (|iai'>)  And. 

Tiii>e.—  l'(i/ii/io /iic((lii  Willi.  I't;. 


I);i  JML'lc  ji'iiM'its  L'i'.Mil"  mil  liiinifii  .^Iniiiili' 
l\liiiil<l;i  .'■ii'li  mil  I'iiii'iii  Si'liiiii'ttcrliiiv'. 
Wolil  iiioclili'  ji'tzl  ''lis /arte  liiiul  iiiclit  iiioiiicn. 
.Vl-i  >i('  iliii  liiii;.  sic  I'niiL'f  zwcl  liii-  ciiini'/ 

Sciiri./.i-;.— y>(i-  hi:nnlii:H<:  J!osi;. 

Imago  (54:  1).  Iloiiil  lai'iro.  iilniiulamly  dotlicil  with  loni;.  orrot  Imii's,  fonsjcst  near 
tlic  aiitoiiP.no.  front  iiiditcniti'ly  full,  inii>t  so  in  tlio  iiiiilillc.  lint  sciu'ccly  snr|inssiiii; 
tlio  Ininl  of  tlio  cyt's,  least  full  above;  mneli  liniailer  tlitiii  liiu'li.  'mt  iiarmwiii^'  iiife- 
riorly,  just  above  the  iniiUUe  as  broad  iis  tlie  eyes;  upper  iiiarijin  projeetiiig  broadly 
between  the  eyes,  the  sides  of  the  projeetioii  ciirviiiu  around  the  antennae,  but  seareely 
descendilljj;;  lowei  border  well  roninlod.  Vertex  larire.  tniiiid,  but  not  y:i'eatly  elevated, 
Iwiee  as  broad  as  lonij,  the  po>terior  border  broadly  rounded,  anil  in  the  iniddle 
sc|uai'ely  docked,  tlu' anterior  border  deseendim;  abrnjitly.  Kyes  raiher  larw,  i|uite  full, 
naked.  .Vntennae  iii-erted  jiist  in  advance  of  the  iniddle  of  the  front,  in  rather  larire 
pits,  connected  liy  a   raiher  broad   ami  deep   tninsverse  channel,   but  separated  liy 


''^i 


NVMIMIAI.IXAK:  TlIK   (iHNl'S   liliF.N  THIS. 


579 


noarlv  tlii'  \viiUh  nftlu'  cxlrcinc  ha.sc  of  Ihr  aiili'iuKif;  a  litlli'  liniLrn'  tlian  liicalidniiicii. 
coiisNtiiiir  III'  tliii-ly-tlii'cc  1(1  tliii'ty-livo  jci'mts.  df  -wliii'li  tlic  last  tiMi  nr  dcviii  fni'iii  a 
stmiiiily  (lcpi'L'>so(l.  Iiroacl.  nvatc  t-liil).  at  least  live  times  as  hroail  as  tlie  stalk  ami  mil 
more  than  twiee  as  loiitr  as  lii'oad.  Uie  llrst  two  joints  raiiuUy  enlariiinii'.  ami  the  la^i 
live  entei'inir  into  the  (liminMtion  of  size:  extremity  broadly  ronmletl.  intemiiileil  by 
the  little  eonieal  projection  formed  liy  I  he  apical  joint;  fnrnished  beneath  with  a  median 
carina,  which  extends  far  on  the  stalk.  I'alpi  very  lonjr  and  rather  slender,  bari'ly 
twice  a.H  loni;-  a?  the  eye,  cnrvum'  slii;hlly  forward,  the  apical  joint  not  more  tliau 
one-tenth  the  lenntli  of  the  iiennltimate.  fnrnished  above  and  below,  tln'  nuddle  joint 
nearly  as  nnich  as  the  others,  witli  a  rather  thin  frbisi'  cf  forward  I'eaeliinir  hairs  of 
nearly  uniform  lenirth.all  in  a  ueneral  vertical  plane:  and  below,  exteriorly,  with  a 
a  row  of  erect,  scattered,  ion;;  and  slender  liairs.  projeetinii  laterally  a  very  little. 

rrothoraoie  l(d)es  not  lariit'.  aln:o-;t  cylindrical,  slraiyiht.  uniform,  the  ends  eiiual. 
as  loni;'  as  liiLrh.  and  four  times  as  broad  as  loni:.  I'alaiiia  very  small,  somewhat 
tnnud,  very  broad,  almost  circular,  tlie  posterior  portion  projectiuLr  a^  a  -liort.  trian- 
;:ular,  bbndly  ronmled  lobe,  the  whcde  not  lialf  so  loULt  aiiaiu  as  broad. 

/■'///■(  I'-iiiij.i  (39:7)  twice  as  lonis'  as  broad,  the  costal  uniriiin  very  slii;htly  and 
broadly  convex,  the  ii|iical  an;j:le  rounded  olf;  outer  niarijin  a  little  convex,  ireiier- 
ally  reuular.  sometimes  a  little  protuberant  about  the  h'Wer  snl)costa!  nervnle.  the 
iieueral  ilirection  of  the  border  beiny;  at  an  auirle  of  about  l."i"  with  thccosial  nmr:;in ; 
inner  border  straiijlil  or  very  sliuiitly  concave,  the  outer  anijle  rounded.  Kirst  supe- 
rior subco.stal  norvule  arisin','  shortly  before  the  apex  of  the  cell ;  the  others  at  nearly 
equal  distances  apart,  the  third  about  nudway  between  the  apex  of  the  cell  and  tiie 
oiiter  maru:in  :  second  inferior  subcostal  nervule  arising  about  ono-third  way  down  the 
cell;  the  latter  considerably  less  than  half  as  ionjr  as  the  wiuiis  and  from  two  to 
three  times  as  Ions;  as  broad.  Median  nervure  connected  with  tlie  vein  dosins;  the 
cell  liy  its  last  branch,  nearly  half  as  far  beyono  the  second  divarication  of  the  ner- 
vure as  that  is  beyond  the  first. 

Hind  wiuns  with  the  costal  border  rather  laruely  shouldered  and  well  rounded  next 
the  base,  beyond  nearly  straiiiht  or  very  slinhlly  convex;  outer  border  very  rciiu- 
l;irly  rounded  and  pretty  full,  both  ani^les  rounded  oil';  the  inner  maririn  not  very 
greatly  nor  abruptly  expanded  next  the  base,  beyoml  nearly  straight  or  slightly  con- 
vex, with  no  apical  excision  or  eniargination.  I'recostal  nervure  directed  straight 
upward,  sometimes  bent  slightly  outward  at  the  summit:  second  subcostal  nervule 
orinimitiug  at  a  little  dislanci'  ((?),or  scarcely  at  all  (?),  beyond  the  base  of  the 
first ;  cell  closed.  Last  branch  of  nu'diaii  nervure  curved  cousideralily  toward  the 
lowest  subcostal  nervnle.  lieyinid  the  cell.     No  androcoiiia. 

Fore  leus  small,  cylindrical,  fringed  witli  long  hairs  on  the  outer  side,  much  uku'c 
thinly  in  the  female  than  in  the  male:  tibiae  less  (cf )  or  mure  (  9  )  than  one-half  the 
Icnsith  of  the  hind  tibiae;  tarsi  almost  as  long  as  the  tibiae,  consisting  either  of  a  single 
joint  with  a  [iroduced  cotii('al  iipex  and  an  apical  si)nr  (i):  or  of  live  joints,  the 
length  of  the  llrst  fully  tliree-llfths  of  the  whole,  the  second,  thinl  and  fourth  diinin- 
isldny'  regularly  in  size,  the  fourth  iind  (ifth  eipial;  furnished  beneath,  at  the  apex  of 
all  the  joints  but  tlu'  last,  witli  a  pair  of  short,  slender,  minute  spines,  in  a  naked 
Held:  but  tlK're  are  no  iutermedi;ite  s|)ines.  nor  any  alons:  the  lower  pcu'lion  of  the 
.sides  of  the  basal  joint  (?)  ;  midiUe  tibiae  scarcely  shorter  than  the  hind  pair,  fur- 
ni.sliod  on  either  side  beneatli  with  a  row  of  not  very  freiiuent,  long,  and  very  slender, 
somewhat  spreading  spines,  tlie  terminal  ones  developing  into  very  loinr,  and  very 
slender,  tapering  spurs;  also  above  and  on  the  sides  with  numerous  similar  shorter 
spines  irregularly  jdaced.  Tarsi,  beneath,  with  four  nearly  eiiuidlstanl  rows  of  shcu't, 
very  slender  spines,  the  terminal  ones  of  each  joint  a  little  longer  than  theotliers: 
above,  almmliintly  sprinkled  with  numerous  very  short,  delicate  spines,  irregularly  di— 
posed,  but  apparently  with  a  tendi'ucy  to  fiuMU  longitnilimd  rows.  Claws  similLuuxi- 
orately  stout,  c(msiderably  curved,  taiiering  to  a  blunt  point:  parouyidiia  liilld.  the 
anterior  lobe  as  long  as  the  claws,  vi'i'y  slemler.  scanely  tapering.  Ilnely  pointiil. 
curviim-  but  little;  posterior  lobe  uiimite.  slender,  sliorl  ;  pulvillus  lu'oader  than  h'Wj:. 


I 


f 


t        '' 


K 


■ .  .■), 

■■-I;- 


i'  :- 


i«fc-': 


580 


rilK  BUTTKUFLIKS  OF   XKW   KNCiLAND. 


its  iinti.'rior  bm'ik'i'  ju'clicil.  I'ppi'i'  uriraii  of  mule  al)iloiiiinal  appi'iidnyics  moiliM'atfly 
stout ;  till' font  nun  not  soi;lol)oso  as  in  tlio  oilier  Ariiyiniiili,  tln'liool\  slcnilcraiul  Muall. 
scarcely  as  loinj;  as  the  ccntnini,  clollcatoly  biihl  at  the  tip.  Clasps  broad,  tapcrin;;  on 
the  apical  half,  of  varyinij  lenu;th,  the  tip  produced  to  a  slender  blade,  ivliich  is 
twisted  so  as  to  ajtpoar  di-iu'essed  ai  '  '  icr.rved  ;  upper  jirocess  very  slender,  enlarired 
a  little  (,r  spatulate  at  tlie  tip,  ami  suiiiiarallel  to  the  posterior  t)la(!c  of  the  elasp. 

Bgg.  Somewhat  conical  sn;;ai'-loaf  sliap<'il,  iiiueli  taller  than  broad,  lint  the  upper 
portion  a  little  constricted,  tiie  lower  two-tliirds  only  of  the  sides  i)^!^  iiently 
swollen,  tliickest  in  the  middle  of  tlio  lower  tliird;  tlie  summit  sipiarcly  truncate,  its 
centre  depressed,  the  base  Mat ;  furnished  witli  a  consiili'ralile  number  of  prominent, 
e(|Uidistaiit,  loimit'.idinal  ribs,  runninu;  from  the  base  to  the  summit  and  a  little  over 
it,  or  coinbininii;  with  a  neijjhbor  to  form  a  single  rib  in  the  narrowest  part  of  the 
og'4;  surface  between  the  ribs  traversed  by  delicate  transverse  raised  ridges  not  so 
distant  as  the  rilis  and  (piite  conspicuous.  Micropylo  rosette,  situated  on  a  sniil<eu 
lloor.  made  np  of  delicate  little  roundish  cells,  iucreasini;  in  size  very  little  from 
the  centre  outward. 

Caterpillar  at  b.'rth.  Head  lu'oad,  mncli  liroader  lliaii  liii;li,  well  rounded  below, 
the  sides  nearly  e(|ual  and  sliniitly  compressed,  liroadest  aliove,  the  summit  very 
broadly  rounded,  fiirnished  witii  a  few  long  curving  hairs.  Body  tapering  a  very  lit- 
tle posteriorly,  cyliudrics\  furnished  on  each  segment  erpially  with  pretty  large,  con- 
ical warts,  sometimes  arranged  in  clusters,  bearing  very  long,  tapering,  delicately 
spiculiferons  hairs,  very  minutely  expanding  at  the  tip  into  a  siiort  cup-shaped  clnl;, 
not  so  broad  as  the  liase  of  tin?  hair,  .'iiul  longitudinally  distrilinted  as  follows  on 
either  side:  a  sut)dorsal  row*  one  to  a  segment  placed  anteriorly,  a  snpralatcral 
row  inie  to  a  seginent  placed  posteriorly,  an  infralatcral  row  one  to  a  segment 
placed  in  the  centre,  and  a  snlistiginatal  row  witii  a  cluster  of  live  or  si.\  bristles 
placed  nearly  in  the  middle.  Legs  i|uitc  long  and  slender,  the  claw  very  little  curved, 
tapering,  with  a  very  sliglit  heel  at  the  interior  base.  I'rolegs  long  and  tapering  reg- 
ularly, closely  approximate  and  bearing  not  very  long,  semieircnlar.  slender  booklets, 
arranged  in  tlie  greater  part  of  a  circle,  six  in  nnnilicr  on  each  leg,  possibly  seven  on 
tlu!  iiinder. 

Mature  caterpillar.  Head  well  rounded,  rather  squarely  cnt  bciieatli.  the  iiiandi- 
bles  very  lu'otnlierant ;  ratlier  broadly  and  irregularly  ardied  above,  scarcely  depressed 
at  the  suture,  the  middle  of  tiie  sides  nearly  straight,  liroadest  at  the  upper  part  of 
the  ocelhir  Held,  eciually  broad  and  high,  scarcely  deeper  liclow  than  above;  triangle 
half  as  high  .'V'-'u  as  broad,  reaching  above  the  middle  of  the  front.  Head  c<ivered 
with  frequent,  [iretty  long,  nearly  straight,  bristly,  tapering  hairs.  Second  antennal 
joint  half  as  long  as  liro.ad,  tliinl  scarcely  more  than  half  as  broad  as  the  second, 
and  less  than  twice  as  long  as  liroad.  aiiruptly  (locked  and  furnished  with  a  long  apical 
bristle.  Ocelli  six  in  uumlier.  live  of  them  forming  a  strong  curve  whose  convexity  is 
forward  and  a  little  upward,  at  nearly  equal  distances  apart,  the  second  and  third 
counting  from  aliove.  nearest  togetlier.  tlie  others  distant  from  each  other  by  less  than 
half  their  diameter;  the  sixth  is  situated  directly  Ijehind  the  fourtli  and  as  far  from  it 
as  the  second  is  from  the  lifth;  tliethirtl,  fourth  and  lifth  are  large  and  prominent,  the 
others  inconspicuous;  labrum  rather  large,  prominent,  the  middle  of  the  front 
roundly  and  rather  deeply  excised.  Mandibles  large,  broad,  not  very  stont,  their  edge 
straight,  witli  liroaii.  s(|narish.  scarcely  separated  teeth.  Maxillary  palpi  with  the  sec- 
ond joint  fully  half  as  long  as  Ijroad.tlie  third  scarcely  more  than  half  as  broad  as  the 
second,  Init  half  as  long  again  as  broad,  the  fourth  as  long  as  liroad  and  half  as  liroail 
as  the  third.     Siiinneret  short,  stont,  taiiering. 

Body  nearly  cylindrical,  sligiitly  depressed,  ec|ual,  furnished  with  longitudinal  rows 
of  tubercles,  one  to  a  segment  in  each  row:  excepting  sometimes  an  anterior  pair, 
the  tubercles  arc  lleshy,  stout,  rather  short,  conical  elevations,  bluntly  ronndcil  at  the 
tip  and  furnished  with  a  large  number  of  not  very  long  needle  like  tl'.<riis,  diverging 


•Orubcr  says  tliere  is  a  mediodorsal  row  in  H.  niyrimi,  liut  he  i-i  iiiisiiikeii. 


Six.;. 
KM''  ■ 


^w^ii^v^^:vi^^iiK^i^w^.''i^-^.'^"^*'  ^ 


^'r'm'r!ri'vjw^':mi'^m'm^wimwmmmmnmmmi>i.-    "  -■•j    m^wKm-ium 


N-YM1M!.VI.INAK,  TlIK   (IKNTS  HItHXTliiS. 


.581 


inMi-ly  iit  riL'Ul  aii4:li'»  to  llir  tubcn'lf^  or  -liirlitly  r;\i-c'l  !ilio\c  it.  'I'lu'v  arc  arraiiiifil 
as  follows:  on  the  abdoiin'ii.  a  lat('i'o(lor>al  scrii-i  on  all  the  scunicnts.  plaoi'd  a  lililc 
ill  ailvaiico  of  tln'  iiiiildlo.  llial  on  llu"  lli--.i  si'^iiii'iit  liciiiu' nearly  Mil). lorsal ;  a  snpra- 
stiijinalal  on  all  tin'  soi,'ini'iit>  plaiu'il  anteriorly,  exceptiiiir  on  tlio  last  se;;nii'nl  wlicrc 
it  is  pcvstorior;  ami  an  iiifra^tiu'iiiatal  scries  on  all  llic  seifincnts  bnl  the  la>t.  aUo 
placed  anteriorly;  on  llic  tlioracic  seirnii'iils  a  lafcroilorsal  series  placed  in  the  mid- 
dle of  the  seu:nients.  that  of  the-  llr-t  seirinent  beim;  to  aiircatur  or  less  extent  longer 
than  any  of  the  other  spines  and  sometimes  produced  at  maturity  to  a  very  Ion;;. 
Iloshy,  e(|nal.  Icntacnlar,  heavy  tlircad,  covered  with  freipient.  short,  spinous  needle-: 
and  on  the  second  and  third  segments  a  stiirmatal  row  placed  on  the  anterior 
I'Xtremity.  Uody  covered  also  irregularly  with  nnmerons.  very  >liort.  neeiUe  like  hair-, 
arisim.'  from  very  niiimte  warts.  S, tirades  small,  oval,  half  as  lonir  ay:ain  as  broad. 
I.e^'s  rather  small.  ap|n-es>ed.  taiierinu'.  moderately  slender,  the  claws  compressed, 
slender,  small,  cnrvini:  s(mu:what.  strongly  lieclcd  at  tlie  base;  proleirs  short,  moder- 
ately stont,  taporin;;  a  little,  tin?  hooklots  twenty-live  to  thirty  in  number,  slender  and 
not  very  stronirly  cnrved,  arranued  in  a  double  row  and  -.eparnled  by  a  space  eipial  to 
two  or  threi'  times  the  diameter  of  one  of  them. 

Chrysalis.  Viewed  from  above,  the  prothorax.  head  :in  I  ocelUir  prominences  are 
I'lpial  in  width  :  the  latter  project  conically  a  little  at  the  out  ■•  corners,  sejiarated  very 
liroadly  by  the  front  of  ilie  head,  which  is  sipiarely  trimcate  or  else  very  broadly  con- 
cave ;  viewed  laterally  they  are  also  a  little  prominent,  especially  at  the  lower  corners  : 
they  arc  connected  by  an  obscure  ridge  along  the  lower  f''ont  of  the  head  and  their 
extrenie  base  is  tumid  l)clow.  laterally  and  above;  except!. ii;  for  the  tumidity  of  the 
lowi'r  surface,  the  angle  formed  liy  the  front  and  summit  of  tlie  head  is  about  70  . 
Uody  a  little  constricted  between  tlie  pi..ihor:ix  ami  nu'sothorax;  mesothorax  pretty 
strongly  arched  longitudinally,  the  aiitcri<n'  i)orti<iii  of  the  posterior  half  elevated 
to  a  pretty  high,  lonuitndiiial.  median  ridue.  its  auteri<ir  slope  shorter  than  tli.' 
posteriiM' when  tlie  curve  of  the  segment  is  left  out  of  account,  transversely  rounded 
at  suinniit,  tlio  sides  sloping  at  an  ;ingle  of  iibmit  r,i)  ,  continued  anteriorly  as  a  dull 
iMpial  median  ridge  to  the  end  of  tlie  segment;  front  of  the  body  from  the  base  of 
the  palpi  to  near  the  tip  of  the  wings  a  very  little  concave;  basal  wing  tubercle  rather 
prominent,  conical,  curved  slightly  forward,  w  ith  a  slight  ridge  tlowu  its  inferior  pos- 
terior surface;  supernumerary  tubercle  very  close  to  the  liasal  one.  separated  from  it 
by  a  rather  deep  ronmleil  aiiirnlatioii.  the  tubercle  a  compressed  longitudinal  ridge, 
well  roundeil  lonL'itndinally.  its  anterior  shorter  than  its  posterior  curve.  Wings  a 
little  protuberant  at  lip  but  with  no  tubercle:  a  laterodorsal  series  of  stout,  blnut,  con- 
ical tubercles  on  the  middle  of  the  tlioracic  and  lirstto  seventh  abilominal  segments, 
largest  and  quite  laryo  on  tliethinl  abdominal  scanient.  those  in  front  of  nearly  eipial 
size,  exceptiiw  that  on  the  mesothorax.  which  is  small,  those  of  the  fourth  abdominal 
segment  siunllest,  very  small;  beyond  increasing  in  size  regularly,  but  all  broader 
anil  lower  in  proportion  than  the  others,  at  least  on  tin'  basal  portion;  the  most 
elevated  portion  of  the  tubercles  placed  toward  their  anterior  edge,  at  least  in 
advance  of  the  fourth  alidomiiial  -eirmeiit.  .\.  pair  of  very  small,  rounded,  snprastii;- 
niatal  warts  a  little  in  adv  nice  .d"  the  middle  of  the  second  to  seventh  abdoniinal 
segments,  I'reanal  button  bounded  laterally  by  moderately  broad,  low,  e(|nal,  scarcely 
curving  walls,  each  terminating  anteriorly  in  a  blunt,  slightly  apjiressed,  nearly 
recumbent  tubercle;  cremaster  viewed  from  above  very  short,  tapering,  as  long  a.s 
Its  narrowest  breadth,  scarcely  hollowed;  on  a  side  view,  expanding  rapiilly.  espec- 
ially beneath,  as  long  as  its  greatest  breadth,  the  area  for  anal  liooklets  subtriangular, 
loniter  longitudinally  than  broad,  its  base  anterior.  Ilody  covered  very  sparsely 
with  exceedingly  delicate,  short  hairs,  iuvisibU  to  the  unassisted  eye.  liooklets  short, 
slender,  compressed,  the  stem  straight,  the  crook  considerably  enlarged,  bent  roundly 
at  right  angles,  the  pointed  apex  very  short. 

Distribution.     This  group  i,s  even  richer  in  .species  than  Argynnis,  and 
hufi  a  wilier  geographical  extension,  embracing  not  only  tlic  north  tcniper- 


r. 


Oh 


'^il 


^<\ 


082 


riiK  i!rTri:i;i'i.ii;s  oi-  m:\v  i;n(;i,.\ni) 


■*;<^ 


S>    .<,T'» 


ly. 


lilS'- 


It;';' 


■  r  i 

'T 

.'! 

'■i: 

i 

iTS- 

■'i 

'■  '1 " 

;.f 

ate  ZDiU'  al)i)\X'  LiititU'li'    i>il  .  Init  iiUd  t 


ic  I  Miiliifiioiis  aiTtic 


am 


I  Mil 


)arcti(' 


ri'iiioiis  and  even  that  |)i)itinii(it  Sdiitli  Anicrica  wlii  li  lie.-*  soiitli  ut'  Latitiidi 
.'i.V  :   i.  I'..  Iicvdiid   tlu'  limit.-*    ut'  ((iiitiiiciital  cxtciisinn  in   tlii' ( )ld  World. 


Ill  tl 


H'  iiiii'tli  ti'iiijicrati'  rcgioiLS  lew  dt'  tin-  s|K'i'it 


ri'ac'li  tliL'  fioiitluTii  limits 


allaiiicd  hy  most  of  tlic  spccii's  ol' Aruyniiis,  and  ot'tliese  tow,  a  iiumKcr 
ari'  ciiiitined  to  elevated  distriet>  :  tor  IJrentiiis  liiisi  its  eentre  ot'  devi'ioji- 
mciit  oil  tlie  iioi'ilu'i'ii  <'(iiiliiics  of'  the  ti'inperafe  zone.  .'^e\('ral  of  the 
>|iei'ies  are  siipiiosed  to  he  eonimon  to  hoth  lieniisplieres,  hut  siieh  are 
wliolly  restricted  to  the  siiharetie  or  arctic  regions.  Ajiart  from  tlie>e. 
the  L;<'niis  is  less  richly  rc|ire>enled  in  the  .New  than  in  the  Old  World. 
Three  species  only  are  found  in  eastern  Xorfh  .Vmerica  south  of  the  St. 
r.iawrence  ;  two  oeetii'  in  nearly  i'i|iial  ahiindance  throuiihoiit  New  Kiiirland. 
while  the  third  is  limiti'd  to  the  sulialpini'  rciiions  of  its  northern  moim- 
taiiio!i>  district. 
General 


lier   I 


appearanc 

size  ;   their  winji's   <'lo.-eiv   resemoic    mose    oi    .vrjiyiini 
coloration    of  the  iipiier  surface.  Iiiit  within   the    mesial 

•  .1         1  •       - II 1.1'    : 


lejow   the  niediimi 

in  the  desii;n  and 

il   l)an<l  of  the  hind 


coloration    ot    the  upper  surtace.  liiit  witlun   tlie    mesial   l)an<l  ot    the  hind 

wiii^s.  the   lia>e    is   tra\er.-ed  hy  a  net  work  of  many  irrey'iilar  markings; 

the  under  surface  of  the  latter  not  only  dillers  from  the  pattern  of  Arayn- 

nis,  Imt    aUo    shows  ureat  diversity  anionj;'  the  spi'(  ies.  as  may  he  si'i'ii  liv 

a   eompari.-on    of  those   <lescrilie(l    lielow.      The   I'rouiid   <'olor    is   reddish 
1 ,,    ., .......I  1 1 ,.1    ....■■....  t..,f  ;■ ..1..,.    i,i....i-  ,.,!,. -...i    :„....,  


ioi>. 

Life  history.  The  insect.-  of  this  ucnus.  which  ally  themselves  to  the 
.Melitaeiili  in  many  ways  and  appear  to  horrow  fri.ui  them  a  tendency  to 
letharuy  while  in  the  eater|iillar  staue.  seem  to  present  among  themselve,s 
greater  ditl'eri'iices  in  liahit  than  occur  in  any  otlier  similar  group  of  hut- 
ti'itlies,  the  central  Kuropean  species  diH'ering  eoiisideral)Iy  from  those  of 
the  I'liited  States,  though  all  the  known  species,  whether  Kuropean  or 
.\mciieaii,  winter  as  only  [)artly  grown  caterpillars.  The  Kuropean  Imt- 
terllies  are  siiigle-hrooded  in  tlu'  cooler  parts  of  their  range,  and  doiihle 
in  the  warmer,  the  second  brood  always  heing  miieh  weaker  in  nunil)er.s. 
Their  history  was  lii>t  traced,  more  than  si.xty  years  ago,  hy  a  Kreneh  nat- 
uralist, whose  statements  ha\f  since  heen  neither  verified  nor  contradicted, 

*  Two  iir  tliric  ^licc'ii's  liiivc  lircM  iilitiiiuiil  li;i\r  ln'cii  c-olli'ctiMl,  iiniiicly  lictwccii  I.;ili- 
fiMlu  the  liiuln'st   liititudc'S   at    wliiili  iii>crt.«       liiilcsl    ;ill     iiiid  S2   N. 


'■■:.   M 


.     .1    .l,i|l|lli.lJI|.iUNI 


NVMI'IIAI.INAK;    rili:  (IKNIS    DKIlNllIls. 


08;; 


Mild   as  this   liisto 


ot   jri'i'at    iiiti'i'i'st,    i'>|)i'ciiilly    III    coiiiipai'isoii    with 


ilh 


tliat    of  ttiir   New  Kii:j,laii(l   spec' 


(111  M  translation   of'  tl 


11'   onu'iiiM 


At  tl 


ic  iu'i^-iniiii 


iii'  ut'Mav,  ISln,  savs  tiiis  writer  :t 


A  fciiiali'  i'ii|ilirii>iiic  laid  I'nu-*,  wliicli,  in  ten  iirlwi'lvi-  iliiys,  ir^vi'  liirlli  to  little'  ciil- 
crpiUars  iilxiiil  Iwii  iiiilliinclrcs  liinu'.  wliirli  I  I'l'il  witli  violi'l  K>av<'^.  At'tcr  iiiiiiiltiiiu 
llirci- tiiiiis  llicy -linwt'il  >iuiiN  111' iiiu'a^iui'-s, -ln|i|>i'il   caliiiLr  ami   1im~IcihmI   lo  altarh 


llii'iiisi'lvi'>  licri'  aiid   tluTc  to  llif  >i(|c' 


if  the  vo^fl   (.•iiiitaiiiiiiu;  llu'in.     At  lir>t.  I 


llidiiiilit  tlwy -wui'L' prcliai'iiii;  rni' a   I'diirlli  inniilt.  hut   1   wa-.  «cmiii   iiii(lri;fivi'il.     'I'licir 


liciilv  cdiitractcil.  tlu'V  lircaiiu'  iiHiliniiU'- 


and  still'  as  if  ilcad. 


rt  til 


little  advaiici'd  and 


tln'V  had  not  hlckod  si'lcct  food.  a''i-()nliiiu'  to  tlioif  ta>t('.  I  did 


It   kiuAv   liiiw  to  aci'imiit    I'm'  tliis  ^tfany:<'  I'art.     I  di>tiirlii'd  tlu'iii  willi  a  rcatl]i 


i«t  of  tlii'iii  scarcclv 


a  >^iiiii  III"  lift'.     I  >ii)>liliod  tliriii  with  a  >ii|n'i'alMindaiii'i:  nf 


till  id.  I  I'Xiiiiscd  tlii'iii  til  till'  ^lui.  placed  them  in  tlic  upcii  aii'. 


Ilvi>  111'  >ix  of  thi'ii 


liiaiiiii'd  tlu'ir  po-iiioii.  liiit  pai'looii  ol'  uu  iioarislinu'iit  ;  thry  au;aiii  lii'caiiii!  ipiict  and 
I'l'U  onro  iiiiiri.'  into  a  Irtharirir  -tali'.  I  l-;r'it  thnu  niori'  tliaii  a  iMontli  in  tlii~.i'iinditloii. 
At  last.  wciU'ii'd  willi  not  seciiii;'  thi'in  roNii-i'italr.  I  threw  tlicni  out  of  tluMviiidow. 
lilainini;  the  fate  which  had  thus  depi-ived  me  of  the  opportnnity  of  followini.' the 
history  of  llii"M'  calerpillai'-.  which  up  to  \\u-.  time  I  h.-id  cared  for  with  peculiar 
all'ection. 

This  niiexpcclcd  result  h;iviim- caused  me  to  imagine  that  these  caterpillar^  would 
only  thrive  well  in  places  where  the  luaterual  iiwtiuct  freely  depo>lted  their  :;erms.  I 
made  iio  fui'tlier  iitleiupt  to  rear  them,  when  an  e\cnt  inspired  nie  with  i|nilc  dlireriaii 
ideas  and  project^. 

Three  caterpillar^  of  Am.  dia.  which  were  liorn  in  the  early  day-<  of  Seplcinlier 
is:;.-.,  concealed  t!icni-.clvcs  under  dry  leaves,  at  the  end  of  October,  in  the  same  way 
as  those  of  enplirosine  had  done.  This  -iimilar  haliit  enliulitened  me,  imiclo  ini;  sec 
my  mistake  in  abandoniuii  the  latter.  I  then  det^'rinincd  to  raise  others,  resolved  to 
await  witii  more  p.aticncc  the  natural  de-tiny  of  my  mannolic  caterpillars.  The  mis- 
take which  I  made  iu  IsP.l  was  principally  oecasioned  by  cousidcriu;;  the  time  at  which 
the  torpor  occurred.  I  did  not  then  know  any  eater|iillar  which  behaved  in  ~ncli  a 
way  at  thi'  beirinniuL'  of  ~nmnier;  liut  what  rendered  the  point  1  mention  more  iucon- 
ceivable  lo  lue  wa^  that  1  knew  very  well  thai  Ari;.  euphro>iue  w  i~  on  the  wim,'  twice 
a  year  in  our  districts — tir^l  in  May.  afterwards  In  July  and  .\ni:n- 

llow.  in  fact,  could  one  fully  nuderstaud  a  lelharu'y  overtakiiin'  animals  in  healthy 
condition,  only  half  urown.  and  which  moreover  had  tine  weather  in  which  to  acioin- 
plish  all  their  chan.iics':'  Surely.  1  was  not  nureasonaltle  in  l)elieviim  that  these  insects 
could  reach  their   full  devclopineut  ilurinu-  tlie  ^varm  weather.     What  then   had  -.o 


deceived  my  hope: 


DoiilitU 


my  wards  had  not  been  carefidiv  nursed   in  a  natural 


way;  this  wns  my  constantly  rccnrritiii  thouu:hi. 

.\s  roijards  tlie  caterpillars  of  dia.  one  could  scarcely  lie  mislaken.  1  readily  under- 
stood the  cause  of  their  retirenieiil ;  tliese  larvae,  warned  by  the  llrst  approach  of 
cold  that  they  could  not  attain  the  perfect  stale  before  the  comiiii;  sprinir,  AVere  pre- 
parini:  for  hiliernatiou  like  many  otlicr  insects  of  very  diirereiil  species.  This  was 
conlirmed  the  following' year  by  the  arousal  and  eontiiined  development  of  my  three 
caterpillars  of  dia,  .\ftcr  uoticina-  this  I  awaited  with  impatience  the  return  of  warm 
weather  to  solve  the  iinestion  al)onl  .\r:{.  eni)lirosine,  which  I  had  not  considered  for 
six  years. 

*  1  had  luit  seen  the  oriu'inal  of  this  ineinoir  caterpillars  froineL'^s  (after  10-10  days)  at  the 
until  after  the  iniblicatinn  of  "The  curious  end  of  .Iiine,  the  middle  iif  Au:,'ust  and  .-icp- 
histury    of   a  hutterHy''    (.\nier.  nat..Sept..      teinher. 

t  VainUiuer,  Oliservatiiins  snr  la  letlinr^ie 


InT'2). 


liesiiles   the   species  upon  which  Vauiluuer       pOriodlque  des  chenilles  des  papilloiis  euph 


expcrimenteil.  U.  frci.ia  is  said  lo  winter  as  a       sine   et    dia,    MOin. 
caterpillar  iO  nnn.lonir,  and  I!,  scleiie  in  an       ;>T4-378  (IS'JT). 
iumiatiire  comlitlon.  Scliilile  liavini;  olitained 


Linn.    I'aris. 


« 


A 


V 


»i 


mri 


584 


TlIK   HL'TTKHFl.IKS  oK   NKW    KNdl.AND 


m,  -^^ 


fejtl"' 

"lit" 

' 

K'r^''  t 

1*  1 

i^'t  J 

.?',' 

i 

'i-  f:; 

; 

-.    J I 

V 

%,?' 

i;    : 

r,.^ 

•  I 

;a.: 

«i' 

l- 

'I'lic '.'•Jiid  May,  1N2I1.  I  (ililaiiifd  ii  i|ii:iiililv  of  tiia^  of  the  fl)i-'rii'>.  Tin'  inw  (■■•itiT- 
|iUlars  were  like  IIiommiI'  \>\'.>.  Tliey  llvi'il  in  tlio  >aiiii>\vay.  Tlioy  all .-:  pin'il  catliin 
tdWiinl  the  cud  of  •Iiiiiu  ami  I  was  nearly  a->  iiuicli  a-toiiislu'd  at  it  as  the  ilist  tiiiio. 
Tlit'se  larvao  ri'inaiiii,'d  iinitioiilc»>  diiriin;  till-  mtmtli  of  .July  cxci'ptln^  a  few  wliicli 
iiiovi'd  al)out  as  if  si'ari'liiuir  for  soiiictlniiLf.  I  supplied  lliein  witli  fresli  aiii  tender 
li'aMs  of  wliicli  tliey  partooii  spariii^'ly. 

Tlie  Mil  August,  seviii  of  llie-.e  eaterpillar>  appeariiii:  to  mo  to  iiave  reecjxered  llie 
size  wliicli  they  had  at  the  lieiiiiiiiiiiir  cd'  lethar;.'y.  I  placed  Iheiii  apart  in  a  l)o.\  and 
l)rovided  tlicni  witli  tiieir  ordinary  food.  A  little  afterward  I  was  snre  Unit  llieir 
vital  fniietiniis  were  in  action  as  before.  'I'liey  ^rew  ratlier  qnickly,  nnmllcil  twice 
and  cnterud  tlie  clirysalis  >tate.  hecoinlni;  lintterllies  in  tlic;  course  of  the  same  niontli 
of  Auifust.  Nevertheless,  the  m-enter  unndier  of  my  cnphroslne  caterpillar^  were 
still  in  their  primitive  aestival  torpor;  tliey  continued  tlieroiu  until  the  approach  of 
sjirinu;  tills  year.  I.SL'7.  .\t  the  lime  of  the  thaw,  wiiieli  comniiMiced  the  L'flth  Kebrnarv. 
a  do/.eii  eiidi'avon'd  to  move  laimnidl\  but  partook  of  alniosl  no  noiirishnu'iit  until 
the  temperature  liecame  a  '.ittle  liiirher.  Afterwards  they  increased  in  size  ratlier 
slowly,  nioulled  twice,  ami  lliiaily  niiderweul  their  inela'.nori>lioses  lietweeii  tlie  7th 
.\prii  and  inili  .\I  ly.  Hut  llie  winter,  wliicli  was  lomj  and  severe,  althouijh  late,  killed 
two-thirds  of  tilt  caterpillar^  in  my  enl(nnolou:icai  inona;;erie. 

Tlie  a7tli  July,  l.sL'i!,  a  euplirosine  $  of  the  second  brood  furnislieil  me  a;;aiii  with  a 
ijiiantity  of  eitj^s.  The  caterjiillars  moulted  tlirce  times  and  afterwards  became  torpid 
like  their  predecessors;  only  none  of  them  revived  the  same  year.  Tliey  remained  in 
tlii>  letharuie  state  the  greater  part  of  the  winter.  Tiieir  re:iUscitation  took  place  tlnr 
2i;tli  I''ebrnary,  ls'J7.  that  i^,  at  the  -.ame  time  .as  that  of  most  of  the  lir>t  caterpillars 
of  euplirosine.  whicii  liad  reiiniimd  coiieealiMl  in  ilry  leaves  >ince  tlie  clo.>e  of  .IniU'. 
l.s'.;ii.  In  fact  these  two  batches  underwent  their  llnal  metaniorphoses  toiictlu'r  witli- 
out  showin.liany  sii:n  leadiiiir  one  tosiisiiect  tliat  s(mie  wore  born  later  than  the  otliers. 
In  closiiiii  tliese  remarks  I  will  add  that  tliis  year,  l,sL'7.  I  wislied  to  conllrin  anew  what 
1  have  said.  1  procured  new  caterpillars  of  cuplirosino  wliicli  linve  liehaved  exactly 
in  the  same  way  as  their  elders. 

It  niipoiirs  iVoiii  tliis  very  exiilicit  account  tliiit  euphrosyiu-  at  least  is 
tkitililc  l)roi)(le(l,  apjioariiig  on  the  wing  in  May  and  iigain  in  July-Aiigiist  ; 
that  l)oth  broods  hiy  eggs  very  soon  after  eclosion  ;  tliat  the  eatcrpiihirs  of 
the  second  generation  have  tittained  htilf  tiieir  size  when  winter  forces 
them  to  hihernate.  wiiiU'  those  of  the  spring  lu'ood,  wlien  Iialf-grown  (that 
is,  iit  tiie  hiiiernating  age)  fail  into  it  state  of  letiiargy  from  which  most  do 
not  recover  until  spring ;  a  few,  how  ever,  resume  eating  and  produce  the 
July  Ijiittertlies, — the  progeny  of  the  two  hroods  thus  tiniting  to  form  the 
spring  liiitterHies,  when  the  same  process  is  agtiin  repeated. 

Dotihleday  ((Jen.  tlitirn.  Lep.,  i:  172-17;}),  after  giving  an  abstract  of 
the  above  memoir,  offers  the  following  comments:  "In  England  we 
ritrely  see  the  perfect  insects  of  either  A.  selene  or  euphrosyne  in  the 
autumn.  l)ut  they  arc  more  often  met  with  on  the  continent  of  Etiro|ie. 
The  second  api)ear;inee  of  se\eral  species  of  this  genus  is  to  be  exiilained 
by  this  hal)it  of  the  larvae,  not  by  their  being  double  brooded.  It  would 
be  ciiriotis  to  know  if  the  specimens  disclosed  from  the  pupae  in  the 
atituiim  have  any  progeny,  and,  if  so,  to  letirn  their  history.  Probably  it 
will  be  found  that  the  ovaries  of  the  females  tire  imperfectly  develojicd, 
and  that  they  consequently  never  lay  any  eggs,  or  that  they  hibernate  and 
lav  tiieir  eggs  in  the  spring,  as  do  the  N'tmessiie." 


NYMl'IIAMNAK;     llli:  (IHNl  S    I'.IIKN  IlIIS. 


585 


Vet  N'miiloiUT  |il;iiiily  s,iy>^  lliiit  llic  ■^icniKl  hidiid  of  liiittcrtlir.-  I:iy,« 
I'fifjrs,  ami  I'VC'ii  jfiv('>  tlic  ilatc  ul'  ilicir  (Icpnsitiun.  with  llic  (•oniidctc  lii-- 
loiy  of  the  cati'i'iiilhirs  liatchrd  t'nuii  them. 

Ccrtiiiiily  tlu' liistiMv  (if  the  Kiirii|i(aii  liri'iilliis  is  sntHcicntly  straii;^.', 
yt'I  tiiiit  iif  om-  New  I'',iiL;laii(l  furiiis  is  cijiialiy  iciiiai  kiiidf.  Imth  in  -Nclf 
iiml  ill  its  cdiiti'Mst  with  tiiMt  lit'  the  l'liin)|>(Mii  species. 

'i"he  tiist  Mtteni|)t  tii  trace  tlie  history  uf  iiiii  iiati\i'  species  was  made 
more  than  liflceii  yeai's  ajj;o,  when  tiie  statistics  tlieii  at  my  disposal  com- 
peted me  to  siii;i;'est  a  somewhat  I'xtraordinarv  tlieory,  the  oiitlini's  ot' 
whicii,  altiioiiu'h  11(1  joiiu'er  teiialile.  iiia\  he  lieri'  sketclie(l.  Aecordiiii;'  to 
this  \  iew.  our  KutterlHo  ari'  siiiule-hr(i(i(U'(l,  aitiioiiji'h  soiic  of  them  pos- 
ses.>  three  siiecessi\c  apparitions  ot'the  perfect  form,  and  deposit  tiieir  etj^s 
twice  in  tlie  course  of  the  same  season.  This  [liienomenon  was  explained 
hy  tlie  supposition  that  then'  were  two  sets  of  individuals,  with  cycles 
of  ehanjies  as  independent  as  thoiijrii  tlie  series  were  distinct  species. 
Tiiese  two  sets  were  desin'iiated  the  M'riial  and  the  aestival  serii's,  aecord- 
iiii;' as  the  huttertlies  apjieared  in  spriiin' or  summer  ;  for  the  season  uf  tlie 
two  si'i'ies  do  not  correspdnd.  'I'he  iiistory  of  the  vernal  series  corres- 
ponds in  jiart  with  tliat  of  the  doiiliie  lirooded  species  in  Kiirope,  tlie 
second  generation  hein^-  produced  hy  uninterrupted  descent  from  the 
spriiiu:  huttertlies,  while  tlie  latter  are  derived  from  half-yrown  hii)ernatiny; 
caterpilhirs  of  the  previous  yer.r  :  the  eiriz's,  liowever,  heing  l)elie\('d  to  lie 
lU'ver  devi  loped  in  tlie  ovaries  of  the  femali'  until  many  weeks  after  her 
eclosion  (as  in  Ari:ynnis),  the  antnmnal  hrood  of  huttertlies  dies  without 
issue  and  tlierefore  counts  for  iiothinn'.  as  Doiilileday  lias  wrongly  con- 
jectured might  he  tiie  ease  with  tlie  Kuropcan  .-pi'cies.  'I'jieat'stival  scries, 
on  the  other  hand,  agrees  \\ith  .\rgymiis  almost  coni])ietely,  l)oth  in  its 
seasons  and  tlie  modes  hy  wiiieli  tliese  arc  produced,  the  lar\  ae  liiliernating 
as  soon  as  liorii.  The  more  striking  features  in  the  history  of  tiiis  group 
in  .\meriea,  would  then  he  as  follows  :  — 

1.  Two  sets  of  individuals  whose  development  is  nowhere  syiieiironoiis. 

2.  Coiise(|uent  dill'erence  hetweeii  individuals  in  tlieir  hii'iiiai  eoiiditiou 
(common  to  some  other  liiittcrfiies  ). 

o.    Slow  development  of  the  egg  (shared  with  Argynnis ) . 

4.   ('oiise(pient  longevity  of  imago  (sliared  wiili  Argynnis). 

').    Premature  liihernation  of  tlie  caterpillar. 

(i.  Aliortivi'  attempt  on  tlie  part  of  one  series  to  produce  an  autumnal 
lirood. 

Add  to  this  that  tlu>  Kuropcan  sjk.mmcs  dill'er  from  the  American  (1)  in 
the  rapid  devcloiiment  of  the  egg:  (2)  in  having  only  a  single  series  of 
individuals;  (o)  whicli  is,  properly  speaking,  douhle  hrooded  ;  hut  (4) 
whose  progeny,  through  the  lethargy  or  nreiiiatiire  hiheriiatioii  of  the 
earlier  iirood  ot'  caterjiillars,  unite  in  |irodiicing  the  spring  huttertlies. — 
and  an  extraordinary  chapter  in  tlie  history  of  iiis(>cts  wnuld  open  liefore  us. 


-.i 


•'■/''■it 


■  ■  u 


'  r. 


580 


nil.  iiu[Ti;iii-Mi:s  oi  nkw  i;N(ii.AXi). 


m  w 


Later  i»liKi'r\iiiii)iis,  liowivi r.  -Ihiw  timt  tliis  ciuiiKit  lie  tlii'  i-aso,  ami  it  is 
I'Vi'ii  ciintoinlcd  liy  Mr.  Kilwanls — iind  nii  tlic  Im^ii  nl' liis  own  cxiicriiiitiitj^ 
iiliiiic  i|iiitc  Jii.><tly — 1°.  tliat  uiir  spt'cics  arc  tripli'  l)n»)(li'(l,  muc  iinnpd  t'ul- 
luwiiij.'  aiiiitlu'r  with  pfrtuct  rcj^iilarity  ;  2%  tliat  tlic  rjij^H  art-  alway*  laid 
liy  t'fiiiali'H  t'lvsli  t'nnn  cliryMalis  ;  A',  that  tlio  cati'rpilhirs  an-  not  IcthaijiiL' 
ill  the  wanii  season  :  and  4',  never  winter  iiiiniediatelv  after  leaviiijr   tlio 


"J,  . 


l..:y 


■  .{'ft:  ■ 


Mr.  Kdwards's  oliservatioiis  were  made  almost  entiri'ly  on  H.  myrina  ; 
my  own  and  that  of  my  eorresjiondents  mostly  on  15.  iiellona  ;  iiiit  it  is 
hardly  so  |trohal)le  tliiit  the  two  species  ditt'cr  markedly  in  their  lilc  his- 
tories as  that  the  history  of  either  of  tliem  nuiy  vary  under  chan<!;cd  circum- 
stances, or  evi'ii  in  what  appear  to  he  identical  circumstances,  as  was  the 
case  with  1>.  eii|)lirosyne,  i:M(lcr  tlieeycs  of  \'aud(aicr.  For  in  contradis- 
tinction ( iiiit  not  necessarily  opposition)  to  Mr.  I'^dwards's  eonchiHions  I 
have  oliscrved  that  not  only  females  fresh  from  the  chrysalis,  liiit  those 
which  must  have  been  Hyinjj;  si'vc'al  weeks,  often  have  tlii"  cj^^'s  in  their 
lioilies  (piite  undeveloped  ;  that  caterpillars  are  often  lethar^^iic  in  the  warm 
season,  the  phenonienou  havinjf  been  observed  in  several  lots  in  two  (lifer- 
ent -iiiiimcrs  :  and  that  caterpillars  hatched  in  Scptemlier,  and  <'ven  early 
in  September.  m;iy  very  often  hibernate  directly  from  the  ejrfi'. 

My  conclusion  from  all  the  facts  now  at  hand  is  that  the  butterflies 
sliould  l)e  refj:arded  as  partially  trijile.  partially  double,  and  p(^sibly  par- 
tially sin^de  brooded.  They  tly  first  in  .May  and  .lunc,  a'  ercafter 
until  the  middle  of  Scptend)er  may  lie  found  on  the  wing  w  bit  ik, 
thoujfh  their  numbers  are  notably  reinforced  by  fresh  examples  in  the  lat- 
tir  half  of  .July  and  toward  the  end  of  Auj^ust.  No  e<fgs  are  known  to  be 
laid  i)y  the  first  brood  until  the  middle  of  .Fune,  tw(j  or  three  weeks  at 
least  after  the  ai>pcarance  of  the  brood.  .Some,  certainly,  of  the  caterpil- 
lars from  these  ejrjfs  develop  to  form  the  second  fliji;lit  of  butterflies  toward 
the  end  of  Ju.Iy  ;  perhaps  all  do,  as  no  Ictharjry  has  yet  liecn  observed  in 
the  caterpillars  of  the  sjiring  brood  ;  yet,  as  it  has  been  ol)served  in  the 
corres|tonding  brood  of  IJ.  eiiphrosyne  in  Europe,  it  is  altogether  proi)al)le 
that  we  shall  find  it  here  and  discover  that  such  lethargic  caterpillars  may 
swell  the  third  brood  of  butterflies,  or  even  the  first  brood  of  the  succeed- 
inii'  vear:  for  the  third  brood  certainlv,  and  the  first  also,  I  am  inclined  to 
think,  is  always  more  almndant  than  is  the  second.  Eggs  of  the  second 
generation  are  laid  in  the  latter  half  of  July  and  early  in  August :  they 
are  sometimes  fully  formed  on  eclosion  of  the  female  of  the  second  brood, 
and  sometimes  they  are  not ;  sometimes  they  may  be  still  undeveloped  in 
buttcrHies  which  have  evidently  flown  several  weeks ;  but  on  the  other 
hand,  Mr.  Edwaids  has  obtained  eggs  from  l)uttertlies  not  thirty-six  hours 
old.  TIk;  caterpillars  from  these  eggs  may  or  may  not  become  lethargic 
when  partly  grown,  and  the  lethargic  caterpillars  may  arouse  before  the 


m 


NVMl'IIAl.lNAi;     rilK  (iKNls  liliKNTlllS. 


581 


v\u\  of  till' ."(■ii-'on  mill  rc.'-Mmc  ffriliiiH^,  nrtlicv  iiiiiy  not.  Itiit  iiistciul  i-xti'iiil 
tlu'ir  IctliJii'jiT  In  liil)i.'rii;itii)ii,  imil  I'lilarf.'!'  tlir  «iiring  lirnoil  i)t'  lnittrrtlir.-*. 
Till'  thiiil  Ijiviiiv;  i>r  v<'''n  ttikc'f  pliU'c  tlic  lii.it  ti'ii  diivn  nf  An<'ii.-<t  ninl  in 
Si'ptt'iiil)i'r,  mill  tlii'HO  i"^'^i*  are  liiiil  partly  l)_v  tVosli  iciiiiilrH,  partly  l»y  iuittt'i- 
Hii's  of  till'  ii'i'oiiil  linioil  wliii'li  lia\i'  ln'Cii  on  tiii'  wiiiji'  until  tlifv  arc 
rajiffi'd  anil  torn  to  tlii'  last  ili'jrri'i' ;  anil,  as  in  tlii'  rase  of  llu'  sii'onil 
brooil  of  hiitti'rHii'.-*,  moiiu'  of  tlio.-c  l>i  lonj^inj;'  to  the  tliiril  hrood  ari'  in  no 
wav  iratlv  to  lav  their  I'l'trs  wlii'ii  tlirv  arc  iiorn,  the  rial's  lirini;  ili-vi'lopiil 
in  tlirir  ovarii'8  only  as  nirri'  |)iii-points.  At  tlu^  cml  of  Aiijiu,-t.  tlii'i-i'fori', 
wr  liavr  a  \i'ry  lirti-ro^i'iU'oiis  assi'inlilai^i', — i'Lrj.^s  laiil  liy  hntlcrtlirs  of  tlir 
Hci'oiiil  anil  of  till' tliiril  i)rooils  ;  caterpillars  jiist  liorii,  from  eiT^'s  of  two 
Ih'ooiIs  of  l)ntler(lies  ;  caterpillars  partly  ^rown  anil  active,  from  egj,'s  laid 
l)y  liuttcrHies  of  tin-  second  and  perliajis  of  the  first  lirood  ;  catci'pillars 
half  grown  and  dormant,  from  eirgs  laid  liy  the  Miuiie ;  chrysalids  from 
liultertlics  of  the  same  ;  and  Imttertlies  fresh  and  worn  according  as  they 
lieloiig  to  the  third  or  second  lirood.  Tlu'  caterpillars  I'roni  the  last  hatch 
of  eggs  may  feed  nntil  partly  grown  and  then  liihernate  (Mr.  Ivlwaids"s 
ol)scr\atioiis ),  or  they  may  hilieniate  at  once  on  hatching,  and  it  is  not 
iinpossihle,  from  what  I  ha\i'  seen,  to  helieve  that  they  may  winter  in  the 
'■gg  as  fully  fonni'd  caterpillars. 

These  general  remark-,  it  should  he  said,  do  not  necessarily  include  any 
other  American  species  than  \\.  hellona  and  1$.  inyrina  ;  it  is  hclievcd  that 
they  have  eipial  reference  to  hoth  of  them,  though  they  are  soinetinies 
founded  almost  cntiri'ly  on  oliservations  on  only  one  of  these  species. 

The  early  Stages.  In  our  .\nierican  species,  the  eggs,  often,  as 
already  stated,  not  laid  until  several  weeks  after  the  eclo.sion  of  the  Initter- 
Hy,  hatch  in  ahoiit  a  week.  The  caterpillars  are  lively  and  timid,  lying 
concealed  liy  day  and  feeding  hy  night,  principally  on  violets,  hnt  also  on 
Arahis,  Trifolium?  Iledysaniin,  Fragaria,  Spiraea,  .Sangiiisorha,  K'nhus, 
Primula,  Polygonum,  I'rtica  and  Anchusa,  and  [)ossil)ly  grasses. 

The  chrysalids  hang  from  seven  to  ten  days.  The  hiittertlies  are  [lar- 
tial  to  meadow  land,  wooded  fields  or  open  thickets  ;  some  species  are  con- 
fined to  muuntain  slopes  clothed  with  a  low  ami  scanty  vegetation. 
Doulileday,  comparing  them  with  the  species  of  Argynnis,  says  they  are 
insects  of  slower  and  weaker  flight,  i-areiy  rising  to  any  height,  and  nuiro 
frei[uently  returning  to  the  same  spots ;  they  may  often  lie  seen  coursing 
liackward  and  forward  along  some  marshy  Iiit  of  ground.  When  the 
hutterHies  are  at  perfect  rest,  the  wings  are  closely  sl-'!t,  the  front  pair 
concealed  as  far  as  possilile  :  when  ex|ianded,  these  .ire  lironght  well  for- 
ward.    The  antennae  usually  diverge  at  ahout  right  cngles. 

The  eggs  are  short,  .sugar-loaf  shaped,  a  little  constricted  on  the  upper 
part,  furnished  with  rihs  and  trans\erse  ridges,  as  in  .\rgynnis. 

The  holly   of  the  juvenile   larvae   is   covered   with   little  conical   warts 


•.^< 


l     " 


t-. 


H 


il^.v 


''€w 


5S8 


I'lii;  r.ri  ri;i!Ki,ii;.s  ok  ni;\v  i:n(;i,ani). 


ranircd  on  litlicr  sidt'  in  t'jur  rows,  tlircc  ulio\o  iiiid  oni'  I)('l(i\v  tlio  s|»ira- 
clcs.  I'ui'li  wart  ijivinij;  risi'  to  a  siimlc  liaii'  oi'  to  a  clii-tiT  of  vi'i'v  loiii;'. 
tapcrinu',  minutely  --pk'tilin'roiis  liairs.  cxpaniliiiu'  into  a  dclicati'.  ciij)- 
s|ia[H'd  I'lul)  at  till'  tip. 

Tlu'  l)ody  of  the  mature  larvae  is  fnriiislit'd  witii  six  loniritudiiial  i-ows 
of  simple  niamnndac.  dilferently  disposed  on  the  thoracic  and  ahdominal 
scu'nients.  each  mannnida  l)earini^'  a  stout,  fleshy,  conical,  liliuitly  tip])cd, 
aculifemus  process,  midway  in  character  hetween  the  same  appendage  in 
AruNimis  and  .Melit;iea.  The  caterpillars  are  usually  ot'  some  yrav  tint, 
marked  with  l)laekish  lateral  hlotches  or  lon>ritudinal  hiinds  :  the  spines 
sometimes  ditlcr  in  color. 

The  ehrysalids  are  less  anu'idated  than  those  of  ArLiynnis,  hut  like  them 
are  stronji'ly  constricted  in  tiie  middle:  the  dorsal  portion  of  the  third 
alidominal  scii'ment  is  considerai)ly  I'levatcd  and  surmounted  hy  the 
hiuhest  spines  :  th.e  alidomen  is  nc^arly  cylindrical,  taperinji  rapidly  onlv 
lievond  its  cig'hth  si'ii'mei;t.  'i'hey  are  dark  lirown  or  ^ray  in  lint,  varitn', 
with  darker  colors,  often  with  dull  metallic  spots. 


/•;ATr/.*>7'.s       XVIII.  —CLACTAL    UEMIShKUS:    ()('!{    OLDEST 
XEW  EXdLAXU    UrTTE RELIES. 


^,^.- 


k^ 


111 


No  |i:irk— nil  n'rm— im  iit'li'i  ihmhi  ^iiililiij    - 
No  i'iiMi|i;iiiy— no  iiiiliiliiy  — 
No  V,  arnilli.  no  rlii  rriiil'ncss,  no  liralthl'iil  i';im'. 
No  I'onil'oi'lnlilc  fill  in  nny  ininilui' — 
No  «li;ii|i',  no  ~liini'.  no  iinttri'll'rs,  no  lie  ■», 
No  l'inil>.  no  llowi'i",  no  Irnvi'.-,  no  liiri|<, 
Novfnilii'rl 

lloon. 

TllAT  a  vast  sIk'(U  of  ice  once  covered  New  Kno'land  has  hei'U  so  loim- 
known  as  to  he  e.inunou  intellectual  property.  'I'he  great  mass  of  drift 
wiiich  covers  the  eniire  face  ot'  the  couinry  is  too  consjiicuous  to  he  over- 
l(n)ked  liy  any  oliservinu'  person.  Tiiat  we  have  indications  of  a  former 
ieo  period  in  tiie  jiresent  inhahilants  ot'  the  district  is  perhaps  not  so  well 
known  hy  all.  'I'h.it  such  shoulil  he  reeoii'nized  among' the hutterHies  appears 
at  first  Iiliish  s,,rprisino- :  v(.t  aeareful  investigation  of  the  huttertly  fauna  of 
New  Kngland,  and  its  eomiiarison  w  ith  that  of  neio-h.horing  parts  of  the 
country,  show  that  the  neari'st  allies  ot  no  inconsideraolo  portion  of  our 
hntterflips  now  exist  in  the  far  north,  in  regions  where  the  summer  still 
retains  the  retarding  influence  of  the  frozen  zone,  or  they  may  l)e  found  still 
feeding  close  heside  the  existing  glaciers  of  arctic  lands.  To  nu'ntion 
only  the  most  cons|)ieuous  instances  which  we  have,  we  would  roeall  the 
two  huttertlies  referre<l  to  in  a  former  excursus,  as  now  found  exclusively 
upon  the  harren  summits  of  the  White  Mountains,  and  at  no  other  point 
in  or  near  New  Kngland. 


miS!Km.m^:yf^sf3rfii7;w?mr'ss3s:m 


(,1.A<  lAI,    UKMINKKKS. 


■  )X\) 


Tlic  iiio.«^t  strikiiiu'  t'cMtiiri'  in  tlicii'  iicriivrciici'  is  llic  tiift  tlwit  the  u'iIUT:! 
into  wliicli  tlit'sc  two  Ituttt'i-tiit-  tall  liinc  nii  iiltoLirtlici'  s|i('('iitl  iiitci'c^t  of 
i;i'(';it  siiriiiticaiicc  in  this  coiiiicciioii  :  tor  tlicy  mi'c  cxclu-ixcly  of  \(T\ 
laru'clv  iifctic,  iiml  there  ai-e  lait  three  other  siieh  yeiierii  kiiuwii  in  the 
whole  hiitteitlv  Wdrhl.  These  others  are  i'.reliia,  ot'  which  there  are  some 
exMiiiples  ill  snliaretie  America  and  in  the  Kocky  Mountain-  :  Aifriailes. 
w  inch  comes  no  in'arer  to  ns  tiian  I.ahrador.  and  is  t'oiind  au'ain  in  tln' 
hi^'h  nioiintaiiis  ol'  the  western  hail'  ol'  oiii'  continent  :  and  i'liirymus, 
which  is  less  exclii-ixclv  arctic  than  tin'  others.  lia\  iiii;'  re|iresentatives  al>o 
over  almost  the  entire  i^lolie,  e\ce|)tiiiLi'  ill  ti'o|m'al  couiitric--.  and  ot' which 
we  have  three  s|ieeies  in  New  I'liiuland.  one  of  them  siiliarctic.  (  )en,'is,  the 
i;emis  to  which  one  ot' our  Mount  \\  ashinutoii  tonus  iieloni;s.  occnrs  < ! -e- 
wliere  onlv  in  hiiih  moimlain  I'cu'ions.  anil,  with  luit  inie  or  two  cxee]itions, 
lie\(ind  t'orest  limits,  whether  toward  the  pole  or  the  zenith.  Several 
-iieeies  occair  ainoiiL;  the  inoiiiitaiiis  ot'  onr  west,  one  is  t'oinid  in  the  Al|i> 
ot' Swit/.crhind.  and  one  in  the  Himalayas.  lireiithis,  however,  the  other 
White  Mountain  u'eniis.  while  octairriiiu'  as  tar  north  as  Imttertlies  an' 
known  (two  or  three  s|)eeies  haviiiii'  heen  t'onnd  hy  the  \cry  >hores  nt'  the 
Arctic  Ocean,  in  (ireenlaiid  and  (iriniiell  I^iand).  is  represented  more 
lai'uelv  liv  species  occiirriiiL;  in  the  temperate  /.one.  and  we  ha\(^  in  New 
KiiU'land  itself  two  ot' siicli  species.  In  keeping-  with  this  distrilnition  of  ( 
these  e;t'nera,  the  \\'hite  Mountain  ( )ciici-  is  vol  only  eoidined  to  the  har- 
i-eii  summits  of  the  ranii'e.  hut  cveii.  as  we  l',a\e  tomid.  to  the  hiiiher  p;irts 
of  this  reiiion.  altlioiiuh  its  food  plan',  ('arex.  i-  found  e\erywhere  ( 
I. clow  the  forest,  '["lie  \\'hite  Mountain  Ihciitiiis.  on  the  other  hand.  ' 
raiH'lv  or  never  occurs  in  the  same  district  with.  (  )eneis.  heiiiii'  almost 
wliollv  coiilined  to  the  lower  half  of  the  harreii  region.  Its  t'ood  pl.int . 
tliotiii'h  not  known,  is  prcsiiined  to  he  \i(d('ts.  which  are  t'onnd  in  s<'aiity 
niiniliers  in  the  strictly  alpine  district,  a  siiiLi'le  specie,-  lieinn'  found  in 
fa\(iral)io  spots:  hut  they  are  sutficH  ntly  ahuiidant  in  the    suhalpine   /one. 

These  two  hutterHies.  then.  ma\   he  looked  upon    as   the    oldest   inliahi-   - 
tants  of  New  Knuland.  which  followcel  the  i\'treatin_:;   ice    sheet   in  its  pro- 
i^ress  northward,  and  whose  orctlirc;:,  ihiuiLi'ht  hy  some   to   he  c\'en  liu'ins 
of  the  same  species,  still    clinu'   to   the  holders   of  tlu'    ice   rcLiion   of  the    \ 
north.      Thcv  wvvv  the  first  of  their  trihc  to  lly  o\cr   the   harrcii    lichls   of' 
New    Knu'hnid  when  the  earliest  \erdure  iiei.;'an   to   fidlow    the  withdraw  iiii: 
ice,  and  moviiifi'  with   it  step  hy  step,  were  at  last,  -oiiu'  of  them,  lie,ii:iiilc(l 
hv  tin'  local  <rlaciei's  which  romained  in  the  White  Moiiiitain  reii'ioii  loiiy  al'ter 
the  main    ^hicial   sheet  had  left  these  iniMiiitains  far  in  its  rear,  and  until 
connection  with  the  inaiii  hody  was  (inally  cut  off.      .\s  one  of  onr  wiiters^ 
has  e.xpressed  it  :  *'  Hetiirn  hccaine  at  leuath  impossihle.     'I'licy  ailvanecil 
heliind   the  doeoiviiiji:    local    frlaciers   sti  p   hy  step,  up  the  mountain  side, 
pushed  up  from  Itelow  i)v   the  wnrni  cliiiato,  which   to   them  was  tiiicon-    ;  V*'^ 


>?<m 


Pa       '    ' 


m  ,> 


590 


TlIK   lUTTEKFLIKS   OK   NKW    i:N(il,AM> 


li 


h*  i: 


i^\ 


ti^T 


^ 


-/A 


gi'iiiitl.  until  tlicv  rciU'luMl  tlio  nioiintiiin  peak,  now  l)inv  ut"  !<n(>w  in  tlio 
fliort  siinmi'  IUto.  hiown  niiU'wist'  l)v  tiif  wind,  tlu-v  ixitionflv  ('litm'  to 

tile  rocks;  (ir  in  cli'jir  wciitlu'r.  on  weak  and  cari'fnl  winji:.  X\w\  fly  tVoni 
riowiT  of  steink'ss  nioiintain-iiink  to  l)ha'-l)L'rrv.  !<waying  from  tlu'ir  naiTow 
tenure  of  tlie  land.  Drawn  into  tlie  currents  of  air  that  sweep  tlie  moun- 
tain's side,  tliey  are  forced  downwards,  to  l)e  parched  in  the  hot  valleys 
helow.  Yet  they  maintain  theniselvce  ;  they  are  fijxhting  it  out  (-n  tiiat 
line"  ((irote). 

It  niiy  here  he  rciiiu'keil  that  hotanists  have  not  yot  <listinguished  two 
zones  of  life  ahove  the  trees  in  our  White  Mountains,  hut  only  hetween 
those  [)lants  that  an;  found  exclusively  in  that  rejifion  or  in  the  high  north, 
and  those  whleh.  while  found  there  in  jjreatest  ahundance.  are  also  found 
decidedly  out  of  it.  l>ut  my  own  casual  ohservation  of  the  coniparati\-e 
ahundance  of  certain  Howcrs  over  the  districts  I  lune  distintrnished  as 
upper  alpine  and  lower  alpine,  leads  me  to  lieliexe  that  a  careful  survey  oi' 
the  field  would  hrinir  one  to  the  same  eonelusi(Mi  as  I  have  drawn  in  the 
case  of  tlie  liuttertlies.  .\roreover,  Agassiz  noted  many  years  ago  certain 
distinctions,  as  tiie  iollowing  extract  from  his  "Lake  Superior"  show.-: 
".\ho\e  this  level  the  mountain  is  naked,  and  many  fine  plants  make  their 
appearance  which  icniind  us  of  the  Hora  of  (ireenland.  and  many  of  which 
grow  on  the  norflu'rn  shoi'es  of  Lake  Superior,  such  as  Arenaria  u'rocn- 
iandica,  \'aceiiiium  caespitosum,  uliginosiun.  etc.  The  siuuniit  of  the 
mountain,  at  the  height  of  six  thousand  two  hundred  and  eighty  feet,  pro- 
duces several  |>lants  which  I'.ave  no  representatives  south  of  Lahrador. 
Sucli  iire  .Vndromeda  [Cassiope]  hypnoides,  Saxifraga  rivularis,  Hhodo- 
dcndron  lapponiciun.  Diapensia  lapponica."  (p.  1N(1).  The  phenoua- 
mous  vegetation  of  the  whole  district  is  indeed  pretty  well  known,  hut  it 
would  he  well  to  prepare  full  catalogues  of  the  plants  found  in  evcrv  dis- 
tinct centre  of  aljiine  vegetation,  with  their  comparative  ahundance  at 
eacii  place.  Thus  in  the  innnediate  vicinity  of  Mount  Washington  we 
should  ha\c  se[)arate  comparative  lists  of  [)lants  of  the  ele\aled  plateaus, 
of  tlie  liordcrs  of  the  L;d\es  of  the  CMoiids,  the  hase  of  the  soiitherlv  cliff 
of  Mount  Mnnroe,  the  hoggy  area  ahovi'  tlie  Fall  of  the  'I'honsand 
Streams,  the  neighhorhood  of  the  snow  field  in  Tuckeniian's  Iiavine,  the 
Alpine  (Jardeii.  etc..  with  special  notes  n[ion  tlu'  heights  at  which  tliev 
are  found  as  nearly  exact  as  possihle.  The  study,  too.  of  the  other  in- 
sects of  this  region  is  just  as  instructive  as  is  that  of  the  hutterflies  or  the 
]ilanls.  Thus  among  the  moths  of  the  gt'iins  Agrotis  alone.  Mr.  (Jrote 
finds  no  less  than  three  species,  iinperita,  islandica  and  earnea,  which 
occur,  iiisidcs  on  thcsi'  lofty  summits,  only  in  Lahrador  and  in  Lapland  or 
Ii'chiiid.  while  a  cniisideraiile  nnniher  of  other  moths  and  ot'  Coleoptcra 
are  also  known,  inlialiitiuits  otherwise  only  of'  the  high  north. 

It  \vill  naturally  he  a>ked  how   it  is  possihle  that   injects,  luid   opeciallv 


^^ 


(IL.U  lAL  IIKMIXDKUS. 


591 


sui'li  (li'licate  DrjranisiiiH  as  l)iitterriiofi  can  maintain  tlieni.-:t.'lv(.'.>i  in  sui-li  a 
lilcak  and  inliDspitaliio  rcjiiun  a.'^  tlio  rinininit  of  tlic  AN'liite  Monntains, 
wlieiv  a  (Jrofnlander  would  find  it  inipossiliic  to  live  in  comfort,  inatinnicii 
as  ho  would  1)0  exposed  not  nioroly  to  tlio  cold  to  which  lu'  is  no  straiigiT, 
lint  to  the  fioroost  and  most  liitinj;-  winds,  with  an  amount  (pf  humidity 
acoompanyinji;  them  which  woidd  scorn  to  ho  almost  fatal  tooxistonco.  In 
the  case  of  our  two  buttertlies  it  is  toU'rahly  certain  that  both  of  them 
pass  the  winter  in  tiie  caterpillar  sta<ro,  concealed  in  crevices  of  rocks 
hcueatli  the  mantle  of  snow,  so  that  they  iire  free  from  thesweopiui;-  wind, 
and  ha\i'  nothint;;  hut  the  riii'ors  of  the  extremely  lonu'  and  cold  winter  to 
encounter.  For  protection  during  tlio  brief  existence  of  the  liuttcrHy  life 
itself,  there  is  a  very  plain  pi'ovision  on  the  part  of  nature  in  the  |)rotcc- 
tivo  colors  of  the  winics.  Hspecially  is  this  the  case  with  the  ( )eneis 
which,  cm  alijihtiufj-  (which  it  ordinarily  does  (ui  the  bare  gray  I'ocks) . 
invariably  t^oscs  it  wings  back  to  back  and  si'ttles  upon  one  side  as  if 
reclining,  the  point  of  the  wings  away  from  the  wind,  where  it  clings  to 
the  roughnesses  of  the  rocks,  and  is  si'ldom  blown  from  its  foothold.  In 
this  position  the  [)eculiar  gray  mottling  of  the  under  surface  of  the 
exposed  portions  of  the  wings  so  closely  resembles  the  gray  rocks  tliem- 
sohcs.  Heckod  with  miiuite  brown  and  yellow  green  liciiens,  that  it  is 
almost  impossible  to  discovoi'  one  in  its  resting  place  unless  one  has  seen 
it  alight.  The  resemblance  is  of  a  very  marked  character,  and  is  umpies- 
tionablv  a  great  moans  of  protection.  Morcoxcr  there  are  inuloubtedly 
sonu'  plnsical  peculiarities  which  it  has  gained  i'rom  its  long  life  upon 
tlie  mountains  \\hich  unfit  it  for  ri'sidence  at  a  lower  level.  Kor  as  has 
boon  seen  in  the  discussion  of  this  species,  it  cannot,  whil"  in  the  imago 
state,  bear  transportation  so  umch  as  three  thousand  feet  vi'rtically  to  the  base 
of  the  steeper  slopes,  at  least  if  this  transportation  isotfocted  in  a  rapid  man- 
ner. Indeed  their  etf'orts  at  flight  iiiuler  such  circinnstancos  .are  so  [)itia- 
blothatit  would  seem  \ery  doubtfid  if  the  butterfly  hurled  deep  down 
into  the  ravines  by  the  fierce  blasts  which  m;»y  at  times  catch  it  luiawaros 
coidtl  |)088ibly  remount  the  steep  slopi's.  'IMiat  such  cases  of  do8triiction 
UKiv  occur  with  so  feeble  winged  a  butterfly  seems  by  no  moans  impossi- 
ble, and  I  have  myself  boon  witness  to  what  was  a|)pai'ently  such  an 
instance,  when  a  butterfly  starting  at  my  approach  was  caught  by  the 
wind,  driven  along  the  odgt'  of  the  coiu;  of  ^^'ashington.  at  no  moment  in 
its  early  voyage  far  from  the  level  of  the  groiuid,  to  lie  swept  finally  high 
in  air,  and  then  hi'  precipitated  down  Tuckernwin's  Kavine,  whither  I  was 
able  to  follow  it  for  an  immense  distance  as  a  mere  dark  speck  visible 
against  the  white  cloud  behind  it,  to  finally  disapjjear  from  vision. 

With  regard  to  the  l?ronthis,  we  have  here  again  a  case  of  protective 
rcscndilancc,  though  to  a  less  extent ;  for  in  the  brilliant  red  and  ashy 
chockorcd  surface  of  the  under  wings,  soon  wlicn  the  insect  is  at  complete 


Wi-, 


"Z 
xk 


..S 


ii  4     . 


o92 


rilK   lU  TTKHrLlKS  OF  NKW    i:N(iI,.\M). 


mm 

mi 


m 


ri'st.  wc  liu\f  cuiitra-ti'd  culur-  tVi(|iU'iitl_v  to  In'  nu't  \\itli  in  tlii'  .-iili;il|iiiii' 
rt'ii'ioii  ill  tlie  liittiT  part  of  tlio  season  wlicii  frosts  liiivt'  lii'uuii  tlu'if  woi-k. 
I'liit  wlu'tiu'r  tlit'sc  [irotcciivc  rcscinlilanccs  arc  \ ciy  lu'ccssary  in  a  district 
wlicrc  so  few  iiirils  arc  found,  liawks  and  snow  hirds  hcinir  almost  tlic  only 
[persistent  inlial)itanrs,  may  pcrliMjis  he  doulited.  and  tlie  miU'kin,L;>  wliicli 
we  find  on  tliesc  insects  may  lie  only  tlieir  ancestral  inlieritani'c,  iisel'ul  on 
tlie  arctic  barren;*  where  l)irds  are  more  various  and  [)lentitid.  Tiie  llren- 
tliis  indceil  seems  really  doomed  to  destruction.  In  the  scanty  numhers 
that  one  may  find  upon  tlu'  mountain  slopes,  one  sees  tlie  sii;n  of  their 
early  departure  :  for.  in  the  many  years  that  I  have  searched  for  them 
with  s])ecial  pains.  I  ha\c  ne\er  seen  more  than  a  dozen  or  two  specimens 
in  a  sinj^le  dav.  Vet  this  is  not  at  all  true  of  ( )eneis.  and  one  hardiv 
need  to  he  anxious,  in  our  generation  at  least,  ((lueerninfj  its  persistence, 
for  the  liuttertly  is  as  ahundant  in  its  native  haunts  in  [iroper  season  as 
almo-t  any  of  tlu'  mort'  rliMireil  inhaliitants  of   lowt'r  K'vcls. 

l!ll!l.l(i(,l!.Vl'|IV. 

Sit  r-<;iy.-  liv  Mr.  A.  1!.  (ii'uli'  ill  thr  Am.  ririiii  iiutiavilM.  x  ;  l'.".i.  llic  (MiiMiliMii  (•iilciiiiii!o;;i»i, 
\  ii:  liil.;iiiil  !'->  iln,  i :  T(i.  ;i- well  ,i~  lii»  llhi-tnilcil  IS^ay  mi  Ndiiiiiilar.  Sci'  alxi  tlii'  |iii|iiM-» 
rc'frnr.l  |.>  ciii  1 1,  i:!  I.  Mini  (;i;i\'-  imii-  uii  ilir  Alpiiii'  !lura>  in  tlio  Anicrii'mi  Joiiriiiil  of  x'iriicc 
IS'iT. 


T'llih'  I'f  .v/d  <■/(■«  f./'    /;,■<  llllli.^,  hmtlll  nil   llll    I'l/ll. 

V>>rli'':il  i'ili>  Ic'-i  tliMii  twi'iil\'  ill   iiiiiiiln'r ■iiyriiiii. 

\ii-lic;il  rills  Iwi'hly  ur  iiinrc  in  imiiilTr. 

Mihli  iiniri'  lliiiM  li;ill'  llir  vci-iii:il  i-il'«  rcMc-li  llic  >iiiniiiil moil t Inns. 

.Vlii.li  li'>«  IJiiiii  li:iir  llll-  \iilir:il  ril'«  rc'Mili  tlir  ~iiiMiiiil I>i>iluiiu. 

'J'lilili   11/  s/K  rirx,  liiiniil  I'll  till   mil  ri'iU'ir  <ll  liilili. 

Bn>lli>  witli  11  sli'iiili  r  ;i|iir;il  I'nhii'L'riiiiiil,  llll'  >ii|i|iiirl-  "I  lln-  hiicriil  >|iiiiilr«  iii('iin»|iii'iiiin», 
MMi'nly  iiriijriliii.; Illy ri llll. 

Ili'i»lli's  with  .'I  (■.iii«ii|i'r:ilili-  ;i|iii;il  ciil;ii:;rliiriit.  twirr  :i>  hruMil  :i>  ii>  licik.  tin'  >\iii|i.irl>  nl   llir 

l:itrr;il  splciilr.s  n<i|  iiiinii«|iii'iiiiii«.  ;:i\  iiij  it  ;i  -ihiicwIimI  i:i,'uoil  ii|i|ii':ii!iiiii' belluiin. 

(.viiMiiiiiii«  unknown.) 

Tllf'/i     'if!</ill'IIS,l'itslillillfflr    IllOlin'l    liltll't'^hll'. 

I.:it.  riiil.ii'>!illnlicfi'l<'«of  till'  lir<l  lliiir;iiir»i','inc'nl  many  tinir«  lnn:;ii-  tliiin  the  iitliriv-.iiivriiiu. 
I,;ili  riMl'MMi!  liilii'i-rli's  ill'  ihc  tii'st  iliiii:ii-ir  M'L'incnl  srnrrrly  loll  ill  r  than  l!ii'i)tlii'|->.  ..Iiclloiin. 

(Mmitimi-  nnl^iiiiw  n.) 

'fillifr   iif  Slili'iis,  fiiisi  il  nil  till    I'hl'ilsillis, 

l.alrriiiloi'Mil  Inl'ii-rli-  nt  alulniiiiu  .■iliiiu^l  iiiiifiirnilv  (••inii-al,  iliij~.'  nf  Uir  lir»t  -I'Liiiirnt  -inallri 
1!,.  11  th'»r  ailiiilninj my r Inn. 

Lali'i'ii'liirsal  lHlirri'lr«  nf  iilHli.iinai  tmii-i  ijiinl  l.ry  himI  ilir  nii.lilir.  Iilnntly  rmiuilril  at  li|i,  tlni-i' 

of  llll'  lir>l  «i'-iilrilt  I  f  thr  sal  111'  »i/i'  a-  I  hi'  ail.ininiii'j Iiolloiiil. 

(.Miinliiili.s  iiiiKliowii.) 


!E?SS;STS¥ra!!?!<*»??SS-rfaS*;:»aE?2BBI 


NVMrilAMXAK:    I'.HKNTIIIS   MYIMNA. 


Tnhlr  III'  Kill  rii  .1.  hiini'il  nil  Oil   iiiiiniii. 


5'J3 


Mi'>ial  ami  inai'-'inal  .-nii'^  of  >im)|>  mi  iiiiilcr  siirfarr  uf  liiu<l  wiiiu'.-  Iu«lri>ii>  .-ilvcry..  .iiiyriiiit. 
Mi'-ial  ami   inar.'iiial  mtIps   (if  s\<i<\>  oil   iiiiilor  MM'tarc  nf  liiml  \viii'j:»  nfii'ii  iM'iu'liIrr  lliiiii  llic 
;,'niiiml  liiit  iipvi'i'  ilisliiii'tly  lustr'His. 
(tnjiiml  ciiloi-  of  iimliM-  >iirfai-i'  of  liimi  wind's  ciiiiiHinoii-ri'il.  Ilir  |ial>T,  iiiaruinal  in;irkiiii:> 

of  sainc  ilisliiii'tly  u  liito inoiitiiitis. 

(iroiiml  I'olor  of  ihhIi'I'  siirfarr  of  liimi  uiiii:-  rlinnli'il   with  piirplc.  tlir  iialir.  iiiai-L'inal 
iiiarkiii'.'s  uf  sainr  ulixiiic bi'llonii. 

BRENTHIS  MYRINA.— The  silver  bordered  fritillary. 


■  ■■-% 

'■k 

•'i 

1' 


fl'lic  prarl   lioi'ili'i-i'il  fritillary  ((io.-M'):  Myriiia  lnitli'rHy  (Ilarri>';  silver  lionli'ivil  fritillary 
(Si'ihlilrr);  silver  liorili-rnl  liiiiterlly  (Maynard);  lilaci   spottcil  liutlerlly  (Itoss).] 

I'lijiili'i  hiiiriiiii  Craiii..  l'a|i.  cxot.,  ii :  III.  Miiiliii'ii  iiii/n'mi  Say,  Aimr.entoiii..  iii.  pi. 

pi.  is'.i,  tiu's.  1!.  C.  (177;»l.  tO(|S'j,s:-);   lOiiloiii.  N.   Aim-r..  nl   l.cC'uiilc,  i: 

AfiJUnnis  tniiriiiK  Iliilm.,   Xer/.  si'liinctt.,  lnl-li.i,">.  p|.  4(1  (^ls,"i(l). 
;JM  (isni):  — l!oisil.-I,cC..   Lcp.   AuiOr.  si-pt..  Jlniitliis    niiir'uii    Ilorr.-Si'liaell'..    I'roilr. 

l.V)-l.'i(i.  pi.   t.'i.  ll^s.  l.ii  (is;!;));— Kirli.,  Kiiuii.  .«yst.  l.rp.,  i :  T;)  (LSI!.")) ;— ,<iiiilil..  Iliitt..  liu's.  Ii. 

lior.  aiiii'r  ,  iv  ;  -Jliil  (1S!T);— -Morr.,  Syn.   I,ep.  !),  i;il,  iy-.>  (l.ssi). 


N.  AiniT.,  l.")  (l>>ia):-l[ari-.,  Ins.  iiij.  vou'..  ."iil 
i<il.,  -.iSii-isT,  li^'.  112  (ISfii) ;— rack.,  (iiiiile  ins., 
•2.");?-25."i  (;si!8);  —  Sannil..  Can.  pnt.,  i :  "lo-oT 
(IMi!)):— Kihv..  Iliiil..  vii:  lsO-l!i."i  (ls7")) :  xiii; 
Uil-Ili;!  (lS7(i):  ix;:U  (l.si77);  I'ap.,  i;  i;i4-ltl 
(issi);— .Miilill.  Iti'p.  ins.  111.,  x:,s2  (l^>^I);_ 
<•ol|..  Il.iil.,  Kil  (18Sl):-l'Vrii.,  ISiitt.  Mr..  W- 
4:!.  Ii','.  I')  OHM) ;— Griilirr.  I'ap..  iv  :  ill,  pi.  ;!, 
liiTs.  ;U-:i."i  (is,st);— Krcmh,  liutt.  cast,  l  ■  S., 
KIl-KiU.  Ii-.  4-J(lss(l) :— Mayn.,  Untt.  X.  K. .■_'.">- 
•Jli,  pi.  4,  liu's.  •-".•,  ilia  [not  nanioil]  (18.SI)). 


.1  )■.'/.'/'""'■<  )/i,'/)'/)( )(!/(; nil ifr..liMi.  /I'itscliiift. 
.wii ;  I7!l,  pi.  S,  ligs.  ;54-;!.')  nsS4). 

Ariiniiiiis  tiii/risnii  (Juil.,  Kncyl.  niijtli.,ix  : 
iVi.  •.'(!«,  S0ti(lsl!l). 

I'lijiilin  tiii/rilii's  Ilcrlist,  N'atnrsvst.  in-, 
scliini'tt.,  ix  :  I7S-I7!».  pi.  iVi,  lii;s.  ;)-4  (17!l!S). 

Fi-nrc(l  liy  (ilovcr.  III.  N.  A.  I.c|i.,  pi. -Jii, 
lii;.  'J,  incil. 


Till'  L'anli'li  is  fra^'rant  ('M'rywlicn', 
In  its  lily-lin'_'li'«  tlir  irolil  lici'  snps. 

Anil  linltcrtlii's  llntti'r  on  uin^'li'ts  fair. 
Uonml  till'  trcimilons  nicuilow  liiittiTiiips, 

.MiNKi  rriiicK. —//'■)■( . 

Imago  (4:  ."i.  12  :  I).  Ilcail  rmsscil  with  lilack  and  fiilvons  scales  anil  tliii'kly  liesct 
with  Iniii;  liairs  fnlvnr  at  tlio  base.  Iiri>'v,.isii  yellnw-irfecn  hcydinl ;  sides  lieliitiil  the 
eyes  niiistly  pale  bnlf.  .>ides  of  naipi  while,  heyniid  tlic  niiddle  liecnniint;  irradiially 
tiniied  with  orange,  and  exccpliiii;  the  basal  third.  bociiniin!i  imn'e  anil  more  specked 
apieally  with  blackish  ;  friiiijed  beiicath  \vit!i  |iale  fiilvmis  haii'>.  abiivcvvitli  bri.Ltliter  I'ul- 
vini'-  hail's.  niiPLr'"d  with  fiiseoiis;  the  apical  joint  almost  ciitii'ely  rii.scoiis  both  above 
ami  below,  aloiiir  the  lower  outer  border  a  sprcadiiiir  f  riiiire  of  black  hairs  ;  imn'r  inncli 
like  the  outer  side,  but  eollsiilerably  olisenred  with  lonirer  blacki-li  ^cile^.  .Vnlennao 
pah  Intcons.  covered  with  white  ami  black  scales;  the  white  forms  a  broad,  eontinnoiis 
streak  on  the  inner  lower  border.  exteiidinL' iilso  over  most  of  thiit  .side  of  the  club, 
tlie  lilack  most  coiispicnoits  above,  but  always  interrnpted  at  the  bilse  of  the  joints 
with  white;  two  or  liiree  of  the  biisal  joint.s  tnfled  slightly  with  I'nivoiis  hair.s :  eliib 
velvety  black,  the  basal  joints  nuirked  with  white,  the  last  three  or  four  joints  aliove 
ami  the  whole  broad  meiiian  line  beneath,  dull  oriinire.  beneath  somewhat  infnseated. 
'roiiitne  liiteous  at  base,  beeomlil;;  siradnally  infuscated  beyond  to  a  blackish  fiiscoiis 
tint,  the  extreme  tip  liiteo-fiiscons;  papillae  (61:  ;'■'.>)  appre.>sed  faiiiform,  three  times 
as  loiiu:  as  broa  I,  loiiirer  than  half  the  width  of  the  toiiinie,  broiider  sipieally  than 
b.'isally.  the  tip  roiimled.  with  a  slender  ajiical  cnp.  from  which,  nearly  liiliim-  it. 
sprimrs  a  stout,  eonical.  blnnt-ti|iped  tllainenl.  not  h;ilf  so  Ions;  .|s  tin'  wiiltli  of  the 
papill.'i;  they  are  distant,  and  arranged  in  open  pairs. 

'I'liorax  covered  with  black  scales,  concealed  by  !ireciiisli  fnlvon>  hairs,  more  con- 

75 


'  i 


694 


THE   nUlTKUFLIKS  OF  NKW   KNCiLAND. 


IX'A 


lilt 


yh' 


m 

JO"  I 


spiciiDiisly  fiihdiis  oil  till'  top  of  the  piitau;in,  llu'  protlioriix  aii<l  tlio  tluiiks  of  ilic 
iiu'tntlinrax  ;  boiicalli  pair,  sli^jlitly  !;ri'i'iiisli,  hull",  tiii^od  with  fulvous  ucxt  llif  wiims. 
Li'Us  pall"  luteo-fulvons.  the  foro  losjs  a  littlo  bri^rlitfi'.  friniii'il  with  iialo  bnll'liairs,  on 
the  female  tleeked  bi'itoatli  with  white  ami  blaek  scales,  the  lips  of  the  tibiae  ami  tarsal 
joints  sliirhtly  iiifuscated,  the  spines  luteo-fulvous.  sli^thtly  infnseatotl.  the  spurs 
similar,  their  apical  half  fuscous;  ehiws  fiisco-castancoiis;  pub  illns  white,  with  a 
transverse  meiliaii  black  streak. 

Winy;-,  aljove  fulvous,  scarcely  at  all  bcifrimeil  with  blackish  scales  even  at  the  ex- 
treme base  of  the  wintrs;  tlie  basal  half  witli  inarkiiii;^  similar  in  position  to  tliose  of 
H.  bcllona,  but  mori'  slemler  ami  !j;enerally  l)etter  ilelined,  (Inter  Ixn'der  of/ncr  »•//(</» 
(39:  7)  rojtnlarly  rounded.  Inner  border  very  sli<;litly  concave,  Miilway  bclwei'ii  the 
mesial  stripe  ami  the  apex  of  the  win;;  a  vairue,  blackisli  fuscous,  triangular  bar 
depends  from  the  costal  border,  never  surpassing  the  peiiuUimate  subcostal  uervule ; 

there  Is  a  very  slightly  sinuous  row  of  six  roniii'.i-.l.  spots,  subparallel  to  11 uter 

bordi'r  and  of  nearly  ec|nalsi/.e:  the  outer  bonier  of  the  wing,  more  broadly  above 
than  lielovv,  is  entiri'ly  blackish,  its  interior  edge  dentate,  llie  points  in  the  interspaces, 
and  enclose.-  in  eaeli  interspace  a  small,  indistinct,  often  olisolcte,  fnlvous  spot;  fringe 
pale  fulvous,  rather  broadly  iuterrnpted  willi  blackish  at  tlu^  uervure  tips.  Costal 
border  of  Idiu'  I'-iii'js  sliirhtly  convex ;  outer  border  interincdiatc  in  fulness  between 
the  other  two  species;  inner  border  slightly  convex  beyond  the  basal  expansion.  .\t 
about  midway  between  the  mesial  strli)e  ami  the  outer  border,  or  a  little  nearer  the 
latter,  there  is  an  areuato  row  of  six,  nearly  equal,  roundish  spots;  the  outer  bonier 
and  the  fringe  as  on  the  fore  wings. 

Beneath  ;  Fun-  ifiiii/.i  pale  yellowisli  fulvous,  paler  toward  the  apex,  the  costal 
Ijorder  euliveniMl  by  a  few  yellowisli  and  silvery  scales,  the  black  markings  of  the 
l)!isal  half  of  tin"  upper  surface  repeated  more  faintly,  tlie  mesial  stripe  broken  into 
spots;  the  series  of  six  lilaek  spots  in  the  middle  of  the  outer  half  of  the  wliig  is  also 
repeated,  the  upper  three  spots  being  minute  and  inconspicuous;  there  is  a  -.ulimar- 
ginal  scries  of  delicate,  sagittate  spots,  usually  iilack.  sometimes  blackisli  <'innamo- 
neous.  distant  from  the  outer  Ixn'der  by  the  width  of  an  iutei'siiace,  seateil  upon  small, 
snblozenge-shapod.  silvery  spots,  wliicli  just  fail  of  reaching  the  border;  the  upper 
two  iire  largi'r  occupy  the  whole  widtli  of  the  interspace  in  which  they  occur  and  are 
tinged  with  bull";  a  portion  of  tlie  snl>ei>stal  area  oecnpying  the  apex  of  the  wiim,  tie- 
yond  a  point  midway  lietween  the  apex  of  the  cell  ami  that  of  the  wing,  is  generally 
surt'ns4'd  with  a  ciunamoueous  hue  wliicli  also  spreads  down  the  outer  liorder  beyond 
the  sagittati'  spots,  but  does  not  interfere  with  the  markings;  the  apical  spot  Is  bor- 
(h'red  interiorly  by  a  vague,  bull'  yellow  or  oehraceous  stripe,  and  Is  more  or  less 
varied  with  tlie  same  throughout;  fringe  as  on  upper  surface.  Hind  iriiiii:i  dark 
ciunainon  red,  the  veins  in  tlie  apical  lialf  of  tlie  wing  darker;  a  silvery  spot  lies  near 
tlie  liasc  of  tin'  costal  liorder,  at  the  tip  of  tlie  precostal  ncrvnre,  its  edge  lleckcd  with 
black  scales;  at  the  jnuctKui  of  each  of  the  principal  veins  a  pretty  larue  silvery  spot, 
tlie  middle  one  smallest,  the  lower  two  edged  exteriorly  with  lilack;  in  the  middle  of 
the  cell  a  nitlier  small,  round,  silvery  .•-pot  with  a  large,  lilack  pupil ;  a  premeslal  series 
of  large,  suliiiuadrate,  silvery  ami  small,  subtriangnlar,  oehraceous  spots,  the  latter  at 
the  extreme  base  of  the  subcostal  and  median  interspaces,  eilged  externally  with 
blackisli  einnanion  and  sometimes  enlivened  within  with  a  few  silvery  scales;  the 
former.  In  all  the  other  interspaces,  edged  interiorly  and  exteriorly  with  black;  the 
npiierniost  silvery  sjiot  is  situated  in  the  costo-subcostal  intersiiaee  and  is  seateil  uikui 
the  very  liase  of  tlie  lirst  subcostal  uervule,  both  its  inner  and  outer  border  iniargi- 
mite ;  till'  second  is  very  large,  in  the  snbcosto-median  interspace,  om^third  within,  two- 
thirds  without  tlie  cell,  both  inarLtins  niunded.  its  longest  diameter  on  the  median 
iiervrc;  the  third  is  a  little  larger  than  tlie  llrst.  and  of  a  similar  shape,  situated  in 
the  iiiedlo-submedian  interspace,  resting  upon  the  extreme  base  of  the  llrst  median 
nervnie ;  the  fourth  is  smaller,  similar,  in  the  snbmcdio-interua!  interspace,  its  exterior 
margin  on  a  line  with  the  previous;  in  the  interspace  next  the  Inner  bonh'r  is  an  oval, 
longitudinal  patch  of  silvery;  there  is  an  extra-mesial  ln'Ut  row  of  silvery  lunules, 


^tl 


>1 


f '  i' 


NYMPIIALIXAE:   ItUKNTIMS  MYRINA 


505 


Miinllcsl  ill  till'  centre  (if  the  wiiiu;  ami  iiieroasinu:  in  si/.o  in  pitlierilireetinn.  Minietinies 
lleeked  iilxive.  espeeially  in  llie  lower  lialf  of  llie  wni;;.  witli  liliul<  Males,  l.nt  liavin;r  an 
indellnito  outline;  Met  ween  tlieseaiid  the  intni-nicsial  ImnU,  the  snlieostal  and  median  ii.- 
tiTsiiaces  aiv  heavily  tinu'ed  w  itii  oclinieeons ;  there  is  a  niarjxinal  series  of  lai'ne,  rouiul- 
l^ll,  sllvei-y  sixits  sniiporlini.'  lilaek  or  <lark  cinnanionoons.  father  sl.-nder.  sau'ittati^ 
.xpots,  wliifh  are  sometimes  edjied  nixive  very  dolicately  with  nehraceons :  the  suheosto- 
mediaii  ami  iipix-r  median  interspaces  are  almost  wholly  batheil  in  odiraceoiis  from 
liuru  to  the  extra-mesial  row  of  silvery  spots;  neanM'  the  marginal  than  tlie  extra- 
mesial  row  is  an  arcuate  series  of  small,  roinul,  lilack  spots,  suliparallel  to  the  outer 
hordcr.  ol)s(,lescent  above  and  lielow;  (niter  niaru:in  narrowly  vi]i;ci\  with  lilaekish 
brown;  frinire  as  mi  upper  surface. 

Alidonien  above  blackish  fuscous,  tlie  sides  more  or  less  enlivened,  especially  at  the 
tips  of  the  sev'uients,  with  fulv(ms  si^ales,  and  at  the  tip  of  the  abdomen  with  fulvous 
liairs;  beneath  abundantly  bespriukled  tlironahont  with  fulvous  scales,  becominir 
thicker  toward  the  extremity  of  the  abdomen. 

Male  ajijiendaiies  (33:  ;!;)-;',."i)  :  upper  orifaii ;  hook  mncli  nun'c  stronyly  curved  than 
the  centrum,  generally  as  loiii:  as  it;  of  e(|nal  lireadth  throiijihout,  it  tajiers  in  depth 
l-ejiularly  to  a  iioint,  wlncli,  viewed  from  above,  is  seen  to  be  bilid,  hollowed  to  the 
dei>tli  of  the  widtli  of  the  iiook.  Clasps  less  than  half  as  hm^  ayaiu  as  broad,  as  far 
as  the  base  of  the  [losterior  process,  which  extends  fr(nii  the  upper  ani;le  as  a  very 
b'uu  and  slender,  stronjily  cnrviiii,' or  auiinlaled  hibe  lyini;  in  a  horizontal  i)lane  and 
tai>crinj,'  on  the  apical  tliird  to  a  point  which  is  directed  forward  anil  a  little  inward. 
Tlie  up|)er  process  consists  of  a  hnij;,  slender  and  spatnlate  lobe,  also  horizontal, 
but  sliiihtly  upturned  ar.d  bent  a  little  inward,  its  jiosterior  edire  minutely  denticnhite. 


M.\t.i;s. 


Me!isureiiicnt.s  in  millimetres. 
lAMiirth  of  toiiiiiie.  T.7.-i  nnn.         «iiiallo.st.  Average. 

LeiiL'tli  (if  lore  wiiiLT 17..")  '    20.5 

antennae N.T.")  ln,'.>."i 

liiiiil  liliiiic  ami  tarsi li.  v,|,-, 

fure  tiliiiicandtar.si l.T,")  |      a.'J.'i 


KM.ME.S. 


Largest..  .SiniJIest.  Avera 


21. 

10. 


•2.1.5 


l.arjre 

•<t- 

"!..■> 

IO..S.") 

•J.  5 

Described  frum  28  i  3  V  . 
Aberrations.  11.  m.  miiks.  In  the  Museum  of  Ciniiparative  Zooloiry  is  a  male  from 
Sauboniton.  N.  II.,  eollecled  by  W.  IJlaney  on  .\nitust  1."),  I.sst.  wldcli  is  a  remarkable 
instance  of  sull'usiou.  The  ;;ronnd  color  of  the  upper  surface  of  the  wiiiirs  is  normal, 
but  the  black  markings  are  Lri"atly  cin\ni:ed.  On  the/mv  iri'/i;/,s'  there  are  nomarkiiifis 
whatever  on  the  basal  half,  excepting:  the  transverse  bar  at  the  extremity  of  the  cell, 
and  the  broader  transverse  bar  in  the  middle  of  the  same,  both  of  which  are  normal. 
.Vll  other  markings,  exce|)tini:  tin;  loujjitudiual  streak  at  the  base  of  the  mcdio- 
submedian  interspace,  are  simply  su|)pi'essed  j  this  suppression  includes  the  tw(*  nar- 
rower transverse  bars  of  the  coll  and  the  whole  of  the  mesial  strijie  exce|)tinir  Us 
outermost  inembi>r.  the  bar  crossinir  the  subeosto-median  iiiteis|iace,  ;ind  this  is 
reduced  to  a  minimum.  The  black  markinjrs  of  tlie  outer  nuarter  of  the  wiim  are 
pretty  completely  run  toircther.  the  round  spots  becoiniuii  loiiir  ovals  and  meetiiiir  the 
mar^'inarmarkiiiirs,  wliile  the  fnlvous  dots  next  the  mariiin.  thonirh  not  lost,  are  sub- 
dued, i-'d  are  also  eloiiiiated  into  streaks,  especijiUy  in  the  upi>er  half  of  the  w  in;; 
On  til  /ii'iK?  fi'/iys  the  cell  is  completely  lllled  with  black,  excejitinjr  a  small,  aidcil. 
triamjnlar,  taw.iy  spot,  which  does  not  encroach  (Ui  the  nearly  ncn'inal  black  bar  elos. 
in;;  the  cell ;  the  whole  of  the  inedio-submediau  interspace,  as  far  as  the  vni\  of  tlie 
cell,  is  also,  as  normally,  blai'kish  Lrriseousi  but.  as  on  tlie  fore  wiiiLr,  there  is  nothinu 
left  of  the  mesial  strijie  cxce|itiim'.  not  its  outermost  member,  but  thai  in  the  lower 
nu'dian  interspace,  wliicli  has  here  run  biiscward  to  meet  tlu^  basal  spots,  lllliim'  nearly 
the  entire  basal  half  of  the  interspace.  .Ml  the  other  maru;iual  markinjrs  liave  com- 
pletely  overspread  the  apical  ipiarter  of  the  winir  on  its  u|ii>cr  half.  thoiiL'h  on  the 
lower  half  the  round  spots  of  the  modiau  interspaces  have  i)reser\cd  their  inlcLrrity. 
while  the  marginal  markings  are  reduced  to  a  ininiinnm. 


'fi-M 


5!)0 


rill-;  liirri'.Ki'MKs  oi'  m;\v  KNcii.AM). 


C^' 


hV 


i 


Ili'iU'iilli  till'  cli:  .!;;>•  N  vrvy  i;ri'iit.  pnrtknliirly  mi  the  Iiiml  wiiijts;  tlic  srouiid  culur 
is.  lunvcvrr,  niii'iiiiil:  oti  tlu'/./iv  ifiniiK  there  Is  a  ropelllinii  of  tlie  tmsiil  iimi'kiims  of 
the  ii|i|)iT  surface  {the  l)i>r  in  the  iiiiildle  of  the  cell  'witli  ii  fiilvmis  centre).  Imt  in 
.•ulililion  tlierc  is  a  reniniint  of  tlie  mesial  Itaml  in  the  nieilio-snlmiedian  interspnce;  tlic 
e\li'a-nie^i;\l  row  of  round  s;M,ts  anil  dot>  i»  nearly  normal,  only  wantini;  in  tin'  upper 
»nlico-.tal  inter-paces,  exceptir.;;  that  they  ari'  eiieroaihed  upon  outside  nie-ially  l>y 
ihe  striicoso  extension  of  the  normally  sultnnu'irinal  silver  spots,  which  here  am  run 
Into  lou;;itudinal  streaks  with  a  tendency  to  expand  preinarLtinally.  and  are  liordercd 
with  luill';  oil  the /(//(i'  i'-iinjs  the  suiriision  is  iinist  interest  In;;  and  complete;  all  the 
-ilM'i'y  spills  are  complctc'ly  run  toifcther  from  liase  to  margin.  Illlin^.  with  various 
widllis,  all  the  inter-paci'>  and  tlie  cell,  leavinu:  between  tlieiii  only  llie  cinnamoneous 
ijronuil,  more  or  le-s  -utt'iised  witli  hiilt'  in  tiie  liasal  two-thirds  of  ihi'  ■wiiiu;.  and  two 
independent  spots  wliieh.  not  lieiiii;  fairly  iKU'uial  to  this  surfai-e,  at  least  to  such  an 
extent,  may  lie  looked  iipcui  as  trau-fci's  from  above.  These  are  a  very  narrow,  traiis- 
vei'si'.  lilack  liar  closiuL:  the  cell  and  a  ccntnil.  trans, erse.  oval,  black  spot  in  the 
centre  of  the  cell.     Kxpaiise  of  wiiiiis.  42  mill. 

I  have  taken  two  males,  one  in  the  White  .Mounlaius,  the  other  in  Massachusetts,  in 
which  there  is  a  partial  suH'iisiiin  of  the  lilack  markinirs.  <iue  iiinsl  conspicuously  in 
llie  inidille  of  the  fore  wiULrs  above.  Ilie  otiur  mainly  in  tiie  outer  border  of  Ihe  upper 
-urfaee  of  both  \vin'j;s.  In  the  former,  nearly  the  whole  of  tlie  space  included 
lietweeii  tlie  mesial  stripe  and  tile  transverse  bar  in  the  outer  half  of  the  cell  and  the 
V— liaped  dash  lielow  it.  is  -nH'iisi'd  with  lilack:  lliere  is  a  s(piari.-h.  fulvous  spot  just 
lieyond  the  ev'reinily  of  the  cell,  iiiakiiii:  tin'  suifusion  less  eouiplete  than  is  the  paral- 
lel ease  citecl  under  15.  beliona.  and  the  under  surface  does  not  i"  rt'er  from  the  type; 
the  oilier  liorder  of  the  fore  wiiiiis  is  also  partially  siill'used  ;  br-  this  is  more  distinct 
in  the  other  iiistami'  ineiitioued.  whore  tlie  outer  border  of  liolli  wiii.i;s  has  the  interior 
limit-  ob-ciired  by  a  beirriiiiiiii;  of  mingled  fulvous  and  bla"k  scales,  iucreasinj;  its 
apparent  widih.  and  in  which  tlie  fulvous  spots,  usually  .nclDsed  williin  tiie  black 
margin,  are  obsolete;  on  the  fore  wiiujslhe  upper  niiiud  spots  in  the  nciitliboriiii; 
-erics  !ire  concealed  in  the  suHnsioii. 

Secondary  sexual  distiuctious.  'I'liere  are  no  androcciiia.  lint  a  sil^rlit  dill'ereiiee 
lietweeii  tile  si'.xes  appi'ars  in  the  point  of  oriirin  of  the  second  subcostal  nervure  of  the 
hind  winirs. 

Egg  (64  I  '2s).  Si.xtcen  or  seventeen  proinineiit.  loimiludiiial  ribs,  nearly  all  reach- 
iinj;  tile  summit,  .mis,")  inin.  in  thickness.  .(i;i2  iniii.  in  liei;;lit.  ami  in  the  middle  of  the 
ei;;;  .  IL' mill,  ajiart  :  llie  space  between  them  is  hollowed  with  a  re;:ular.  ccjiial  curve, 
broken  up  by  erti-s  lines  .iit  mm.  apart :  the  lloor  of  tiie  cells  thus  formed  is  profusely 
covered  w  itli  iiiiinile.  shallow,  oval  pnucture-.  avcraiiiiiii  .oiit2  iniii.  in  leiij;th.  .Micro- 
pyle  rosette  (67  ;  isj  A'M'i  mm.  in  dianicler.  composed  of  a  numiicr  of  irregular  round- 
ish or  angular  cells,  of  nearly  nniforni  -i/v.  tlie  lari;e-t  .ii".'."i  mm.  in  diameter.  Colorof 
egg  pale.dnll.  sliirlitly  olivaceous  yellow.  Iloiiiht.  .!i.!  mm. :  greatest  breadth,  .mi  nun. ; 
breadth  at  siiininit,  .27  iiini. 

Caterpillar.  J'imt  sfoi/c  (.72  :  2).  Head  (79  :  7)  shining  lilackisli  olivac(!ous  iirowii, 
the  -iiture  of  the  triangli'  marked  by  a  delica'e  lilack  line,  covered  with  infrec|ueiit,  long, 
ciirviiiii.  yellowi-li  lirow  n  hair-  :  oielli  black  in  a  black  Held  :  month  parts  and  antennae 
luteous.  the  jaws  reddish  .at  tip.  liody  |iale.  dull,  nearly  uniform  olivaceous,  a  little 
darker  or  brownisli  in  the  middle  of  the  sei{ineiits  (but  all  turning  green  after  the 
animal  has  eaten),  ilotted  profusely  with  excessively  iniiiute,  circular  pnnctiilatioiis, 
wliieh  clo  not  cover  the  warts ;  warts  of  the  color  of  the  part  on  which  they  are  seated, 
tipp'^d  with  black ;  the  hairs  are  dull  brownish  in  color,  those  of  the  sides  straight, 
those  of  the  upper  -uri'ace  curved  forwards  on  the  anterior  end  of  the  body  as  far  as 
the  -eventli  alidouiinal  segment;  on  this  and  tiie  succeeding  they  curve  backward;  the 
liarb-  of  the  liair-  are  distant  from  each  other  on  tin'  same  side  by  usually  about  twice 
the  width  of  the  liair.  and  those  of  oppo-ile  sides  are  emitted  nearly  opposite  to  each 
otlier.  I<egs  ^rccnisli.  fuscous  at  the  tip;  prologs  greenish.  Total  length,  2  iiiiii. ; 
breadth  of  body,  .41  mm. ;  breadth  of  liead,  .;)«  nun. ;  length  of  liairs  on  lieati,  .22  mm. ; 
length  of  hairs  on  body.  .:!."i  mm. 


iV'i 


XYMl'IlAI.INAi;:    ISlJKN'rillS   .MYKINA. 


5'.t7 


,SV  <■(,„(' .s7i(;/i .  Mend  l)l:iiU  or  Macki-li  (•!i'!:iii''iin-i,  ■•iiiihi,I..  ■.hiiiiiiu,  will)  :i  I'l'W  loiii: 
lilnck  iiiiil  |i!il('  liiiir<;  ocelli  black;  iiKiiilli  iiart>  iliirk  liilcoiw.  Iloily  inarkciUvllli  pah' 
aijil  ilai'kci'  irrccii.  Ilic  darker  lirccii  oci'iiiivin^t  and  siirroinidiiiLt  nH  Hic  elevation-,  tic- 
pair  ;;reeii  most  eoiisiilciiou-  in  a  liroad  dorsal  hanil.  lnterrii|ited  by  ii  darker  dor-al 
-|Mii  and  a  pairof  similar  siibdor-al  spot-  at  ibe  po>terior  exireniity  of  encli  se4;ment ; 
tlie  paU'r  spots  are  also  found  conNpicnou-ly  in  a  lateral  band  on  alternati!  scijmenl-. 
and  also  bi-low  the  snpra*tiy:nialal  row  of  spines;  !iil)ereies  lilaeki>li  ^n'cii.  >e;iled 
on  ii  dark  ^reen  eleviilion.  ilsneeille-  bl;ick.  tln'  liileroilor-al  om'-  i>r  the  ilr-l  llioriicie 
-eiiinent  not  noticealily  loiiirer  llian  tln'  oilier-  l.eifs  irreenish.  ni;irked  rvicrioriy 
with  fnscons;  proleir^  dii-ky  ^reen.  lipped  with  pcllneid.     I.eiiiilli.  I  mm. 

Tliieit  nliK/i-  (79  :  s;.  Head  dark  metallic  itrecii.  witli  a  few  •.e;iltered  blacV'sh  hair-. 
IJody  of  the  same  general  color  a-  in  the  -ecoiid  -l;i'_'e.  lint  L're;ltiy  mottled  Avilii  dldl 
lirownish  litti'ous  and  very  palu  purplish,  tlie  loniier  more  coii-pienon-  in  -pot-  on  tlie 
-idi's  of  the  Ixidy  between  tlie  laterodorsal  and  -npr:i-limnal;il  row-  of  tubercle-:  the 
lalerodorsal  tubercles  of  tlm  ilr-t  tlioracie  -eitment  li:ive  'leeome  twice  a-  hmu  as  any 
cd'  tin'otiier-.  Spiracles  li|acki-ii  fnscon-.  with  ;i  wliitisli  liot  in  the  centre.  Le::- 
lilaek.  I.eimtli.  11  mm.;  lireadlii  <d' liody. '.' mm.  ;  !en;rth  of  anterior  spine,  I.2.")  mm.  ; 
iireadlli  of  head,  about  ..s  mm 

F'liii-tli  slicjf.  'I'he  iti'iieral  colors  remain  the  -:ime.  botii  for  liead  and  liody.  a- in 
tlie  previon- slaire.  lint  iill  1  he  Inln'rcles  exceplin;i  tiie  loiit;  one-  of  tin'  lir-l  thoracic 
-e^meiit  iiiivi'  become  pale  liiteons — tliii-e  cd'  the  thoracic  -eunients  a  little  liri;;hlev 
llian  the  others — -with  blackish  iietMlles.  'I'lie  lon^  tnliercles  are  iiale  Inleons  at  base, 
the  remainder  l)l;ic'ki-ii  fn-cous;  the  Inteon-  portion  is  thickened,  tiu'  dn-ky  part  -leii- 
<lerbnt  tliicki'iii'd  sliLdilly  near  the  tip,  tlie  needle-  black. 

I.'inl  Miiijr  (.75  :  2.  :I;  79  :  ;•  i.  In  color-  the  in-i'cl  ri'inain-  tlie  -anie.  l)n!  the  tiibercle- 
(86:sl)  having;  attained  their  fnl!  developiin>nt.  tlio-e  of  the  laterodor-iil  row  on  the 
llr-l  thoracic  setrmeiit  are  slrikiiiu;ly  dill'erent  from  the  other-,  belli::  fnlly  four  times 
as  lon^.  ill  shape  much  as  in  the  iirevioii-  -taLte.  alxnit  us  Inrm'  at  tip  as  at  base,  cylin- 
drical or  perhaps  a  little  appressed  in  the  miildh'  half,  the  apex  bimilly  rounded,  the 
neeiile-  iiliout  as  fre<|neiit  and  as  hum:  as  on  tlie  -liorter  tubercles,  ami  directed  upward 
at  an  ;iin:le  of  about  !,">  with  tlie  tubercle,  Leiiiith  of  body,  l.'iinm.;  breadlli.  :l  nun.  : 
ieiiLrth  of  anterior  -pines,  2..");  leiitrtli  of  oilier  spines.  .7."i  mm. 

I'lie  laterodor-al  tubercle- of  tlie  lirsi  thoriicic  seirmont  Jire  lli'-t  noticealily  loniter 
llian  those  of  11.  bcUomi  in  tlie  thini  -laire.  more  iioliceable  from  the  f;ict  that  on  the 
other  ■ioirineiils  tlie  tiiliercle-  of  liie  same  row  iirc  relatively  -li<irter  than  in  it< 
coiij:eiu'r. 

Chryaalis  (84:  I'-'-l  I),  llciid.  tiionix  ami  apiieiidajje-.  brownish  liilooiis.  the  ed;;e- 
of  the  win^-  a  little  lieclo'iiled  witli  fn-coii-.  thi;  centre  daslied  with  blacki-h.  tin- 
tiliiiie  lipped  Willi  black  i-ii.  the  ;iiiteiiiiae  imirked  with  pale ;  biick  of  I  he  thorax  occa- 

-ionally  iiifuscated  ami  tiie  front  a  little  -Ireaked  witli  fns i-.     Ucell;ir  proiniiii'ticc- 

separated  by  a  narrower  space  llian  in  liciloiiji.  their  inner  -nrfacos  brownish  and 
united  by  a  narrow  browni-li  band,  iiuteriorly  edired  witli  p.ale.  .\bdoiiicii  lihickish 
fuscous,  streaked  huntitiuiinally.  ;iiid  on  the  posterior  border  of  the  se^rments  in 
circlets,  with  dull  brow  ni-li  Inleoii-;  a  series  of  infii-cated  dorsal  -pots  of  browiii-li 
Inteon-.  lu'findpuinii  fnim  the  anterior  to  the  po-tcrior  ediic-  of  tlie  segments;  lali'rn- 
dorsal  tubercles  almost  uniformly  conical;  those  of  the  lirsI  abdoininal  segment 
smaller  than  those  on  the  ad.ioiiiinn  -eainents;  tlio-e  of  the  thoracic  and  first  and  sec- 
ond abilominal  semneiil-  irli-teniiiu;  throni;hiiul  like  mcilher-of-pearl ;  the  others  yel- 
lowi-li  brown,  minntely  lipped  Willi  bh,  >,  connected  with  the  middle  of  the  anterior 
i-{\\H-  of  the  se;:iiieut  by  an  indisliuct  piile  bliii-h  rhlLte.  Spira<le-  dull  inteous.  lips 
infuscated;  creinasler  dull  reddi-h.  Leuuth-  12  nun.;  breadth  at  ocellar  iironiiiiences. 
'i.ii.'i  mm. :  breadth  at  ba^al  winy  pvominencos.  \  mm. ;  bi'eailth  at  fourth  abdominal 
souinent,  :!..">  mm.;  lii'iiiht  at  lliorax,  ;!.il  mm.;  height  at  third  abdominal  seiimciil. 
4.2."i  mm. 

Qeographical  distribution  (22  : 1).     This  hiittciHy  is  witUly  spread 


ii^m 


■t\si 


f.^ 


f.fS'. 


Hfi? 


508 


TiiK  isriTKuri.iKs  or  ni:\v  kxci^an'm. 


W.  h 


mr  i' 


iiMTtlu-  Nurtli  .Viiicriciiii  ('(intiiicnt.  wliorc  ciifit  of  the  Missi.-.sipiii  it  occii- 
pii's  most  (if  the  Allciiliiiniiin  and  ('iniiKlian  t'aiiiiiis.  It  is  tiniinl  as  far 
east  as  Cape  IJrrtuii  (Tliaxtcr)  and  NOva  Scntia.  wlicrc  it  is  one  ot'  tin- 
('oiiniKincst  liiittci'tlius  (.luiu's)  :  it  is  aliiiiulant  almij;  the  Atlantic  slope  as 
far  soutli  as  .Maryland  (I'ldi'r).  and  lias  hccn  taken  in  the  Calawlia  \'al- 
ley,  N.  Car.  ( lican,  teste  I'lder).  though  it  does  imt  oecuron  the  Kanawha, 
W.  \'a.  (Kdwards).  It  oeenrs  in  northern  hnt  not  in  southern  Illinois  * 
W'l'stward  it  has  hi'en  •onnd  as  far  as  Ileloit.  Wise.  (Chanilierlain,  Kirt- 
land).  Iowa,  where  it  iloc.-;  not  seem  to  he  very  common,  thongh  wide- 
spread (Parker.  I'ntnam.  Osliorn)  and  cNcn  Montana  (Hdwards)  and 
the  Middle  Park  of  Colorado  (Mead),  lioisdnval  an<l  on  his  testimony, 
W .  II.  Kdwards  and  ."^cndder,  all  record  it  from  California,  l)ut  no  donht 
erroneonsly  ;  Henry  I'Mwards  says  it  does  not  occur  either  in  ('alifornia  or 
()reL;'on,  lint  Strecker  ui\cs  it  tVom  the  '•  southern  part  of  IJritish  Colnm- 
liia."  In  the  north  it  is  apparently  found  all  over  the  settled  parts  of  Can- 
ada proper,  extendinii'  also  to  liotli  shores  of  the  lower  .'^t.  Linvrc'nce 
(DTrlmn,  (iodliont),  lo  Martin's  Falls  ( Hrit.  Mns.),  Hudson  P>ay 
(W'lir),  to  Saidt  St.  .Marie.  Lake  Superior  (nethiino),  and  Nepiiidn 
on  its  ncM'th  shore  (Fletcher).  Strangely,  it  has  not  lieen  reported  at  all 
t'rom  the  great  lake  region  ot'  Ih'itish  .\merica,  north  of  .")()',  where  one 
would  e.xpect  to  tind  it  from  its  prcsen<'e  in  liritish  Colnmliia.  hut  it  nuist 
he  found  then'  as  it  occurs  at  Fort  Fdmonton  on  tin-  .Saskatchewan 
(deddes),  and  \arying  a  little  from  the  ty]ie,  iliundantly  e\en  at  Sitka, 
Alaska. 

It  is  fmnd  in  neaily  c(pial  almndanee  throughout  New  Kngland. 

Oviposition.  The  eggs  arc  laid  upon  the  upper  surface  of  violet  leaves 
us  well  as  on  the  stems,  and  in  frecilom  1  have  seen  them  laid  on  sh'iider 
blades  of  grass  in  the  neighhorhood  of  violets.  They  hatch  in  si.x  or 
fevon  days,  though  tln'y  sometimes  take  longer.  .Sonic  laid  at  Xcpigon, 
Luke  Supei'ior,  licfore  -Inly  11,  hatched  in  Massachusetts,  wlii're  they 
were  lirought  on  the  1  Ith,  lictween  duly  21  and  2.'),  hut  I  have  not  known 
them  to  lie  (K'laye(l  so  long  when  laid  with  us  excejitiiig  late  in  the  season 
wlu'ii  ii  fortnight  is  sometimes  rcipiired.  I  have  recci\'cil  living  specimens 
of  the  eggs  from  .Messrs.  C.  I'^.  Ilaiidin,  P.  S.  Sprague,  C.  P.  A\'liitney 
and  ( '.  K.    lOniery. 

Food  and  habits  of  caterpillar.  The  caterpillar  seems  to  feed 
iiidi.-criiiiiiiai'ely  upon  all  wild  or  eulti\uted  \'iolaceae.  .\t  eclosion  it 
eats  its  way  out  ot'  the  upper  half  of  tlu'  shell  lint  seldom  devours  the 
rest.  I»v  <lay  it  lies  concealeil  upon  a  violet  stalk  or  the  under  surface 
of  a  leaf,   feedin.':  onlv  liv  niuht.      AVlien   voiini;'   it  eats   in   little  iiatches 


•  S;iy  rc'in:ii'k>  lli;it  it  ii.riir~  ii-  far  -niilli  i»h 
Klnriil:i.  Iml  tlii«  N  ii  rtainly  imt  true  ItuN- 
■  liival  aUo  >lalr>  ilial  i>  liiiniM  in  •'MHiif  iilllii' 
.\iililli'«"  aii'l  l.in-a-  riTunl-  it  (vmn  (  iil.a.  Iml 


(iiiMillai-li  lia>  nut  I'diuhI  it  in  the  lattt-r  i>laMil, 
aiiil  its  iii-cMMi'i'  ill  any  (if  tlio  Antillo  i-  in 
tile  iiiuiic.-l  (lc:;H'i'  iinpi'iilialilc. 


NY.MI'IIAI.INAK:    m!i:Mlll>    MVItlNA 


Oit'.t 


n* 


I 


till'  piii'fiu'liynia  nt'  tlic  ii|i|>i'r  siiiliicc  ul'  tlic  Icmm-  :  iit  a  later  |nrio(l  it 
Ititi'K  htilfs  cntiri'ly  tlinniirli  tlicin.  It  nioxcs  \(iy  >|u\\ly  at  first  Imt  .^uuii 
liariir.  to  wander  almiit  witli  ;;reat  ajiility  ;  it  |irM(liii'e.'<  little  «ilk,  tlnp|>|)iiiji' 
c|ni('kl\ ,  wlieii  (lisliirlicil.  witlumt  s|)iiininL;'  a  thread. 

Life  history,  'riiii*  mseei  pusses  tlie  winter  as  a  eaier|>illar,  sonietinio 
just  t'riini  the  e^jr,  sometimes  when  lialt'-uiowii.  As  a  result  of  this  dit- 
t'ereneo  in  age,  the  first  l)rood  of  Imttertlies  strajij;les  un  in  the  siain^' 
instoiid  of  liur.stinu:  upon  us  in  swarms  as  is  the  ease  with  some  other 
species.  The  liuttertly  usually  appears  toward  the  end  of  May,  or  eonsid- 
eraiilv  later  than  its  eonjrener  l>.  Iiellona,  hut  apjiears  to  \ary  somewhat 
with  the  latitude,  and  espt'cially  with  tiie  year.  The  earlii'st  record  I  ha\e 
of  its  appearance  is  on  the  Idtli  of  May  at  .Mliany  (Lintiier),  wlu're  it  is 
then  e\en  reported  as  ahundant.  I  ha\c  myself  seen  it  at  the  same  plaei' 
on  the  17th.  It  is  re[)ortcd  from  i»«  far  north  as  Ottawa  on  the  '2'2il,  while 
the  first  specimens  seen  in  their  respective  localities  w  ere  found  in  other 
vcars  .It  New  Haven  ami  Boston  on  the  21th,  aliout  Boston  on  the  27th. 
■JSth  and  .lOth  :  in  two  separate  yi'ars  Mi'.  Siuniders  first  found  it  at 
London,  on  the  4th  of  finiie.  (iosse  notes  its  first  appearance  in  Coiiip- 
toii  as  late  as  ,Inne  HI,  an<l  Professor  Ilandin  foimd  it  in  one  year  for  the 
first  time  on  the  12th  of  .Iiim'  at  Waterville,  Miiinc.  Its  usual  ajipearanee 
ahout  r>oston  is  in  the  early  part  of  thi'  last  week  in  .May  and  it  lieeomes 
alinndant  earlv  in  .lune,  and  Hies  until  the  ni'xt  hrood  of  ImtterHics  has 
nnide  its  appeanince.  Fresh  specimens  continue  to  emerj^e  from  the  chry- 
sali-^  thronuhout  June,  and  in  such  northern  rci;ions  as  the  \\'hite  .Monn- 
taiiis  and  in  Maine  early  in  -Inly.  The  cji;i;s  are  laid  thronjrhont  the  hr-t 
half  of -Inne  and  dnrir.i;'  .Inly,  the  eai'liest  records  heinii'  .Inne  l.'t  at  Boston. 
1(1  at  London.  ( )ntario,  ami  2(»  at  the  Catskills.  The  ejrg's  hatch  in  six 
or  seven  davs  thoiiji'h  somi'timcs  dehn  cd  tor  nine  oi  e\en  ten  days.  The 
caterpillars  feed  for  a  month,  and  a  new  hrood  of  hutterHies  appears  in  the 
latter  part  of  ,Iuly,  rarely  heforc  the  lilth  or  2<ttli  (exccjitinu'  in  southern 
localities  like  Nantucket,  where  occasionally  they  appear  as  early  even  as 
the  3d  of  the  month,  thus  com|tletely  overlappina-  in  time  tiie  later  indi- 
viduals of  the  hrood.  a  couple  ot' hundred  miles  to  the  north ),  and  hecomcs 
ahundant  at  the  end  of  the  month,  contimiinj:-  to  emeri^e  from  the  chrysa- 
lis thronjihout  a  part  of  Aujiust,  and  lieiiiii'  found  upon  the  winj;-  in  ."^ep- 
tcinhcr,  when  the  Initterfiies  of  the  third  hroixl  have  made  their  appearance  : 
thus  repeatinj;'  the  phenomena  of  the  second  hrood.  The  ciffis  of  this 
brood,  1"  iii;4  often  laid  inunediately  upon  eclosion  of  the  hutterfiy,  may 
be  found  throujrhout  the  latter  half  of  July  and  the  early  part  of  Anjrnst, 
and  bein"'  also  I'ound  undeveloped  in  some  until  the  l)UtterHy  has  Hown  for 
some  time,  are  also  laid  thron<j;hnut  the  latter  half  ot'  Anjrnst  and  in  .Sep- 
tember. Whether  any  or  many  of  the  cater|)illars  hcronie  letliari;ic  when 
half-<'rown  is  not  known  :   none  have  been  observed  bv  Mr.  Kdwards  in  his 


2 


.  y. 

N' 

'.   /•■ 

«(-; 

i;iM) 


TiiK  iiirn:iin.ii:s  or  s\:\\  knw.i.and 


'•'MM, 


i  . 


m 


?a  i 


I,  <  u. 


I'('|>i':lt('il  ('\|ii'l'ilili'lit-  ll|Mi|i  till-  liiillci'lh  ill  till'  ('Mt^l\ill>.  Mini  I  li;i\r  lull  :i 
^iiiu'lt'  iii'hiiii'f.  Ill'  wliicli  I  aiii  imi  .juiic  |)ip-iti\r,  ui  mv  ow  ii  i'\|H'riiiH-iils, 
wliii'ji  li:i\t'  Im'i'Ii  niMin  I'l'wi'r  ii|iiiii  this  Nntti  illy  iIimii  ii|ii>ii  lu'lliiiiii.  'IMic 
cirL'-s  III'  ilii.s  liniod  liiitcli  ill  tViiiii  li\c  In  ci^i'lit,  ;;»'m'riilly  x'mii,  iI;i\>. 
Tiic  clii-ysiilis  liiiiiLis  t'riiiii  M\(ii  Ici  flcM'ii  il;iy.-»,  iinil  llic  liiitlci'liic.-  nt'  tlic 
tliinl  liriMiil  m;iy  lie  t'liiiinl  iliiriiiL;-  Sc|iti'iiilKM'.  fiii'fly  or  ncciisioiiiilly  ;it  tlic 
cxlivnic  I'litl  i*\'  AiiuiiHt.  Al  this  si'iismi  alsn  thiTi'  i.s  less  (lilKiciicc  in 
time  iK'twfi'ii  liiittcrtlics  (pT  the  iiiuiIutm  iiiid  .siuithcni  locMlitiis.  K'^iis 
lit'  this  liroml  mii'  liiid  llinniLiliiiiit  Scptriiihcr  iiiid  t;d\i'  I'l'iiiii  i  ii^lit  to 
t'oiirtccii  (hiy-  in  JintchinL;' :  the  I'lirlicsl  ciiti  r|ii!l;irs,  iiccdrdiiii;'  tn  Mi'.  Kd- 
\\:ifds"s  uhscr\,itiiins.  i'ced  iiinil  [liirtly  ii'fnun.  and  al'li'i'  the  sccdikI  nioiill 
|i:iss  iiiiii  liilicniiitiitn  :  sdinc  Uc|pt  hy  inc  It'd  until  ( )ctiilicf  l>i.  win  n  tiny 
wi'iT  pnt  inti>  :i  cliamln'r  « itii  a  l(iii|Mratiirc  nf  .'>.")- Id  I'ni-  tii<'  winter,  and 
wnv  tniiiid  dead  ill  the  spring';  tlif  lalci-lnpfn  calcriiillars,  as  I  |,im' 
ii'iscrvfd  nil  .scM'ral  (ircasiiiiis.  hilicniatc  at  uncc  alter  de\iiiirin[>  their  eiii;- 

-hrlls.   rel'll-ini,''  all  nther   iiHid. 

In  all  tli<'  essential  t'eatiires  of  the  history  tiieii,  the  life  of  this  Imlteitly 
i-  parallel   to   what    we   siiall  liiid  in  1!.  helluna,  exeeptini;' that  thetiini   <>f 

apparition  ot' the  dill'ereiit  lir N  is  a  little  hiter  than  in  li.  Iielloiia  and  no 

letharjxy  nf  tiie  eatcipillar  ha-  lieeii  certainly  oliser\cd.  The  paral!eli«iii 
of  the  two  eases  is  such  that  it  eaii  hardly  lie  doiihled  that  it  exists  Imt  has 
not  yet  lieeii  di'tecti'd.  In  some  ot'  the  second  hrood  I  have  once  or  twice 
seen  what  I  thought  to  he  si^'iis  ot'  it.  imt  accident  provontcd  confirma- 
tion. 

Habits,  flight  and  postures.  The  hnttertly  freipicnts  low.  moist 
iiuadows  and  ro.idsidcs  iii  their  \icinity  ;  it  is  t'oiid  of  settliiiii  upon  tiow- 
ei-s  and  "especially  on  Syni.fcnesia.""  says  Mr.  (iosse.  adding,  "it  is  niinier- 
oMs  in  till'  antimin  on  those  flowers  of  the  thistle  which  have  not  yet 
ripened,  frisking  to  and  fro.  opening  and  shutting  its  tes.sidlated  wings  to 
the  sun"  (('an.  nat..  :i!MP.  Lintncr  mentions  mint  hlossoms.  ,ind  . loins 
whilc-weeil  as  t'a\orites.  !  llits  la/.iiy  and  aimlessly  ahoiit.  two  or  three 
t'eet  alpove  the  ground,  first  making  a  few  slight  flutters,  then  sailing  a  sin. it 
distance,  and  again  resuming  the  motion  of  the  wings. 

^\'hcn  at  rest,  tlic  wings  are  tightly  closed,  with  all  the  I'ostal  edges 
couliiiuoiis.  the  anal  angle  ot'  llir  hind  wing  touciiing  tiie  surface  ot'  rt'st. 
The  antennae  curve  a  xcry  little  downward  near  the  hase,  Imt  heyoiid  are 
iiearlv  on  a  line  with  the  pl.iue  of'  the  liody,  drooping  a  little  ;  viewt'd 
t'roni  alio\f  ihey  are  very  slinhily  siimoiis  and  di\'ergc  at  an  angle  ol'alionf 
Idii  .  .Vl  more  pi'rfect  rest,  tlic  antennae  are  hent  outward  near  the  hase 
and  are  otherwise  straight,  diverging  at  an  angle  of  ahoiit  l'.\')\  their  tips 
heing  ahont  1'.'  mm.  apart.  When  walking,  the  antennae  diverge  only  at 
iiLdit  angles. 

Desiderata  As  the  same  (piesiioiis  tire  raised  \vith  this  species  and 
15.  hcllona.  liic  stntleiit  is  referred  to  tiiat  species  for  desiderata. 


iy  t- 


\tV\    1 


.;i:  1 


NVMI'IIAMNAi;      I11;|;MIIIs   MoMINrs. 


r.oi 


/./>/■  "/■■  //,/.r.s77.'.iy7".\,s,-/;A7..\77//.s   .1/) /.7V.1 

Hi  III  fill.  < 'hi-ii.iiilis. 

I'l.  ■J-.',  II,'.  1.     I>i-liil.iilinii  III  Ni.iil,  Ainirl.;i.  I'l.-"!.  II.'.  l>.    Siilr  \li«. 

/■;,/./,  I.'i.    SMf  \\f\\  III  oiiiliiii . 

I'l.  III.  II.'.  ■>.    rialn.  II'     Doi'Mil  vli'W  liioiillliii'. 

fiT:  |M.    .Miri-ii|i)lc.  /»),/</-,. 

Cull  riiilhir.  I'l.  1,  Wit,  fi.     iMiiiiiicliiilli  -III  liiiT'.. 

ri.  TJ.  lb.  -i.    (  iilci'iiilliir  111  l.irlli,  12:  4.    Iti'lli  MiiMiicr,. 

T.'i:  -J. ;'..    .Miiliiri'  r:iliT|iill;ir.  '•"•'''■  :l;i-."."i.     Mill"  iil"l'iiiiiniil  ii|i|.ciiil;|..'c». 

7l':7-!l.     Kn>iil  \li-\\- (lflll•:l.l.^lll•.:l■.  1,111, \.  •"''•':  T.     Ni'iiniljc.ii. 

^11: -^l.     iHTIiril  a|i|irlii|;i'.;c-,  ,«l;i'.;i' X .  dl :  :ili.     !':i|i|ll:i  hIIoii-iic'. 

BRENTHIS  MONTINUS.— The  dappled  fritillary 

I  riir  ihijuilcil  fi'llilliii->  (SciitMcri :  ri'il  nioimiiiiii  l.iilliTlly  (M:ivii:iii|),] 

Ariiijiiiiis  iiii.iiliiiiin   .SciiiM..  Host.  JiiiliMi.  liiill.. 'J.'i(l>>T'J):  Itrp.  i-'ci'l.  \.  II..  I :  ;ri|..Vi.  |,|. 

mil.  liM.,\il:  iljr,-;!0.  pi.  It.    liu'.    !    (JMi:!):  A.  II'-'.  1  (I>71). 

— KiTiii'li.  Hull,  rii-l,    r.   s..  |(;;1-1II4  (l^^ii);  Ariiimnh     vlmricln'    mr.     '..    iiinnliuii,, 

— .M:ivii..  null.   N.   i:..   'Jtl.   pi.  1.  11,'-.  ;ii',  oOii  .•^Ifci^k.,!  nt.  Am.  iniiiTi'lrp..  lIU  i1n>). 

(issd).  Kiuurid  liv  (ilovir,  III,  N.  A.  I.fp,,  pi.  ;Js, 

llri  iill'h  //("/(/(Hii.s  •ic'inll,,  S)-l.  iTN.  Am.  IL'-.  I.'I.  l'<':,  iiiril. 

\Vli:il  iiiiiiv  IVIjrjiii.  I'liii  full  1(1  cniiiurc 
'I'liiii  111  ciijiiy  .IrlL'lil  Willi  llliiTlii-. 

.Villi  In  l.r  'Lm-il  111  :ill  lllc  \Vi)l-kc.<  nf  .Villlll'c. 
'I'll  r;ii.:iir  in  III'  :iii'i'  I'l'imi  III'  r.ir  h  Id  liiulii'«l  -kir, 
'I'll  IVril  III!  Ilii\vri'«  Mllil  Wri'ils  111'  ::l,iriiiu«  IVtillll'r, 
'I'll  lllki'  w  lllll  ivrr  lllilli;  iliitll  plca-1'  lllc  rir!- 
Wliii  I'c-I-  iiiil  pica-c'il  Willi  .-lirli  liaiipilii-. 
Well  H(il-lll\  lie  111  la«lr  nl  w  |-cli'llci|lli-. 

.^i'i:\»i:ii.— .i/"//./i.i/),)o,<. 


Imago  (5.  II).  Head  covi'i'i'il  willi  I'lilMi-uliMUTou-  lunl  yi'llii\vi>li  Imir-..  iIk' 
lalti'i'  ('-.pi'i'iiilly  ariiuiul  tlio  iiiUiiiniu'  niul  licliimi  llu'  ryis.  I'lilpi  lioiiciitli.  externally. 
\vliiti>li  ImlV  fitiiii  liasc  to  the  tip;  >iiU~  dl'  llie  llr.-t  ami  lia-^al  tliint  of  Hie  miiUlle 
>L'i;iiit'lit  Avliite.  lieyuiul  reiUli^li  fiilvnii>.  -peekeil  ivilli  blaek ;  oiitlie  iii--iile  pale  lleekeil 
heavily  with  lihick:  frinsieil  liea\  ily  mi  the  inner  -lile  beneath  wltli  Ihiil;  fnlvmi-  haii~ 
ami  li^'litly  mi  the  hiwer  portion  of  the  >iiles  with  lonir  lilaek  hair-;  tip  of  palpi  I'eij- 
Ui-li  fiilvmi-i.  with  a  liiri;e  adinixtuiv  of  lilaek  liairs.  .Viileniiae  dull  liiteo-riihini-. 
heavily  tieeked  with  wliiti>  lieiiealli.  over  the  whole  -iirface  of  the  ha>n\  ten  or  iwehe 
joint ■<;  Ueymid  that  heavily  at  tlie  lia.-ccif  eiieli  joint,  narrowinu:  to  a  point  at  the  tip.  t lie 
other  parts  lioiliy  eovered  with  the  velvety  blaek  scab'- wliieh  oeeiipy  the  whole  of  the 
upper  >iirfiR'c  c.\ueptiii;r  the  base:  tlio  white  seale>  infringe  but  little  upon  the  ba-i-  of 
the  dull,  which  Is  wholly  velvety  lilaek.  excepting'  tli  ■  terminal  three  ov  four  joints, 
which,  above  almost  ns  niuch  as  lielow.  are  rather  briirht  luteo-fulvon-.  'rmi^riie 
hiteiius  at  base,  blackish  fu-emis  beyond. 

'I'liorax  eovered  with  fiilvo-iilivacemis  hairs,  liriiihte-t  on  the  lu'othorax  ami  iniiidle 
of  the  patairia  ;  beiioalh  fiihons.  ininv;led,  es|iecially  on  the  inetathorax.  with  oeliraeeo- 
olivaceons  hairs.  I.eirs  luleo-fiilvmis.  the  sides  below  marked  with  black,  the  tarsi  n 
little  iiifiiscatcil,  the  foro  leirs  covcrod  with  fulvous  hairs  and  a  few  of  a  lilaek  color 
Interminiflcd  :  femora  of  otlier  leys  tlie  same,  but  beneath,  like  the  under  surface  of  the 
tiliiae.  onlivoiied  with  wliitisli  scalps.  Spines  liiteo-fiilvous,  sometimes  dusky;  spur- 
lutoous,  souictimes  fulvous  at  tip;  daws  dull  liUeous;  pulvillus^  blackish  fuscmi-. 

\Viiii;s  aliovc  deep  oraniro  fulvous,  witli  black  nerviin  s  and  markings,  outii 
lionler  of  .r'ni'i'  ii-iiiiis  pretty  rcirnlarly  rounded ;  inner  border  straight.  Hasal  ludf  fif 
the  costal  and  inner  borders,  lower  half  of  tlie  cell  and  the  mcdio-sul)median  inter- 

76 


602 


TIIK  HUTTKKFLIKS  OF  XKW   KX(;LAXL). 


t.^'f 

f ' 

*fi', 

¥ 

'^V 

1 

% 

J 

) 

M 

t 

t 

Iff 'J 

f 

1 

->v 

** 

- 

tS>i 


■  •■* 


i;^ 


>l 


space  hciieiitli  it,  homily  bej;i'iiiUMl.  I'spociiilly  lU'xt  tlio  Ijiiso.  Willi  blatkish  -.call's,  and 
covered  to  some  extent  with  loni;  Dlivace.j-fulvous  hairs;  just  within  the  middle  is  a 
slender,  transverse  streak  which  does  not  reach  either  ni'rvure  and  is  ^'reatly  oliscnri'il 
liy  tlie  hoiiriinina  of  the  base;  just  lieyond  the  niiildle  of  the  cell  there  is  abroad. 
>traiij;lit.  transverse  '')ar.  which  dues  not  reach  the  median  ncrvnre  and  which 
sometimes  contains  a  slender  fulv<n\s  streak;  between  this  and  tlic  extremity  is  a 
[iretty  broad,  sinnale  bar  crossin;;  the  cell,  and  tin-  extremity  is  marked  liy  a  similar 
»traiij;lil  l)ar ;  a  V-shaped  spot,  its  anisic  outward,  crosses  the  mi'dio-submcdian  inter- 
space, its  upper  limb  terminatiui;  at  the  llrst  divarication  of  the  median  nervtirt.  .\ 
rather  narrow,  interrupted.  /.iiX/.HiX.  mesial  band  consists  of  live  straight  dashes ;  the  lirst 
-tarts  from  the  upper  subcostal  uervnle  at  three-rlfths  the  distance  from  the  base  of 
the  wing  and  crosses  the  subcostal  interspaces  in  a  direction  jit  r't;ht  anj;les  to  the 
upper  sul)costal  iMTvule.  and  is  s<imetimcs  connected  with  the  costal  iiervure  above 
by  a  small  spot;  the  second  crosses  the  snbcosto-mcilian  interspace  in  the  same 
directi<m  but  removed  outward  from  llie  rirst  by  fully  its  own  w  idtli :  the  third  crosses 
Ihe  upper  snbmcilian  interspace.  >lill  in  the  >ame  direction.  Iiut  ri'nioved  inward 
frmn  tlie  second  i)y  double  its  ovn  width;  the  fourth,  with  its  inner  Ijorder  scarcely 
renioveil  from  the  second  divarication  of  the  median  nervnre.  crosses  the  lower 
median  inter-paee  at  riu;ht  anitles  to  the  nerviires;  the  llfth  <-rosses  the  medio-snb- 
median  interspace  in  the  same  direction,  removed  outward  from  the  fourth  by  Its  own 
width.  About  one-third  llie  distance  between  the  upper  pan  of  the  nu'dian  stripe  and 
tlie  apex  is  a  rather  l>roail  trianirulrir  dn-ky  patch,  dci)cudinu  from  llu' co-tal  liorder. 
cxlcndinit  jn-t  over  the  penultinniti'  sul)i'ostal  ni'rvule  ;  lu'vond  the  ndddle  of  tlic  outer 
lialf  of  the  winir.  removed  from  the  outer  border  by  aliout  doulile  thewicitli  if  an 
inlerspacf.  i-  a  -.liuiilly  -innous  series  of  six  roundish  spots,  slightly  trnmaie  ex- 
teriorly, the  lower  t.irei'  a  little  the  larwr.  the  lowermost  slightly  approaching  the 
outer  border;  there  is  a  submariiinal  row  of  triamiular  spots,  their  outer  edaes  about 
Hiree-c|uarters  of  an  interspai-e  from  the  niaiu'in,  enclosiuu'  between  thcnisclvi's  ami 
the  black-bordered  outer  mariiiu.  a  -cries  of  transverse,  somcliuics  continuous,  fidvous 
-treaks,  lariicr  and  more  conspicuous  l)elow  than  above;  frinni'  nnnixlcd  yi-llowisli 
white  and  fulvous,  inlerrnpted  broailly.  sometimes  \cry  liroadly,  witli  bliickl-h  at  the 
ncrvuri'  tips.  Co-tal  mari.'iu  of  liiinl  I'-imjs  very  -li^litly  concavi'  in  Ihe  ndddle;  outer 
border  well  roimded.  mori' uniformly  curved  than  in  the  other  species ;  Inner  nuiriiiii 
more  broadly  expanded  uearthe  base  than  in  the  other  species,  a  little  excised  before  the 
extremity.  The  ba-al  half  of  the  winu:.  as  far  as  the  mesial  stripe  (exceptintr  the  base 
of  the  ^ulicostai  interspace,  and  the  extremity  of  the  cell)  anil,  in  the  medio-submediau 
reyiion,  even  to  tlie  outer  border  of  the  wlnit.  more  or  less  heavily  l)e;j;rimiil  with 
du-ky  scales,  partially  eimcealini;  s<ime  of  the  markiiii;s;  tin'  iimer  Imrder  i-  very 
broadly  and  heavily  eo\  cM'cil  with  ioui;-.  olivaceous  hair-  ;  cxtri'Udly  of  tlic  I'cll  narrowly 
edu'cd  witli  lilack  ;  just  within  it  a  narrow,  traiisvi^rse.  cur\inv:.  I)lack  stripe  crosses 
the  (ill.  meetiny;  tlie  terminal  -tripe  above;  not  far  from  the  middle  of  the  cell  is 
another  similar  stripe,  almost  entirely  concealed  in  the  y:riminess  of  the  surface.  .V 
partially  interrupted,  very  irreitnlar.  rather  narrow,  mesial  stri|)e,  composed  of  eurvlnsi 
bars,  crosses  the  winj;;  the  subcostal  interspaces  are  crossed  a  little  beyond  the  mid- 
dle of  the  basal  half  by  a  common.  enrviui,'bar.  oponina  outwanl ;  the  subcosto-median 
by  a  lunule,  curviiiu  in  the  oppo-ite  dinction,  at  about  t'vo-ilfths  tin-  distance  from 
the  extremity  of  the  cell  to  the  outer  margin;  tiu'  upper  mediiin  by  an  oblicpie.  simie- 
times  -inuoiis  bar.  runninu;  at  riixht  aimle-  lo  the  part  of  the  iiervule  on  wlii<h  il  rests 
above,  its  exterior  border  on  a  line  with  the  interior  bordi'r  of  the  previous  liinule; 
the  lower  meilian  by  a  straight  bar.  at  right  angle-  to  the  i.ervules,  starting  midway 
between  the  extremity  of  iho  prev'ous  liar  ami  the  second  divarication  of  the  median 
nervure;  from  here  it  seeni.s  to  be  continued  in  a  nearly  straight  line  to  tlu'  subinedian 
or  I'veii  llie  Internal  nervure,  l»ut  is  gri'ally  obscured  by  thi:  begriming  of  the  winir. 
Ill  the  niMdle  of  the  outer  half  of  the  wing  is  an  arcuate  scries  of  six  rather  lari;e, 
round,  black  -pots;  the  outer  border  ;s  rather  narrowly  edged  with  black,  there  is  a  snb- 
iiiarglnal  series  of  triangular  spots,  the  extreme  edges  someilmes  a  little  concave  and 


9i^f^^r9mmPNemim^fsis?v!m^imrj^9^KmmKuammm^ 


•I-.- 


XY.MI  lIAI.INAi:;   liUKNTHlS   MONTIKlS. 


003 


M'paralid  from  the  diitcr  iiiiir^iii  hy  lialf  llio  widlli  of  an  iiiliT>imce,  iMi(li>-iii^'  ln'twci'ii 
tlii'iu^i'lvi'^  and  tlic  lilack  niartriii  a  traii,>\ir-io  ,sorif»  of  .•.oniftiino.s  fontimnnis,  ful- 
vdiw.  fusil'  inda>lio-^;  frini,'!'  as  on  ilio  fori'  winiis,  hnt  with  loss  (U'llni'd  inlcn'np- 
tions. 

Ut'iioalh:  Fan  vhii/s  pale  fnlvons,  llic  lilack  maikiniis  of  the  liasal  liaU  i>f  the 
winir,  to;;etlier  with  most  of  the  loinid  spots  in  the  outer  half,  repeated  lienoath  more 
narrowly  ami  vajjnely,  edited  very  narrowly  and  very  faintly  with  fulvous  scales, 
deeper  in  tint  than  the  ireneral  tcuie;  extienie  liase.  especially  alonir  the  ineilian  ner- 
vure,  beijrinn'd  with  dusky  scales;  costal  ed^e,  nearly  to  thi'  tip.  y;ray  with  a  niiun- 
linu  (if  <ichraceons  and  lilackisli  scales;  apex  of  thewin^.  half  way  to  the  extremity 
of  the  cell,  and  the  whole  outer  Imrdcr,  cinnamoneims.  enlivened  with  powdery  patclies 
of  (icliraccou^.  prineiiially  arranged  in  two  transverse,  olilhiue  streaks,  directed  down- 
ward and  sdiuewhal  inward  from  tlie  costal  border;  at  the  ti|i  of  each  interspace  n 
straight,  slemler,  Icmifitudinal,  median,  ochraccons  streak,  a.s  lonfr  as  the  widtli,  termi- 
nated liy  a  tiroad.  saniit;itc.  sometimes  obsolete,  blackish  or  ciunamoneous  spot  ■ 
friuv''' a~  iiu  the  np|H-r -urface.  //('/n?  i''(«;/.s  deeii  einuanion  red;  a  silvery  wliite  spc. 
near  the  base  of  Ihi'  costal  border  at  the  tip  of  tlie  preeos'.al ;  near,  but  not  quite  ■' 
the  junclicin  of  the  principal  xclns,  a  rather  small,  silvery  while  spot,  the  lower  <>! 
soiui'times  pretty  lar;;e  and  round,  and,  like  the  one ;diovt  it,  edited  willi  black  exte- 
riorly; In  the  middle  of  the  cell  a  small,  black  spot,  faintly  edu'ed  with  white;  beyo'id 
tins  a  broad  premesial,  bent,  slightly  cur>  eil  baud,  nnide  conspicuous  |irincipally  by 
tiie  irrejiular,  broken,  IjorderiUiLt,  black  lines;  the  interior  liorder  starts  from  tlie  cos- 
tal nervurc  ami  crossiuit  the  costo-subcostal  interspace  at  an  annleof  forty-live  deureos 
to  the  subcost;il  nervure  strikes  the  latter  a  little  within  its  (irst  liifurcation ;  it  starts 
n'S.un  within  tlie  cell  at  the  same  bifurcalion,  am!  followiu:;.  iu  a  m'lieral  way.  the 
e\lerior  limit*  of  tlie  cell,  sweep*  around  ti  the  llrsi  liifurcation  of  the  niedlaii  ncr- 
\  ule,  crossiiii;  >vl)icli  it  reaches  the  inner  b  irdi'r  U'illi  a  succession  of  sweeiis  h;i\  iiii:  a 
t;riu'r;d  diri'ction  at  about  rii;ht  anL;!e>  ti  the  ..ervules;  the  exterior  border  is  coiii- 
pi>*ed  of  three  p;irl-;  the  llrst  eios*c*  I  lie  costo-subcostal  interspace  in  a  tlirection 
iie;irly  piii';illel  to  tiic  <orre~pondini;  p;.rt  of  the  interior  border,  but  turned  inwaril  a 
little  more  lli;iu  II.  -o  tlial.  if  coiilinucd.lt  would  strike  the  last  bifurcation  of  the 
sulieosi;d  ucrvuii';  the  second  p:irl .  sliii'liim'  on  the  upper  subcostal  ncrvule  at  about 
a  third  the  di-tance  fr<im  its  oriu'in  to  the  outer  liordcr.  traverses  the  subcostal  inter- 
spaces with  a  ciir\e.  u>ually  sh;illow.  opeuiuLi  outward  iu  a  direction  ireiierally  at  riirht 
!iu;,'le*  to  the  iierviiles :  the  third  purl .  oriiiuatiuLT  on  the  lower  subcostal  ner\  idc  at  a 
point  as  far  removed  from  the  -ecoud  pari  as  that  is  from  the  llrst,  has  a  iri'in  rai 
direction  parallel  to  the  lir-t  |iart  id  the  line,  and  [lasses  by  a  series  of  irre,i;iilar 
broken  lines,  or  -liallnw  curve- — the  -iibcosto-uicdian  opi'uiiig  inward,  the  other-  oiit- 
^(..ii-d— to  the  inner  border,  a  short  di-lauce  before  llie  lip  of  the  internal  nervui-e:  the 
b;iiid  it-df  is  mostly  einmiuioneous.  nearly  or  (piite  as  deep  as  the  rest  of  tin  miil'. 
but  the  lilack  borders  are  narrowly  edu'eil.  williin  the  band  withoehraeeons.  and  a  ft  iv 
oehraeeous  scjdes  are  scattered  about,  forminji.  in  tin;  part  of  tlie  band  contained  ;■. 
the  siibcosto-niediau  inlerspiice  ;_exeeptiuu  ill  inimedi;ite  proximity  to  the  medijiii  iicr 
vnre  iK-yond  it<  la-t  diviiri.'alion)  ami  iu  lie  eoslo-siilicostal  iulersiiaee  (exeeptina 
llO.lt  lIlc  costal  nervurel  lar^'c  pjllehe-  id'  in''  iiecou-,  Mldeli.  next  the  iulerior  border 
of  the  liftad.  pttf- into -ilM'ry  while;  in  Hie  -uli(;osto-median  interspace.  Ihe  limit  (d' 
the  twoc'*wri«  i*  niarUeil  by  the  exii'emily  id'  tlie  cell,  which  is  narrowly  edjjed   with 

black  or  soiiii-tini.  -  cinuam Us;  there  i-  a  subniaryinal  row  of  transverse,  lozeuire 

shaped,  silvery  vv;iii<>  simts.  sometimes  barely  eil;.'ed  witldn  with  black,  often  partially 
obsolete  ii'-ar  the  niidiiii  of  the  ^\iiia:s.  always  larai'r  tow:ird  the  eostiil  border;  the-e 
are  -iirinou  ltd  by  larj^t  .  tali,  cinuamoueou-  spots,  bordered  with  ochraeeous  scales, 
but  faintb-.  c}it'ipi'iilg  in  tly  iippcr  median  and  adjoiuinu;  half  of  the  -ubrosto-iucdiaii 
Interspaces;  njiofl  th<»searc  «.>Hi.-d  a  faint,  cnrvlnv  row  of  narrow  circlets  of  i.chrii- 
eoo\is  scales.  parHlV',  <o  the  outer  border,  and  cndoslnif  rather  siniiU.  einiminoueoiis 
siiots.  iuclinini:  to  l.n*«'fe  deep>  M  iiMolor  in  the  median  interspaees ;  about  niid\Mi\ 
between  lids -erics  and  f  ■    oiner  border  of  the  inlra-iueslal  band,  and  subparalh  1  to 


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004 


rili:  liUTTEHFLIKS  OF  NEW    ENCiLAXP. 


tlic  foriiKT,  is  a  narroAv.  rutlior  I'aiiit  aiiil  ill-iloiliuil  bainl  ni  imsv  wliitc  trait's.  lai'L'Ost. 
ami  iiicliniiiLi  ti)>ilviTy  wliitc  almv.-.  liari'ly  ~itii  to  lie  iDnui'il  nf  liiiMiU'>  nin'iiiim  .mt- 
«  aril ;   friii^o  as  on  iiiiiuT  siu'l'aio. 

Aluloiiicii  blackish  iir.iwii  almvi'.  cuvrri'il  \vitli  loiij:.  riilvd-olLvaiMmis  liaii's.  hocipiiiiiig 
iliickiT  aiiil  moi'i'  I'lilvmis  toward  tlu'  tip;  IIil-  sides,  I'spccially  lowaril  tlio  tip, 
i)ospriiikliHl  with  fiilvoiis  scales;  beneath  ilull  ocliraccous  Uiill'.  niinirleil.  next  Ihe  black 
of  the  sides,  -willi  a  few  fnlvons  scales.  I'pper  oriran  of  the  male  appeiiilanes 
33;  1 1.1'.' I  witli  ilh-  hooU  niodenitely  cni'ved.  rather  shorter  than  the  cenlruni,  very 
■  h'cply  and  ~harply  bliiil.  the  points  aciilifortn.  Clasps  nearly  twice  as  ion;;  aiiain  as 
liroa<l,  excln-i\  '■  of  the  processe-.  laperinu;  rapidly  to  the  liuse  of  the  lower  one.  which 
is  ^lender,  cpial.  apically  inc'tirved,  depresseil  and  nearly  as  loim  as  the  median  width 
of  the  blade:  npper  process  of  siniilar  leni;lh,  ~traii;ht.  eipial,  exceedinifiy  slender, 
delicately  tumid  apically. 


Mcasnrenients  In  niillitnetro. 
Length  of  tongue. "..")  mm. 


I.eiiL'tli  (if  fiire  wing 

antennae 

Iiiiid  tlliiae.'ind  tarsi  , . 
fiire  tibiae  and  tarsi  .. 


.AI.VI.KS. 

i'i:.\i.\i.i;s. 

Smallest 

Average. 

I.ariicst. 

Smallest. 

Average. 

Largest . 

20.5 

■11.        i 

21.75 

ID.;.") 

111.75 

'i 

7.5 
.•i.-2 

7  ■* 

De-crilieil  frum    2   '  ,   1   ,  . 

Secondary  aexuaJ  distiiictioiia.  A  flight  diil'erence  in  the  neiiration  of  the  liind 
winii  i^  found  here  •-  in  other  s|iecies  of  the  ;;eniis.  for  wldcli  sec  the  Lreneric  de- 
scription. 

Egg  (64  'i^i.  .\liiHit  twenty-llvi'  vertical  rib-.,  of  which  the  ureate-l  numl>er  reacli 
the  snmnnt  the  others  uniting  with  those  lieside  Iheni.  mostly  above  the  middle  of 
the  eg;:,  which  i^  li --  thisk-sliaped  than  in  the  other  New  Enu:lanil  siieeij.^;  Inter- 
spaces lietween  broken  by  cross  linos  about  .ill  nim.  apart.  Micrnpyle  rosette  (67:  IH) 
.15  mm.  in  diameter,  cinnposed  of  roundish,  angular  cells,  incri'asing  in  size  from  the 
central  I'cll.  which  i-  nos,".  mm.  in  diameter,  outward,  those  ui'xt  the  centre  being 
about  .017  mm.  in  diameter,  and  the  miter  .n:!5  mm.  Color  of  egg  pale  yellow. 
Height.  1.15  mm.  :  br.    dlh  ;ibiint  .s  nnn 


Comparisons  I'liis  spocics  is  ci'i-tniiily  ilistin<riii,slinl)lc  tVnm  l\ 
rliarickii  (  Si'lmenl.  or  15.  (haiiclcM  Imisdiivalii  ( ."^oiuiii.  ),  Itotli  nf 
whifli  t'lirius  litivc  ln'<'ii  IoiukI  liy  .Mr.  (niiiicr  uii  tlio  nortlicrii  .sliori'  ot'thf 
Biiv  lit'  ."^1.  Lawri'iici'.  Wlictlu'r  it  slmulil  In'  looked  upon  iiicrcly  as  a 
o'cojrnipliical  rai'c.  or  :is  a  spci'ics,  is  a  liiu'siioii  aliniit  wliicli  tlicic  may 
Ite  t'Usv  ilillerunce  ;  tiiat  it  can  Ik'  st'jiarati'd  in  sonu'  turiii  admits  u|' no 
<l(Hil)t.  and  is  the  really  intci'i'stino'  point.  It  is  ino.st  clusi'ly  allied  to 
1).  cliariclea  liuisdtivalii.  lint  ditlors  troiii  it  in  tlic  tnllowiiiLf  particniar.s  ; 
riie  iip|itr  -iirt'acr  id'  the  winofs  i-'  dt'cpcr  in  tint,  the  lia.se  ui'  Imtli  iimre 
exten-ivelv,  tlioi|o|i  not  mure  deeply  lieLrrimed  :  heneatli,  Imtli  wiiios  .are 
deeper  ill  tiiil  iiiid  the  markiiij^s  of  the  hitter  ditler  somewhat,  tlu!  hroad. 
intra-nu'sial  li:iiid  Keiiio',  in  15.  e.  Iniisdiivalii,  inme  o'eneially  siiirnscd  w  ilh 
iiL'hraeeous  -"nilefi,  makin;i{  it,  .as  a  ulmle,  inoro  stronsily  I'ontrasted  with 
the  w>*t  ot'  tlir  wiiiii' :  ix'yoiid  the  hand  the  ro.siieeouH  fcales  are,  in  the 
same  variety,  nmre  f^encvtilly  distrihnfed  over  the  whole  spaee  interveiiinjj; 
lietween  theli.'ind  ;iiid  the  series'  of  nuiiid  spots.  o;i\iiii^'  the  whoh'u  snt- 
fiised  lilac  Mush,  wiiile  in  tlii'  present  -peeies  they  are  confined  to  a  trans- 


XYMrilAI-INAK:    l!l!i:XTIII.S    MOXTIXIS. 


OOo 


\ii'Mt',  hettor  limited,  tliotiiih  still  viij;'iK'  stiijio ;  tlic  niiiml  spots  iirc 
il((|iL'r  ill  tint  in  I».  c.  lioisdiivalii,  .■md  tiic  hu'uc,  suliinarginal,  triiiniriiliii' 
spnts  jiro  ot'  almost,  as  di'i'|)  a  liiu'  as  in  tiic  lu'cscnt  siu'cies,  anil  cdgod 
iiioiv  ('ons[)iciionsly  with  oi-liracooiis  tlian  licrr. 

From  till'  typii'al  1>.  I'liarii'K'a  ii  is  mori'  I'uadily  distini;iiislicd,  tlu' 
most  .striUiiiir  dill'd'cni'i's  ociairrini;'  on  tlu'  iiiidcr  siirl'arr  ot'tiii'  liind  wiiius. 
In  15,  rliaiii'k'a  the  outer  limit  of  tlio  lower  lialt'  of  the  inti'a-inesial 
liMiid  is  deeply  and  larji'ely  serrate,  the  eosto-suiieostal  and  siiln'osto- 
iiiiciiaii  spot>  of  the  liand  wholly  -ihcry  white;  the  rosaeeiais  hand 
is  more  distinet  than  in  15.  montimis,  thoiiuh  a>  limited  as  there,  imt  it  ha- 
lieiiime  silvery  white,  and  is  reaehed  liy  the  scri'atioiis  of  the  intra-mesial 
hand  :  the  round  spots  hcyoiid  it  are  small,  without  i-diiiiiii',  and  the  siili- 
mar!j:iiial  triaiijiiilar  spnts  are  alse  \  ery  small  and  ainio-t  Maek  :  the  Maik 
spot   in  the  eell  also  is  reduced  almo-t  to  a  dot. 

i  ha\f  seen  15.  charii'lea  from  southern  and  ea.-tern  Lahrador  :  1!.  c. 
IpiusduN alii  iVom  l\iipert"~  Fort,  east  eoast  of  Hudson's  I5ay.  and  tVom 
(rl'tal  >la\e  Lake. 

Distribution.  A-  far  as  known  tiiis  hntteifiy  is  I'ontiiKil  to  the  siili- 
al|(iiie  /.one  of  tlie  White  Mountains  ( ,'^lmrtletr,  Sanhorn,  \\'liitiu'v.  Siaid- 
der )  and  to  tlie  summits  ot'  surroiindiiiL;-  mountains:  it  has  lieeii  scfii 
hy  l)r.  Miiiot  on  the  top  ot'  lilaek  .Mountain  in  I'liornton.  .\.  II.  ;  srvrral 
spccinieiis  Were  seen  or  ea|>tureil  liy  .Mr.  Faxnn  on  Mt.  Clinton,  one  of 
ihr    \\  iiite    .Mountain    c-iiain    iyinu    Miulhwcst    ot    .Mt.    IMeasanl. 

Haunts.  Fi'olialily  nu  wamli  linu  rojlcctor  h.a-  ni'tcn  M-iai  morr  ih.'in 
eiiiiit  iir  ten  of  iju'.^c  iaittrrtlie.-  in  a  day's  >framlile  .unouii- 1 lie  mountains.  Imt 
if  sought  early  in  duly  tiny  mi^ht  lie  I'ouiid  in  greater  aliuiidaiiee  :  on  a  >in- 
gh'  oerasion  onl\  I  iiavi'  seon  a-  mans  a~  four  at  our  linn  ;  ilic\-  are  mo-l 
eonimoii  ahoiit  tiie  steep  head-  oi  the  iii'eat  lavims  which  ha\e  eaten  their 
way  into  the  heart  of  the  mountain,  and  in  the  iilpiiie  gardens:  the\  ll\ 
wiiii  no  great  rapidity  clo-e  to  the  ground  imong  the  -canty  foliage  grow- 
iiii.;  in  the  rock\'  cre\  ices  ot'  the  steep  mountain  -ide-  :  Messrs.  Saulmrn 
.lud  W'liitiiey  iia\ei>t'ten  -een  them  on  mountain  willow,  .^ali-x  herhaeea 
Linn.,  wliieli  grows  luit  a  t'ew  iiiche-  alio\c  thi'  grmiud  :  >o  freijiient  and 
prolong  '  M'l'e  their  visitations  to  tlu-  plant  that  llie-e  oli-(i\(r-  -oin^ht 
carefully  lui  in  vain  tor  eggs:  ami  u  i-  more  prnl'.lile  tliU  tlie  eati  rpiliar 
feed-    up"U    -niiu    ot  the  \'iolaceae. 

Oviposition.  I  iia\  e  also  wsiteliedrhem  narrowly.  Imt  h:i\e  lieen  unahli 
to  -ec  them  oviposit  '  )ii  a  siijo'l,.  ocea-iun  a  t'einale.  leting  ipiiti'  as  if  in 
-eareh  ot' a  -|i'ii  on  whieli  to  depo«u  her  egg-,  alighted  on  a  plant  of  (ienm 
radiatum  var.  [leckii  iiiid  I  was  ho  sure  -lie  had  laid  upon  it  that  I  tirst  netted 
the  female  and  rlien  examined  the  |»Iant.  only  to  find  myself  mistaken.  .\ 
temale  with  ripe  eg^s  m  lu-r  al>dnint'ii.  as  autopsy  afterwards  jn  .Aed.  was 
kept  liir  an  'iitiri'  dav  in  mid   \ul'U"I.  mi  a  growing  \  inh-t  plant  ;it  an  open 


I 
1 


1 '    ■  ur 


:}  '>i^. 


'W 


« 


G06 


THE   15UTTKKFL1KS  OK  M;\V   KXGLAM) 


m 


i 


f^i 


wiiuluw  ill  the  liotol  un  the  top  ot  thi'  luouutiiiu,  and  was^  then  left,  i<till  on 
tlie  plant,  witli  (itliei>  in  finiihir condition,  at  tiie  tind)er  line  for  t«o  more 
day.-i :  wiiile  titiil  othert;  were  earried  to  the  l)a!<e  of  the  mountain  and  kept 
on  violet  for  a  finiilar  length  of  time:  they  were  all  fed  with  molai-,«e.>i  and 
water,  hnt  were  all  moriliund  at  the  end  of  the  two  days'  and  none  laid 
any  ei,fifs  whatever.  As  this  was  the  fifth  time  I  had  gone  to  the  White 
Mountains  to  obtain  some  elew  to  the  early  stages  of  this  inseet  I  was  ?iot 
a  little  disappointed.  For  a  comparatively  ea.sy  place  to  reach,  where  one, 
with  patience,  will  lie  pretty  sure  to  find  this  Imttertly.  I  would  recom- 
mend the  extreme  head  of  Huntington's  Ravine,  descending  into  it  from 
al>ove  just  far  enough  to  he  out  of  sight  of  the  mountain  sunmiit. 

Life  history.  Not  nmch  can  lie  added  to  what  has  already  heen  puh- 
lished  concerning  the  seasons  of  this  insect.  The  liutterflies,  ne^er  \ery 
alituidant,  ha\e  liecn  found  at  ^■arious  periods  from  the  middle  of  .lidy  to 
the  middle  of  Septend)er.  and  comparing  their  appearance  and  condition 
at  tlu  sc  times  with  those  of  their  allies  in  the  \allevs  lielow  the  hiirh  re- 
gion-  whitli  this  iiuttertly  inhahits.  it  seems  highly  prohahle  that  notwith- 
standing tile  lileakness  of  its  chosen  home,  the  hi,»tory  of  thi--  liuttcr)l\ 
may  lie  tnund  In  agree  lietter  w  itii  that  of  its  neighl)ors  on  the  plain>  lielow 
than  with  that  of  its  Euvopean  colleagues,  whieii  have  one  generation  less 
a  year:  tiiat  is  to  .-ay.  he  condition  in  which  the  laittcrHy  is  found  kad^ 
line  til  eonicctiiiH'  that  there  nvv  at  least  t\vo  liroods  even  of  this  alpine 
iiutteiHy.  Tin-  fii'ft  specimens  that  lia\e  lieen  noted  ^^l're  taken  ,lul\'  12. 
(  )tiie"  were  t.  nml  in  tile  21st  and  at  \arious  times  througlniut  Aniiust. 
Tiio.-e  laptuirii  li.  riie  2nd  of  .\ugiist  had  well  de\(lo|ieil  tggs,  others 
taken  on  the  1  irh  ot'  tiiat  month  were  noti'd  as  in  "good  condition." 
<  tn  the  1  llli  1  last  \carsau  Iwn  ni' tiiree  dozen  in  loleralily  fresh  condition 
more  broken  than  -:ibiied  :  iftlu'  t'niirtecn  taken  fuiu'  were  females  fidl  of 
eggs  ((ui  J  il<'ve|i)pf-<l.  but  the  temaies  eiudd  not  be  made  to  lav  when  eii- 
ejii^ed  iin  gi'iiwing  \  inlet-,  a-  already  imted  :  in  a  pre\iiins  \v;\v  I  eaptiu'cd 
nu  rile  l.'iiii  ot' S»-])ieinl)er.  aft-er  a  seaivh  ot'  several  lioin's.  a  single  worn 
female  with  tiftei-n  v'^'^!i  in  her  liody.  She  died  the  same  night  wiijiotu 
laying  mi  the  \'ittlet  on  w  iin-h  -hw  was  placed  shortly  after  noon.  Now  . 
iiia^mueji  Ai-  ;i  >|iring  broi.«i  lta«  bfeii  obscr\('(l  in  l'airi>|ie  and  America,  in 
:ill  the  liuttertlie-  ot' this  getuis  w  henvir  any  iibscr\  ations  ha\e  been  noted. 
and  1-  biitterlbi-  of  lih'  pre-vui  .-peeies  with  dexelopcd  cy:i^:<  liavi'  been 
t^'Hind  tiiiiii  the  uiddle  uf  .\ugTa«l  tn  the  niiildh'  <if  Siptendicr,  ri'oiiirin"' 
fl»nt  thjf-  insffi  '<hould  hilierniit<'  In  tiie  caterpillar  stage,  it  wnnld  aiipear 
(.ifo'ci'de  tliar  heri'.  too.  there  is  a  spring  lirood  of  biittertiii's.  I'ossiblv 
r|„,„  ,,l.-.r^ed  ill  duly  were  only  the  lati-r  iiidi\  idiiaf-  of  this  fir>t  brond 
ii'i  -einnd  brnud  inifi'kc''-  it-  appearance   earl\    in    August.      That 

till'  I'-males  i>t  tliis  iirood  may  depo-it  their  eggs  at  once  upon  celo-iiiii  i- 
|,r<i\.ii  liv  the  "liserxation-  trom  the  2d  to  the  I  Itli   ot'  ,\iigM-l  :   but    that 


NY.Ml'IIAMN'Ai;:   BRKNTlllS  MOXTIXL'S. 


GOT 


tlu'v  may  nUo  retain  tlioin  until  tlic  very  en<l  of  tlic  season  is  also  shown 
by  the  observations  on  the  I'nh  of  September.  Ail  we  can  lie  sure  of  is 
tiiat  there  is  a  late  brood  durint^  .Vuji:ust  whieli  continues  into  tlie  middle 
of  Septemljcr ;  previous  to  that,  owinj^  to  the  bleakness  of  the  situation, 
there  is  probal)ly  not  more  than  a  sinirle  brood,  the  later  individuals 
of  which  encroach  closely  upon  the  earlier  individuals  of  the  second 
brood  ;  though  it  remains  to  i)e  in(|uired  whether  the  later  brood  may  not 
l)e  made  up  of  cater[)illars  which  have  shown  their  tendency  to  lethargy 
by  a  prolonged  instead  of  a  premature  hil)ernation. 

It  should  be  ad<led  that  in  Kurope,  among  the  mountain  species  of  this 
genus,  only  a  single  brood  has  been  observed,  and  that  this  is  found  in 
some  in  June,  or  what  would  correspond  to  the  i)resumed  first  brood  of 
tiie  present  species  :  in  others  in  the  latter  part  of  July  and  early  in  \n- 
"•ust,  or  what  corresponds  to  the  known  brood  of  our  iiiountain  species. 
The  K(U'opcan  !>.  tliore  which  Hies  in  June  is  conjectured  by  Meycr-Diir 
to  tly  only  in  alternate  years. 

Attitudes.  When  sunning  itself  on  tiie  ground,  as  it  is  fond  of  doing, 
(piite  as  much  as  of  visiting  Mowers,  it  rests,  as  it  does  on  theHower.-j.  with 
fidlv  or  almost  fully  cx})an(lcd  wings,  the  costal  edges  of  the  op|)osite  front 
wings  nearly  in  a  line,  while  the  antennae,  which  are  nearly  straight  I  ut 
slinhtly  arched  and  witii  the  clul)s  bent  slightly  backward  hiterally,  are 
raised  at  an  angle  of  I.V  with  the  l)o(ly  and  divaricate  aliout  \'.\y.  It  moves 
aliout,  whether  on  the  ground  or  a  flower,  with  similarly  .xpanded  wings. 
When  at  complete  rest,  the  wing.,-  are  closed,  and  the  costal  margin  of 
the  hind  wing  is  parallel  to  that  of  the  fore  wing  and  >epiu-atcd  from  it  by 
a  space  Cipiid  to  the  distance  i)etween  the  costal  and  subcostal  veins:  the 
antennae  are  now  straight,  raised  at  an  angle  of  about  r>r>'  with  the  body, 
and  ilivaricate  alxmt  !•(>'.  Ifdisturbed  in  this  position,  the  creature  con- 
tracts itself  still  more,  as  it  were,  liy  drojjping  the  fore  wings  so  that  the 
costal  margin  is  as  far  behind  that  of  the  iiind  wings  as  they  were  before  in 
front  of  it.  -Vt  night,  hanging  vertically  from  a  horizontal  surface,  the 
winji's  (lroope<l  together,  the  costal  edges  of  all  the  wings  adjoining ;  the 
aI)domen  also  hung  freely  from  the  thorax  between  the  wings,  out  of  sight  ; 
the  antennae,  however,  spread  from  each  other  at  an  angle  of  SO^  in  n 
plane  parallel  to  and  just  in  advance  i)fthe  costal  edges  of  the  wings. 

Experiments.  I  cxiicrimcnted  with  this  butterfly,  as  withOeneissemi- 
dca  and  Polygonia  faunus,  already  noted,  and  could  not  discover  any 
difVcrcncein  iichavior  l)ctwccn  those  taken  to  the  summit,  iWJOtV,  to  Jacol)"3 
Ladder,  4.")()0',  or  to  the  base,  2!S()0'.  It  shoidd  be  remarked,  however, 
that  the  experiment  was  not  tried  under  quite  the  same  circumstances,  as 
the  descent  was  made  deliberately,  on  foot  by  the  old  deserted  Faliyan 
Path,  and  occui)icd  three  hours. 

Desiderata.     Plainly  the  complete  life  iiistory  of  this  butterfly  is  a  most 


'f 


m 


'^M 


,% 


(j(i8 


iiiK  iirrri:i!i-'Mi:s  of  ni:\v  i;n(;i.ani) 


iiii|)i>rtimt  iiL'cd.  and  the  tuw  I'liinMiiiln^ist.--  wlio  vi-it  tlic  ^^'llit^'  .M(iiintaiii> 
slioiikl  take  [tains  tu  olttain  it.  Ilu'  first  tliiiiu'  is  to  sctuio  tlic  ojigs  (pt'tiic 
t'einale.  and  if  siii>  ran  1>l'  sron  to  dcpoisit  tlioin.  .-o  nmi'ii  tlic  licllcr. 
\Viiatever  tin'  natural  fond  of  tliu  calurpiilar  may  ln'.  it  can  dniditlcss 
l>o  raisL'd  un  violot.s  and  itniitaiily  in  well  si'k'ftcd  places  at  lower 
levels  al)out  as  easily  as  alio\c.  where  no  one  spends  more  tlian  a  tew  days 
ar  a  time.  IWit  a  few  weeks  spoilt  in  oneof  tiio  Appalachian  camps  would 
yield  the  desired  information  on  tlie  spot  itself.  \'i.sitor>  to  the  mountain.- 
in  .June  .should  taki'  particular  note  if  this  liuttcrHy  is  .seen  :  indeeil  ii- 
liistory  at  that  time  is  most  proMematieal.  The  ipu'stion  of  lethargy  in 
tiie  catei'pillar  would  la'  here  a  particularly  le.sirahle  suhjeet  of  s-tiuly.  a- 
it  would  .seem  a;^  if  some  special  devices  were  needed  to  maintain 
iliis  apparently  nearly  extinct  species  in  such  a  desolate  i'e<;ion.  and 
all  the  p(jiuts  at  is.sue  in  the  othei'  species  may  here  tind  solution.  Finally 
j-earch  should  lie  made  for  hutlerilies  of  this  type  all  the  way  from  the 
White  Mountains  to  the  mouth  of  the  St.  Ijawrenee.  to  iletermine  the 
rchitionshij)  of  tliis  species  wilii  it-  nearest  conu'cners  in  that  district.  I- 
tiierc  somewhere  no  line  of  demarcation  hetwei'u  the  two? 


LIST  or  I i.i.r s r iiATK is s.—ii i; ESTiiis  Musrisrs 


IM.  (U,  li;;.  OS.     I'laiii. 
(I7:l(j.    Jlicropylc. 


I'l. .),  lii;.  11.     Miilr,  liotii  -iirlaii-. 

S.) :  41,  43.     Miilo  alxluiiiiiial  :i|ipciiil:ii:('^ 


;>' 


BRENTHIS  BELLONA.— The  meadow  fritillary. 

[Bclidiia  liiiUcrlly  (Ilarri-);  lurailuw  fiitillai>  (SiinMcr) :  iiuailnw  Imltrrllx  (.Majiianl) ;  llh 

iii'iiii-l(iMr  iMilk'rIly  I  liu--).] 

J'lijillii,  l,<l/oiHi   Kalir.,  Sy-i.  .111..  .M7-.MS  llic>,il,i.i    l„tl,,n„    U.i-r.-ScliacM'.,  C:uriv«|,. 

(l"o).  ziidl.  iiiiii.    vir.    l!i;;iii-li..    xixMll   (I'-ii."));— 

Ar;/;iiiii is  l,t  lloitii  iini\..  Kiu'\cl.  inOlli..  i.\  :  .Scudil.,  Am.  nal..  \i;  ."i|;l-.jls  (l.'^T'Jl;     liiiu., 

•J.")l'„  171  (K-l!i);— Hoi>il.-I,.'C.,  lA'p.  Am.  s.'pt..  I4;!.i,-,(i,  tj..-^.  pjo,   i;l(i  (|SM)  :-.><i-ii,lil.-S|.i'yrr 

ir,4-l('5.  pi.  4.").  ti::-..Vi;  (1-:!;!) :— (icycr,  Ziilr.  Vcrli.  /.luA.  l.i.i.  ur-ill-di.   Uini.  xxiii :  '||.-,. 

(XDt.  -ilimcll..    \  ;  I'J.  IL'.  ii7.j.  '.r,i\  (ls:i7);—  !.-):>  (Jst;!). 

llan-.,  Ill-,  iiij.  \ii;..;M  f.l,.'js7.  th>.  l\:\.  Ill  y'„,„7/„  uKjnrin  .Marl..  l^>\rlio.  lali.  1.  iki.. 

(Isii'J);  — Miiri'..  Syii,    l.i'p.   N.  .\mii-.,    l-Vpi  i, ;;  (I7!i7). 
(Isti-Jl:— MiiMI..  Ittp.  ill-.  III.,  x:s;j||sM):  — 

Ciii|..  111!. I..  isP,  (Issi):  — Kcrii..  liiilt.    .Mc.   •      Kbiircil  Ipy  (ilnMi.  111.  N.  A..  I.cp..  iil.  :Hi, 

4;!-t4  (1.SS41 :— Kniirli.  ISiitt.  ra-l.  l'.  .''i.,  Ii;i-  li;;-.  ."..  iiiid. 

un  (lssii):-.\layii..  Iliill.  N.  V...  -Jfi-ST.  pi.  I.  [N\,t  I'apilk.  iii\riiia  nam.] 
li.'-.  :!1.  .'!la  (Is-iii;  — II.  Ijhv..  Liil.  amiT.,  ill : 
l(i2-lfw(l.'-t<7). 

I  I'i'liolilllii'  lirctlvV  lamp 
Waviir.'  Ill  llir  Uiii'kcl  ilaiiip; 
l>i'niiii.'-primni-r>MiMiM  liliioni 
.Mill  llir  -iTlllcil.  -llllrv   '-'liiijiii; 
riilliiiL'  miilli>.  Willi  rliliy  ryo  ; 
Kolili'd  lici'-  aiiil  hiitliillii'-. 

Khliii  M.  'V\\i>\\\>.—Aii:i"-<i. 

Imago  ;5:  1.!.  l-"i.  12  :  i;  .     Ili'ail   ii'Vi-rcil  \\\y\\  i|i-rp    l'iilv<iii-  hair-.  liiigiMl   mhiu'- 
liiiu'-.  i'-pi'i-iaU>  ill  I'l'niu.  witli  yfUiiwi-li  i;ri.'i'ii.     I'alpi  niit-iiU' whiti'iU  liasc.  climiitiiii; 


Ki-.'i 


^•^  Mi'iiAi.iNAi::  iuskxthis  iskm.oxa 


GOn 


urailiinlly  Inwiinl  llir  [\\h\.  ilr»t  to  vcUnwUli  hiilV.  iiml  lliiiillv  to  clccp  (iimiii.'c  fiihi'iiM. 
nil  rxc('|iliiin  till'  wliiti'  |Mirtliiii-  lii'-priiiklcil  willi  hlark  -ctili^;  IriiiiiiMl  lnjicalli  villi 
liair^  ulii<li  at  II. c  ha-i'  arc  whiti-li.  Ilpiicil  with  hniwniNJi  vcllciw,  tlicii  l)ri)\vni>li  yel- 
low, and  irradiialiy  rliaii^iim  lowai'd  the  apix  to  fulvous;  aliovc  liriiilit  fnhoiis. 
mixed  Willi  yellowiNh  and  l)e>priiiklcd  with  black;  witMiii  nuotly  j;ivelii?.li  yellow, 
.specked  Willi  lila<'k:  a  very  open.  >pai'se  rrMii.'e  of  lony:  black  liaiis,  directed  down- 
ward and  outward,  lies  alon;;  the  lower  outer  border  and  Is  best  seen  from  an  end 
view;  a  few  black  hairs  are  also  interinin::Ie(l  In  the  fulvons  tip.  Antennae  fiilvo- 
liitcons.  above  a  little  fn^c-ons.  besprinkled  pretty  heavily  with  wliiti'  scales  benealli 
on  till'  liasal  fonrlh.  oiiUidr  aionu'  the  whole  stalk,  and  above,  especially  on  the  inside, 
at  till'  b.isc  of  each  joint  :  clnb  lilaikisli  lirowii.  the  apical  three  or  fonr  joints  more  or 
less  briiihtly  iniLtc'd  willi  Inleo-fnlvoiis ;  llie  sides  id'  the  basal  joints  somewhat 
bi'sprinkii'd  Wcnc.'illi  with  wliile  sc;dcs.  'roiiiriie  fiilvo-luleons.  dnll  lutoons  alonii  the 
mcilian  line  near  the  ba-c;  beyond  more  or  less  fuscons  exteriorly. 

'I'liorax  covered  above  with  black  scales,  concealed  by  fnlvons  hnlrw.  more  or  less 
tinu'ed  with  irreenish.  beneath  Willi  oranire  fnlvoiis  scales  and  dark  fulvous  hairs; 
fore  le;;s  concealed  by  dark  fulvons  hairs ;  other  Iciis  liiteons.  the  femora  specked 
sliirhtly  on  the  sidi>»  and  beneath  with  black,  above  witli  white  scales;  spurs,  spines 
and  claw>  liileoiis. 

WiiiUs  above  pretty  niiil'orni  pale  fnivons.  the  liind  wlnj{s  scarcely  paler,  heavily 
marked  willi  lilack.  haviii;;  a  sii;r|ii  purplish  rellection.  ■  >' ter  border  id" /"iv  ■•/»;/.« 
.scarcely  ronnded.  bnt  very  sliijhtly  an;:ulated  at  the  middle  of  tiie  snbeosto-ineilian 
interspace,  the  aniile  broadly  roiindi'd;  the  bonier  above  the  anitnlatioii  nearly 
6*tral!;lit.  perhaps  scarcely  convex,  below  it  scarcely  concave;  inner  border  straiiiiit  or 
witli  scarcely  perceptible  concavity.  Nervnros  lightly  marked  with  blackish:  wiim 
liithtly  beurlmed  at  the  basi'.  nearly  half  way  to  the  extremity  of  the  cell,  and  aloni; 
tlw  costal  cdLTc  to  I  lie  extremity  of  tlie  cell,  by  a  liiixtnri'  id'  fulvous  ami  biack  sc;iles ; 
tile  cell  is  crossed  in  the  middle  by  a  heavy,  sliitiitly  dia^roiial.  irregularly  0-shaped  or 
open  pyriforin  spot,  lariicst  iieneatii;  nearly  mi  Iway  between  it  and  the  l)ase  tlie  cell 
is  cros^cil  l)y  a  small  roniidisli  spot,  and  midway  between  it  and  the  tip  by  a  sinuate 
bar  liavin;j  a  i^eiieral  diroctimi  parallel  to  the  exterior  border  of  the  cell ;  the  latter  is 
bordered  within  and  without  with  black,  itself  more  or  less  distinctly  fulvous.  .\ 
very  irreiiiilar.  siiinate.  continuous,  pretty  broad  mesial  band  starts  from  tlie  costal 
border  at  ipiarter  the  distance  from  the  extremity  of  the  cell  to  the  tip  of  thewiiiir. 
and  crosses  the  siibcostiil  interspaces  in  a  direction  generally  parallel  to  the  exterior 
liorder  of  the  cell;  the  siiii(()>to-median  interspace  is  crossed  liy  a  broad,  roundish 
liinnle  ciirvini;  outward,  whose  Interior  border  is  nearly  continuous  with  the  exterior 
border  of  the  previous  part  of  the  stripe,  and  whose  limbs  unite  it  slenderly  with  tlie 
adjacent  parts  of  the  '•ame;  the  median  interspaces  are  tra\ersed  close  to  the  base  by 
iiiiivy  Inunles.  curvim:  inward,  leaviiis;  at  the  very  base,  between  them  ami  the  iierv- 
iires.  small.  Iri;iiii;nlar,  fiilvoiis  spots;  the  medlo-subinedian  interspace  Is  crossed  'H 
about  two-li fills  tile  distance  from  the  llrst  divarication  of  the  median  nervnre  to  the 
outer  bi^rdcr  by  a  lu'oad.  irreiriilar  bar,  paridlel  to  Hie  outer  liorder,  and  the  next  by  a 
heavy  diaiioiial  streak  stretchiii;;  inward,  somelimes  iie:irly  liidf  way  to  the  biise  of 
t!ie  Willi.'.  Williin  the  mesial  stripe,  just  below  tlie  llrsi  divarication  of  Hie  medi;ni 
11 'rv  lire.  Ilie  medio-subiiieilian  interspace  is  crossed  by  an  irreirular  V-shiiped  stripe, 
the  ailllie  outward,  sonietinics  extcmlilliJ:  to  tlic  mi'sial  stripe,  the  upper  lilllli  often 
coiiiieetiiiL;  witli  the  bar  cro-siiiL;  the  middle  of  the  outer  half  of  the  cell,  the  lower 
pushing  Hloiiir  the  snhmeillan  ofleii  half  way  totlie  base  of  thewiiui;  in  the  same 
infer^paie.  ne;ir  tin-  base,  is  a  s|raiy:ljt.  loi!;;itudiiial  dash,  sometimes  olisciired.  soine- 
t'lue-  ioiiiiiii;  the  V;  from  tlie  cost.al  liorder.  midway  between  the  extremity  of  the  cell 
and  till'  tip  of  the  wins;,  depends  an  obscure  fuscoiis.  slender.  eloiiL'ated  patch,  cross- 
ina  till'  whole  or  only  a  portion  of  the  siibcosiid  interspaces,  nciirly  at  riv:hl  amrb's  to 
the  costal  bonh'r;  lieyoiid  this  is  a  broken  series  of  six  roundish  spots,  p  irallel  to  tlie 
oiil"r  border  and  distant  from  it  liy  twicetlie  width  of  the  interspace- ;  tlie  upper  three 
.'ire  -mailer,  and  occupy  the  t\\o  lower  subco-tal  and  tlie  snbcoslo-median  interspaces; 


."V;^ 

wm 


■mfM 

^  i. '  '  «!.  ■ 


(110 


rilK   lUTTKKKLIKS  Ul"   NKW   KXCI.ANI). 


(>    f^^ 


s(;   -1, 


llio  llii'i'i'  Iciwrr.  occupyiiiu  tlio  succi'cdiii;;  iiiti'i>iiiu-f>.  are  half  as  lirnail  a>  tlic  iiilfr- 
spacos,  twicf  a-  lar;;c  as  llic  pri'ci'iliiii;,  ami  liave  tlii'ir  cxtci'icir  liDnliT  on  a  line  willi 
tlic  iutfi'liir  liorilur  of  tlic  iippor  oiio;  tluTc  is  a  broad,  donbli',  niar;;liial  liiii'.  oftfii 
olwciiro,  and  the  outer  partially  obsolete,  the  outer  formed  of  transversely  oblong- 
ovate  |)atehes,  whose  eentre  is  on  the  ucrvules  (whieh  at  tliis  point  are  often  bordered 
lieavily  on  tile  outer  side),  the  inner  of  similar  but  m'nerally  tiroader  and  more 
dNiinct  patelies.  wliosc  centre  is  In  llie  nnddle  of  llie  inli'rspai^es ;  the  nppir  two  are 
liirtter.  forniini;  a  niodi'rately  laru;!'.  apieal.  loiiij;iln<linal  pateli ;  outer  border  eil^ed 
witli  Itlaek;  friniri' pale  fulvous  or  widtisli,  inlerrniteil  broadly  and  vaguely  at  the 
nervure  tips  with  lilatkl,  b  fns<'on-.  ('o>ial  bordvr  of  liiml  ifimjn  straiifbt  or  very 
nearly  so;  outer  border  ratiier  .  :•••". I'.v  rounded,  more  so  than  in  the  other  species; 
Inner  nuirain  scarcely  convex  beyond  tiie  basal  expansion.  The  basal  third  of  the 
winii  rather  heavily  begrimed  Avitli  black  scales,  especially  below  tlie  median;  the 
viin^.  as  I'ar  as  tlio  mesial  stripe,  illstinctly  but  narrowly  marked  with  black;  the 
irreiiidar  exterior  bordiT  of  tlu'  c  ell,  itself  distinctly  fulvous,  is  narrowly  bordcreil  on 
either  >ide  witli  black;  the  cell  it>elf  is  crossed,  just  before  the  ndddle  by  a  roundisli 
spot,  anil  beyond  by  a  sinuate  bar,  soinetiuies  partially  mcrircd  in  tlie  extreme  border; 
a  rather  narrow  mesial  stripe  cro>ses  the  win;;  irrefjnlarly.  formed  in  a  iteneral  way 
of  two  lind)»  luMil.  in  the  centre  of  the  wini;.  at  riuiil  an;flcs;  tlie  upper  lull'',  com- 
posed of  broail  lunuies  cnrvinu  outward,  havini;  a  general  direction  from  the  middle 
of  the  costal  border  to  the  tip  of  the  nnddle  median  nervide;  the  lower  half  composed 
id'  iliau;onal  bars  (the  interior  border  of  the  upper  half  of  this  lindi  on  a  line  with  the 
exterior  border  .if  the  lowi'r  half)  who»e  i;eneral  direction  is  from  the  lip  of  the 
upper -ubco^tai  nervule  to  the  middle  of  the  inner  l)order;  it  ternnnates  at  llie  internal 
nervure:  a  little  les*  tlian  midway  lictween  the  mesial  siripe  and  tlu'  outer  border  is  a 
conlinuons  arcuate  series  of  six  rouiul  spots,  nearly  eiiual  in  si/.e.  parallel  to  the 
outer  border  and  in  tlie  ^ame  interspaces  as  lliose  of  tlie  fore  winirs ;  there  is  a  sub- 
inaruiual  >erie>  of  miimle  spots  on  tlie  nerviircs.  beyond  wliicli  the  uerviiles  are  ed-red 
with  black,  forniinti  thus  little  T-shaped  spots  sei.ted  on  the  margin;  just  above  there 
is  a  row  of  larirer  transverse  patches  in  tlie  interspaces,  similar  to  tliat  of  the  fore 
wiiiiis;  tile  border  itself  is  delicately  ediied  with  l)lack ;  and  the  fringe  is  pale  fulvous 
or  wbilisli,  Willi  a  few  intermiiigled  fuscous  scales,  especially  near  the  nervur<>  lips. 

lieiieath.  F"i'i-  ii-iiiiis  pale  yellow  fulvous,  the  black  markings  oT  ilie  base  of  the 
upiier  surface.  a>  far  as  ami  including  tie  mesial  stripi'.  repeateil  narrowly  beneath, 
the  mesial  stripe  broken  into  detaclied  spin  i:  the  extra-mesial  row  of  round  spots  is 
aNo  repeated  beneath,  tile  upper  one  ol)soUte ;  the  apex  of  the  wing,  succeeiliiig  the 
interior  liordur  of  the  subapical  triangular  patch  of  the  upper  surface,  anil  I'xecpting 
a  large,  roundish,  dull  yellow  spot  cros>liig  three  interspaces  at  the  very  lip.  einna- 
moiieous.  ci'liveiied  above  the  lilack  spots  with  a  few  dull  pearly  scales;  between  the 
reilili->li  apt  X  and  tile  lilack  niolal  band,  llie  wing  is  dull  yellow,  and  a  great  many 
dull  yellow  scale*.  >oiiictiiiic<  forming  ■<iiiall  palches,  break  up  the  broad,  cinuamo- 
iieoiis.  outer  border:  there  is  sometimes  .a  submarginal  row  of  darker  red  sagittate 
>pots  in  the  interspaces,  deepened  by  a  few  black  scales  and  marking  the  interior  limit 
of  till' outer  cinnaiuoneous  border;  costal  border  enlivened  by  a  sprinkling  of  dull, 
pearly  scales;  fringe  similar  to  that  of  the  upper  surface,  but  dark  brown  in  place  of 
black.  Jliiid  triiKjs  with  a  broad,  irregular,  intra-niesial  band  of  pale,  obscure  ful- 
voU'<.  more  or  less  besprlnkleil  with  cinnamoneous,  Imt  made  distinct  by  Its  narrow 
edging  of  cinnamoiieims  being  often  deepened  by  blaekisli  brown ;  the  Interior  Imrder 
cro--es  llrst  llie  costo-subco>tal  interspace  by  a  bent  line,  midway  between  tlie  divari- 
cation of  the  costal  and  subcostal  nerviircs  ami  the  llrst  divarication  of  the  sub- 
co>tal  nervure,  is  tlieii  parted  and  start*  afresh  from  the  llrst  divarication  of  tlie 
M;l)eo>tal  nervure  and.  following  this  nervure  to  its  next  divarication,  crosses  tlic  cell 
to  a  little  beyond  the  llrst  divaiicatioii  of  the  median  nervure,  is  again  broken,  crosses 
tlie  medlo-><ubinedian  interspace  in  a  xig/.ag  course,  jiist  williin  the  llrst  divarication 
of  the  median  nervure,  and  the  succeeding  interspace  a  little  further  down,  and  ttjrml- 
iiates  a  little  beyond  the  middle  of  the  internal  nervure;  the  exterior  border  starts 


*HI 


NYMlMIAI.INAi:;    lUtr.XTIIlS   IIKLLONA 


nil 


from  tile  cciHliil  tuTvuri',  jii-t  licydiul  llie  iiiidillc  of  tlic  rcxliil  Imnlcr  niiil  rrdtse-*  tlir 
llrst  iiitcrs|mfi'  liv  ii  liiu-  lnMit  in  iiii  oppusitc  way  l"  that  of  llic  iiitfrinr  bonier.  iro>,iN 
till-  Milicostal  iiilt'rs|>iu'cs  In  the  iniildlo  oT  tlii-ir  linsal  lialT  liv  a  .siiiuoiiH  line,  tlic 
Miibeosto-na'tlian  InliTspact'  at  It-*  narrowest  part  (Iwo-llftli*  tlie  ilistanco  from  the 
I'Xtroliilly  of  till' coll  to  tin"  honliTJ  eacli  of  tlir  median  Interspaces  cUis-j  to  the  base — 
all  by  cnrved  lines;  the  middle  of  the  medlo-siibmediaii  int4'rspace  by  a /.lu/.u^  line  llie 
reverse  of  that  of  the  interior  border;  and  the  sninnedlo-internal  by  a  cnrved  line, 
turndnatini;  on  llie  liiterntil  iierviire  dose  to  Its  tip.  Tiie  whole  costal  edtie  and  some- 
times the  extreme  base  of  the  coslo-siibeostal  Interspaces,  and  the  portion  of  tlio  intrii- 
mesial  band  «hicli  Is  contained  In  the  same  iiitiTspace,  covered  witli  hoary. 
Iriilesceiit  scales;  within  the  intra-mesial  band,  tlie  wins;  Is  cinnamoneoiis  rod.  sonn'- 
tinies  partially  enllveneil  with  fnlvons,  tlie  cell  with  a  central,  blackish  spot,  some- 
times witli  a  fnlvons  pupil  and  a  basal,  curving,  black  line,  soinetlmus  crosslni;  tiio 
adjacent  Interspaces;  jiist  beyond  the  Intra-ineslal  band,  the  wlna  Is  cinnamoiieous; 
beyond  Its  extreme  Ibnit  in  the  middle  of  the  wlni;  It  Is  mncli  beclouded  witli  a  iliac 
tinsli,  caused  by  rosaceous  scales,  and  ornamented  by  u  series  of  six,  transverse,  oval 
or  roiuidish.  faint,  ureenisli  opalesi'cnt  spots,  ediied  with  cinnnnioneous  (somi'tinies 
almost  entirely  cluuamoneous).  snl)parallel  to  the  outer  border  and  sepanited  from  it 
by  twice  tlic  width  of  an  interspace;  distant  from  tlie  outer  border  by  nearly  the  width 
of  an  interspace.  Is  a  submaru'lnal  series  of  pretty  large,  subluuate,  cinnamoneoiis 
spots,  followed  by  a  row  of  similar  but  smaller  and  fainter  fnsecuis  spot«;  outer 
border  narrowly  edueil  with  black,  the  frlnfiu  dull  fulvous,  soinethucs  whitish,  wit ii 
soim-  fuscous  scales  at  the  nervnle  tips. 

.Midoineii  aliovc  brownish,  enlivened  with  fulvous  hairs  above  ttiul  scales  at  tlie  sides, 
especially  at  the  tips  of  the  sef;ments;  beneath  dark  fulvous,  the  tiiis  of  tlie  seumeiil» 
witii  more  or  less  yellowish.  I'pper  ors^'an  of  male  (33:  ;!.■<,  .'I'.t)  :  hook  stronyly 
curved,  of  about  the  leiiiitli  of  the  contrnni;  tapcrinu  as  lii  niyrlna  liut  more  delicately 
biliil  llian  there.  Clasps  fully  twice  as  loujj;  as  broad,  exclusive  of  the  processes; 
taperiim  acntiy  throuu'hout,  it  tormluates  In  a  slender  process  obliiiuely  depressed, 
longer  than  broad,  a  little  incurved,  the  extremity  rounded  nnd  scarcely  deiiticuliite. 
bearing;  at  its  Innermost  limit  a  slisihtly  curved  needle,  directed  forward  and  a  little 
inward;  upper  process  loniter  than  this  lolie.  very  slender  and  cyliuilrical  Imt  de- 
pressed and  spatnlate  at  the  tip. 


MeaKuriMiieiitN  In  niilllinetrcii. 
Kenirth  uf  luii;$ue,  7.')  iiini. 


M.VI.K.S, 


Iji'iiu'lli  (if  fore  wintfs 

aiili'iiiiai' 

hind  tililae  and  tarsi , 
fore  tllilMe  anil  tar.'ii . 


.Smallest. 

•>.h 


Averaije. 


I.:ir!re»(t. 


2;t. 


FKM.\I.KS. 


Sinullest.  j  AveraKo.  jl^argesl 

I 


11). 
i).l.-> 

'>  ');■, 


21. 

10. 

o,7ri 


'.•4.;i 


I)  iv 


::>i 


:i. 


IVescrllied  from  2  '  .<>9, 


Melanic  form.  .Mr.  Walter  Kaxon  captureil  a  male  In  .Inly  and  1  liave  re.-ired  a 
female  ill  ■Septeiulier,  in  botli  of  wliiih  the  middle  of  the  upper  surface  of  tlie  fore 
winits,  imiuded  between  tlie  outer  liorder  ami  t!:;'  mesial  stripe,  the  inner  border  ol 
the  bar  In  the  middle  of  the  outer  lialf  of  the  cell,  and  the  V-shaped  stripe  in  tlic 
medio-submedian  iiitersp;ice  (together  with  a  correspondinir  space  on  tlie  hind  winits) 
are  almost  wholly  and  iinlformly  black,  relieved  only  liy  slight  fnlvous  i.pots  or  streaks 
near  llie  apex  of  the  cell,  'I'he  markiiiu:s  upon  the  under  surface  of  the  fore  w  iim;s  arc 
bro;ider  tliaii  ii-iial,  but  not  sullused  as  abovj;  in  no  other  ropect  did  these  iiidividinil^ 
(liller  rri>iii  tlie  normal  type. 

Secondary  sexual  diBtinctions.  See  the  description  of  the  ueiius  for  a  sll;;lii 
dl.stlnetlon  in  tlie  neuration  of  tlie  hlinl  w  iii^. 

Egg  (64  :  27).  Twenty-one  or  twenty-two  ioimitinlinal  ribs,  a  transverse  seclinn  of 
which  is  wcd;re  si.-iped,  elevated,  of  eiiiiai  prominence  throujjhoiit,  but  somewliiil 
irre;iular  in  illrectloii  and  In  distance  apart,  averau:lntf  In  the  latter  particular  .1  mm.  ; 
eia;ht  or  nine  of  tiiein  reaiii  the  summit,  tlie  others  extend  only  to  the  middle  or  upper 


it""'' 


Mm 


ife', 


012 


I'm.  iti'rri:i!ii-ii:s  or  xi;\v  i;n(;lani). 


1^'; 


;* ). 


Ililir    nf    llu' >iilc-.  llllillllV  Uu'l'i'  I'lHlllrclcil  with  I  llo-i' lK'>iili'  llll'lll  i  i\  t  nUl?iMT>l'  liilui-- 

i>r  mv  aliniplly  iiiiitod  witli  ii  ncinlilior  ti)  I'onii  ii  ^ill^ll•  lili;  >\>mr  liclwriii  tliriii 
liviili'd  In  ili'licaU'.  tint  nillicr  |priniiiiKHl.  niNod  llm'>  .iil7  iiiiii.  iipai'l,  I'lii'iiiinu  <il>liiii<; 
vrW-.  ilio  lldoi's  i)f  which  lire  I'livfi'i-cl  with  luiiniu-.  I'lri'iihii'  iiihI  oval,  rtliallow  pmicliiUi- 
tli)ii».  ori'up.viiiy;  i'ss  than  hall"  cf  rlio  siiri'aci',  ilu'  Inru'f^t  of  iluiii  .ikiI'J  nun.  in 
Innaor  (lianicti.'r.  .  IK-nnnlu  rn^i'iU' ^67  :  17)  .'kIh  nun.  In  illnnicter,  nearly '•ti'i'ulai-. 
cuiiipii-iMl  III'  annnilni'  nl'  IcnlUnli-.  hn  iia^inii  •-li'.jhUy  in  ?*i/.r  Inmi  llir  ti'utrc  nut- 
\v;inl.  laiil  i'i'«nlarlv  uvcr  one  anniUci'  liki'  I'oipflny;  tili-i.  llic  larui'^l  .ol.'i  mm.  In  diamc- 
Icr.  ("iilnc  of  cu'ii  pall'  VfUowUh.  clianf^hm  al'lcrwaid  to  pale  I'n^cijnr*.  ami  ju>t 
hi'forc  lialihini;  to  dirty  \rlliii\Uli  lu'lnw.  I'ii«iini~  aliovr.  I('ii;lil,  .m;  nnn. ;  i:riat<st 
ln'cadlli.  .i;  mm. ;  lu'cadth  at  >nmndt.  .1'-  mm. 

Caterpillar,  l-'irslsin,/,.  Head  Nhiniiin  pU'cons  of  liUuki>li  ra>la.a'ons  toward  lIu' 
monlli  pail^.  ilit-  iattrr  linai'd  with  ollvai:t'(m-';  oci'lll  black.  Uody  pale  dusky  itri'i'ii, 
liandi'd  wlii'i'c  tin-  wai't-.  occiir  with  ohscnro  ft'rrnnlnons;  in'i^lli's  llarki.th  ;  Ii4is  and 
pi'olis;^  palf  lirci'M.  l.cnulh. -'.'J.")  mm.  ;  hruailtli  ol'  body.  .  Iii  mm. ;  liiiiilh  of  liairson 
111  dy.  .;;i  mm. 

It  dlU'ri*  I'fom  the  ^ame  -ta:;i'  of  II.  niiji-iiin  in  having  tlio  .spiinlr^  ol  tlu'  liaii'>  miirli 
>lonli'i'  and  morr  (■on-pirnon'>.  and  tlic  o.vpaiidiil  api\  >linlitly  laiair, 

S,  i-i, ml  sliii/i  Head  >ldninu  piccou-,  covitimI  willi  a  I'uw.  pale,  stiaizlil  liair-.  ol' 
varialili'  loiijiitli:  anti'nnai'  pale,  markid  with  riiscoii>:  tahrnm  |>aU';  mamliiilo  lihn  k- 
i>li.  Uoily  daik  pnrpli^li  olivaci'ou^  maikinl  with  ol»i  nro  dull,  palo  niTcnisli  streaks. 
I'oi'mliiii  a  dorsal  V  on  oach  scijmcnt.  a  lirokin  lateral  lim- and  an  infrasllL'niatal  one; 
inln'rele.s  hlaek,  Willi  numerous,  pri'lly  loim.  siraiicht.  lateral  iieedies  and  i  -liijlitly 
longer  one  at  lip.     I.emitli.  .">  nnn. :  lireadlh,  1  mm. 

iliirii  stiiiji .  Mead  (79 :  lo)  •.niooth.  >hiiiliiu.  dark  mi'tallie  nn-eii.  covered  wilh  u 
few  ■•cattered  lilaeki^li  hairs  ol'  variable  leiiiilli.  liody  purplish  black,  on  tin'  -"ides 
dotted  and  most  delicately  >treakid  with  very  pale  purplish;  at  the  oiiUr  I'.i^e  of 
eaih  lali'ro(loi>al  tubercle  i>  a  j  vellowi>h  while,  loiiiritndiinil  streak,   foi      iii;i  a 

broken  latiral  line  ;  inbercles  shii.  ,i:i  metallic  pnrplisli  black,  botiiitlfnlly  be>ei  with 
straight  black  thorns;  tubercles  of  the  llr»t  thoracic  si'^meiit  barely  If  any  lonitcr 
tlian  the  others.  Spiracles  black,  s(!i  in  ji  pale  pnrplisli  spc it ;  lei;s  black,  heniilli.  i^l 
mm.;  breadtli  of  body,  :;..'>  mm.;  of  licail.  \.'i  mm.;  lcn<:th  (d'  spines.  .,',  nnn.  It 
diifers  Ijiit  little  from  the  pre\ions  staae. 

/■'■iiirdi  iiutljiftli  Mmj's.  (75  :  1,  :>:  79:  lit.  I)illcr>  ;,^ain  but  ^liuhlly  frniii  I  lie  'hird 
-taiie,  exceplina:  in  tlic  tnber<-les.  ami  in  the  prcsenci'  of  a  hileral  I'lokcn,  vehiiy  bhu'k 
band.  The  tnbercle>  ha\f  become  pale,  dull  Intions.  the  apii  al  half  or  ihird  blackl-h 
fnscoMs.  and  the  needles  fnscon-;  those  of  tile  thoracic  joints  iire.di^htly  lim:;er  than 
the  abdominal  ones,  especially  the  aiiturhir  pairiii  thelaterodorsal  row.  althoiiirh  even 
here  Mil'  dlll'erence  scarcely  admits  of  measurement.  Lciiiith  when  full  arowii.  '.'I 
mm.  :    breadth  iif  bmly,  ;J,2,'>  mm.  ;  of  head  "J.  I  mm.  ;  K'liirth  of  spines,  1  mm. 

Chrysalis  i84  10.1 1).  Piirk  yellow  isli  brown,  made  up  of  fuscous  brown  streaks 
on  ii  ,\  ■ildwi-ii  brown  ijronnd.  (ic'liar  primuneiii-es  separali'd  by  a  wider  spac'c  than 
in  nivrina,  marked  above  with  brownish  fiiscous:  irnnt  of  head  tin;;ed  with  very  p;ile 
blue;  wluijs  tinuiMl  with  a  cuprco-olix  .treons  line,  haviiii;  a  blackish  mesial  dash,  ami 
sdine  of  the  veins  narrowly  nnirked  with  blaik  ;  hinder  editc  .d'  wlnjj.s  al  base,  ami 
ba»al  will!;  tubercii's  blaeki'^li  fuscoii.s;  on  the  alnloinen  a  slender,  obscure,  blackish 
line  liaises  throniih  the  spiriicles,  followed  beiiuath  by  a  broad,  obscure,  silvery  white 
band;  an  ccpially  broad  ventral  band,  couspicuou-,  only  by  its  blackish  outer  border.s; 
between  it  and  the  snbslii;miilal  band  are  two  eipial  bands,  the  upper --iuiilar  to  the 
veiilra!  band,  the  lower,  an  "iiscure  white  band:  liilerodorsal  tubercles  constricted 
beyond  the  middle,  the  apical  portion  nearly  eipial.  bluntly  rounded  at  tip;  tliosc  of 
the  llrst  abdoimnal  se;iineiit  of  the  same  si/.e  as  tliose  on  the  adjoiiiiiiit  sediments ; 
those  of  the  thoracic  and  llrst  and  second  abilimiinal  se;{iiients  mercurial,  tipped  with 
yellowish  brown;  the  others  reddish  brown,  each  of  those  on  the  llfth  to  the  seventh 
se;iineuts  connected  with  its  mate  by  a  bent  A-slmpcd  dusky  imnd,  edited  posteriorly 
with  pale,  the  ape.\  reachin;^  the  middle  of  the  anterior  cdjje  of  the  sejitneiit;  dorsal 


\t     : 


■i 


N'V.MrilALINAi::    IIUKNTIIIs   l;l,l,l,(  tNA. 


c.i;] 


till).  rrli'->    pale:     »|iil';i-  li'^    \     llnwUli     lii'nwil    witli     fll-.C()ll^     li|i-:   <T' lilJI«li  T     iimIiIi-Ii 

lilMWII  iilMCIirril  witll    I'lliCDiH.      I.riii:lli.    II    mil.  ;   widlli   111    Illir   |ir.i|iiii|c|irr^.  •.'.i'. 

nun.:  lit  •.lionix.  (  •">  mill. ;  at   tlilnl  aliilniiilii;il  -•■ifiiicul.    l.liniii.;  Iiiiiiht   iit  llinnix. 
:t..")iiiiii  :  ill  llilnl  nlHlnniiiial  ^riiiiiciil .  ■>.">  iiiiii. 

Geographical  distribution     (22:-')      Tlii^  liuiiiitl'i  m  niim  -   lu'inlv 
tlic    siiiiH'  ti'iritiiiy  as    I*,    inyi'iiia.   .iml    ili(»iiuli    imt    kiinwii    I'lcphi    <n  I' 
Mitrtli    occins    iiiiirr    aliuiiil.'iiit    in    iiiu'tlici-n    lucaliiio  tliaii    \l-'    i'i>iil:i'IIi  r. 
Like   tliat   s|u'i'i("i   it    \\\<  lict  ii    rcimi'ti'il    liv    I5iii<iilii\al    aihl    Liu-as    t'l'nin 
Culm;   iiidi'cd  lHii*(lii\.il  cxiiro-ly  sa\  -  li<'  has  ■"Ccii  -iifcimin-  fiuiii  tlicir. 
1111(1  ({('Vi'i' al.-io  ii'i\i's   this  isliiinl  as  it.-    Iioiiii-,  Imt    ( iiiiiilhicli    has  iml  ilis- 
CKviTi'tl  it  ami  anaiouy  ini'l  it>  (listrilMiiinii  in  llic  I'liitdl  States  i-cimIi'I-  its 
presence  tiu'i'i'    iltniii'thir  ini|prnlpal>l(' :    nor  ili>  I  kimw  any  (  iil>aii    insect 
uliii'li   I'oiilil    ha\i'    lii'cn    niistakiii    tiir    it.        Tlit'   simlhri'iiinust    Idealities 
tVcini    uliieii   it   is  ((thcruise    reportcij    are    Stateii     Island     (Davis).    New 
.ler-ey  (  .\iidicws),    l*liihidel|)liia    '•e<>iiiini)n"    (IMake).    lii>ek|M.rt    iKirt- 
land)  and  ("Icveliiiul,  Ohio  ••eoninion"  (  Kirk[)uliiek )  and  northern  lllitiois 
( \\'ortliiii^tini )  :   it  is  one  ol    ihe  coininoiiest  s|U'('i»'s  in  \\'ise(>nsin  /Hoy). 
It   does   not  seem  to  he  linmd  so   tar  ea.st  as  Nova    ."^eotia    <m'  New   Mriins- 
wii'k,    hilt     westward    it    I'Xtends    to    Iowa    "'not    niicoinnion"    (<)sl)orn. 
Piirkor),  C'lii[»|)ewa  (  Hi'it.     Miis.).  .Moose  Factory,  lliidson  Iiay  (Weir). 
Ne|)ii;'oii,  liiikc    Superior    (  I'leteher  ) ,  Fiiike    W'innipei;'    ( .^eiidder  ) .  ( irca! 
.Slave    Lake    (Kdwards*).  Fort    KIlis  (( ieddes).  Dnllerin  (  I  )au  son  ) .    iiid 
the  middle  park  ot' ( 'ohn-ado  (Mead).      Captain  ( Jcddes  In  tr.-nclliim'  we-t 
on  the   C;iiiadiaii   I'aeilic  railroad   notieed  it  in  hirure  iniiiiliei's  at  lirandoii, 
a  little   more   than    a    Inindred    iiiiies    west    of  WinnipcL:'.    Imt    t'oiind    that 
it    urew   (.'oniiimally    rarer   west  ot'  that,  and  at   ('alti'.iry   near  the  Rueky 
Mountains  was  ••ipiite  rare.  "     We-i  nt'the  Rocky  .Mountains  it  ap|iears  to 
lie  re|il,iee(l  liy  15.  epitliore,  a    e|osel\   allied  rorin.  extending- to  California 
and  thonuht  li\    some  to  he   only  a  \anety  of  this  species.      Thi-  eiinmer- 
atioii  also  includes  some  of  its  most  northern  localitit's,  to  which  may  he 
added  Miirtiirs    Falls,  Hudson  l>ay  (  l>ril.  Miis.).      It  is  also  more  or  less 
cimimoii  on   the  lower  St.  liawreiiee.  as   t'ar  ils   tli<' month  ol' the    .Matap- 
odan    (15cll).iind    even    to  the    (iodhoiit    IJiver    ( ( 'oriu  an  j ,    ami    oceiii- 
throiij^hoiit  most  ot'tiie  -ettleil  parts  ot'  ( 'ainida  :   it  has  heen  reported,   t'oi 
in-tanee,  at  (Jiieliee  "rare"  (  Howies,  Fyle.s),  ( )tt!i\va  eoinmon  (  Fletcher), 
.Vrnndel     (I)'l'rlian)    and    opjiuslte    Lachine    in   the   ( 'hateaiiLTiiav    hii.-iii 
(.lack),  althe.ngh   it   has  not   licen  t'oniid  near  liy  at  Montreal  (Canltield, 
Pearson). 

In  New  Kiiii'land  it  socins  to  ho  as  well  distrilmtcd  and  as  common  na 
15.  myrin.i.  althonoh  it  is  elfowhcro  considered  somewhat  less  ahnndant. 
It  must  reach  nearly  or  ipiite   to    Now    I?riin8wick,  tor   it    occurs  on   Mt. 

•  I'M  Willi  h  clues  no'  -hi'  this  loi'iilily  in  re-       iiien.s  formerly  so  ijiiennlni'l  ■!»  In  i')ii),'i'ii.'  to 
.Tilt  li«ls.  iiml  perliiip-  imw  looks  upon  !"iieci-       H.  opillioro. 


r 

Is      < 

if'  •  ;»rf 


ft- 


U 


I 


I 


■( 


^ 


I*- 

I 


■Li.. 


014 


TUK  UU ITKKKl.IKS  «>K   NKW   KNliLAND. 


DcMTl  Isliiiul  (Scinldcr)  titiil  a|i|ioiti>  to  lie  iiMiuiinii  at  Ormio  (  I'lrimld ), 
ti!*  I'lsewlii'iT  ill  Mninc.  I  liavi-  takvii  it  on  the  ^iiiiiinit  of  Mt.  WaKliinj.'- 
tnii.  Ill  tlic  Wiiitc  Mountains  and  al>out  Koston  it  in  (-(lually  ciiniinon, 
and  lu'siiK'!*  1  iuivi'  it  iv|iorti'd,  or  liav«'  talxi'U  it  niy.M-lt',  at  Ni>i\va_\ ,  Watii- 
villc,  Briinswii'k  and  Ilaliowrll,  Mi-.,  Miltoid.  Tliornton,  Diililin.Smicook 
and  I'lyinoiitli,  \.  II..  Stow,  Vt.,  Walpolc,  Moiit«j;uc,  Ainlicr.tt.  Spriiiji- 
licld,  lli'lclifitown,  AndoviT.  Woircsttr,  Piimcton,  and  Willianistown, 
Mass..  and  Fanninj^ton  and  N'»'w  Haven.  Conn. 

Haunts.  'I'iiis  ImttorHy  is  nion-  or  loss  local  in  its  liaiints,  iK'in;;  found 
only  alioiit  wi't  nii-ado^s  and  \)o<iH,  wluTf  it  tr«'(|iionts  tlic  mint  lilossonis, 
accordinjf  to  Mr,  liintm-r.  Hies  witii  inodi-ratc  rapidity,  Hiittcriiifi  in  a 
\va\injr,  zijrza}^  course  itiioiit  two  or  tliree  feet  »l>ove  the  jfround,  and  is 
easily  eapturi'd. 

Food-plant.  Tiie  eaterpiil.u-  appear)*  to  feed  iudiseriininately  upon 
wild  and  cultivated  X'ioiaceae.  Mr.  Diinniock  writes,  "specimens  wliicli  I 
l>red  fed  upon  either  ordinary  tiirf-^rass  or  white  cloM-r,  liotli  of'  which  I 
had  in  the  hox." 

Habits  of  the  caterpillar.  At  eclosion  the  caterpillar  iinariaitly 
irnaws  its  way  tiironL:h  the  upper  side  of  the  v^ii.  afterward  de\iiuriiiji 
either  the  whole  or  a  portion  of  the  deserted  shell  ;  its  lialiits  closely  re- 
s 'inMe.  in  fact  cann()t  he  d' Uiiii^iiishcd  from,  tho>c  of  it>  conijencr. 
15.  myrina,  iiicluiling  the  phenomena  of  letharj{y. 

Life  history.  .\s  mentioned  under  tiic  jjeiius  IJienthis,  I  was  formerly 
constr.iineil  to  construct  an  hypothesis  coiici-rninj:  the  periods  of  this  in- 
«cct  (.\merican  naturalist,  vi  :  .'ilii-.'ilH)  which  seems  iio  loiifrer  tenahh'. 
I  then  supposed  that  instead  of  confining  itsidf  to  the  iiiiiform  cycle  of 
cliaiiffcs  ('(uumon  to  most  Imttertlies.  this  insect  e.xhihitcd  two  sets  of  in- 
dividuals, each  with  its  own  distinct  alternations,  so  that  in  tracing  the 
histiu-y  ciicli  series  would  need  to  he  treated  as  if  it  were  a  distin<-t  species. 
Later  research,  howi'ver, — the  ohservations  of  others  as  well  as  my  own, 
e.xtendiiig  o\<'r  several  years. — slious  that  the  behavior  of  this  insect, 
thoii'^h  striking  enough,  docs  not  so  essentially  ditfer  from  that  ot'ordinar\ 
hutterriics. 

It  is  a  somewhat  earlier  Imtterfly  than  its  congener  15.  myrina.  The 
tir.-t  lirood  of  huttcrHies  is  heralded  liy  a  few  individuals  lietween  the 
Ith  and  l.'ith  of  May.  hut  it  rarely  hecomes  common  hefore  the  end  of 
May,  although  .Mr.  I/mtiicr  once  found  it  not  rare  in  Seoharie.  X.  V..  mi 
the  Kith.  ( )cca>ionally  it  has  escaped  the  notice  of  ohservers  until  toward 
the  end  of  May.  hut  this  may  lie  due  to  the  ol(sei-\cr's  not  visiting  the 
projier  haunts  of  the  sjiecies  previous  to  the  ilate  noted  ;  and  as  in  certain 
years  its  advent  is  likely  to  he  somewhat  ri'tarded.  he  might  easily  sup- 
pose that  the  few  iiidiv  idnals  he  -aw  in  the  latter  half  of  May  were  the 
first  that  had  a|i[)carc(l.      Hut  it  appears  as  early  as  tlu'  middle   o  '  May  in 


It     '     ■  ' 


NVMI'IIAI.INAi:     UltKNTlIlS   IIKM.ONA. 


(ii; 


.'J. 


1 


»ii(  h  iKirilu'rn  iKCtilitlcH  us  IIull'iucll  (Mins  Wjidswrnili  >  mihI  ()iiiihi,  Mi-. 
(  Kcriiiilil ).  mill  was  iiutci' lit  NUrw.iy  in  iIk- •<:im(' sliilc  (  Smitli )  mi  the  l'"^tli. 
I''rr-i|i  -iiM'ciinciH  ciiiitiiiiic  to  fiiicr^c  trnm  tlic  clirvfiiilis  tliri)ii;.'li(iiit  tlic 
wIidIc  i)t'  •liim>,  iitid  limy  -till  lie  IuiiikI  dm  the  wiii<^'  until  Aii;.ni.-<t.  I'ur  tlir 
Itiittcilly  is  ii'irc  tliiiii  cndiiiiirily  Iniijf-livcd.  'i'lu-  I'^rus  iiri'  iicvcr  liiid.  >n 
liir  as  I  liiivf  lu'cii  altic  ti)  discover,  lictiirc  llu-  iiiidillc  i>r.Fiiiu'  <>r  iiuirc  tliaii 
a  iiiDiitli  at'tcr  tlic  Hrst  a|i|ii  nraiicc  of  the  liiittcrHics.  I  liaxc  no  iiiciiioi  niida 
ol'  tlic  duration  ot' tlic  cj^i,'  sta;;c  ot'tliis  lirood,  nor  ul'llic  Ictiirlli  of  time  it 
rci|iiircs  at  this  season  of  tlic  year  for  tlic  insect  to  attain  iiiatiiiity.  nor  as 
to  wlictlicr  any  of  the  caterpillars  when  partly  j^rown  e.xliiliit  any  Ictliaru'ic 
tcndciiey,  as  appears  at  a  later  [icriod  of  lifi-  in  this  and  in  other  species. 
The  st'coiiil  brood  ot'  lnittcrHies  liej^ins  to  cincrjfc  alioiit  the  middle  of  .Inly , 
soniv'timcs  as  early  as  the  tOth  and  12tli,  even  in  siieli  northern  localities 
as  IMynioiith,  \.  II.,  and  even  occasionally  as  early  as  the  ."id  alioiit  llos- 
ton,  the  males  a  little  earlier  than  tin  females  and  tliroiijj;lioiit  the  earlier 
part  of  the  flight  of  this  hrood  more  ahniidant  than  the  feinales.  The 
I'lrirs  of  this  hrood  are  somot lines  fully  ntatnred  in  the  fcniale  shortly  at'ter 
t'closion  (though  in  other  cases  they  are  not),  ami  ai'cordingly  may  he 
laid  as  curly  as  the  middle  of  .Inly  in  Hoston  latitudes,  and  during  the  last 
of  ,luly  and  early  August  farther  to  the  north.  The  liuttcrtlies  of  the 
new  hrood  heeonu'  abundant  toward  the  end  of  the  month  and  like  tlio«c 
of  the  earliest  brood  are  hnig-lived.  <'ontinuiiig  on  the  wing  until  the  early 
part  t>f  September,  and  lay  their  eggs  throughout  .\iigust.  The  eggs 
hatch  in  from  five  to  nine  davs.  The  caterpillars  ordinarily  recpiire  about 
a  month  lor  full  growth  in  the  vicinity  of  Iloston.  Some  raisi'd  in  ciui- 
Hncinent  at  this  seascui  were  ',\i  days  from  egg  to  chrysalis.  The  chrysa- 
lis hangs  for  seven  days,  and  early  in  September  or  e\('ii  in  the  last  ilays 
of  August,  the  third  i)r(H»d  ot'  biittcrtlies  makes  its  a[tpcarance.  Hut  a 
considerable  number  of  tin."  eatorpillars  of  this  .second  brood  become  lethnr- 
ii'ic  when  half  grown,  after  the  second  or  third  moult,  remain  iiuiescent, 
curled  up  in  out  of  the  way  places  in  leaves  or  under  twigs,  and  in  this 
state  a  portion  of  them  continue  throughout  the  winter  and  [irobably  pro- 
duce the  earliest  buttertlies  that  are  seen  in  the  spring.  Others,  liowiver, 
after  remaining  two  or  three  weeks  in  this  condition,  revive  again,  and 
change  into  buttertlies  late  in  the  same  st-uson  toward  tlu'  middle  of  Se[)- 
tcmber.  The  third  brood  of  butterrties  makes  its  ai)pearanee  as  stated, 
earlv  in  .September,  and  the  buttertlies  tif  tliis  brood,  as  1  have  observed  in 
recent  years,  are  fre(|uently  ready  to  lay  their  eggs  soon  Jifter  biitli,  the 
earliest  being  laid  during  the  last  week  in  August  or  the  first  week  in 
.September  ( .Mr.  Kdwards  obtained  eggs  the  '2lk\  of  August  in  the  Cats- 
kills),  while  the  latest  buttertlies  from  retarded  caterpillars  do  not  lay 
their  eggs  until  toward  the  end  of  .Scptenjber.  The  eggs  hatch  in  about 
eight  days  ami  the  caterpillars  born  of  those  two  series  of  butterflies,  those 


■.  >f 


5*. 


Si. 


Sit'    ,. 


W 


OlG 


llli:  lUTIKUl  Lli;s  OK   NKW    i;N(il,.\M> 


(i^^ir;'^ 


•     1 


"j^kcjRi  '-^ar""' 

Wm 

L, 

".r:>V 

I-' 

wliicli  li:ivo  ln't'ii  proiliircd  dircctlv  witliniit  any  iiitcrniptinn  and  tli(i.s(< 
wliicli  canu'  f'nmi  tlic  rctardi'd  catcriiillars,  xcni  to  li(lia\c  in  a  ditli'i-i'iit 
wav,  tlic  lir.<t  Ci't'dinL;'  until  tlicv  lia\c  |)i'«;si'd  two  or  tln'cc  nidults  (urtlii' 
lclliari;ii'  [icriud  in  tlii?;  i'at('r|iillar).  when  tlicy  pt  into  liilx'rnation  tor  llic 
winter;  wiiilo  tlic  cati'i'iiillars  fnini  tlic  later  cji'i^f.  liii<l  '>y  linttcrllics  prc- 
rinnaMv  tVoiii  tlii'  ri'tardcd  catcrpillais.  Iiilicriiatc  at  oik-c  after  IcaviiiL;'  tlir 
i';;ir :  and  tliif  <litii'i'i'niT  in  ajic  of  llic  liiiii'rnating  «'ati'r|iillars  no  doiilii 
aicoiints.  at  h'a>t  in  part,  tor  tlic  Ic'ijrtli  (•!'  time  diiriiiL;  wliieli  in  llir 
^prillJJ  t'lvsli  liiittertlies  niaki'  tlieir  app(>aranee. 

It  is  !)  chrioii!*  t'aet  that  in  all  tlie  I'xperiinents  of  Mr.  Kdward-  in  tlie 
Catfikills  and  in  WvM  ^'irJiIIlia,  upon  tlu'  allied  s^peeieji  15.  niyrina,  lie  lia> 
ill  no  ease  observed  jsiiy  instaiiei-  of  letliar^y  on  tlie  part  of  caterpil- 
lars olitaiiicd  liy  liini.  Uiit  as  it  lias  liecn  ol)ser\cd  in  this  s|tc('ics  in  the 
iiciji'liliorliood  of  HiLston.  in  cali'rpillars  riiJHcd  from  tlic  cjj^rs  olitaincd  from 
Professor  ilamlin  alioiit  ^^'ater\  i'le.  Me.,  as  well  as  in  those  from  cjijfs 
olitiiined  alioiit  l5o.-toii  in  scM'ral  inst-inecs  and  in  dillerent  years,  there 
can  l>c  no  doiilit  that  siieh  a  phenomenon  docs  sometimes  occur,  at  leas',  in 
tile  prociit  specie.-.  Ill  liotli  the  sprin;,^  hrood  anil  the  miil-siimnicr  Krood 
of  liiillerllics.  llicrc  arc  iiiaiiN  iiisianccs,  as  i  ha\c  found  hy  repented 
(xaiiiiiialiiHi  (oxfiiiiL;  many  diircrciit  years,  in  which  the  ciri-'s  are  not 
<lc\cloprd  in  the  liody  ot'  the  in  thcr  until  the  hntlcrllv  ha-  to  all  appear- 
ance liceii  upon  the  \viiiL;'  for  scxcral  weeks,  and  cM'ii  apparently  for  more 
lii'iii  a  iiionth  :  and  it  would  appear  from  the  condition  of  those  in  which 
(.MO',  \\cre  t'oiind  (tlioiii;li  of  this  there  can  lie  of  course  no  ahsoliite  proof), 
that  when  the  eiiii's  arc  not  dcM'loped  at  liirth  they  do  not  de\clop  in  the 
liodv  ot'  the  fcinale  iinlil  at  or  alioiit  the  time  of  the  appearance  of  the 
silhscqiien'  hrood  ot'  hiittertlics.  so  that  one  linils  upon  the  wiiij;-  and  la\- 
iiij_r  (.MMs  ;|(  il,,.  .same  time  inili\  idiials  of  the  first  and  second  and  of  the 
second  and  third  hrooils.  .M\-  fclnrc  vears  au'o  to  olitain  c<;<;s  from  fresh 
t'ciiialcs  in  .I;ily  and  Se|)tcml"'i'.  led  im.  to  l)elic\c  that  all  the  cuii's  laid  at 
that  lime  were  l;iid  hy  old  decrepit  female-,  and  the  liypothe.-i>  nf  two 
-cries  ot'  indi\idiiaN  was  const riictcd  jiartly  on  this  liasis.  It  has  -ince 
liceii  pro\  en  liy  my  own  oli-cr\alioiis,  as  well  as  hy  those  of  others,  thai  the 
t'i'c-h  iiidi\  idiial-  of  the  two  later  hroods  often  lay  eai;s  -hortly  after  cclo- 
-loii.  1)111  1  iia\e  not  yet  lieeii  alile  so  to  olitain  them  t'rom  indixidiials  ol 
ihc  lirsl  lirood.  It  ilm-  appears  prohahic  that  ;i  mixture  ot'  hrood-  takcs 
placc  in  iwd  di-linct  ways:  first,  hy  the  commiiiirlinL:' of  fresh  and  wdiii 
,.MM-layinn-  females  upon  the  winj":  late  in  tliily  and  late  in  .\iii;iist.  i.  e.. 
lMloiii:iiiL:'   to   the    tir-t    and  second,  and  the  second  and  third  hrood.-.  and 

-i ml    li\    htharuv    on  the  pail  ol'  the  catcipillars  ot   one  hrood  hy  \\hieli 

the  liiillerllics  produced  t'rom  them  apparently  form  a  part  of  the  luond 
which  rcn'iilarly  succeeds  tliciii  in  lime.  It  should  lie  remarked  also  thai, 
a-  oli-ci\ed   liv    se\eral  of  in\  correspoiidcnls.  this  Imlterflv  is  \er\'  much 


NYMi'IIAMNAi:      IlKF.N'rilIS    ISKI-I-ONA 


t;i7 


I 


more  ('(iiiiiiKH)  nil  tlic  w  in^'  in  Si'|ii(.'inlK'r  than  in  .Inly  and  Anj:n.>t  :  ami 
it  Inu-  appourod  also  to  ini'  (tlnniirli  it  lias  not  liccii  i-cinarkiMJ  to  nif  liy 
otiicrs)  lliat  tilt'  s|irinj;'  hrodd  nt'  InitliTtlics  is  also  iikhc  aliiindanl  than  the 
inid-sninnu'r  lir.iod  :  this  state  nf  tliin^^s  would  natnrallv  lie  lirnnuht  ainpiit 
hy  tiic  rcint'oi-ci'incn!  of  munhvi's  in  the  later  hniod,  and  llie  iidssihlc  nih- 
licry  1(1'  the  second  tlironffli  letliiirjfy  on  the  part  of  the  laterpillars.  and 
the  retention  of  the  eiii^s  in  the  ovaries  hy  the  ImtterHics.  This  aeeoimt. 
einipled  with  the  very  diU'erent  eoiiehisioiis  of  Mr.  lOdwards.  seem.-  to 
show  that  we  have  yet  iiiiieh  to  It  .'>-n  eoneeriiiiijir  the  actual  lii>tor\  tif  this 
iiiteii'stiiio-  hnttcrtly. 

Habits,  etc.  it  ileli^hts  to  Kask  in  the  >iinsliine,  >ltiwly  opening  antl 
closinir  its  clicc(|nerctl  win^s.  heatinj:'  time,  as  it  were,  with  its  heatl,  which 
is  raisetl  w  illi  the  opeiiiin;-  t)|"  its  wiiiirs.  '{'he  fore  wiiiiis  ihirinu'  ihi- 
niotion,  tir  when  the  luittertly  is  at  resi .  nre  si  far  athancei!  as  to  leaxe 
lietweeii  their  iii'ie;- niaru'in  and  the  costal  liorder  of  the  hind  pair  an  opcii- 
iiiLT  which  exteiuls  lialf-way  Iti  the  hasc  :  the  antennae  diM'rg'e  at  ri-hi 
anu'lcs  and  are  raisctl  at  an  aiiirle  of  ahont  il.'i". 

III  its  intisl  ipuescent  state,  the  winits  are  citisely  shut  and  the  I'oi'e 
wiiiii's  so  hidilcn  hy  the  liinil  pair  tnat  the  ontcr  aiiule  of  the  latter  pm- 
icets  sliiditlv  lievontl  the  eost;il  ni;i''u'in  of  the  t'ormer.  l*re\ions  to  assiini- 
injf  thi.s  positit)!!,  tlie  ftiri'  wings  ure  int)re  atlvancetl,  the  outer  angle  of  liie 
hind  wings  just  reaching  the  middle  median  nervule,  the  inner  etlgc  ol 
the  hint!  >\ings  and  the  ali(lonien  heing  parallel  with  the  surface  of  rt«i 
anil  at  an  angle  ot'.'>">'  al)o\e  the  plane  ot'  the  remainder  of  the  Ihm1\  :  ilir 
legs  are  liroailly  spread;  and  the  antennae  are  held  erect,  at  right  aiiglts 
with  the  front  half  of  the  hotly  at  their  hase,  rising  parallel  antl  then 
diverging  at  an  angle  \arying  from  tiri"  to  1(H)°. 

Enemies.  A.-  our  Unowledge  of  the  early  >tages  of  this  insi'i't  i.-- 
exehisively  haseil  upon  specimens  raised  110111  eggs  laid  in  coi>liiieiiicnt , 
wt'  are  en  '  cly  ignorant  of  any  pariisitc>  that  may  attack  it.  liiit  (itii- 
try  states  tliat  the  caterpillar  is  eaten  hy  tlnincatlow  lark,  Stiirnclla  niagmi. 
iiiid  tilt  imago  ot'lhis  or  !>.  inyrimi,  or  hotli,  li\  the  rough  winged  ,-wallow. 
Stelgidoptcrvx  sci-  ipeniiis. 

Desiderata.  It  will  he  seen  hy  the  ioregoing  accoiiiil  that  there  are 
luiuiv  points  ill  which  further  iiivoistigiition  is  necessary  to  make  the  lii.story 
of  this  hiittertly  coiiijdete.  The  extent  ol"  time  over  which  the  aiivent  of 
hiitterllies  fresh  fron.  the  chrysali.s  is  spread  renders  it  more  than  nsiially 
ilitlienlt  to  tleciplier  tlii'  liistorv,  antl  we  neetl  to  know  more  certainly  the 
cause  of  this  range  itself.  Iltiw  large  a  |)roportii)n  of  caterjiillar.s  in  diU'er- 
ent localities  hihernate  as  soon  as  horn,  and  how  many  when  half  y'l'ow  11 ':' 
How  soon  after  eelottion  do  hiitterflioti  of  the  first  hrootl  lay  eggs  antl  what 
is  the  raiigo  in  tills  respect  in  each  of  the  hrooil.s';'  Is  there  any  time-hiatn- 
in  egg-liiying  hetwcen  thchrootls,  iinil  if  80.  is  it  Iniilgetl  hy  tiiU'erent  indi- 


-■# 


018 


rilH   IIU'ITKKFLIKS  OF   NKW   ENGLAND. 


viiluaU  of'ii  siiiffle  brood?  Is  any  lotliaigic  ti'iidinc)  si'Oii  in  tlic  catcijtil- 
lars  of  the  first  brood,  and  to  lio\t-  groat  an  extent  is  it  found  in  lliosc  of 
the  sopond?  Is  tlie  coniparriiive  ainindance  of  tlie  ditlerent  liroods  in  any 
one  place  affected  by  lethargy  of  caterpiUars,  or  ai)stinenci'  in  oviposition 
of  bntterriics?  and  if  so,  liow  and  to  what  extent?  It  would  l)c  very 
interesting  to  compare  tlu'  annual  history  of  this  buttc:  Hy  in  the  northern 
and  southern  parts  of  its  range.  Is  it  anywheri-  doidiie  brooded,  and  if 
so,  which  lu'ood  is  then  the  more  abundant  in  individuals?  Parasites  of 
this  buttertly  are  unknown,  and  the  habits  of  the  caterpillar  have  not  boon 
i)l)scivcd  in  free  initiu'c.  Docs  it  occur  in  Xcw  Hrunswick  and  Nova 
Scot'ti?  or  in  Wyoming  and  on  the  northern  branch  of  the  Saskatchewan, 
as  we  might  be  led  to  suppose  from  the  known  facts  of  its  distribution? 


LIST  OF  ILLUSTRATWSS.-nilESrins  ItEI.LOSA. 


wy 


'm 


?-..) 


Oeni'rat. 
IN.  •>•.>.  lifT.  2.    DWriliiition  in  Xortli  .Vini'i-ioii. 

I'l.  W,  lis-  liT.     I'liiin. 
li":  17.     Mioropyli'. 

('(itii'inUnr. 
I'l.  7.'),  lii.'.  1.    Miitiiri'  I'liliTpillar. 

5.    CiitiTpillar  ni'iirly  urowii,  ilor- 

■iill    Vll'W. 

7!l:  10, 11.  Fninl  vicwsof  lu'iii|,st:i!;('»  Hi,  v. 


Vhrijmlis. 
ri.  84,  llsrs.  10,  11.    .si,|,.  viowi.. 

hnmjii, 
I'l.  .">,  lli:.  13.    Mali",  holli  siirlin'i-s. 

li").    Ki'iiiiilc,  iiotli  surfiu'tv. 
1-J:li.    Hotli  surfiucs. 
:t:t :  IVS.  i!!).     Mall'  al)iluiiiiiial  a|ip«'iula):i'!<. 
.'i4:l.    8iili' vii'W   of  head  and  appi'iiila^pa 
rnlai's-'i'il,  witli  ilt'tailx  of  tlio  dtnu'turo  of 
the  li'i.'». 


TRIBE  MELITAEIDl. 


CRESCBNT-SPOTS  OR  OREOARaOUS  FRITILLARIES. 


Melltaoidac  Xewnmn. 
Ilaniaili'vaili's  Itorkliaiir-in. 


rapilioiu's  vnricfTuli  WicniT  ViTzcli'linlss. 


.     .     .     <)  IImiU.  Ill  wllnlll 
llroacl  Iravi'il  li;:  tiri>  rviMi  now  fori'ilooni 
Tlicir  ripfii'il  friiita^jr:  yi'llow  jjlrtnil  lu'cs 
Tlipir  v'Dlili'n  lioiicyrDnilis;    .    .    . 

.    .    .     pent  up  liultrrtlii'.o 
Tlirlr  firrklril  win^rs:  vva.  tlir  fri'.sli  linililliif:  yi-ar 
All  its  I'DMipli'tions— iM'ipiii'kly  ni'ar. 

Kv.\\>* .—  Kuihjiii  ii  in . 

Imago.  Iloail :  cliib  of  iinti'iiniiL'  nioilorati'ly  loni;.  well  niurkoil,  tliri'i'  or  four  tinii-s 
ii>  loiii,'  as  Inoail,  witli  ii  sin^'li' or  hd  carinii  lii'noatli.  I'alpiis  vory  loiii;  ami  sIimiiIit, 
stai'irly  tliu'krni'd  Uy  hairs  or  si'ali's;  UTiiiinal  joint  prcUy  Ion;;.  — from  oiu'-lialf  to 
ouo-tliinl  till'  lonjilli  of  llii.'  nilddlc  joint. 

'I'liorax  ;  llrst  supi  lior  snhi'ostal  niTvnri'  of  fori'  wiiifis  arising  hol'ori'  tlir  lip  of  Hit' 
cell;  llu!  second  at  or  a  little  beyom'  llio  tip;  coll  dosed;  niedluM  nervnrc  connccleil 
heyond  Its  second  divarication  witli  the  vein  closing:  the  cell.  I'recostal  ncrvure  of 
hliul  wln^is  orifjjlnatiiij;  hcyond  tlie  divarication  of  tlie  costal  and  subcostal  nervnres; 
ctli  open  or  partially  closed.  Tarsi  destitulr  of  spines  al)ovc.  and  the  til)iae  nearly 
so;  four  rows  of  spines  on  the  under  side  of  the  teriidiml  tarsal  joint;  fore  tarsi  of 
fcuialc  louiposed  of  live  joints,  witli  a  few  spim^s  ijesldes  the  spurs,  llie  last  joint 
unarmed. 


NYMniAUNM'.:    Tin:    'V\\U',V.   MKI-ITAKIDI. 


(■.19 


Abcloiiu'ii :  ii|ii)i'iiilii;,'(>  of  iiiiilc  ;  uppiT  (iri^'aii  r-inall  iiiul  insiv;iiir\(:inl ,  do^titiilc  iif  :i  ilis- 
tiiict  liook  ;  clasps  small  ami  coinpact.  ^.'I'licraUy  more  or  lc~s  iiiiailratc  anil  rallicr  i;il)- 
lions  at  tlu'  haso,  bcariiii:  an  apii'al,  nsiially  cnrvini;.  Ilnircr-likc  liodk.  anil  an  intrrinr, 
more  or  Ifss  sk-klr-sliapi'il  sphiL',  (•riis>in;;  that  of  tlir  oppiislh' siilr.  In  llii'si' oi'L'ans 
the  ;rri)up  roi'ulls  tho  Vancssiili  ratlior  than  tho  Ar;;}nnuli. 

Bgg.  Sonu'what  acorn-shaped,  hiiiher  than  hroail,  well  ronmloil  at  base  nnil  at 
sliles.  anil  broailly  ilockoil  at  snnmiit.  with  very  slight  anil  pretty  nnnierons  liniiiitmli- 
nal  ribs  occupyini;  only  the  upper  half  of  the  e^i;-  while  below  the  snrface  is  snioulli, 
or  inileiitoil  with  polyii;onal  or  rmnnleil  ilopressions. 

Caterpillar  at  birth.  I'apillae  of  the  Itoily  inconspicuons,  all  arranjieil  in  painil 
rows,  of  which  there  arc  three  on  citlicr  side  of  the  body  above  the  spiracles,  and 
which  are  disposed  in  nearly  the  same  manner  on  the  tlioracie  and  abdominal  scir- 
mcnts;  slender,  taperinu;,  lliiely  pointed,  not  very  loni,'.  ami  sometimes  faintly  spicn- 
lifcrous  hairs  arise  from  the  papillae. 

Mature  caterpillar,  lleail  snnu'whal  smaller  than  the  Imdy,  Imt  little  if  at  all. 
tnniid  above,  lioily  alteimated  a  little  anteriorly  on  tin:  tlioracie  seirments.  Abdomi- 
nal sefjnuMils  divided  into  a  miicli  larger  anterior  and  a  short  posterior  snbse;iment, 
the  former  siimetimes  indistinctly  ilividcil  au:ain  posteriorly.  Spines  iieavy  and  coarse, 
tai)crini;.  witli  divcr^'ini;  needles,  monnled  on  warllet^.  and  directed  anjrularly  npward. 
Spiin'S  arranu;eil  in  a  mediodorsal  row  on  llie  alidominal  sca;meids,  and  tiiree  addi- 
tional rows  on  eillier  side  above  the  spiracles  on  most  of  the  segments;  the  lirst 
thoracic  sejjment  with  a  transverse  row  either  of  spines,  the  upper  ones  (at  least) 
sliorter  than  those  of  the  rest  of  the  body,  or  of  long  hairs. 

Chrysalis.  Head  not  projecting  independently  beyond  the  thorax,  but  forndni;,  as 
it  were,  a  sinsle  mass  with  it.  Superior  border  of  winy;s  with  a  slii;lit  blunt  elevation 
in  tile  place  of  the  secondary  tubercle.  Dorsum  of  the  mesotliorax  pretty  reaniarly 
ronnded,  scarcely  carinale.  Dorsum  of  abdomen  not  lunu'itudinally  carimite,  l)nt  witli 
,-i  dorsal  and  latcrodorsal  series  of  eii  -.U.  small,  liiunt  tubercles;  cremaster  with  a  lat- 
eral prominence  near  tiic  base. 

Till'  l)iitterHiL'.s  of  this  tribe  ciosi'ly  iTsfiiililf  the  Ar^jyiiiiidi  iu  .striictiiie. 
ami  liave  ocm'i'allv  iiecii  cuiisidfi'i'tl  nmro  iiitiiiiiilciv  iissociati'd  with  tliciii 
tiiaii  is  here  rciifcsontcd.  Tiiov  are  eitiier  ol'  the  iiiediiiiii  or  soiiiewiiat 
iiii(hr  the  inediiiiii  si/.e,  and,  like  the  previous  trihe,  are  iLsually  fiilvmis 
euluri'd  ahiive,  Imt  so  iiiiieh  iiuui'  ln'avily  liordered  and  ehecqiiered  with 
lijaek,  that  simii'  oeiierii  are  iiliiiost  l)lack  with  tawny  spots;  lieiieath.  the 
mai'kiiio's  somewhat  reseiidile  thosu  of  the  .\royiniidi.  I>iit  the  hind  winos 
are  iiaier  in  tint,  with  seldom  any  trace  nf  silvery  or  naereons  markiiio-s  ; 
as  in  the  Afovunidi,  or  to  ii  oi'i.;it(>v  extent,  the  w  inu's  are  ronnded  and 
somewhat  elongated.  The  insects  are  of  rather  feelde  llioht,  and  seldom 
rise  far  ahove  the  ofoimd.  They  are  uenerally  alnindant  in  individnais, 
and  often  very  local  in  their  distrilmlion. 

Tiiev  are  maiidy  chaiacteristic  of  the  New  Wtndil,  wiiere  they  ahonnd 
in  the  tropics  and  north  tem[>erate  zone,  lint  they  are  also  well  re|)i-e- 
si'iiti'd  in  all  the  northern  parts  of  the  Old  World,  and  many  species  are 
fonnd  in  the  hiohcr  mountain  rcirions  of  Imth  hemis|iheres. 

'i'hev  are  o'enerallv  single  liri  oiled  toward  the  northern  limit  of  their 
ram'e,  or  in  high  altitudes,  lint  doiilile  lirooded  or  polyo;onentic  elsewhere. 
The  ciius  are  uenerally  ( perhaps  always)  laid  in  clusters,  and  the  ciiter- 
pi'lars.  at  least  in  the  early  hiilf  of  their  life,  arc  social,  often    coiisirnct- 


it.   '"' 

1'^ 


i 


G20 


TIIK   lUirTKUKI-IIvS  OF  NKW   KXCl.AN'D. 


'\n}i  ('(iiiiinuu  \vcl)i<,*  ill  which  suiiu'  khuh  hihernato  :  tor.  so  t'ur  as  known 
.ill  the  s|)i>cie8  of  this  tril)0,  wlu'tiur  in  tlio  New  \Vorhl  or  tlic  ()l(l,  |iiis! 
tlic  winter  as  half  ".n-own  rat('r]iillars. 


ambulations 


w 


I'alilc  III' till'  i/i'iiira  of  Milit'ii  iiH.  Imsi'il  aii  llic  I'tjij. 

!•-.;•_'  with  lliiiiililr-likc  (lriirrs«i<ins  on  the  -iilcs. 

Ki.'!;  si'iiiccly  liiirlicr  lliaii  IdMiiil;  lliimlili'-liko  (li'prt'ssiiiiis  cuvfrinir  the  Ionmt  Ii:iII  i>f  IIh' 

fiSii I'livciu<li>s. 

KiTU  half  as  lii^'li  :i<;»in  iis  lii'i  !icl;  lliiiiililc-liki' (Icprcnsioii.s  cDiiliiiiil  In  iIh'  iiiiilillr  tliii'<l<r 

the  (');<: <'liiii'i(lryiis. 

l)i.'L'  with  Mirfai'i'  sinontli  r\c'(|ilinir  fur  the  vertical  rilis. 

Kl".'  uliiiiit  iiiii'-lit'lli  lii^'licr  tliaii  lirnail Ciiiclidia. 

l-'.-ji'j  alniiil  iiiH'-lliiril  lihlirr  lliaii  liroail Kiipliyilryas. 

Tiil'/i  iif  lliv  iiiiii'i''!,  Iiiim-'l  nil  l/ii:  riilii-iii//iir  nl  liirlh. 

Ilair>  111  ImiiIv  iiiiicIi  lip|ii:ir  iIimii  u  iilllinl  limly riiyoluitt-s. 

IIair»  111  111  Illy  >liiirtrr  lliaii  wiilMi  nf  limly Kiipliydryas. 

(  liarii|rya>  ami  CiiiclMia  not  i'xaiiiii-i|. 

'/'<('//(•  iif  thii  iji'iivrn.  Imsi'il  mi  the  iii'Hiirr  rudrjnllili: 

lluily  lylimlrical  tlUMiiirliiiul,  or  >i-ariTly  taiicriii;;  lurwanl  mi  llii  iliorarii'  M';;iiitiils.  iiKirki  il 
Willi  loiiL'lIiiiliMal  >triiir>  ota  |ialc  ami  iliill  I'ojur  in  nuilrasi  willi  a  ilarkrr;.'roiiiiil :  r(iiiv|riirl> 
nil  well  at  any  piMiocI  of  liiV. 

I'lilicrclrs  of  lioilj  >ioul,  I'oiiical,  lt>s  ilian  twin'  as  lii.^li  as  liruail I'liyciuiivs, 

'riilicfrli's  of  ImhIv  sicmirr,  lapi'rlni.'  Iml  lilllf.  fully  llirir  linii's  as  lii;.'li  as  lirnail 

Cliariilryas. 
r.mly  i|islini'll\  lapiriii;;  furuanliin  llic  llioracii' scj^incnts.  niarknl  allmialilv  anil  liaiis\rr«i!y 
Willi   liiark   anil  luiu'lil  oraii;jr  rolors  on   iiiosi  of  llir  aliiluniinal  sru'innits ;  live- in  a  wcli  in 
oarly  lilV. 

Itiiily  sprinklcil  liclwi'in  lln'  miicicli's  with  very  slmri  ami  <'.vn'(iliiiv'ly  ilrliiali.  scaltcicil 
liairs,  with  an  orcasional  loni.'oni'.    No  iiifrasli'.'inalal  tiilirri'li'  on  the  lliinl  thoracii'  sri;. 

mint I  inciiiila. 

lioily  sprinkliil   liitwnii  tin-  tuhfrclcs  with  pri'tly  lon>t,  spinous,  tapcrliif;  hairs.     An  in- 
rra-ti'.rniatal  liilurrli'  on  all  llio  thurai'ii'  sc;j:im'nls Kuphydryiis. 

■Iiiom-  I'aiMth ast   spri'irs.  ai iilini;  to  lii'sl   ilrNclopcil  in  Ihi'  Dlil  Worlil  ami  on  llir 

.Mr.  Henry  Kilw  arils,  caeh  imiiviiliial  makes  a  I'aeilii' slope  of  onr  own  eoiiiilry.  in  ilistinc- 

«eparale  well  of  iN  ow  n.    The  well  eonslriiel-  lion  from  eastirn  Aineiieaaml   the   iropies. 

In.'  Iialiit  appears  to  lie  eoiiliiieil  to  ami  almost  To  it  of  our  New  Knu'lanil  lienera  lielom:  Chi- 

nniver-al  in  that  seeiimi  of  the  trilie  whiili  is  eliilia  anil  Knphyilryas. 


■  BBP'uiBUBmujwim  »m 


NYMI'IIAI-INAK:   Til.'':   (IKMS    I'll  VCK  lIlKS  (121 

Tillili    nflhr  IK  lurit,  hllHitl  nil  tlif  rlil'llmilix. 

Nu  >ii|inisil;_'iiiiil:il  liilii'i'i'lf  mi  llii'  xidiiil  aluliiiiiiii.'il  -i    uii'iil  (I  hi'  niiM-il  >|>||im  Ir  In  l'li>>'ii»li"- 
-IkmiM  Mill  111-  iiii-laki  II  for  ilii>).    No  ilMimi  lihii  k  I'liinl  lniv('i>llifr  llic  \vIii«-cihi>. 
A  ili-liinl  lriiii>Misi'  iiil;.'i-  r.iiiiiiiiin;;  iiiliinli-i  nf  fciiirlli  iilpilcimliiiil  NPtfiiiriil.  I'liyt-lodes. 

Ni)  >iiiii  ili-liiiri  liili-'i' ClinrUlryas. 

A  »ii|irn«li..'m:il;il  IiiIpiTi'Ii'  mi  I  In'  «i'i'iiii.|  nlnlmnliiMl  -i  _'iiii  iil.     A  ilKliml.  iili||i|iirl\  li':in."V('i'»i', 
liliU'k  liiiiiil  iipmi  llir  wiiiu'-i'iisi'i. 
Nu  illstlni't  ttilirn'li'>  mi  III!' I'l'.'lilli  :iliilmnlliiil '■rmiiriil,  llii'ii'  phiic  licliii.'  iiiaikiil  mily   liv 

iliirk  ^|Hii> ('inrliiliii. 

Tiilii'i'i-lr-  uf  iL'lilli  ;ili(|miiin:il  iic:iily  a-  |ii-(iiniiM'iii  a-s  uii  tin'  (■i'i'ii'iIIiil'  -r^iii.  iil 

Kii|>liy<lryns. 

Tillilr  "/  tlir  iiriimi.  hiisril  nii  Hir  ii,vlilii. 

.Mi.l.llr ji. ill!  iif  |ial|ii  la|ii  rliiL' iMii»iili-raMy  ainl  rruiilarly  ill  apic'ai  half;   r.>n'  liipia  nf    '    vi  i-y 
»lciiclc'i'  anil  (if  rcnial  -i/c  ilirmi.'liiiiii,  al  loast  Icii  tiino-^  Imiircr  llian  hrnail. 

Apii'al  jdint  nf  pal|ii  lcs<tliaii  mic-iliinl  as  ImiL'  a«  I  he  inlililli' jninl :  fm-cliliia  nf   '  Marci'ly 

>hm'li'r  than  the  fiiiiiir i'liyoiotlcs. 

Apii'al  joint  nf  palpi  nearly  half  as  ImiL'  a-  tlic  iiiiiMlc  jniiil ;  fnic  tiliia  .if    '    iiiiK'h  shm'lor 

than  I  ho  feninr (  iiurldryas. 

Mi'lillc  jiiint  nf  palpi  nf  iicai'ly  ('>|iial  >i<!(' thi'niiulinnl :    fnii-  lilija  n|    '    >tniii  aii'l  tiiiiilil.  nut 
iiinrr  lliaii  live  or  >ix  liiiii>  |nnL"r  than  limail. 

l''nre  wiii'^-  lint  proilii 1  apii'ally.  tlir  outer  heiiiL'  iiineh  >hnrler  than  the  hlml  inari;in;  sei- 

niiil -iiiierlor  >iilienstal  nerviile  ari-ini;  lieyoiiil  the  cell ;    hi>t  jnini   nf  palpii>  more  than 

half  as  liroail.  ami  nearly  or  <|nlti'  half  a<  Inn.',  as  the  niiiMle.inint Cinflldia. 

Kore  win;;  jirniliieeil  iipieally.  sn  that  the  imter  iiiaru'ln  is  seareply  •horter  than  the  hinil 

iiiariiin:    « ml  siiperinr  ■.iilien>lal  iier.iile  arising'  liefnre   llie  extremity  of  llie  cell; 

last  jniiil  of  palpus  le«s  than  half  a»  lirnad,  ami  seareely  nm-iliinl  a»   loim.  a«  the  iiiiiMIe 
jnlnt Kiipliydryns. 

IMIVCIODKS   Ilfl5Ni:i{. 

I'h>eiii.le..    lliilin..   Verz.    Iiek.    ~ehimli..   lilP       .Meliiae,  (par-l  Aiiet. 
i|sHi).  T'li'i  .-I'liiiili'i  ri,ri/l,i  Cmiii. 

Ami  here  ami  yoiiiler  a  llakv  inillerlly 
Was  iloiihiin'^'iti  tl.e  air. 

Mr|)ii\M  11.  -/■■»/»7/, )./(,'. 

Imago  (54:  2).  Ileiiil  Icnii'.  Inrnisheil,  not  very  aliiiinlaiilly.  with  loiiy;,  i.rcit  hairs. 
l-'rnii  .-eareely.  if  at  all,  inlhileil  excepting  In  the  niiilille  lieiieiilli.  uheri'  it  i>  rather 
>liarply  pniliiheraiit ;  'ii.arly  hall"  ;i»  lifoail  airaiii  a--  liiuli.  ^(.areely  a-  lir.i.aii  as  tlie  cvi's  ; 
upper  liiirtion  iilimisl  Hat  ;  upper  Imnler  prmliieeil  rather  liroiiilly  lu.tween  the  eyes,  thn 
proiliieeil  portion  transversely  roiinihal.  the  Ixirder  iiliril|itly  termliialiiiiiiit  I  lie  pit  iil' tlio 
antennae  and  not  slupinj;  y;r:iilnall\  to  II  :  lower  linrder  rather  proilneed  in  tin.  niidillo 
anil  ^ironirly  rounded:  vertex  rallier  l.-irire.  reuiilarlv  rnnniled  lint  not  tiiinid  and  lyiiiu; 
lielow  the  npper  level  of  the  evi's.  seareely  1  voader  th.iii  loin.',  the  sides  striliifht  or 
>li:rhll.v  eoneaveanil  narrow  in  it  pii..leriiirly.  the  po-terior  horder  sc(iiar(.|y  docked,  I'^yes 
riither  liirire.  not  I'lill,  naked.  .Xiilei.nae  insert "d  w  ith  tlieir  posterior  liorder  iii  tlie  mid- 
dle of  the  front  in  ilislinet  not  deep  pits.  sepai".'"il  at  llieir  li;ise  hy  a  spaee  ei|nalliiin 
llie  diameter  of  llie  sec.ond  aiitennal  joint :  I'onsldi.ralily  longer  than  the  alidoinen.  coiii- 
posed  of  tliirty-l'oitr  or  tliirly-llve  Joints  III'  whuli  the  last  eleven  or  twelve  compose 
the  cliil),  which  is  coiiipivssed.  cylindrical,  in<i'easini:  very  irradiially  and  regularly  in 
size,  principally  liy  Micivmcnt  upon  the  outside  of  ilie  joints,  and  then  diininisliintj 
r.ipidly.  four  joints  enterliia  into  llie  diniiiintiuii  of  size,  the  eii.i  Ii'Iiil;-  well  rounded, 
the  apex  sHiihtly  conical,  the  whole  cliili  four  times  as  liroad  .is  the  stalk  ami  throo 
and  a  liali  times  loiiiter  than  hroad  :  licneitli  villi  a  ilisiincl  tentral  carina  I'alpi  very 
loiiLj  and  not  very  stout,  alinnsl  lliree  times  loiiLrer  IIkiii  the  eye.  directed  upward  iind 


■is.- 


^i 


622 


Tin;   UlTTKllFLIKS  OF  NKW   KNCI.AND. 


iii>;(I<'im1i1,v  upr^.inl.  Ilir  M|iitiil  juiiil  iiciirlv  (iiii'-iliinl  ii>  1'     ,'  n->  llir  |ii>milliiiinl 


I'ldllii'd  (iiilv  nllli  >liiirl,  rc'(iiiiil)i'iil  sciilcs  ami  Imir-'.  wli'li 


mill 


itlirr  jdiiit^  nrc  ^iip- 


plicil  hotli  iiliovc  mill  lii'liiw  Willi  very  loii;i,  cri'ct,  iind   fowiinl  I'l'iichliii;  sciili'.^  iniil 
liaii->.  111!  ill  a  vntical  plaiic. 

I'nilliDracIc  lnho  ^'rratlv  aitprrssi'd,  liiillo«i'il  ln'liiiid,  cxfcpl  iiilcriurlv  ivdiK-i'd 
iiliiiiisl  to  laiiiiiiac.  upper  surface  rimiidi'd  trnii>vi'r>cly,  fiillv  llirro  liiiics  a>  limiul  ii^ 
liiuli.  till'  ends  wi'll  roiiiuli'd.  I'aliijjia  moderately  brnad  mid  rather  loiii;.  fully  three 
times  as  Ion;;  as  hroad,  the  posterior  lobe  ilimiuishiii«  :.'rudiially  in  width,  the  a|ii'x 
bluntly  rounded,  the  inner  niaririu  nearly  straijiht,  but  ifeiitly  eurved,  exteriorly  a  little 
I'oiieavi'.  reiiderinu'  the  latter  part  of  the  posterior  lobe  eipial. 


Kore  wiiiiTs  (39 ; 


*)   two 


thirds  as  loin;  a>faln  as  lu'oad.  the  costal  inar;;in  slii;lilly 


curved  near  the  base,  beyond  very  sliijlitly  convex,  the  outer  aii;;le  ronnded  otV  but 
distinct:  upper  portion  of  tlie  outer  inari;in,  as  far  as  the  middle  of  tlie  subcosto- 
ii'ediau  interspiice,  .-traiitht  and  at  scarcely  less  than  a  ri.nlit  alible  with  the  costal 
ninrjriu;  below  this  as  far  as  the  lowt'st  median  Interspneo  It  Is  slijfhtly  conciive  iind 
bent  Inward  at  an  aiij;le  of  a'  ..it  .'I.")  .  below  the  lowest  nuMllan  uervule  exclsml,  the 
aiiifle  rather  broadly  ronnded;  inner  mariiiii  scarcely  concave.  First  superior  siib- 
cost;d  nervule  aiisinu  in  the  middle  of  the  outer  two-llfths  of  the  wiuji:  the  three 


foil 


iiWlllL 


ei) 


ii.il  distance^  from  each  other  nnd.it  the  ~miie  distmicc  as  is  the 


>iid 


lieyond  the  apex  of  the  cell ;  the  foiirlh  further  from  the  outer  inanrin  than  from 
the  oriniii  of  tile  second;  second  inferior  subcostal  in  rvulc  arisiui;  iibout  onc-tliinl  way 
down  the  wIuk;  cell  scarcely  two-llfths  as  loiij;  as  the  wiiij{  mid  two  ami  half  times 
lon^rer  than  broad.  I,ast  median  nervule  coiiueetcd  with  the  vein  elosiny;  the  cell, 
more  than  half  as  far  from  Its  base  as  that  Is  fnnii  the  tirsi  iiK'diaii  nervule. 

Illiid  wiiiirs  with  the  costal  border  rather  largely  sliouldi'red  and  well  rounded  next 
the  base,  beyond  slraiiiht  or  very  iharly  so.  the  outer  aii;;le  very  broadly  rounded; 
tin' outer  border  pretty  well  rounded,  reu'iilarly  so  in  the  $.  r;itliir  full  in  tin  -uli- 
eostal  and  subcosto-meiHaii  area  in  the  ^  ;  iiiiiir  inar;,iii  soinewh!il  i'\p;inded  but  not 
very  iibrnptly  next  the  base,  beyoml  siraiirhl    searcely  ;iuil  roundly  liimririiiiite  licycmd 


the   internal  mrvure.   tl'c   aiiu;le 


lundeii    oil".      I'recostiil    iier\Mre   directed    slroiiyU 


ontWJird  from  il>  middle.      Second  subco-.t;il  nervule  oriiriinitliii;  hut  MTy  little  beyond 
t'le  llrst  ;   cell  open. 

I'ore  lcu:s  short,  lyllndrieal,  in  the  male  with  a  slii;|ii  rriii;;ei.r  liniir.  imt  irreatly 
sprejiiliiiL.'  hairs  on  the  outer  side;  tibiae  alxnit  txvo-liftlis  the  ieiiiith  oftiie  iiind  tibhie ; 
t  irsi  ;iliout  one-third  (d  )  or  :ibont  llve-sixllis  ($)  ;is  loni;  as  the  tibiae  eomposcd 
either  of  :i  minute.  apic;il  joint  ;.;id  \ii;;ne  iiidlcjition^  nnlv  of  other  inci-,iiins,  niKUiiied 


ir.if  live  ioinl~.  of  which  the  llrst  i-  half  a-  lnn;j 


liu  as  all  the  others  ti 


I'tiler 


tiie  second  two-llfths  of  the  remai, dim  leuu'.h.  and  the  others  decreasinu;  iii  ;i  reirnlar 


ratio,  the  hi^t  beiiii;  oulv  a  bullions 


llii. 


it   the  tip;  iill  but  the  last  arc   fnriiislied 


biiuiilh  !it  tlie  tip  w  illi  ;i  p:iii-  of  modi  r;itely  loiii;  spiiu  ~.  1 1 


i(  I  he  llrst  joint  rather 


slender  and  rrcnnibent.  i>(  the  others  stout  at  base,  taiieriuu:  :ind  prominent,  the  spati 


I'coiul  and  tlilr 


be! Weill    llieiii   iKikeil;    in   the   liiiildle   of    either    side  of   the 

biiusitli  is  a  sinu:le.  deliciite  spine  (  $),     Middle  tibiae  scared 

furnished  on  either  side  in  the  middle  liiiieath  with  a  row  of  rather  short. 


d    joints 


)ni!  as  hind  tibiae, 


liider. 


tiipiM'ini;,  s(iniewli;it   s;ire;iiliiiLr,  distant  spine 


the 


!ipic;il  ones  developed  as  not  very 


loiu  but  slender  spurs ;  supplied  also  on  the  upper  snr'ace  jind  inner  side  with  a  few, 
similar  spines,  iiiiisi  of  ilieiii  arrmijred  in  an  imperfect  row  at  the  upper  limit  of  the 
inner  siiic.  'I'lie  llrst  joint  of  the  tarsi  as  lou^  as  tlio  others  to,i;ellier.  the  seeimd 
ei|iiaUinK  the  third  ;iiid  fourth  combbied.  the  fourth  siiniUest  and  the  llftli  fully  as 
lon;i  as  the  tliird.  armed  beneath  with  four  rows  of  short  and  slender,  delicate  spines. 
not  so  nninerous  as  usual,  the  apical  one  of  each  joint  a  little  louuer  than  the  others, 
and  those  of  tlie  two  inner  rows  of  the  llrst  joint  iipparently  arranired  !iltern;Uely  : 
upper  surface  devoid  of  spines,  (hiws  very  sunill.  but  rather  stunt.  r:itlier -tronyly 
f;ileate.  tapei'inu'  to  a  rather  blunt  tip.  strongly  enm|irosseil ;  paronyeliia  double,  the 
superior  lobe  as  louif  as  the  c'a^v.  but  slender  and  enrviiiir.  miii'li  less  bluntly  pointed 


iiid 


I'ly   tiiperii 


inferioi    lobe    li;in'   a.s   Ion;;,   but  of  tlie 


^izc.   cnrviiiL' 


sironiil>  ii;w;ird  .iiid  I'nrw.iril :  p!ih  illus  moderate,  nearly  circular. 


XYMI'IIAI.INAK:   TlIK   (JKNUS    IMIYCIODKS. 


623 


-i 


Aliiloiiii'ii  •ili'iiclt-r.  llic  ii|i|)t'r  oriraii  of  tlu;  iiiiili'  tippouilii^rcs  ii  liltlo  doprcssod,  cniiiciil. 
I'lilliiucly  (Iiickc'd.  ria»ps  stout.  Ii>n!;itii<1liiiil.  iiiiich  more  tliaii  twice  as  lotij;  as  l)roail, 
tlic  liasi'.l  half  rnt'icr  tiiiiilil.  the  apical  half  tapering  lo  a  piplnlcil,  (lowii-ciirvcil  tip. 
imui'vcil  niily  at  the  cxlrciiiilv  :  itilcrior  todlh  arcuate.  aciilifi)riji.  ciii'vlui;  ilisl  inwaril. 
then  hackwaril  tiini  thi'iiiiLrhniil  a  little  npwai'il,  iieaiiy  as  loiiir  as  the  laperliiir  part  of 

t'le  cla-p. 

Bgg.  rvrlfiinii,  ti-iiiicate  .iliove.  brnadest  niiich  bolow  the  middle,  hut  little  hijrhor 
than  lifciad.  the  under  surface  In-oudly  i-onnded,  I,nwer  half  pitted,  thindile-llke.  with 
pi)ly;;oinil  cells,  npper  half  fnrnl.shed  with  nnnit'f(»n.s  .slii;hl  verlli  id  eli'vathnis  e\tend- 
iiii:  I.I  the  tiat  summit  :  tlic  latti'f  covered  aiialii  willi  hexaironal  cells. 

Caterpillar  at  birth.  Head  liroa<lrst  nliove.  l)roadi'r  than  Inirh.  taperini;  rapidly 
heiiealh.  the  hemispheres  well  and  Indcpundenlly  runiideil.  the  frontal  triantth'  about 
Ihree-lirths  the  liel;;ht  of  llie  head,  the  whole  smooth,  with  scallered  simple  hah's. 
liody  inirrower  than  the  head,  cvllndrical.  ei|ual,  furnished  with  slender  hairs,  seated  on 
-Imple  papillae  arranged  on  eacli  ^id  ■  as  follows:  a  laterodorsal  series,  slightly  in 
ad\aner  of  tlu'  ndddle.  on  the  thoracic  anti  abdominal  segments;  ii  lateral  series,  on 
the  aiiterii>r  part  of  tlu' thoracic  and  tliu  posterior  part  of  tlie  abdominal  se;;nu'nts: 
a  suprastii;iiu\tal  series,  sitiuited  mesially  <ir  slightly  in  advance  of  the  ndddli\  on 
the  nbdondiial  si'iiinents  only;  and  an  Infnisti^imatal  series,  oni'  to  a  sejrment.  poste- 
riorly situated  on  both  thorncic  and  abdondnal  se<;ments.  besides  another  on  the 
abdominal  seirmeuts,  anteriorly  situated,  and  a  little  lower  tlian  the  other.  The  hairs 
are  ^lender,  tapi  rini;.  splcullferous.  directed  in  ditl'erenl  ways  on  the  dllVcrent  series  of 
p.lpilll.e. 

Mature  caterpillar.  Head  well  rounded,  very  similar  in  I'iumii  to  that  of  lireidhis, 
broaile^t  at  the  upper  part  of  the  ocellai'  Held,  scantely  taperiiii;  above,  the  sinnniit 
broadly  rounded,  u  very  little  full  e.itoriorly.  the  suture  between  scarcely  depressed, 
di'epcst  In  the  ndddle.  the  front  tlattened  a  little;  lrian$;le  slender,  reachin;;  about 
half  way  uji  the  front,  fully  half  as  hlirli  airain  as  brond  ;  hea<l  covered  rather  sparsely 
on  the  -Ides  and  sunnidt.  scarcely  at  all  in  froid,  with  minute  tubercles  emitting;  moil- 
eralely  loni;  hair-,  one  lulieri'le.  at  tlu'  anterior  outer  limit  of  the  summit  of  eitlier 
side,  a  little  larixer  than  the  others.  .Vnti'iiuae  with  the  second  joint  as  lonj;  asbi'oad. 
the  third  of  the  same  dlcuni'ter  and  rather  more  than  half  :i-  Ion::  au;ain  as  broad, 
the  fourth  very  iinnute.  <»celll  six  In  number,  live  in  rather  :!  sironi:  curve,  its  con- 
vexity forward  and  a  little  downward,  the  ndddh'  three  at  eipnd  distances  from  each 
other;  the  others  a  little  further  removed  from  them,  the  sixth  behind  the  others,  at 
e(|ual  distances  from  the  lirst  i  or  uppermost)  ami  fourth  with  which  It  form-  a 
riiriit  aniile;  the  third,  fourth  and  llfth  are  larire  and  very  pronduent ;  the  other-  a 
little  -mailer  an<l  nnndi  less  prondnent.  the  second  sllKhlly  uinre -o  than  the  others. 
l,al)rum  pretty  lar'.re  and  lontt.  lonirllndinidly  rUifjed,  llu'  front  border  liroadly  roundl\  . 
l)Ut  not  very  deeply,  excl-cd.  Mandllile-  Ion;;  anil  broad,  but  not  very  -tout,  the 
cd^rc  -traiirhl.  dcntliulati',  with  half  a  do/iii  snniU.  triangular,  -harply  pointed  teeth. 
Maxillary  palpi  rather  stout,  short,  the;  ,ioiiils  about  eipial  in  li'nu;th  and  each  consid- 
erablv  slenderer  th:in  tin'  pri'cedlna:  jcdiil.  SplimiT(!t  exccedluiily  slender,  not  very 
Ion;:. 

Hody  armed  with  Inbercnhir  -pine-  .•irranu:ed  In  longitudinal  row-  ;  they  are  -tcuit. 
conli'al.  s(une\\liat  hii;lier  than  bioad.  bluntl>  polided  at  lip.  covered  abundantly  with 
mlnule  warth'l-  emiltimr  each  a  rather  delicate,  taiieriuf;  iieedle-like  tlicu'n.  nearly  as 
loni:  a-  the  whole  -pine  and  directi'd  at  an  aiifjle  upward:  thi'v  sire  arrani;ed  as 
follows: — a  dorsal  series.  anti'rhuMy  placed  on  tlu?  lirst  to  idnlh  abdcuniiial  sei;- 
incnts;  a  lateioilor-al.  me-hdly  placed  on  second  to  thini  thoracic,  and  a  Utile  in 
advance  of  the  ndddle  onllii'  lii'st  to  (M$;hth  abdominal  seifinents:  a  suprastiurmatal 
;iuteinedlaii  on  the  lirst  to  tiuith  abdominal  se^mciit.s ;  and  an  liifra.sti^matal  antero- 
median from  the  second  thoracic  to  the  tentli  abdoudmil  set^ments.  The  lirst  thoracic 
-I'irmcnt  has  no  tubercles  but  only  nwiny  lon^i  hairs.  I,eirs  ratlii>r  huifr.  moderately 
slender,  appn-sed,  taperluu  considerably,  the  claws  snudl,  compres-ed,  strongly 
heeled  at  base,  tn'yoml  very  -leiidi'r  and  nearly  e(|iial,  curving  ucntly. 


•■*.  ,1 


•  -Mi 


mm 


624 


IIIK  UUTTKKl'Lllls  OF  NKW    KN(il,AXI>. 


ii  , 


Chrysalis  \'icwicl  I'niiii  iilmvc  tin-  iirollmnix  mid  li.nd  sciincly  liiprr;  llicucclliii- 
lirDiniiii'iircs,  >c!irccly  |irnjri-tiiiij  I'illiri'  liiinilly  or  iinli'iii)i'l> .  Iciivr  I  in'  liniil  ImnK  r 
1)1  I  lie  liouil  oulv  •-liiilili.v  (•(iiK'iiM':  viewed  liilcrally  the  iiplxT  iiml  Inwcr  mhI'iut-.  nl 
till.'  lioiul  t'oriii  11  ri:;lil  ainjU' with  eiieli  ullicr.  tlie  imnlc  .miuvcI.v  nmiulrd.  rdniiiiiii  ,i 
t  I'll  IIS  verse  rldtfi'  fdiiiieetiiivt  I  lie  tips  of  t  lie  t\>(p  iieelliir  pn  mil  Helices  ;  nliove  llie  ilpex  of 
eaeli  prninliieiiee  Is  tlie  startiiiir  pniiit  of  a  riL'lit  aiiiiled.  soniewliat  ronndeil  i'ldi;e, 
I'liiiiiliii;  liiiekwai'd  and  a  little  Inward.  Head  and  wliiile  of  tlionix  liiiv  iiii;  a  eoninioii. 
I'l-etlV  well  arilied  curve,  liltfllest  illtlie  llliddio  of  the  p<isterlor  Iwo-tliirds  of  the 
iiiesoiioliiiii.  \\  here  its  proniiiienee  Is  niurked  l>y  a  nilnilte  tiilierele,  and  in  front  id'  llii» 
sllithtly  deprcsM'd  a^  far  a-  the  iniddl.^  of  tin'  nie»oiioluin.  Whole  front  to  the  wiiiii 
tips  ^tniinlit.  except iiii;  a  -lii^lil  proiiiineiice  at  the  liase  of  the  ocellar  proiiiineiico  : 
liasal  Willi;  tiiherclc  lull  sll;;litly  proiiilneiit,  pyriniiidal,  trii|nelral,  tin:  upper  an:;lc 
exteiidliiu  as  a  rather  lou ,  eipial  rid^e  to  lln  laterodorsal  tnhcrclc  of  inesoiiotiiin, 
where  it  terniiiiatc-  sinldeiily.  Snpernniiierary  tiilicrde  aliout  as  prominent  as  the 
previous  and  separated  from  it  liy  cmly  a  little  curve.  Mesonotnm  with  a  pair  of 
^iiiall,  conical,  laterodorsal  tiihcrcles  in  the  middle  of  the  scKiiienl.  AIhIoiiicii  pretty 
well  arched  loii;:itndinally.  tin  iiiiiforniity  liroken  a  little  in  advance  of  the  middle  of 
till'  fourth  xiiinenl.  where  tlnre  i-  a  lran^\er>e.  cMnisiihr.-ilily  i'li'\ated  ridife,  itsediic 
I  lln  111  ly  roiiinlcd.  exleiidin;;  acros>  the  wliole  »e;rnieiit,  pa  s~iii^  toward  the  anterior  part 
<if  the  so^meiil  lielow  I  lie  laterodorsal  line  and  iiieliidiiiii  the  liihercles  in  its  course, 
.Midoiiieii  fiinilsiii'd  with  II  dorsal  series  of  very  small,  cimlcal  warts  on  Iheantetior 
part  of  the  tliird  ti>  seventh  scijnicnts,  that  of  the  fourth  mounted  on  the  snminit  of 
tile  iniiisverse  ridije :  a  laterodorsal  series  of  similar  warts,  sonietimes  very  small,  dii 
the  first  to  seventii  si^ijmenls  and  also  on  the  nii'lathorax,  those  of  tin'  fonrlli  also 
inoniiied  on  the  transverse  rldiie;  and  mi  the  -nine  rid;;e  a  pair  of  supriisti;;inalal 
wails,  ri'eanal  Ipiilton  hounded  liy  very  distant,  low.  curviii:;,  very  limad  wallswhose 
onler  siiifaci'  is  deeply  siviaii'  In  line  radiatiiij;  from  tlie  base  of  the  (■remaster;  aiiti- 
riiu'ly  each  torminates  in  a  inlnnte.  in  .arly  splierical  tii'iercle;  crciiiasli'r  on  a  dor-al 
aspect  very  lit'oud  and  sliorl,  hroiider  than  ioiiji;  the  liasal  lialf  cc|nal,  llic  apical  half 
suddenly  mirniwiiijj  and  rounded,  the  surface  nearly  Hat  tlioii;th  corrnualed ;  on  a 
side  view  ecpial.  hiit  ml  her  sinnoiis.  sciirccly  longer  than  liroad.  the  apical  Held  of  anal 
liooklets  nearly  cinnhir.  Ilookhts  short,  rather  slender,  the  stem  straii^iit  or 
nearly  so.  ijie  crook  Iml  lilllc  enlariied.  lieiil  ronndly  at  riirlil  an:;les,  Die  pointed  apex 
minute. 

This  is  nil  .\Micfic;m  ociiiis  ilistriliiitril  o\ci-  the  oifattT  |Hirliiiii  of  lioth 
<MiiitiiH'tits  liiit  n;iist  hifircly  ili'M'h)|ii'(l  witliiii  tlic  tfopics.  In  \nrth 
.\i  n'ri('!i  it  I'cnrht's  (n  the  iiiiniiiil  isiitlicriii  nf  o.V  mid  in  Smitli  .Vnicricn 
til  ihi'  .lillh  |iaiiill('l.  Ill  the  nnrthcni  ciinlini'iit  it  cNtrnds  tVimi  nccnn  In 
nci'nn.liiil  in  the  suniiu'rii  h;is  nut  lifcii  n'lmrli'il  \Ms|  nl  ilic  .\n(|cs.  ,S(.\- 
trnl  s|ii'rii's  ucciir  in  I'lish  rii  North  Anu'ricii  :  otic  of  these  is  eiiniinnn 
throiiohiMit  New  [•",no|;inil,  and  :i  second  hits  heeii  Iniind  ni\  its  sniithiTii 
and  weilern  eiintines,  and  once  williiii  its  liinits. 

'I'lie  liiitteitlies  are  ot  small  size  with  a  t'ii!\i)iis  onmnd-cdhir  ahovc. 
hravlly  marked  with  Maek.  wavy,  ti'atisverse  lines  which  nt'teii  niei'of  into 
eaili  utiicr,  especially  on  the  liasal  halt'  and  the  maroinal  Imrder  of  the 
vvinofs  ;  this  liorder  is  preceded  mi  the  hind  winos  liy  a  series  of  jilackisli 
dill-.  Iieiiealii.  the  tore  \vin:;s  ati'  usually  orano-e  t'lihdiis  and  the  hind 
wings  of  sonic  hi'ownish  yellow  tint,  hoth  marked  with  irrcgtilar  hlotclies 
of  In'ovvn  or  lilack,  and  traversed  liy  dclieiite.  citrvitio',  tfaiisverse  streaks; 
tlic  hind  wino's  and  sonietimrs  (he  fore  wiiiiis  have  ii  siilimaroinal  series  of 


COMl'AUKl)  WITH  THOSK  OK  KLROl'K. 


625 


piilor,  often  subnacrcuii!*  liinulcs,  one  of  which  in  tlie  upper  median  inter- 
space in  nsnally  hirgcr  than  tlie  rest. 

Ouv  North  American  species  arc  jfenerally  (loul)le  iirooded  or  poly- 
{^oncutic,  and  hibernate  as  lialf  jjrown  caterpilhirs.  All  the  species,  prob- 
al)Iy,  arc  dimorphic,  the  spring  dittering  from  the  hiter  broods.  Tiie  egg> 
are  laid  in  clusters  and  those  of  (me  spe.'ies  hatch  in  from  four  to  ten 
days,  according  to  season  and  locality.  The  species  are  generally  al)unil- 
ant  in  imlividuals  and  tiie  caterpillars  soc'.al.  So  far  as  known  those  of 
most  of  the  species  make  no  web,  but  Mr.  Henry  Edwards  states  that  in 
the  C'alifornian  P.  pulchella  (Hoisd.)  "the  caterpillars  spin  a  small  web. 
and  draw  the  leaves  of  the  [)lant  together."  The  cateri)illars  feed  upon 
Compositae  and  Carduns.  The  butterHies  delight  in  open,  sunny  sfMits, 
their  flight  is  sh)\v  and  floating,  l)iit  tremulous  before  alighting.  They 
rarely  rise  more  than  three  or  four  feet  above  the  ground,  and  freipient- 
ly  aliglit  upon  low  heri)age,  exi)anding  their  wings  in  the  blaze  of  the 
sun. 

The  effifs,  so  far  as  known,  arc  truncate  ])vriform  in  shape,  scarcely 
higher  than  broad, with  slight  vertical  ribs  on  the  upper  half  and  indented 
like  a  thimble-head  below.  The  caterpillars  resend)le  a  miniatiue  Satnr- 
nia  maia,  with  their  bristling  fleshy  tid)ercle8,  and  are  of  a  dark  or 
violet  hue,  more  or  less  striped  with  paler,  narrow,  longitudinal  lines. 
Tiie  chrysalids  are  but  slightly  angulated,  though  StoU"  represents  a  Soutii 
iVmerican  species  with  rather  prominent  tubercles  and  ocellar  prominences  ; 
the  abdomen  is  marked  by  a  distinct,  thoiig'i  slight,  transverse  ritlge  t)n 
the  fourth  abdominal  segment,  surmounted  l)y  the  tubercles  ccmnnon  to 
the  dorsum  of  tiie  abdomen. 


<■'•>., 


m 

,'.t" 


EXCURSUS   XIX.— TIIE   BUTTERFLY  FAUXA    OF   TIIE  EAST- 
ERN  UNITED   STATES   AND   ESPECIALLY  OF   NEM' 
ENGLAND,  COMPARED  TO   THAT  OF  EUROPE. 

Ni'A  Uiiiimlili  lire  iirnfiil  ii>llii'  y:niwlli  nf  \\iiii;«; 
Tlio  wlilciiinu- \l^liin  l>  liniiiTioili 
As  lii^'hiT  l||i|/|(iM''"  Im(|'«IIiil'  till'  vMinn'-slii'iilli. 
Villi  I'lilMiiFl  fi/iml  ill  till'  wiinnV  dcli'-'lils: 
Yiiu  iiiii.-l  lakr  \\iiij;i''il  iilcasiiiTs.wiiitiOil  piiiiis. 

(il'.nltiiK    Kl.lOT.— ,S>"iiiVi   (luptt'l- 

Ik  we  go  outside  tlie  United  States  to  look  for  a  butterfly  fauna  mosf 
closely  resembling  our  own,  we  shall  certainly  have  to  seek  it  in  the  north 
temperate  /one;  and  shall  find  there  indeed  no  gnat  diflerence,  viewing 
the  matter  in  a  iiroad  light  ;  no  such  differences  for  instance,  as  one 
would  find  in  going  to  a  tropical  country.  But  the  resemblance,  when  we 
come  to  the  details,  and  indeed  in  some  of  its  wider  featifri's,  is  not  -o 
strong  as  is  generally  believed. 


O'it; 


TIIK  mrrKISrMKS  ok  NKW   KS'liLAXIl 


1/  i*v 


% 


l« 


iSi  "^ 


\Vritfi>,  in  coiiiicirinji  tlio  insects  of  Kuntpe  unci  Aniericn,  liavtMi>nMlIy 
(tilled  attention  to  their  siniiluritv  :  luul  "inee  these  re^nons  are  enilniuetl 
iK'tween  tlie  siiine  isotheinnil  lines  and  no\irisli  tiie  same  cereals,  we  slionld 
natnrally  look  for  a  j;reat  resenii)lance.  lint  if  we  compare  tlie  hntterHies 
"if  the  lietter  known  districts,  snch  as  eastern  North  America  and 
Knrope  omittinjf  from  each  the  extreme  sontlicrn  species,  we  shall  find, 
to  start  with,  that  eastern  America  is  poorer  tliin  Knrope,  haviiifj  ahont 
one-liftli  less  hntterHies.  (  )r  if  we  make  the  comparison  family  i>y  family  we 
shall  discover  first,  that  while  half  of  the  Knropean  lintterflies  arc  lirnsh- 
fiioted  lintterflies  ( Nyniphalidae )  less  than  one-third  of  the  Anu'rican 
hntterflii's  helonjj  to  this  faniilv.  The  j'ossamer-winired  lintt«'rflies 
( I^ycaenidae)  are  also  proportionally  a  little  less  aliundant  in  America 
than  in  Knrope,  while  the  ivpieal  hntterfiies  (Papilionidue)  are  slijrhtly 
more  ahiindant.  The  halance  on  the  American  side,  however,  is  nnule  np 
in  the  lowest  family,  since  nearly  one-third  of  the  iVmerican  fauna  is  com- 
posed of  skippers  (Ilesperidae)  while  scarcely  more  than  one-tenth  of  the 
Knropean  fannn  is  eomposed  of  this  family.  As  contrastetl  with  eacli 
other,  then.  Knrope  is  pecnliar  for  its  wealth  in  hrnsh-footed  lintterflies, 
America  in  skippers. 

The  disparity  of  representation  is  rendered  more  strikin<(  when  we  com- 
pare the  minor  ;.n'onps.  A\'e  will  not  here  enter  into  many  details,  lint 
oidy  point  ont  the  follow  injj;  facts  :  first,  tliat  the  great  disparity  of  nnm- 
liers  in  the  lirnsh-footed  lintterflies  on  the  two  continents  is  ahnost  wholly 
<hie  to  the  vast  ninnlier  of  meadow-lirowns  (Satyrinae)  in  Kiu'ope — it  has 
seventy-seven  species  while  we  have  lint  nineteen  ;  second,  that  the  pre- 
ponderance of  ski|i[iers  in  this  conntry  is  due  to  the  great  proportion  of 
the  l*am[ihilidi  or  snudlcr  skippers,  which  nnndier  forty-fonr  with  ns, 
against  nine  in  Knrope;  third,  that  while  the  hair-streaks  (Theelidi)  are 
twice  as  numerous  in  America  as  in  Knrope,  twenty  species  against  ten, 
the  lialance  in  the  suli-family  is  more  than  restored  iiy  the  superior  nnmher 
of  blues  (Lyeaenidi)  in  Knrope,  where  there  are  thirty-eight  species  to 
t)ur  thirteen  ;  fourth,  that  while  the  lunnliers  of  the  ty[)ical  hntterfiies  on 
the  two  continents  are  almost  e(|md,  there  is  no  similarity  of  representa- 
tion in  the  groups  composing  the  family,  excepting  in  the  whites  ( I'ieritli) 
where  there  are  eight  in  Knrope  and  five  in  America  ;  for  the  orange-tips 
( Anthocharidi)  numher  seven  in  Knrope  and  two  in  America,  the  yellows 
(Rhodoceridi)  ten  in  Knrope  and  twenty  in  America,  the  swallow-tails 
( Papilionidi)  three  in  Knrope  and  nine  in  America,  and  the  Parnassians 
( I'arnassidi)  six  in  Knrope  and  none  in  America. 

Notwithstanding  such  striking  contrasts,  there  are  many  apparent 
resemlilances :  hut  upon  analysis  nearly  all  of  these  disapjiear.  Take, 
for  example,  the  two  most  striking  eases,  the  Vanessidi  and  thellesperidi, 
in   both   of  which   the  numbers  are  virtually  the  same  in   the  two  eonn- 


Kk 


W^ 


^K 


,-.i 


^ 


( oMi'AHKi)  WITH  Tiiosi;  OF  lauorK. 


i;27 


trie- ;  in  the  latter  only  two  ot  tiic  cifrlit  Aim*rii'iin  iinil  luiir  Kuio|i(iin 
^rt'iuTii  arc  ('(iiiunon  tii  Imtli  I'lmntiicH,  and  in  tlienc  t\\>>  the  iT|ircH(>ntMtiiin 
i-  MTV  nn('i|iial,  (inc  ^ciuis,  'I'lianao.-*.  having  nix*  .>|>c<'ics  in  Aimiiia 
a;;ain!4t  two  ni  Kiiropi',  ami  llic  ntlicr,  iIt!.s|Kria,  I'oiirici'n  in  Kiin>|K'  and 
twii  in  AnuM'ica. 

In  till'  Vanc'!*8idi  thoru  arc  eijrlit  jfoncra,  of  wliicli  Tour  arc  rt'prit^iiilrd 
(in  oacli  ('(intincnt,  the  (itlicrn  hciiin;  ('i|iially  dividrd  In  tnccn  tlic  two  cniin- 
triff*.  \W'  have  naturally  in  this  iii^iancr  a  cliiscr  ic'^inililancf  liian  in 
any  iitlu'r  ;;r(>n|t  ot'  iMittrrflic.-.  in'can.-ic  itw  •genera  arc  mainly  jrcnri-a  nf 
tlic  niii'tli  t('ni|K'rat('  /one  and  in<'ln(U'  sonic  Iuiims  connnon  to  the  t\M> 
continents. 

In  other  ;.''roii|is  the  dillereiices  ar<'  ^  cry  oliscr\iililc.  Thns.  of  the  nine 
Ainci-ican  jicnura  of  Theclidi,  lint  oiu  is  rciircseiitcd  in  Knro|ie,  and  even 
in  this  ^rnnip  (Tlieela)  the  Knropcan  spc.ics  Irive  a  |ic<adiar  Hicics  dis- 
tinct iVom  the  American.  ( )idy  one  of  the  -even  .\mcricaii  j^encia  of 
IJhodoccridi.  and  two  of  the  seven  American  ffcnera  of  I'apilioninae  arc 
found  across  the  .Vtiantic  :  and  in  the  I'anipiiilidi  uidy  three  or  |ierhap* 
ti)Mr  of  the  twenty-three  jrenera  found  in  \merica  occ'.r  .it  all  in  Kui'ope. 
t  1],  if  we  sum  up  the  wlude,  we  ni.-iy  say  that  oftln  one  hundred  and  li\c 
Vmcricaii  ifcnera  of  hntturtlies,  only  twenty-se\cn  or  lwcnty-eii,dit  (or 
aiiout  one-fourtli)  are  reiirescnted  in  Kiiropc  ;  ami  of  the  oiheis,  there 
arc   lint  seven  intimately  related  to  Kuro]>ean  jfcncra. 

.\  carefid  study  of  all  other  [loints  of  reseniMancc  liciwccn  the  two 
countries  will  show  that  they  are  almost  all  confined  to  ;ironps  which  are 
horcal  in  their  aspect  :  while  it'  we  had  excluflcd  from  the  compai'isons 
the  species  inhaiiitinj;:  in  either  'ountry  the  hij:h  north,  and  had  included 
those  of  the  extreme  south,  not  only  would  the  numliir  of  species  in  either 
countrv  have  liecn  considcrahly  au^.Mncnted,  hut  the  rescnililanees  wnnhl 
haxc  licc'i  ^;i'  iillv  diminished,  and  the  difl'erenccs  nioi'e  than  proportioiiallv 
inei'cascd.  Nor  would  tin  tlillcrenccs  appear  at  their  real  \alue  if  account 
were  not  taki-n,  as  here,  of  the  lesser  structural  fcalurcs  for  ireneric  dis- 
tiiK'tion. 

Intlictalih'  on  the  next  pa,i;e  the  relati\c  numl.er  of  species  of  the  diHei'cnt 
orou|is  of  liutterHie-  in  Knrope  and  eastern  North  Anu'rica  is  shown,  the 
Knropcan  species  lieinu'  t.aken  from  the  last  edition  of  Standin;;-cr  ,ind 
\\'ocke's  CataloLiUc.  omitting'  the  piu'cly  .Mcditerraiu'an  forms,  as  the  spe- 
cii's  peculiar  to  the  (iulf  States  ha\u  lieeii  omitted  from  the  American. f 


■  ■.-:c 


•  lOvcn  tlii»  lar^i' iiaiiil"'!' li;i»  Im'cm  .'i-fally  u'n  ^oiiic  cliaii'.'i"  fruiii  lal^l•lli^(■llVl'lios.  Inn  mn 

iiicn'iiMMllaUiTly.  IIm'   cliaiiirrs   wciulcl   iml     lis-icnlially    dNUirli 

t  Tliis  li^l  was  lh>t  inilili>liiMl  in  IsTi;,  ill  ilir       tl iii|iari«iiiis  tn   which  attiMitioii  is  hciv 

rrori'i'ilinirsof  llii' Aiiicriraii  associatidii  for  (lin'<'tt'il,  I  liavc  not  thou;:lit  il  wortli  whilr  tu 

llir     ailvaiu'i'ini'iit    of   si'ii'iu'c.   ami     on    tlir  irvisc  il. 
AniiTli'an    siilr   «lii>ulil   iiiiilinililrilly    nndcr- 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


A 


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4^ 


V] 


^ 


/a 


%; 


7: 


^?j 


" '  ^" 


^^ 


'/ 


1.0 


I.I 


■£  IM   |2.2 

^  us   110 


1.25 


1.4 


1.8 


1.6 


Photographic 

Sciences 
Corporation 


J 


23  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  14S80 

(716)  872-4503 


I 


n'i 


■i    i' 


628 


THE  BUTTEUFLIKS  OF  NEW  ENGLAND. 


It  should  be  remeinbcred  that  we  are  here  dealing  only  with  eastern 
America  and  Europe,  contiguous  portions  of  two  worlds.     Had  the  coni- 


1 

(^ 

[ill 


fu 


'  \>^ 


k' 


\AMK  OK  liltori'. 


Satyi'iiinp 

Kiiploi'iiiac 

Apatiii'idI 

Nyiniilialidi... 

Viinessitli 

Arftymiiili 

Melitiipuli 

Nyiiiplialiuao..., 

Liltytheinae 

Ni/iiiphnlldae 

Lpmoniinac 

Thedidi 

Lycaciiidi 

('hl•y^inI)llani(li 

Lyoariiinae 

LycacnUhie 

.''hoilocoridi... 
Aiitliochariili  . 

Pieridi 

rieriiiae 

Pariiassidi  . . . . 
Papilioiiiili.,.. 
Papilioniuno.... 
I'djiilinniilne,,.  • 

llcsporidi 

Paiiiphilidi. ... 

Ca^stiiiadi 

HcspL-riilan 

Total... 


NIMIIKU  Ol-  SPECIES. 

I'KHCEX'IAOE  OK    TOTAL 
KAUNA 

J^uropo. 

Aim'ri<'a. 

Fiiroi)0. 

America. 

77 

10 

,30.8 

0.2 

0 

2 

0.0 

I.O 

;! 

3 

1.2 

1.4 

5 

3 

2.0 

1.4 

11 

11 

4.4 

5.3 

20 

10 

8.0 

7.7 

14 

53 

10 

43 

5.0 
21.2 

4.8 

20.8 

1 

1 

0.4 

0.5 

131 

65 

52.4 

31.4 

1 

2 

0.4 

1.0 

10 

20 

4.0 

9.7 

.3S 

13 

1.').2 

0.3 

8 

8 

41 

3.2 
22.4 

3.9 
10.8 

57 

48 

22.8 

20.8 

10 

20 

4.0 

0.7 

7 

o 

2.8 

1.0 

8 

2.") 

5 

27 

3.2 
10.0 

2.4 
13.0 

0 

0 

2.4 

i>.0 

9 

n 

0 

1.2 

3.0 

4.3 
4.3 

34 

30 

13.6 

174 

11) 

18 

7.0 

8.7 

!l 

44 

3.6 

21.3 

0 

1 

0.0 

0.5 

28 

63 

11.2 

30.3 

250 

207 

100 

00.9 

parison  been  made  between  western  America  and  eastern  Asia,  it  would 
have  shown  far  stronger  affinities,  at  least  in  the  relative  development  of 
the  principal  groups. 


Table  of  the  species  af  Phijcindes,  based  on  the  imago. 

IJndor  siirfaopof  liiiid  wings  usually  witli  a  varied  ground  tint,  large  jiatelios  of  dark  eoloroon- 
trastiiig  strongly  with  a  lighter  Imlsc;  a  large,  more  or  less  eloiided,  dark  marginal  patch  in 
the  miildle  of  the  hind  border  invariably  present  and  generally  very  distlnet.  TiponlyofJ 
clasps  bent  downward. tharos. 

Under  surface  of  hind  wings  with  a  very  uniform  tint,  all  the  markings  delieatc  and  subobso- 
letp;  the  marginal  pateh  of  hind  border,  if  present  at  all,  obscure.  Whole  of  apical  half  of 
|t  clasps  bent  downward batesll. 


it' 


crn 


XVMl'HALIXAK:   PIIYCIODES  TIIAHOS.  G29 


PHYCIODBS  THAROS.-The  pearl  crescent. 

[P™,-!  oivsrcMt   f|itillary  (Gesso);   p.arl  creso.M.t    (S,...,Mor) ;  I'huros  l.utterllv   (Harris); 
l-'t.hoi.«.|m-lit..y(Kmnions);  little  black  bonlortHl  Luttcrllv  (Mavnard);  the  cli'api.lcl   Mc 

litaea  (Ross).] 


Daiuiiiy  fcMiiniH  thnros  Driiry,  III.  nut, 
lil>t.,i:t;!-44,  pi.  21.  li-s.  o-U  (1770). 

I'Kpllio  t!i)iyoii  (rail!.,  Pap.  pxot.,  li:  Hi, 
pl.  lG!),tlf,'s.  K.F.  (1779);-H.-rl)st.  Xiitiirsyst. 
ins.  si'limct...  i.\:  20;j-20t,  pl.  im,  ti"s.  l-.j 
(1708). 

Mdit(ie.a  lliariis  i'oey,  Cent.  l,pp.  Ciilia. 
(ls;i-J);— l!ois(l.-LeC.,  I^Op.  Aim.  sept..  170- 
ni.pl.  ■17,ti,!,'.s.  3-5  (18*!);— Morr.,  ,Syn.  Lop. 
\.  Aiiier.,  01,  (1802);— Miiyii.,  Itiitt".  X.  E., 
27-28,  pl.  1,  ligs.  32,  32a,  321)  (1886). 

Ercsid  tliaros  Hlo\nt..  III.  Urit.  oiit.,IIaust., 
i:  1. 10(182,8). 

Mditnca  (I'lii/cindes)  lliaroK  Doulil.-IIe- 
wits.,  (ion.  (linni.  Lop.,  i:  181  (184.8). 

I'hi/ciodfiK  thwos  Kirliy,  ,Syn.  cat.  Lo))., 
172  (1871);— Kdw.,  Can.  out.,  Yv  :  MO.  .jl.,W 
(IS77);  Untt.  X.  Amor.,  ii,  I'liyciodo.s,  i,  ii, 
18  pp..  2pl.  (1878);— Froiicli,  Hop.  ins.  III., 
vii:  l.-)l  (1878);  liiitt.  oast.  V.  H.,  177-1,80 
(l.s,8(i);— Fern.,  Hutt.  JIo.,  4n-,")l  (1884). 

Ari/i/iinis  tliKroHKii  (idd.,  Encv<d.  niiJtli.. 
ix:2.")0,  280(1819). 

Mel itnea  pharos  Em-M.,  .\.!,'ric.  X.  Y.,  v: 
212-213.  pi. 43,  li-s.  .Vr.  (18.-)4);-IIarr.,  Ins.inj, 
vo^'.,3dod.,   2,89-200,  lifrs.  110-117(1,802). 

l'(i/iil!o  iiini-plu'iis  Falir.,  Syst.  out.,  .iSO 
(17i."i):— Ilorlist,  Xatursyst  ins.  scliinett.,  ix: 
201-202,  pl.  200.  IIl's.  1-2  (1708). 

I'apiiio  cocj/Ui  Cram..  Pap.  exot.,  ii:148, 
|d.  101,  tigs.  A-C.  (1770). 


I'iij)i/ii,  t'KrJea  iJoixstr.,  Xomoiiol.  ins. 
Hanaii,  iv; 2.3-24,  pl.  19.  tigs.  1-2  (1780)  ;- 
Ilorlist,  Xatursyst.  ins.  sclmiett.,  x  :  ].-)9-l«0, 
jd.  2,84,  ligs.  9-10  (1,800). 

Mditwii  sdo-Als  Kirliv,  Faun,  jpor.-aiii., 
iv:  2,89(1,8,37). 

Figured  by  Abltot,  Draw.  ins.  Ga.  Brit. 
•Mus..  vi :  pl. .-!.  tigs.  aS-40  (ca.  1800) ;— Glovor. 
III.  X.  A.Lop.,  pl.O.  fig.9,  iucd. 

I'lIVCIODK.S  TllAIUW    MAKC'I.V. 

■Spring  form. 

Mditne'i  marria  Kdw.,  Trans.  Am.  out. 
soc,  ii :  207-209  (18(is)  ;-(iriib.,  Jen.  zeitsdir. 
natiirw.,  xvii ;  477-478,  pl.  8.  figs.  2,8-29  (18,84) ; 
Pap.,  iv  :  90.  pl.  3,  tigs.  2,8-20  (1884). 

l'/i!irio(les  t/Kims,  form  marcin  Kdw.,loc. 
oit.  (1,877-78). 

PllVCIOllIvS  TII.IHO.S   MOIiPIIKI  S. 

.Summer  form. 

I'hijciodes  thunis,  form  morpheus  Kdw., 
Can.  out..  i.\:55  (1877;  ;-Bntt.  X.  Amor.,  ii, 
Pliyciodos.  i.  ii  (1878). 

Mditai-a  thni-on  Grub.,  ,Jeii.  zt  itsolir 
naturw.,  xvii:478479,  pl.  8,  tig.  33  (1,884);— 
Pap.,  iv  ;  90,  pl.  3,  tig.  3,;  (1884). 

Drnry's  tliaros  and  Cramor's  cocyta  (juoted 
above  are  tliouglit  by  Kdwards  to  iielong  to 
this  form. 


Then  flutter  t'.iou 
Clost  by  his  foot  lil<egild  'd  butterfly. 

I'.oiiG.— The  HmtnleO.  GU:n. 


•il\ 


&y  ^>* 


"iS 


-Atyasli  mill  farashat,- 


-Fiokle  as  a  buttcrtly. 
Arabic  prucerb. 

Imago  (5:1.3;  12r  1,  .!).  Hoiul  io.,.re(l  with  l)l!lcl^  scales,  mostly  conew.i-d  l)y 
greenish  fulvous  and  broAvnisli  fulvous  liairs,  below  the  base  of  tlio  ant^Miiae  by 
tawuy  fulvous  hairs,  chauaing  below,  toward  the  tongue,  to  a  coniininslin..  of  dull 
fulvous  and  dirty  Mhite  scales;  behind  tlie  eyes  covered  above  with  iiiiugled  veliow 
fulvous  and  dusky  scales,  below  witii  whitisli  scales.  Basal  joint  of  palpi  and  basal 
tliird  of  middle  joint  pure  wlilte  externally  ;  beyond,  pale  yellowish  fulvous,  with  scat- 
tered black  scales ;  apical  joint  a  little  darker,  iiiinutelv  tipped  with  white  •  fringed 
beneatli  with  mingled  white  and  dnsky-tippe.l  fulvous  hairs,  tlie  former  dimliiislMii- 
toward  tlie  tip;  above  witli  l)rownish  fulvous  hairs,  with  a  few  intc-mingled  black 
liairs;  inner  similar  to  the  outer  side,  but  more  besprinkled  witli  l)lack  scales  \n. 
tennae  lilackisli  lirown  above,  sometimes  eiilivenoil,  especially  on  the  basal  joints 
witli  dull  fnlvous,*  and  narrowly  anmilated,  at  the  base  of  each  joint,  with  white  ; 

♦Occasionally  the  dull  fulvous  predominates,  producing  quite  a  diflcrent  appearance. 


mw 


630 


TIIK   lU  rrKltKLlES   OK  NEW   EXtiLAND. 


W^h'-    li^' 


.-iff- 


outL'T  lii^vi'i'  surt'iico  wliiU',  iiiiiiT  lower  surlacL'  vi'U(i\vi>li  brown,  the  two  soiiiow  Imt 
lillermixud;  uudei' Mirfacc  of  i-lub  mul  the  whole  tip,  iiiL-ludiiig  four  or  the  joint-, 
(liirli  oranse;  alxno,  fxcfptin-;  tlie  tip.  blackisli  brown,  tlif  wliito  stivak  on  tlu^  lower 
outer  surface  reaeiiinii  the  nranjie  portion  of  the  tip.  Tf)n!;ne  pale  brownish  fuscous, 
bisr.l  (luarter  pale  lutecuis;  papillae  (61 :  10)  less  than  a  ilo/.en  and  a  half  in  nundieron 
each  nnixilla,  widely  separated,  about  as  lonu  as  the  width  of  (,ne  ina.\illa,  cvliudrieai. 
soniewlial  api>ressed,  al)oul  four  limes  as  louir  as  l)roa<l.  tlu'  apical  ones  more  rounded 
and  elouaate-ovate.  t!.e  edue  of  the  cup  sharp,  the  central  lllampiit  shorter  than  the 
width  of  tiu!  jiapilla,  bhuitlv  tipped,  slender  and  cylindrical. 

Thorax  covered  aliovcwith  f^reonish  lirown  hairs,  on  i)roth<»rax  and  patagia  stromiiy 
tinijed  with  fulvous;  lieneath  white,  faintly  tiiif^ed  with  l)ulf  on  tlie  metathorax. 
Kore  leirs  very  p.ile  fulvous  exlrrually.  beneath  white;  other  leifs  |)ale  tawny  fulvous, 
the  femora  white  iieneatli.  Spines  and  spurs  of  tlio  color  of  the  upper  surface  of  the 
leirs;  claws  castaneous;  pulvillus  l)lackish. 

Winffs  al)ove  varyini;  from  pale  to  <leep  oran;;e  (often  varied  witli  clustered  or  inde- 
pendent scales  of  l)ulf  yellow,  e-pecially  (ui  the  apical  half  of  the  for.' winss  in  the 
fenuile)  lieavily  marked  with  l)lackisli  iirowii.  Fnvi'  iri/i'js :  Tie  veins  mostly  l)lackisli ; 
tlie  l)asal  thrce-tlfths  of  the  costal  l)or(ler  l)roadly.  and  the  whole  inner  border  nar- 
rowly, edged  witli  l)lack;  on  tlie  liasal  three-ilftlis  of  the  wing  are.  nornudly.  two 
transverse  bands,  besides  tlie  si)ot  occupyius:  the  liase;  the  latter  extends  one-third 
the  ilistance  towanl  the  extrendty  of  the  cell,  ami  is  seldom  enliven(Ml  l)y  any  orauire 
markings,  altiiouuli  fre((U<'ntly  speckled  extensively  Willi  greenisli  yellow  scales ;  the 
inner  transverse  band  consists  of  a  series  of  liroad  rinus,  llatteni'd  at  their  junction  on 
tile  iierviires  a'ld  in  llie  middle  of  tlie  cell,  their  sides  formed  <d'  opposed  curves,  the 
whole  as  l)road  as,  some  l)roader  tliau,  llie  luargiual  inlerspaces.  foniiingan  arc  of  a 
circle  whose  centre  is  at  tlie  l)ase  of  the  wing,  tlie  (/liter  border  reinovc'd  from  the  aoex 
of  the  cell  by  its  own  width  or  even  less,  and  including  orange  spots,  s<mietinies  ob.scured 
witli  greenish  yellow  scales,  soinetiiiies  ol)literated  w  ith  l)lackisli;  the  inner  oilge  of 
this  band,  and  almost  always  its  lower  extreiuity,  is  oliscnred  by  l)lackisli  in  tlie  siir- 
roimdiiig  part- :  the  outer  iiand  is  usually  ((?)  or  soinetinies  (?)  broken;  its  outer 
limit,  starting  from  tlie  costal  border,  at  thri'e-liftlis  the  di>lance  from  the  l)ase. 
runs  downward  and  outward,  in  a  nearly  straight,  obliiiue  line,  to  the  upper  median 
nervul<'.  striking  it  at  oiie-tliird  tlie  distance  from  lis  oi'igin;  liere  it  turns  abruptly 
inward  and  crosses  the  upper  median  interspace,  at  tiie  middle  of  its-.iidening  portion. 
I)y  a  deep  lunule  opening  outward  ;  the  rest  of  the  .inter  liorder  has  a  curved  or  obiiipie 
limit,  curving  in  the  lower  niediau  interspace,  and  then  turning  oliiiijuely  outward, 
reaching  the  lilack  inner  liorder  at  aljont  three-ilftiis  the  distance  from  the  base  ot  the 
winu;;  wlieii  tlie  liaml  i>  broken  it  is  at  the  lower  median  iierviile.  and  even  llie  upper 
median  interspace  is  i|iiile  devoid  of  any  Ann  of  il  ;  the  inni'r  limit  of  the  liand  varies 
irreatly  and  is  frecpiently  oliscure;  liut  the  njiper  part  of  the  liand  is  formed  l)y  an 
obli(iue,  elongated.  triaii;julai  patcli.  depending  from  tlie  costiil  l)onler  and  reaciiiug 
till' upper  median,  narrowing  as  it  goes,  at  lirst  greatly,  afterwards  more  gradually; 
the  lower  half  Is  formed  of  a  l)road  belt,  at  least  in  the  incdio-sidunediau  interspace, 
wiiose  inner  margin  crosses  the  nervure.s  at  about  right  nuglos,  running  ilownwaid 
fr(Uu  n  point  generally  about  midway  l)e*ween  the  two  divarications  of  tlie  median 
nervure;  iietweeu  th(!se  two  liaiils,  and,  usually  (at  its  upper,  outer  extremity,  if  not 
altou:etiier)  merged  in  the  outer  one.  is  a  slender,  ovoid,  transverse.  I)lack  circlet,  its 
inner  edge  marking  llie  extremity  of  tlie  cell ;  these  marking-,  are  very  frei|iiently  more 
or  less  'ilurred.  and  sometimes  are  slightly  lleckeil,  especially  in  the  middle  and  lower 
half  of  the  wing,  Willi  greenish  yellow  scales,  but  the  extreme  base  of  the  median 
interspaces,  and  the  lower  portion  at  least  of  the  suijcosto-inedian  interspace,  ju.st 
beyond  the  cell,  are  generally  devoid  of  black  scales,  oven  when  tlie  band  i.s  contin- 
uous and  the  wing  most  obscured,  or  if  tlusy  are  present,  they  are  not  clustered.  Tlie 
outer  margin  is  Itroadly  bordered,  to  the  width  of  an  interspace,  witli  i)laek,  followed 
by  an  olisolete  series  <<(  faiiil.  delicate,  orange  or  biilf  orange,  or  irreeiiisii  yellow 
lunnles  opening  outward,  and  in  tiie  upper  median  interspace  by  an  oiien  orange  space ; 


y,  •■(' 

''■'■■';' 


NYMI'IIALIXAK:    IMIYCIODKS    TIIAKOS. 


t;3i 


t lie  liiiiiiU's  iiiv  always  laiiil.  and  vorv  frciiiu'iilly,  especially  iii  the  male,  alto^jcllier 
iiiiperei'ijtililo,  ami  are  imiiieiliately  folluwed,  al)ii\  e  the  upper  median  interspace,  by  a 
lu'oad,  transverse  blaek  patcli.  (-ontlnent  with  tlie  nniraiiial  ham),  wlion  tlie  liiniiles  are 
al)sent ;  below  the  upper  nieiliaii  interspace  liy  a  similar  l)r<iadev  patcli.  its  interinr 
portion  extendinj;  somewhat  into  tlu'  uppin'  median  interspace.  'I'lie  upper  patch  is 
followed  interiorly  liy  an  oranjje  iiateli.  broadenini;  downward,  and  distinct  only  on  the 
two  lower  submeilian  iuler~|iaces.  followed  in  its  inrn  liy  a  transverse,  trianitnlar 
blacl<  patcli.  orieii  atleniiated  Itelow.  reaclMiin  the  middle  of  the  >nbcosto-niediaii 
interspace,  and  having;  an  interior  border  siiliparaiiei  to  tlie  exterior  border  (d'  the 
mesial  band,  and  separate  from  it  by  about  twice  the  width  of  an  interspace;  about 
midway  lietween  the  interior  Ixirder  of  the  lower  siil)marginal  patch  and  the  exterior 
l)()rdcr  of  the  lower  portion  of  the  mesial  Ijand.  is  a  ziirzaii  stripe,  irenerally  slender, 
sometimes,  in  the  femalc\  and  especially  toward  the  inner  l)order,  moderately  broad, 
witli  a  l)end  in  eai'li  interspace  and  at  eacli  nervule;  it  runs  from  tlie  upper  median 
nervnle.  sometimes  connected  w  itli  the  lower  extremity  of  the  upper  triaiiLfular  black 
patcli.  scmictimes  with  tliat  of  the  upper  portion  of  the  mesial  stripe,  sometimes 
iM'lweeii  them  to  tlic  inner  lionler.  and  has  a  iicneral  direction  at  riirlit  angles  to  the 
iiervnles;  a  small  black  spot  is  sometimes  seen  (I'specially  in  tlie  female)  in  the 
medio-snbmedian  interspace,  midway  between  llio  zij;/.a!r  stripe  ami  the  siibmar^inai 
lihick  patch;  friuije  l)lackisli  brown  at  bas(%  lieyon  !  varyinif  from  blackisli  lirown  to 
dirty  wliite.  ratiier  broadly  interrupted  with  brownish  at  the  nervurc  tins,  exceptim; 
at  the  apex  of  the  wiiiirs.  IJasi'  of  the  liiiiil  n-iiiiin.  half  way  to  the  llrst  divarication 
of  tlie  subcostal  and  median  nervnres.  and  tlic  liasal  half  of  the  inedio-siilnnediaii 
interspace,  blackisli;  outside  of  this  are  iwo  pairs  of  transverse,  often  iremnloiis 
lilack  lines,  eacli  set  forminij  the  borders  of  an  open  l)and :  the  interior  band,  orien 
partially  oliscured  liy  tlie  duskiness  of  the  base,  crosses  the  cell  at  the  middle  of  the 
inner  two-tliirds,  formiii}i,  approximately  or  exactly,  tlu;  lii;nre  8;  the  exterior  starts 
in  tlio  costo-subcostal  interspace  by  a  coars.e,  archiiiit  streak,  spaniiinir  the  llrst  divari- 
cation of  the  subcostal  nervurc;  the  inner  line  continues  alonii;  tlie  apical  boundary  of 
tlie  cell,  markimr  its  limits,  while  the  outer  cnisses  the  interspace  beyond  it  at  abmit 
the  distance  of  the  width  of  an  interspace,  sometimes  uniting:  at  liotli  ends  with  tin' 
inner  line:  with  opposiim:  (nirves.  ami  forminu:  a  still  open  band  of  similar  widtli.  the 
two  lines  cross  tlie  lower  median  interspace  inst  within  the  sccmid  divarication  of  the 
median  nervurc  and  terniinatp.  'I'lie  outer  border,  for  about  the  w  idtli  of  an  inter- 
space and  a  half,  is  marsrined  witli  black,  but  is  enlivened  at  about  tiie  distance  of  an 
interspace  from  tlio  border  by  a  series  of  delicate,  often  partially  obsolete,  frrecnish 
yellow  or  faint  oraniLte  innules.  opening;  outward;  scarcely  removi'd  and  eipiidistiint 
from  tlie  interior  maririn  of  tlie  black  border,  is  a  series  of  seven  small  black  spots, 
niinnto  and  round  above,  iirowinir  larirer  and  more  transverse  toward  the  inner  border, 
a  little  further  removed  inwar<l  from  this  series  than  tills  is  from  the  black  liorderiiiy. 
is  a  vaijue.  siiimms.  black  line,  snlipari'iiel  to  the  outer  liorder.  irenerally  obsolete  for  a 
considerable  space  in  the  middle  of  the  winy',  increasing:  in  importance  as  it  passes 
toward  either  border,  terminating  next  the  inner  liorder  at  the  internal  nervnre.  which 
It  follows  downward  to  the  outer  Ixirderinu;. — next  the  costal  liorder.  foUowinsr  in  a 
similar  manner  the  costal  nervnre;  between  this  line  and  the  outer  border  the  veins 
an'  black;   frlniie  as  in  tlie  fore  winy;s. 

Iteneath  :  Fun-  n-iiiijn  pale  oriinae,  more  <ir  less  distinctly  tiinreil  witli  ochraceoiis 
alonir  the  costal  border,  at  the  extreme  apex  and  in  the  middle  of  the  outer  border; 
the  mesial  black  stripe  is  repeated  beneath  Willi  eijual  or  nearly  eiiual  distinctness,  as 
is  also  the  triangular  black  patch  dependint;  from  the  costal  border  about  midway 
between  the  mesial  stripe  and  the  apex  of  tin;  wins;;  it  is  sometimes  foUoweil,  espie- 
tally  in  the  female.  I)y  a  slender  stripe  of  whitish  scales ;  crossing;  tin;  medlo-subme- 
dlan,  the  lower  median,  and  sometimes,  less  broadly,  the  upper  median  interspace,  is 
a  liroad,  transverse,  black  stripe;  the  other  black  markings  of  the  upper  surface,  ami 
especially  on  the  basal  hal;'  of  tin;  win^,  are  indicated  beneath  by  a  greater  depth  of 
oraime;  a  transverse,  wavy,  ciiinanioneous  line,  arched  Inward   in    each  interspace. 


032 


riiK  I'.i  irKKFi.iivs  or  \kw  kngland. 


.1  .' 

...  , 

A  ,' 

';,«' 

■■:| 

:;.!\.\ 

-'   1 

;/f 

;■??<■ 

^.■»w., . 

^^■.. 

ciM.sses  tlic  ontor  purl  of  the  wiiiir,  piinilli'l  to  tlio  outer  hordor  iiiid  ilislant  from  it  liy 
half  the  width  of  an  iiitiTspacc;  ofcasiotially  the  outer  inar;;iii  of  the  wiug,  and 
c-pccially  tlie  upper  lialf  id'  tli(^  feinah'.  is  broadly  l)e.--priiil\led  with  ifniyisli  .seale>, 
;;iviiii;  it  a  more  or  less  lioary  appiarauee;  outer  lior(h;r  edited  delicately  with  eiuua- 
niiiui'ous;  friuiie  uiueh  as  ou  the  upper  surface.  Jliiiil  i''i'h;/.s  ochraceous,  tlie  l)asal 
tlirec-llftlis  of  llie  wluu;  occupied  hy  irrc;;ular,  discoullnuous.  souiowhat  iutercurreul . 
transverse,  curving;,  ciunamoueous  lines.  sul)parailcl  to  the  outer  border;  tliey  can 
with  ililliculty  be  resolved  into  h\e  nearly  e(|Hidistant  sets,  the  antepenultimate,  eonnt- 
iui,' from  the  l)ase,  erossinj;  the  cell  and  markiujr  its  e.xtreinuy;  the  out('rniost  starts 
from  tlie  costal  border  at  two-thirds  the  distance  from  the  base,  anil  ternunates  at  tlu' 
middle  of  tlie  outer  half  f>f  Uw.  internal  nervurc,  crossing  the  subcosto-median  inter- 
si)ace  at  fully  one-tliird  the  distance  from  the  extremity  of  the  cell;  the  extremity  of 
tile  cell  is  often  ()ccnpii;<l  l)y  a  larire.  vaguely  limited,  ciunamoueous  brown  spot,  ami 
oilier  suniller  and  fainter.  Init  ei|ually  vauue  spots  occasionally  occur  between  cou- 
tiijuons  lines,  particularly  ou  tlie  iulernal  half  and  costally  aliove  the  llrst  ilivaricatiim 
of  the  subcostal  iiervure;  not  iufrei|uently  the  outer  half  of  the  cell  is  liUed  witli  a 
darker,  more  widely  extended,  brownish  spot,  scarcely  tiiif^eil  with  cinnamouoous,  and 
in  this  case  the  space  between  the  two  outer  lines,  as  well  as  sometimes  the  two 
borders  of  the  nlu;;s,  are  paler  than  usual,  formln-r  a  distinct  liand ;  in  extreme  cases, 
the  discal  spot  is  still  deeper  in  color,  approacliinu;  blackish  fuscous,  and  tlie  band 
becomes  of  a  silvery  uray.  preseiiliiin  a  strikin;^  contrast,  more  coiumou  in  the  female 
tliaii  in  the  male,  to  wliiit  appears  to  hi'  the  normal  pattern.  Midway  bi'tween  the 
outer  line  and  the  outer  border  of  the  wini;  is  an  arcuate  row,  parallel  to  the  latter,  of 
six  snniU.  round  or  transverse,  lilackisli  spots,  largest  in  tlie  middle  of  the  win;;;  next 
to  the  outer  margin  i"  a  scries  of  continuous,  linear,  dark  cinmunoneons  or  blackish 
crescents,  similar  to  ti.e  snl)marv:inal  series  of  the  fore  winijs,  frenucntly  followed, 
especially  in  the  female,  by  a  second  similar  series,  as  far  from  it  as  it  is  from  the 
liorder;  the  latter  series  is  often  wautinj;  in  the  n|)per  half  of  the  wim;;  next  the 
exteriiir  limit  (d'  tlie  outer  line  of  the  basal  series,  and  followiiiu;  it  from  the  costal 
border  to  llie  middle  subcostal  nerviile,  occurs  a  broad,  sometimes  partially  obsolete 
patch  of  color.  v;iryini;',  aecordiiv^r  to  tlie  other  parts  of  the  wiuj;,  from  cinnamoneoiis 
lu'owii  to  dark  brownish  fuscous ;  tlie  outer  border  ol  the  wiuf;  in  tlie  subcfistal  and  me- 
dian area  has  a  comnioii  l)road  arclied  patcli,  inclndinir  l)y  its  lieiijht  some  of  the  round, 
blackish  spots,  but  seldom  obscnriuif  any  of  the  markings  of  this  rcfiion,  varyina;  from 
a  pale  cinnanioneous  brown  to  fulifiinous,  but  nsually  enlivened  in  the  upiier  median 
interspace  (occasionally,  to  a  much  less  extent,  also  in  the  next  interspace  above) 
lietweeii  the  two  linear  lunules.  and  sometimes  as  far  as  the  outer  marsfiu.  Iiy  an 
ocliraceons  silvery,  silvery  ,u;ray  or  urayish  fuliginous,  liiith  lunule,  which  the  outer 
linear  liiuulc  divides  in  two.  if  not.  as  occasionally,  obsolete;  in  tlie  darkest,  most  pro- 
nounced individuals  (the  extreme  of  1'.  t.  niarcia)  tliis  lariteiiiaritinal  spot  joins  tlie  extra- 
mesial  spot  of  the  costal  mari;iu.  and  spreads  across  tlu^  Mhole  wiuji,  occupyiiiir  as  a 
fuscous  area,  in  strong  contrast  to  the  silvery  mesial  band,  the  whole  outer  half  of  llie 
winir,  relieved  only  by  the  silvery  mariflnal  lunule  of  the  upper  median  interspace 
and  a  lari;e,  silvery  fifty  patch  at  the  apex  of  the  wiiii;;  more  or  less  distinctly  the 
latter  [lale  patch  is  present  in  all  infiiscatcd  specimens;  in  some  of  the  darker  individ- 
uals the  space  between  the  two  siil)mari;inal  series  of  linear  lunules,  or,  still  more 
seldom,  the  whole  marniii  as  far  as  tlie  inner  series  is  of  a  slijihtly  paler  fuliij'inous 
tliaii  tiie  iieiLrhlioriiit;  lints;  and  sometimes  a  pale  ochraceous  or  pale  silvery  j;ray  spot 
occurs  at  tlie  anal  aii;;le,  similar  to.  but  smaller  than  that  at  the  apex  of  the  wintr;  the 
outer  border  is  delicately  editcil  with  ciiinamoneous  or  blackish;  frinjte  us  ou  tlie 
upper  surface. 

.Vbdoiuen  above  and  on  sides  lilackisli  brown,  liesiirinkled  with  a  few  fulvous  scales 
on  the  sides  and  toward  tlie  extremity  of  tlie  body  above,  especially  at  the  tips  of  tlie 
segments;  beneath  wliite,  occasionally  marked,  in  tlie  middle  of  the  .se;;ments.  by 
suliventral  touches  of  fulvous.  .\ppeudau:es  of  male  ;  clasps  taperinji  from  the  base  to 
the  tip  when  viewed  from  tlie  siile,  Imt  with  a  pretty  well  uiarkeil  divishm  into  a  basal 


'tlMlifi 


^!'^!^'m^m^^mmmmmm 


NV.MIMIAl.lNAK:    I'l I VCU  >I )i:s    TIIAIIOS. 


G33 


and  !iii  iipiciil  Imir ;  (•(HiiiiMriit'ncly  lillli'  <'i)iii|iri'^^(Ml.   cvni  in   ilir  a|iir:il  li.ilf.  tiir  lip 
only  bent  dounwanl. 


Mcasiircnii'iil-  in  niillinii'lrc.-. 

St.M.TIS. 

I'KSIAr.KS. 

LcML'tli  (if  tiinmii',  7  nnn. 

8niall> 

.-t. 

AviMM!.'!'. 

l(i.7,-) 
!>.2.') 
(i. 
•J 

Laip'st. 
lit. 

10. 

(i..-. 
•i.io 

.Snuillosl 

12.2.5 
7, 
4.1 
1.7.5 

Avurai-p. 

Largest . 

Lenjfth  uf  liirc  win:.'- 

aiitrntiiH' 

u.r, 

5. 
1.(1 

1S.5 
'.I.') 
(i. 
2.25 

211.5 
1(1  .'i 

liiinl  lil>iai'  ami  larsi.. 
lui'i'  lilpjac  ami  lur.-l.. 

(i.75 
2.15 

Discrilicil  from  \Hii  ,  40?  ,aiiil  27  unci'rtain;  uf  Uio»caliont  (iiir-liftli  wciv  I',  t.  iiiairia. 
'I'lic  lar.LiC"!  Xi'W  Knglaml  siiccinirn  I  liavf  m-imi  was  (imTcccivod  >iii-.'i' llll'^^l' iiira>ni'cnifnl» 
were  taken.     It  i»  a  9  eaptiireil  at  Itlaiifiird,  Mass.,  liy  Ur.  (i.  DininKieU;  tlie  fun-  win'.'  meas- 
ures :!|.5  nnn.  in  Im^lli. 

Abberrations.  1'.  i.  f\(i<Ai;i>ii  (MiHii'ni  /..irkm-ilii  Sannd..  I'aels.  (iiiide  ins.,  25i;-57  ; 
lluni'ed  ill  F.dw.,  I'.utl.  N.  .\nier.,  ii,  I'liyclodes.  ij).  l)i-.  .1.  ('.  Morrill  eai)tureil  at  Xahant. 
Mass..  a  reinarUalily  siill'iised  nialc.  hardly  reeoiriii/alile  as  lieloii^fiii^x  to  tlii.s  speeies. 
'I'lie  upper  siirr.-iee  i.s  aini.ist  oiitirely  lilaekisli  brown,  the  (inly  oraii'ie  fiilvdiis  present  mi 
the, ('>(■(  I'-iiii/s  lieinji  a  small.  traiisviMNe  spot  at  the  extremity  of  the  eell  borderiiii:  the 
limiting;  vein,  a  transverse  series  of  small,  roniid  -pots.  eorre>p(Midiii;;-  to  the  interior 
of  the  eliain  erossin;{  tlie  middle  of  llie  eell.  aiil  a  transverse  series  parallel  to  the 
oiit'^r  bonU^r.  of  live  larirer  liiniiles,  witli  blnrred  borders,  in  the  niiddl  •  of  tlie  cniter 
li.iir  (d'  the  winir.  tlio  middle  one.  in  tlie  iip|ier  median  intersiiacc,  Uiriresl,  dcereasiiiif 
rapidly  on  eillier  side.  .\  similar  disposjiion  is  shown  on  the  hhn'  "•iinjs.'  l^vo  partially 
conlbieiit.  enrvinir  bands  oeenp.\' 1  lie  two  chain-  of  eirelet>  in  the  basal  half  of  the 
winj.,  while  a  slender  series  of  fulvous  luniile-.  in  the  middle  of  the  outer  lialf  id'  llie 
winy  oeeupy,  normally.  Hie  position  of  an  outer  borderiiin  to  the  transverse,  wavy, 
lilaeh  lines  beyoinl  the  middle  of  tlie  wins;.  ISeiiealli.  tlii'  appearanee  is,  il"  aiiylliini:', 
>tiil  more  remarkable.  The  furr  iiint/s  are  dull  tawny,  the  outer  two-thirds  <>(  the 
eoslal  and  the  middle  half  of  the  inner  boriler  with  broad,  ronndeil  patches  of  blaekisli 
fuscous,  ,'xeeptin,i;  a  sli^rlit  dasli  of  areeiiisli  yellow  in  the  middle  of  the  former  just 
bi'low  llie  eostal  edize ;  and  a  not  very  lii'oad,  submaririnal.  blurred  fu-einis  stripe. 
xaLfuely  formed  uf  liiiiiiles,  dislaiil  aboiil  tin.'  width  id'  an  inlerspaee  from  the  outer 
border,  and  beyond  wliieli  the  border,  e.xeepi  in  tlie  upiier  median  interspace,  i>  -iroii.^rly 
liucied  witli  ferruginous.  The  /'/»('  iriinjs  are  id'  the  usual  tint,  but  ilie  niarkiiiixs  diller 
from  the  type  in  !'itoy:etlier  wantiiiij:  the  slreaU>  of  tlie  basal  lialf  of  the  winy:  and  in 
beiiii.'  marked  instead  by  a  pair  of  faint,  broaii,  partially  interrupted,  eurvin^i,  dull 
fulvous  bands,  one  erossinu;  the  winu'  just  within  tlie  terminatiim  of  tlie  eell.  the  other 
a  little  way  beyond  it ;  tlie  round  spciis  are  faint  and  rnlvou-.  and  the  double  row  id' 
siibmai'ifinal  Inmiles  is  supplanted,  a-  on  tiie  fore  wiiius.  hy  a  single  >eries  of  eoar.se, 
einnainoiieous.  brown  liimilo :  tlie  oilier  a  ideal  markinus  are  as  in  tiie  usual  type. 

.\iiollier  somewhat  siinilar  speeimeii  (but  a  female  of  the  iiiareia  type)  is  one  lirst 
described  as  a  distinct  species  under  tl'.e  name  of  Melilaea  paekardii.  Il  dill'ers  from 
tiie  male  described  above  only  In  tlie  iiivater  e.vteiit  of  the  fulvoits  markiiiLis.  espec- 
ially on  the  outer  half  of  the  fore  wiiiirs.  wliere  they  forma  very  broad  bell  in  lie  mid- 
dle of  the  outer  half,  broken  only  Iiy  the  blaekisli  iiervnre-.  I'.eUAv.  It  dill'ers  frLiiu  the 
male  in  tlie  followiii;;'  respect  :  on  the  /'nCi  I'-unjs  the  fulvous  tint  is  deeper  and  ]iiirer, 
the  eoslal  and  inner  maruius  are  less  infu-eated  and  the  sulmiariiinal  streak  i-  sup- 
planletl  by  the  inner  series  of  linear  luiiiile>,  jiisl  as  they  occur  in  the  normal  types, 
indeed  more  dlslinetly.yetns  delicately,  and  continuous  across  thewiim';  beyninl  il.  the 
upper  two  subeoslal,  the  upper  median  and  the  inedio-subuiedian  interspaces  are 
ocliraeeous.  The  himl  i''iiiii.<  are  marked  more  disiinctly  at  the  lia-e  than  iii  the  male 
and  in  place  of  tlic  broad,  faint,  mesial  liaiid.  the  position  of  its  inner  bonier — that  is, 
the  tip  of  tlio  cell — is  occupied  by  a  narrow,  ill-delined.  cinnanioneoiis,  brown  slripe, 
beyond  ■wliieli  the  wiiiii  is  almost  wholly  dull  ycilowisii  silvery,  exceptinir  a  larger. 
very  hiali,  dull  brownish,  marjiinal  lunnlc  in  the  lower  '.ncdiiin  and  subcosto-mediaii 

So 


m 


m 


634 


iiii:  nriTKUi'i.iKs  ok  nm-.w  kncland. 


mi 


I 


ilitt'is|mc('s;  and  cxcc'iiliiii;  uKo  a  ^li'iidcr  liiiiiiU'  of  llic  sauic  u  illiiii  llic  mitlilli"  nl'  ihc 
iilipcr  nii'iliaii  iiitri'-|>a<'i'  and  a  f  linl  wavy  streak  of  --iinilar.  ill-di'lliu'd  limiilf-  uciii- 
pyiiiL.'-  in  I  111'  n|i|i('r  hall'  of  llic  \\  inir.  tin'  |io~ili(iii  of  I  lie  inner  serio  nl'  linear  Innnlo , 
ciuiei'  ediie  einnanionediis. 

At  lli'sl  iflan<'('  1  I'd'eTO'il  tlii-^  In  Cliai'idi'ya^  nyelcis  I'roni  tiie  silvery  appearance 
111' iliu  iindei' snrfaee  (if  llie  uinii- ;  'nil.  e\annnaliini  of  tln^  slnietiire  and  the  niarl\- 
ini;s  loft  no  ditulu  that  it  was  l,i>  he  refei'red  to  the  present  speeies.  and  this  reatnre  to 
till'  silvery  irriiy  of  the  form  niareia.     I  owe  to  Mr.  Saunders  an  opportnidly  of  ^Indy- 

inu'  the  original  «peeinu'n.  wlileh   has  aNo   1 n   IlLiiireil    liy   Mr.    1'",  Iwards,   a>  noted 

aliove. 

Dimorphic  forms,  'I'ln'  two  I'onns  nC  tjii-  pi^eie--  are  di>tini;in^lialile  mainly  in 
I  he  eolor  and  niarliiims  of  ihi'  nnder  surface  of  the  hind  wlnn's.  which  have  a  yellow- 
bnlf  irronnd  eolor  in  morplieiis.  ■with  coinparative'ly  ineimspieiions  or  olisolete  niark- 
inus,  ospeeially  in  the  male:  whih'  in  marcia  IIk;  nfoiind  color  ranuc-  fivnn  iiriichi 
yellow  to  ferrniiinotis.  with  heiivy  and  stron^^ly  contrasted  inarkinL;s.  eillier  from  the 
intensity  of  the  cloudy  infiiscations  or  the  ^nlinaei'eon^  linl--  of  ihe  li^rhter  parts.  ,ir 
both.  In  addition  to  dimorpldc  diversity,  marcia  i~  hi;;ldy  \arialile.  .Mr.  l'',d\var(K 
di-lin:;iii-lun^  four  distinct  'ype^  with  intcr;.'r.iilc-.  lietw  een.  the  hca\  ines>  of  I  he  mark- 
ings and  the  diveru;enec>  from  inorpliens  heconiinii  mo.'e  and  more  marki'd  from  north 
southward.  'I'his  refers  (ndy  lo  the  heaviness  of  ihi'  markinns  beneath,  though 
Kdwards  distinctly  refers  to  the  heaviness  of  lliemarUiny:s  of  Ihe  upper  snrfaceid' 
1'.  1.  morpliens  from  'I'e.xas.  It  so  happens,  on  Ihe  other  hand,  that  I  have  seen  no 
individnals  so  heavily  niarkeil  on  the  npper  surface  as  some  of  the  same  -nnnner  form 
wliieli  I  took  at  the  month  of  tlie  Saskati'hewan.  tlioniih  oIIum's  were  id'  an  oi'dinarv 
character. 

Bgg(64::'n.  'I'aperin;;  so  that  the  truncate  -.uuimil  i~  lialf  I  he  dianieler  of  the 
eiiii:  tlie  polygonal  cells  of  lower  half  >liallow.  -auciu'-like  depre^sinus  aliont  .o:', 
mm.  in  diameter,  which  beeiune  more  and  mon'  indistinct  bidow.  \'ertical  rilw 
einhteen  lo  Iwenty-lhi'  in  ininil)er  and  merely  the  culminatinLj  rounded  ridues  of  wave- 
liko  depressions  of  the  surface;  some  of  tln'in  unite  bid'ore  reachinu'  tln'  nniririu 
id'  tlie  tnmcate  summit;  the  interspaces  l)et\veeii  tliese  i>  vometiim's  feebly  and  indis- 
tinctly lu'(d<en  by  wrinkle-like  cross  niarks  into  cells  about  twice  as  broad  as  liiuh. 
Cells  of  Mat  snmniit  decreasinj;  in  size  toward  the  eentri-  (67:  l.'i'),  around  wliieli  their 
loimer  diameters  radiate,  the  outer  cells  abont  .o|  nnn.  and  the  irmer  cells  about  .or_>,", 
mm.  in  loiiiier  diameter:  the  boundaries  of  the  cells  are  sliavply  <lelliied.  delicate  lines. 
Color  li;;lil  yellowish  irreen.  u;listenini;.  lleiuht  ..">  mm.:  bretnlth  .  l.'i  mm.;  breadth 
of  summit.  .'.':'■  mm. 

Caterpillar.  J-'('i:<l  .-Mj^  (,72:  i\).  Mead  (79:  12)  ulistenin,^;.  djirk.  olive  itreen.  Ihe 
scattered  hairs  enrvinir.  simple  and  white;  oei'llar  Held  bhiek.  thi  ocelli  iiallid  :  mouth 
parts  and  antennae  p;de  irrei'ii.  ISody  and  papillae  very  pale  u:reen.  Hairs  u:eiierally 
half  as  loiiiT  aiiain  as  the  width  of  the  body,  black,  aronate;  those  of  the  latevodorsal 
and  lateral  series  curviny;  backward,  the  lateral  less  arcuate  and  smaller;  of  snpia- 
stiiimatal  nearly  straiaht,  of  infrastiurnnital.  the  anterior  directed  outward  nn<l  down- 
ward, the  posterior  oidy  outward  ;  jirole^is  color  of  body,  the  leirs  <rreen,  Imt  infusi'ated. 
I.en;;tli.  2  mm. ;  breadth  of  head.  .L'.s  mm. 

Svciiiiil  st<i<ic-  Head  luteo-iiiceons  with  a  slia;ht,  Inteous,  ohlicpie  stripe  on  either 
side  above,  smoothly  rounded,  with  scattered  pale  hairs  as  loin;  a.s  the  depth  of  the 
head.  Labrnm  Inteo-testaceous.  Body  iiallid,  with  the  lleshy.  conical,  apically  blunt 
tubercles  two  or  three  times  as  hiiih  as  broad,  armed  with  brown,  faintly  spicnlifer- 
oiis,  acicular  spines  fully  as  Ion;;  as  the  tubercles  and  arising  from  slight  papillae. 
Dorsal  re.gion  faint,  greenish  brown,  deepest  on  tlie  thoracic  segments,  interrupted  l)y 
the  tubercles  on  the  abdominal  segments  and  most  marked  here  in  an  ojieu  ring,  sur- 
rounding the  tul)ercles  excepting  in  front  and  sending  oft'  divergent  branches  in  the 
posterior  lateral  corners;  a  broad,  brown  lateral  baud,  Interrupted  by  the  suitra- 
stlguiatal  tubercles.  Spiracles  on  elevated,  fuscous-tipped  tubercles,  circular.  Legs 
pale  greenish  fuscous;  prologs  pallid.  Length,  3.25  mm. ;  breadth  of  head,  .42  mm. ; 
length  of  tubercles,  .1.5  mm. 


XVMI'IIAI-INAK;    I'llVCIODKS    IliAHOS. 


(135 


Thirii  ii/,iii, .  iiriicl  (79  :  i;!)  >hiiiliii!;  l)lncki>Ii  lirnw  ii  wlUi  a  pullid  ii-iiiii?,'li',  ii  piilliil  oi- 
ItitiMi-ii.illiil,  ^t'Hi'ci'ly  (ililii|iir.  hroiul  -trlpc  loiiuitiKliiiully  aci()>-.  tlic  top  of  cacli  liciiii- 
spliciv  and  a  similarly  coIiii'imI  patch  al  liaM'  of  inaiMlilil<'>('xlciiiliiiy;  Hif  coloi' of  llic 
lriaiii:h'  ill  this  ipiai'lcT;  M'alti'i'cij  lliif.  \in\r  liairs  a>  loiiir  a>  tlu'  ih'plii  of  tlic  luad. 
I.aiinim  liitcoiis,  fiisco-ti'slaccoiis  at  liasc;  antennae  pallid  wilh  a  fn^eous  tip.  Hody 
Kreenisli,  olivaceiMH  l)i-o\vn.  much  nioltled  witli  darl<iT  and  lijjiiter  tints,  (Jarkt.T  on  tlu' 
sides  tlian  uu  lop.  witli  nioderaleiy  liroad.  pallid,  ifivenisii  latei'odorsal  and  infra- 
stlirinaliU  siripe.,,  involv  iny-  lo  soniu  e.Menl.  lis  do  tlie  other  lonifilndliml  niarUin-rs.  the 
eoloi'  of  tlie  Inliereies.  llii'^e  lieini;  almost  wholly  pallid  in  the  ialerfidoisal  iiiul  iiifra- 
stininatul  series,  more  oi'  h>s,  infnsi'ated  elsewiieri' ;  Ijiil  the  .siiines  are  mori!  or  less 
enilirowned  in  all  of  thi'iii.  'I'lie  Inliereies  are  of  nearly  llie  same  eiiaraeter  as  in  the 
preeediiii'  slii^'e.  Lej^s  and  proleiis  as  tliere.  I.eiiuth.  ."  nun,  i  lireadtli  id'  liead.  .."pi; 
mm.  ;  li'iii-lh  of  liihereles,  .'.',")  mm. 

Ldsl  shiijr  (72:  C.  '.II.  Mead  (72:.s;  79:  I.".)  shiiiiiii,' lironze  with  lilaek  iiairs:  across 
tile  siMiiiiiil  a  narrow  whitisji  liar,  liiickeiied  at  tlie  front  <if  eacli  side,  and  lilniilly 
liarlu'd  on  Ihe  oiUer  >id(  ;  in  from  :i  Irianunlar  spot  (■oiiiieclim;  at  I  he  lower  aiiu'le  \\  illi 
a  -ickle-sliaped  lj;ir  on  llie  sjdr.  liody,  hlaekisli  lirowii,  dolled,  especially  on  dorsum. 
Willi  yellow  ;  tlie  spines  stout  at  base  and  tliorc  iiuistly  yellowish;  llie  liristles  hrown, 
black  lipped;  a  black  dorsiil  stripe  often  wanliiej;:  a  yellow  sUipe  foUowini,'  llieliilero- 
dorsid  spines  and  a  band  of  Ihe  s:iine  color  Uw  inrrasli:,qiialal  series ;  someiimes  lliere 
is  a  black  lateral  band.  r,eiii;lli,  L'l.,"i  mm.  (;ifler  Kd wards,  my  own  de^cripiioii  l,;u  in;;' 
been  lost). 

Chrysalis  (Qi:  2ii-L'-'>.  (irayisli  while,  the  alHloiiieii  ;i  litlle  diirker;  surface  mi- 
iinlely  corrii;;:ited  and  dnll  whitish,  the  cri'vices  lllled  wilh  |iale.  yc-llowis|i  iji-own. 
iiior^'  profusely  aloiiit  the  anterior  portions  of  the  abdominal  seitmeiils,  on  mosi  i,f  ijie 
wart -and  especially  upon  the  borders  of  the  lop  of  tlie  head  ;  ocollar  rililioii  i,iiin:'cnl;ile: 
winics  with  a  dusky  conlral  spot  and  smaller  dusky  spots  id.  the  nervnle  lips.  Dii  Hie 
abdomen  then^  is  an  inconspicuous,  narrow,  inierrnpted,  dull  yellowisli,  subsliiiiiialal 
li:iiid.  fidlowed  Ijeiiejith  by  a  baud  formed  of  a  few  fuscous  spots;  there  is  also  a 
faiiil  trace  id'  a  dull  yellowish  band,  followiiiii  the  hilerodorsid  row  of  warls, 
Spir.icles  brown,  margined  willi  pale.  I,eiii:th,  Id.;;  mm.  :  widlh  at  o.Mremity  <d'  head, 
2,1'."  mm,:  ill  mesolliorax.  I  mm.;  al  I'oiirlli  alidominal  seirment,  I  mm.;  Iieiuld  at 
lli(.r:ix.  '■'•■''  mm,  :  :il   fiuirlll  ilbdoniiiiiil  se;rj|,,.|i) ,   I,,-,  11,11,^ 


Companson3.  'I'lie  |iroscnt  s|icci('j<  dilKrs  iiniiiistiiknlily  IVoin  the 
(iiill'  siH'cirs.  W  o-orodiK'  (Iliil)ii. )  (  1".  ]iliiiiiii  Kdw. ),  nltlHuioli  sdinc  s|icc- 
iincii-i  of  the  littlor  do  uiijiroiU'li  the  diirkor  indi\  idiiiil.s  of  1'.  tliaros  \vv\ 
clo^i'ly  ;  1)11  till'  iipiier  side  of  tlii'  foic  wiiios,  ;i  iiic.siii],  jmlc,  nlinost  wliit- 
i.sh  holt  is  iih\iiy.s  to  be  di.stiiijiiiished,  and  iisiudly  scpnratcd  hv  a  lihick 
•streak  from  a  .siihinarginai  orange  fiihoti.s  liand  :  iiltliotioh  tlie  two  are 
usually  eontliient  as  one  irreuiiliir  ]iatcli  in  1*.  tliaros.  sonic  feiiuiles 
liave  tlieni  distinetly  inarke<l,  lint  iilways  entirely  or  nearly  eoneoloroiis  ; 
tlie  lilaek  outer  boi-der  of  liotli  wino-s  is  broader  in  an  averaue  tlian  in  (lie 
|iresent  species,  and.  in  eonsequence,  the  siibmarginal  brio-ht  eolored 
liiimle  in  tbe  upper  nieilian  inter.space  of  the  fore  wings  is  always  entirely 
enelo.'sed  within  it.  IJeneath,  the  distinctions  above  alluded  to  as  oeeiirriiio- 
on  the  upper  surface  of  tiie  fore  Avings  are  Imniglit  out  quite  as  distinellv  : 
the  prevailing  color  of  the  hind  wings  is  quite  different,  that  of  P.  o(,r- 
gone  being  of  a  .slightly  dirty  white,  tinged  with  greenish,  wliile  the 
markings,  ahno.st  an  exact  repetition  of  those  of  V.  tliaros,  arc  of  a  black- 
isli  brown.     As  tlic  Gulf  species  seems  to  have  a  range  of  variation  of 


686 


II IK  iu'iii;i!i'i,i!:s  oi"  m;w   i;n(;i..\ni). 


■  Vi  ( 


M 


m 


iiiiii>>i 


I' 


i^i'K     till'    >;iiiu'    iiiitiil 


W.    Il 


liirips,     iiitii<c:ilc(|     siicciiiicii* 


ilffflv  tlitlir  iVulil  tliosc   111'    1'.  tlwil'ds    ill    the    M|i|M':iiaiirc    iif  ilic    iiiidcr 


.r  ll 


ir  IlllKl  \viiil;>. 


1'.   o.,,,.-, 


Ill'  i!i  il  siiulilly  siiiiillcf  .•.|ii'CK'.' 


Distribution  ( 22  :  ii  )■      1'.  iliMms  Ims  a  \('r\'  fxtiii>ivc  r;iiiL;i', 


i|' 


inu'  aliiiiist  till'  w  linlr  (p|'  Nmili  Am 


cnca.  iiiirlli  oi'  Mrxico  ,iiii 


(•:i-t  (1 


r  ilir  i-iHitiiU'lilal  ili\i(lc,  :i-  till'  as  mImmiI   l^al. 


(lie  (uiir.  anil 
At    its    xiiilli- 

iTii    limits    it    lias    liccii    i(|)(iitt(l   I'l'dm  mirtlicrii  ( ( 'lia|iiiiaii )  Imi  not  trcuii 

cntral  (  I'm  llVauc)  and  soiiili- 


iitlu'iii    I'"liiri(la,  trniii    Alaliania  (( 


IISSC  )  .    ( 


cni    'l\'xa~  ( 


Aaron).       To    t! 


nil    it    lia> 


hci'l 


I    round    in  N'l 


iva    Si'oti; 


•IV   coiiinioir"  ( .loiH's  ) .  ( 'ape    I'lrcion  (  i'liaxtiT ) ,  tlic   ^ontlu'in   side  ol' 


tilt'  nioiilii  of  St.  Lawrcnci'  (iJi'll).  Antico^ti  (('oii| 


iiitlicin    Lalirador  ( Coup 


.\ 


HT),  in    xvcsicrii    .Ni'w  toiiiiillanil  (  wlicic    it    w , a 


MT).  ^a 
I  (' 


w  I'.ill    1,'ivrr, 


laki'ii    li\- 


Dr.  K.  (i.  (iardiiHT   at    St,  IJarlir's   l>av,  alioiit    Lat.    .'il     1, 


'  ) 


lint  not  ri'porti'd  liy   (iossc  rroni   eastern    New  t'oiindland.  I 'acoima  and  ila 
11a    i'lay  (Saiindcrs),  (^)ncli(c  (I'.owics).  Oit; 


n\  a  (  liiliiniis  ) .  SuLi'ar 


I'.llsl, 


Lake.  lu'vaiis  hake  and  l>(\ii"-  lii\(r  (  hT 


rhaii  ) . 


Lai 


kt'  .^ii|iri-ior 


(\i 


-iz), 


l.akeot   ilic  \\  oods  (i)a\\soii),  M<iosc  I"artoi\ ,  Hudson  I 


>a\'    ••\('i\ 


pK'lilil'iir"     (WCii).    the    niolitii    ol'  tlie    .^askaleliew  an    l{i\(r,     alioiil     l/.at. 
.").')      (Sriidder).    Kdinontoii    (  ( ieddes ) .  I   pper    Liard    K'i\(r    (l)a\\s<in). 


.MeKtai/.ie  lvi\cr  (  Ivlwards  )  and  Lake  La  llaelie.  Urilisli  ( 'oliiinliia.  L 


at. 


ll    .')!'  \.  (  (  Votcli ).      Tlie   last 


melltloiHM 


I   is  tl 


e  westiaaimost   (  ll'T    l(l') 


known  ioealitv.  anil  tlie  only  one  reeoj-ded  iVom  llie  western  waterslied, 
tlioiiiili  Kdwanls  stales  (Uiili.  \' .  S.  i;col.  siii\ .  lerr..  iv  :  .'il."))  tliat  il  is 
t'oiiiid  "i|iiite  at  iIk'  I'aeiiie"  to  tli"  north  of  our  territory.  In  oiir  own 
eoiintrv    it    is    known    to   oeiair    as    llir    west    as   .Milk  K'iver  (Cone: 


mil 


the  -Inilith    .Mount 


lIUs 


.M 


oniana    (  iMlwan 


(!>■ 


wi'stein    i)akoti 


.Mien),  the  IWix  Horn  Mountains,  northern  A\'\ (UiiiiiL;-  (  Kdwaid.- 


plentiliii 
in  the 


iintains  of  Colorado  (  Keakiri.  .Mead)  and  the  iiioiintaiiis  of  .New  .Mex- 
(  Siiow  )  ;  to  the  east  it  is  reeorded  from,  and  eertaiiil\-  <ieei 


irs  III,  cNcrv 


stall'  lit 


the  r 


In  New  luiiiland  it  is  almost  everywhere  e.xeeedinuly  aliiindant  :  it  is 
not  iiiieomnioii  even  in  tiie  White  .Mountain  distriet.  where  1  have  taken 
it   ahove   the   tiinher  :    htit    I'rof.  S.  L  Smith   who  has  eolleetcd  larifely  in 


N. 


Ml 


ii'ote  in    ISl!!'    that    he  had  never 


.seen  a  ilozi'ii  .speeimens 


thi'iv.  and  that  year  not  one.  and  in  Stow.  Vt.,  MisifS  Soule  only  saw  oni' 
Of  two  speeimens  in  iNiS,")  and  only  one  in  ISNCi.  The  liiitteiHy  may  he 
.'<con  in  almost  any  open  stiniiy  plaee,  on  woeily  hillside.s.  or  aniunji'  the 
ranker  vegetation  followiiif;'  tlie  eoiir.«e  of  small  streiiiiis  ;  it  i.s  partial  to 
Howers,  espceially  siieli  as  grow  in  low,  damp  grinind.  In  Iowa,  Mr. 
.Vlleii  found  it  hotli  in  the  groves  and  on  the  open  prairie,  Init  it  i.s  es.sen- 
tially  il  l.utterHy  of  the  open  country. 

Oviposition.     The  eggs  are   laid  in   clusters  (64:2!))  alwiiys  on  the 
leaves  of  the  food  plant  "and   usually  on  the  under  side  of  them,  in  rows 


it?      "  -  r  1    . 


Nv.Mni.M.iNAi;:  I'lm  i<ii»i;s  iiiai!()>. 


I  I.J/ 


I 

i: 


iM'iiih  or  (|iiiic  -liiiiLihl,  mill  luiii'liiiiL;  ciicli  ullni'"  (  ImIw  iii(l> ) .  Mv. 
.Mr;i(l  r<iiinil  tlic  clii^ti  r-  111  VMi'v  IVmii  l'H  tu  iilioiit  I.'id  (L'.u;-.  Mi'- 
Milwiinls  ;it  II  Inter  (liilc  Ikiiii  .">()  in  'J-.'>.  iirrciill\  nil  Ilii|iriMFiii(i  I'l  liiiilc 
lllill    fur  lllf  nil  tlic  millfl'  >i(ic  111'   II   Icilt'   illiolll     llllic   illi'ln  -  tVnui   lllf  liiji  ot 

tlic  sliilk  II  flii,--tci'  III  t'i;u>-.  cltij^fly  (Tiiwdtd  in  ;i  iii!i.->,  mir  -idr  nl  wliiili 
WHS  slniiu'lil.  lyiiii:  iii^'iiiiist  llic  inidiili.  llir  mlii  r  jiii  ii  n  Liiiinr  tin  \f.  llu' 
muss  liciiii^-  iiliiiiil  iwii'e  as  iunj;'  ii>  iirciml.  'I'liirc  wcic  alHuit  onr  Imiiilrui 
(.'Jigs  ill  rill'  ilii-lcr.  iiMisI  lit'  tlinn  lying  in  a  single  laui-  almiil  as  elnsely 
ci'iiwdcd  as  ]iiis~ilile,  liiii  ilie  iHiier  line-  a  lillK'  sealleiing  :  mi  ll'c  lnp  nt 
I  hem  was  a  secund  layer  nl'  a  I  mi  a  a  i|iiartei'  as  niany .  alsiic|ii-el\  cruwdi  d. 
lint  nut  i|iiite  si)  ri'gnlaiK  end,  sdrne  lieiiig  li|i|i(<l  a  little,  dniililless  Irmn 
the  irregularity  nl'  the  liase.  In  aimllier  eiisi'.  lilty  nv  ~ixt\  were  laid. 
elu«el\  ernwded  lngetlier  liiil  all  in  a  single  layer.  In  aiiiptli(r  iiistanei  an 
ini|iri  iini  d  i'einale  laid  seven  scattering  egg-  uii  niie  li  at',  mine  tniieliing 
the  iitliers.  .V  da\  liel'nre  liateliilig  the  eggs  ra|iidly  li  eeine  diMuInu  d. 
•Mr.  l''dw!ii'd.-  gi\('s  the  peridd  ot'tlie  i  gg  stage  at  rrmn  t'nnr  In-iMii  da\s. 
At  ( 'amliridge  mine  liavi'  halehed  in  aliunt  eight  da\  s.  and  rrnl'i  --or  1  laii;- 
lin  rmiiid  the  jieriixl  tell  days  at  W'alerv  ilh',  .Me.,  in  .Inly. 

Food  plant.  The  I'dnd  |ihuit  of  this  nmst  I'liinmun  Imllerlly  was  fi.r 
\iars  a  iai//le,  and  1  lia\e  niyselt'  t'nlluwid  the  reinales  t'nr  many  an  hiiiu' 
ill  the  \ain  search  I'nr  suiiie  sign  nl'  its  (i\  i|iiisit  inn,  a  mneh  nmie  ditl:- 
ciilt  lasU  with  th.ise  rthicli  lay  eggs  in  eliistcrs  than  with  luittcrtli-.s  which 
lav  lint  nneegg  at  a  time.  .Mr.T.  L.  .Mead  at  last  suhed  the  iinihhni,  hy 
liiicssiiiL;'  at  the  ( 'i>m|Misita('  (as  they  were  the  t'lind  [ilant  nl'  ntlier  .Meli- 
laeidi),  eiieliising  growing  jilants  nl'  a  nninlier  nt'diU'ereni  kinds  in  a  Ihi.n. 
and  iniiirisoning  in  this  arlilieial  garden  the  t'einale  Imtterllies.  In  a  few 
(lavs  tlu'V  selected  Aster  imvae  angliae.  nil  which  In  (le|i(isit  eggs,  and 
this  species  seems  In  lie  their  t'a\(irite  t'nnd  iilaiit.  ihniigh  they  will  t'eid  nil 
aiiv  asters,  hut  nnt  with  e<|iial  frccdniii.  Mr.  Ivlwards  niice  iihtainni 
cLiii's  laid  l)y  un  imiirisniud  t'l'inalc  nii  ( 'helniie,  liiit  lie  did  not  raise  them. 
Mis.M  Middk'ton  (  IJc]!.  nn.s.  ins.  III.,  x  :  s;'>}  gives  Aetiiiniiieris  also  as  a 
food  plant;  not  unlikely  it  may  he  t'nrced  to  eat  this,  luit  it  is  hardly  jirnli- 
alile  that  the  t'emale  herself  selects  it. 

Habits  of  the  caterpillar.  In  the  only  case  oliservcd  hy  mv,  the 
ciiterpilhirs  in  exposeil  eggs  hatelicd  and  moved  away  hefore  those  in  iiii- 
(lerlviiig  layers  eHected  their  escape  :  and  it  would  .seem  a.s  if  tiii.s  mii.st 
need  lie  the  ease.  Not  the  .slightest  weh  of  any  kind  is  sjnin,  not  even  in 
crawling  from  the  walls  of  their  pri.'^on,  wliieli  are  less  than  half  deniol- 
islied  in  their  escape,  many  crawling  out  wlien  only  the  crown  ha.s  lieen 
liitten  aroinul,  a  little  lielow  the  summit,  and  pui^hcd  hack  far  enough  to 
permit  exit,  only  to  return  to  its  plaeo  by  it.'i  elasticity  after  the  passage  of 
the  prisoner.  Nor  do  they  eat  their  east-ott'  skins  w  hether  at  the  first  or 
seeond  moult,  but  leave  them  lying  like  a  spread   mat  on   the  leaf  just 


Iti 


»■:■ 


rS% 


688 


iiiK  I'.i  i'ii:i!ii,ii.>  or  Ni;\\   i:n(;i,.\ni) 


■is.;  ,   „  •'   i 
■  ^v,    ,   ■ 

;'fll'     ■         •,'■       ■ 


wla'i'i'  tlicy  walkiil  nut  nt'  lliciii.  Tlicri' ^^ti'iii>  to  ln'  a  mi'v  j;cnfnil  iicjili- 
ficiicc  ill  iliis  rcjiiird  !iiiii)ii,ir  M»'iiil  cMtcrpillars.  wIuti'  llir  ii(i-i'.'*r<ity  t'nr  ii 
wciiild  !i|i|)i'ar  iiiMst  urgent.  'I'Ihv  I'fcd  in  close  coniiiaiiv  al\\ay>  nii  llic 
iiiuirr  fiii'tacc  nt'  tlic  IcaM*.  iii(p\  in;:'  ii|i  or  ddwii,  lii'iurally  dciwii  llic 
plant,  as  tlicy  need  tVoli  pasliiic,  and  lca\  inu' a  di'scrl  licliiml  tluiii,  IOncii 
when  c^'ji's  to  tlic  niinilu  r  nf  a  Inindi'cd  arc  laid  on  niic  of  liic  -mallei 
ti'i'iniiial  leaves,  it  is  fidly  Iwciily-lniir,  perhaps  (liirty-six  lioiir-  alter 
iiatcliinj;'  hct'ure  one  ul  tiic  calerpillais  (jnit.s  the  leal':  the  under  snrliicc  ol 
this  sinij'le  leal'  siitlices  lor  all  their  wants  tor  this  tiini'.  They  eat  the 
pareneiiyina  only,  hiil  not  \cry  cleanly,  the  lca\('s  ha\in^'  i'Very\\hcre  lit- 
tle Hecks  of  uneaten  pareneiiyina,  L;i\iii,i;  ihcin  a  pitted  a|ipcariince  :  ilii> 
is  ill  early  life;  tliiy  afterwaids  devour  the  leaf  it.-elf  init  still  spin  no 
well.  They  are  very  inactive,  and  eiuinot  he  roused  to  iiiincnieiit  :  at  the 
most  they  will  coil  themschcs  into  a  circle  and  drop  to  the  liroiind.  The 
liitc>t  lii'ood  of  lar\ac  lieeonies  ietiiaruie  soon  alter  the  .-ecoiid  moult,  lait 
iiniler  favoraMc  cirenmsiauccs  will  I'oiitiniie  I'eedini;' until  ( >ctolicr  in  the 
\i<'iuity  of  Boston,  and  liy  the  oli.-cr\ations  of  Mr.  I'ldward*  sometiiuo 
arouse,  pas-  another  moult  and  aLi'aiii  ri'-ume  their  jetharuy.  No  leth- 
arijy  is  oliservaMc  in  tiie  other  liroods  aceordiii:^-  ti  Mr.  Kdwards.  The 
caterpillar-  proiiaMy  hiiicrnate  in  any  cranny  the\  can  lind  on  the  surface 
of  tlie  ii'round,  as  they  letne  the  jilant  ami  wander  more  or  less.  Iiiil  -till 
to  some  dciii'rcc  in  company,  in  this  state  and  in  this  -tate  only.  a|ipar- 
eutly.  the  winter  is  passed.  They  must  awake  early  in  llic  -prinu'.  for 
sometimes  at  any  rale  they  are  full  fed  hy  tiie  middle  of  May  in  Mas,— 
achiisetts. 

Pupation.  The  lai\a  attaches  itself  to  aii\  linn  -iiiistance  to  iinderc'o 
its  liiial  chanui's,  Imt.  under  natural  circnin-tance-.  apparently  not  to  it- 
food  plant.  In  Xew  I']nuhind  the  chrysalis  nciurally  haiius  nearly  a  fort- 
iiiLiiit.  Init  .Mr.  Kdwards  lias  found  it  to  raiiu'e  in  \aiioiis  places,  ii.-nally 
from  six  to  thiiteeu  days,  sometimes  prolonji'cd  to  iis  many  as  thirty  days. 

General  life  history.  In  \cw  Kun-land  the  insect  is  donhle-lirooded. 
and  |)asses  tlii'  winter  in  the  tliird  and  fourth  lar\al  .stages.  Farther 
south  there  arc  one  or  more  lirood-  interjiohited  lii'tv.een  these  two.  Niar 
IJostoii  the  first  lirood  (tf  liiittcrllies  appears  almtit  the  middle  of  May*. 
th(aijj;h  sonK'times  not  until  toward  the  2.Jtli  of  the  month  :  in  ci'iitral 
(.'oiuiecticut  I  have  found  the  specie-  not  uncommon,  prohahly  a  week  out, 
on  May  1.").  .Vs  in  tlu'  case  with  most  species  the  lirst  lirood  of  which  is 
made  up  from  caterpillars  wintciiuL;-  when  half  grown,  it  does  not  rapidly 
liecome  cominoii,  not  ln'forc  the  \ei'y  end  of  the  month,  and  siunetinuv- 
not  until  the  first  w  cck  in  .Iiinc  :  rarely  inilccd  is  it  ahundant  liefore  the 
first  of  rliinc.  females  are,  I  lielieve,  never  taken  liel'ore  the   21st  of  Mav, 


■m 


few  ;■  ;:!  ■ 


*  Dr.   Jloirill   iioK's   llic  iniiuire    of  Hirer       tliN  must  lie  an  orrur.  tliniiii:li  irMiispcisiiiMM 
s)Rtiiiif'iis  ill  AiiildVi  r.  Mas-.,  April  'JTtli ;  Imt       of  laliels,  or  otliprwisc. 


NYMl'IIAI.INAi;:   I'llVi  |((l)i:s    iiivitos.  nP,!i 

iinil  tVr^li  rciiiiiltw  iiiiiy  iilwiiyshc  i;ikcii  iil'tiT  llic  midillc  .if  .liinc  :  it 
niii.iin-  ii|Miii  llic  will-'  nl'icii  until  tiic  in'\v  lnouil  m;ii;c-  il-  ;i|p|i(Mrinicf, 
lli.iiij^li  ill   Miuity  iiiiiiiIk  r>.    iind  liii>    .-oiiMliiiii-  (|iiilf  (li>;i|i|i(:ir('il   liy  tlir 

cud  lit'  (Ik;  Jir-r   week  in  .Inly,      Tlir   -tcdiid   In I   i-  iiliiKi-t    ((iiiMlly  ilf- 

lilicriite  in  it-  |iruu'rc.-sive  iidvcnt.  'I'lic  nialr-  ;ind  l'rniiili>  >t(  in  to  iipiictir 
III  ilic  -;iiiic  tiiiir,  llic  ciirlii'.-t  iViiiii  .Inly  l:.'ln  lS:l.,itli  -cxc- cipiiliinic  \>> 
cmci'Lfc  without  iiiti  rrii|itiipn  tVoin  tiii-  time  until  tiic  (  nd  nl'  Aiii:n>t.  -u  llmt 

-nine  iiliscrscr.*  liiuc  ,-ii|iiin-c(l  tlnic  niii>t  lie  line  ii  lliii'd  In' 1  :   tlicrc  i>. 

Iiii\\r\ci',  iii>  lu'ciik  wli;ilr\(r  in  tlif  iiii|i('Mr;inci'  nt'  IVt-li  tini;dcs,  mid  tlic 
niin~ii;d  KiiLftli  nf  time  dnriiiu'  w  liii'li  lluy  ruiitiiinr  to  cincrLic  li'oin  tin' 
i'iir\'s:iiii  -ci'ins  to  hi' diic,  /'/'•■•V,  to  tin'  iiidis  idiiid  dilH  ri'iicc  ol'  liiiliit  in 
liiliiriiiiliiiii'  ciitcrpilliii's.  s|irc;uliiii:'  tlic  tii'>t  lii'ood  ovci'  ;in  iiiiii>niii  [icriod  : 
sicniiil.  to  ilu'  -liiL;'L;i>li  lialiit  ol'  ttic  iii-rci  :  mid  lliinl.  |io>-.iMy,  to  Itili- 
ai'ii'v  ill  niid-siiininiT  I'litri'iiilliir.-',  tlionuh  llii>  Iim-  not  Iktu  oIimimmI  in  tlio 
l(':i>t  diLi'rcc  in  the  iniiny  liroods  ra'.-i'd  in  tlic  xmlli  liy  Mr.  I'Mwan's.  Tlir 
liiillci'llv  iisaallv  disapin'iir-  liy  the  iniddlr  of  Sfiitcnilicr  Inil  1  have  taken 
-|ic.'inu'iis  as  latf  us  ( )clol)('i'  lii.  The  catci'iiillars  -li>|i  caliiii:'  i'nd  u'o  into 
liilicrnalion  early  in  ( )('toli('i'. 

Ill  norllicrn  N\'\v  KiiL!'land.  as  in  Maine  and  llie  tiortlieiii  liall',  at  least. 
(iT  New  IIain|isliii'e  and  N'eniiont.  llie  luiiods  are  soiiiewlial  later,  tlie  tii'st 
lirood  ainic'iirinj.''  in  scanty  nninliers    in   the    lir-i    week  ol'  .lime  and  ra.'ely 

hrini:' union  liet'orc  tho  lUtli,  .sonietiiiies  not    until   the   middle   of  .Iiiiie. 

In  the  Catskills  Mr.  Kdwards  only  found  a  few  of  the  liisi  Krood  out  hy 
.hine  !'"<.  ( iosse  reports  it  as  aiipearinu' .lime  :ill  oiu  year  just  ovei'  the 
(.'aiiadiaii  horder.  The  seeoiid  lii'ood  also  dis.ipiiears  eiirlier,  none  lioin^' 
seen  hv  ine  one  suniincr  spiMit  at  I'lynioiitli,  .New  naiii|ishire,  after  the 
:;iltli  ol'  .\iigiist. 

The  coinparutivoly  few  notes  I  have  from  southern  New  Knirhind  do  not 
indieatc.  even  us  far  as  Nantucket,  any  noticeahle  diil'erence  from  the 
seasons  atioiit  Hoston.  Tuit  farther  south  there  is  iindoiihtedly.  hy  Mr. 
Ivhvardss  ohservations  and  the  few  otlua's  known,  an  intermediate  hrood. 
Mr.  Edwards  thinks  there  are  four  hroods  in  West  \'irginia.  htit  from  the 
data  i.nven  I  do  not  think  his  reasons  valid,  eonsiderinii' the  sluu'gish  nature 
of  the  iiLsect  and  it.s  hal)it.s  with  us.  Nor,  fnnn  what  I  liave  ohserved  of 
the  hehavior  of  the  female  and  the  condition  of  the  ovaries  in  speeimens 
dissected,  do  1  tliink  that  the  eggs  are  ahvay.s  laid  soon  after  eeln8l(ni,  hut 
rather,  that  there  is  con.siderable  ditl'erenco  in  this  resjieet  in  individuali-. 
Hilt  however  this  may  be.  the  earliest  appearance  of  the  imago  in  West 
Virginia  is,  according  to  Kdwanls,  only  the  18th  of  May.  The  butterfly 
was  obtained  m  South  Carolina  by  Mr.  Atkinson,  Ain-il  23,  and  Abbot, 
who  seems  to  record  only  the  first  appearance  of  insects  (when  not  bred), 
took  it  in  Georgia  on  March  5.  Boll  found  it  as  early  as  February  in  Texas 
and,  according  to  Edwards,  thinks  there  are  five  broods  there,  wliere  it 


■  '% 


■••t 


(i4() 


TiiK  r.iTTiasrLir.s  ok  \i;\v  i:n(;i,.\M). 


'I    » 


«? 


u< 


Hies  until  NonciuIici'.      Ivlwards  liiiii-*i'lt' thinks  \\\v\v  must  lie  sis  or  seven  ; 
l)n>l>:il>ly  it  wunld  lie  (jiiiti'  iniiiossilili' to  tell. 

An  interostinii'  t'ciiturc  in  tin'  liisiorv  of  tiii>  Imttcrtly  is  tlic  Ictiniru'v  <'i' 
the  catcriiilliirs  iilrcaily  iilliidcil  to.  Mr.  Ivlwiirds  finds  tliiit  in  W'csl  \'ii- 
Lriniii  this  pecnliarity  docs  not  appear  in  the  earliiT  hroods.  lint  only  in  tlie 
hist  two  liroiids  of  hir\ae  :  and  while  invariulile  in  those  ot' the  last  lirooil 
wliicli  winter,  luit  sonietinies  lieeonie  letliarjfie  as  e;u'lv  as  the  end  of  Aniiiist. 
to  jiidii'e  from  his   aeeount  it  also  appears   in   the  larvae  of  the  preeedinu 


lii'ood. 


Mime  I 


if  wliieh   lieeome   letharyie  in  vei'v  warm  weatlier.  \\hile  tin 


rrea 


ler   nmnlier   proceed  reiinlarly.  like  tiie  caterpillars  of  the   p 


lii'oods.  to  chrysalis.  Our  know  ledn'c  of  tlieir  lu'lnnior  in  the  no -lii  i> 
I  ntii'ciy  due  to  the  accounts  ut'  Mr.  iMlwards,  end  .are  not  founded  on 
experiments  conilncted  wholly  liicre.      Caterpillars  i'l 


oni  enns  i.-'.id  at  tiic 
(111!  oi'  .lidy.  and  therefore  of  the  second  lirood  of  liutterflics.  .dl  liecanie 
IctharLtic  after  the  second  nioidt.or  idiout  .'^cptenilicr  I  :  Imt  twov\ccks 
later  part    of  them  resumed  acli\ity,  fed  a  tew  days.  pas>cd  another  moull 


;uiil   then   hccam 


e   letliaru'ic  aLi'ain.       Tl 


icse   were    n 


laced 


m    a    cellar    am 


l!;i 


reiiiiiincd  witliunt  clianL;c  throuuli  the  winter.  ( )ii  another  iicc;i>ion  eiius 
I  lid  in  tlie  middle  of  .\uu'Ust.  in  ( 'oalliuruh.  were  taken  to  the  (  at>kilh 
wliert    tliey    hatchiMJ   ou    the    'JUth.       .Vfter  tlie  second    moull    a    | 


It     10 


ler  cent,    liecame  IcHi,ii'l;'ic.  while    tue  reiiiaiiuler  com  iiiiieil    llicii 


lortion. 
Ih 


(iiaiiirc 


s  iiiilil    tile    iiiittertlie-^    ap|ieared  ( ■'^e[)teniln'r    l.'i-l'ii):   ^ome  of  the 


rlir\'^;ill(ls  were  ke 


All 


[il  in  a  coo!  place  m  -Aloany  and  ga\e  out    iiulterlhes  lie. 


11  ( )ctolHr  :?1  and  \o\  cmiier  '2.      .\11  this  is  of  course  not  wli.at  liappei 


iVech   ill  the  ('at-kili>  under  nalurai  conditions 


lor  n  IS  >ale  to  -:;v 


tiiat 


no 


hiitlertiic-  eiiieru'e  ihcrc  as  hile  as  the  uiiiMle  ot'  Septemlier.  Iiut  it  is  iuter- 
e-titiir  111  uiit»>  tint  aliout  one  half  of  ihe  Id  per  cent  which  liceamc  lelhiiru'ic 
licLi'an  to  feed  {lu'aiii  alioiit  Septemlier  2ii,  pas-^cd  anoiiier  moull  and  tluai  re- 
sumed their  letiiarji'y.  .\  third  i'.\perinient  showed  thateygs  laid  in  the  ("ai>- 
kills  at  the  end  of  .liine  iiy  liutterflics  of  the  first  hrood.  and  carried  to 
A\'est  N'iv'.nnia  hiitchcd  llicic  duK   '■>.  and  most  of  tlicni  u'aNe  linttca'Hio  liv 


ill 


it  llie  monlh.  hut  a  porlioii  e\cii   in  tlii.-   siiiitlicrn   local 


ilv  (  aliout 


."i  per  cent  )    liecame  lethargic  after   tlu'   si'cond  moult,  a  thiiiii' whicii  .Mr. 
i'Mwardsiias  not  found  to  occur  willi  ^Vest  ^'irt^illian  larvai' at  tl.at  season. 

prolialily  a  portion  of  tlu  caterpillars  from 


him  to  eoiichide  thai 


the  tir.-t    liroiiil  ot    iiiillertlie.-  in  the  north  liccoine  Ictliai'uic  and  coiitmue 


iinlil    the   foliowiuu    .-prijiu. 


that    ill   the  north  tl 


ic   >;iecies   !,>■ 


)iartly 


nionooinicutie  and  p.arlly  dindiicutic.  aiul  that  in  .he  iiorllierninost  jiart  of 
its  ranu'c.  to  judu'c  Irom  ihe  short  season  and  dates  of  lli^ht  of  the  luitter- 
lly.  it  is  inoiioi^ncutie  only  :  for  instance,  in  southern  Ijalirador  and  .\nli- 
eosti  the  liutterlly  i-  not  seen  alter  dune  (thonuh  it  has  lic'cn  taken  on  i lie  upper 
[..iard  .Fuiy  lo  and  at  (•-dmonton  duly  1.")).  This  conclusion  is  in  tiio 
hiu'he-l  decree  prohalile.  and   llie   proportion   of  the  caterpillars  from    the 


wm^Bmmmm^smKmmsmmm 


■■ 


NYMIMIALINAE:   PHYCIODES  THAKOS. 


041 


first  brood  of  biittciHies  wliicli  develop  directly  into  the  eeeond  us  we  pass 
from  iiortli  soutlnvard  v/ould  be  a  very  interesting  subject  for  investigation. 
Mucii  niigiit  l)e  told  l)y  a  comparative  estimate  in  given  localities  of  tiie 
relative  abundance  of  tiic  butterflies  of  the  first  and  second  broods. 

Habits,  riie  butterfiy  is  partial  to  flowers,  especially  sucii  as  grow  in 
low,  dam[)  grounds,  and  wlien  fccd'v^g  it  rests  with  its  wings  almost  per- 
fectly ex[)ande(l,  eacii  raised  at  an  angle  of  perhaps  r)°-l()°.  Mr.  .1.  (i. 
Jack  ol)servca  that  it  sometimes  persistently  follows  Anosia  plexippus, 
alighting  wiien  it  docs  and  rising  only  wiien  the  larger  insect  takes  to 
fligiit  ;  and  lie  asks  if  tliis  can  i)e  for  the  sake  of  ])rotcctiou  from  some 
enemy  ;  it  is  more  likely  that  it  is  startled  into  tligiit  by  tlic  movements  of 
its  gigantic  ally.  It  is  t'ond,  too.  of  wet  spots,  as  Mr.  Kdwards  remarks, 
asseml)ling  in  iiundrcds  with  other  tiiirsty  i)utterflies.  Its  fligiit  is  invari- 
ably slow,  in  kcc[)ing  with  its  chai'actcr,  and  for  short  distances  only.  It 
is  in  no  way  pugnacious  as  other  l)ntterflics,  nor  do  tiic  males  |uu-sih' 
and  ti'use  tlie  females  to  the  same  extent  :  Imt  eacii  seems  rather  intent 
upon  a  little  more  honey  and  willing  ratliei-  to  let  alone  and  be  let  iilunc. 
.\ll  tiiis  is  in  entire  keeping  with  its  sluggish  nature  through  life. 

When  resting  ([uietly  on  a  horizontal  surface,  the  wings  are  closed,  the 
front  i)air  so  fully  concealed  that  the  costal  I'dgcs  of  all  the  wings  arc 
pai'allel  and  in  the  middle  scarcely  niori'  than  a  millimetre  apart.  Tlic 
lindy  is  I'aiscd  at  an  angle  of  l!(l'  with  the  snriiicc,  the  outer  portion  of  the 
inner  margin  of  the  hind  wings  resting  on  the  ground  ;  the  antennae'  arc 
extended  on  a  line  with  the  upraised  l)ody.  and  are  \ery  little  arcuate 
when  viewed  laterallv,  the  club  curvinu'  sljo-htlv  downward  ;  tliev  diM-ruc 
at  an  angle  of  !•')"  and  their  tips  are  aliout  l.'i.;")  nun.  apart. 

Dr.  ('.  S.  Minot  obscr\ed  tlie  position  of  tlie  legs  while  tiic  insect  was 
at  r;'st.  and  informs  me  that  the  feniiir  ol'tiic  front  legs  is  directed  n]iward 
and  outward,  with  its  distal  extremity  posterior  to  the  base  of  tiie  tarsi, 
wliicli  is  a  very  unusual  position  :  the  tarsi  of  tiie  middle  legs  are  directed 
slightly  forward  :  the  tip  of  the  alidonieii  rests  upon  the  ground.  .lu.sl 
before  ilviiiu'  he  obser\cd  the  antennae  (luiver  and  the  head  turn  in  e\er\ 
direction  as  if  to  sec  if  the  coast  were  clear. 

Dimorphism.  I'hc  dimorphism  of  this  .-pecies  was  first  (lisco\ercd  by 
Mr.  Edwards,  who  had  previously  distingnisiied  for  the  first  time  l)etwieit 
the  two  forms,  regarding  them  as  distinct  species.  His  examinations  liaM' 
been  very  thorough  anil  his  aceoiint  in  the  IhitterHics  of  North  Anu'riea 
should  be  studied  l)y  any  one  wishing  for  information.  )\'ith  the  ])ro(li- 
gality  of  illustration  whii'li  he  there  oilers,  and  the  detailed  account  of  his 
experiments,  nothing  more  is  needed  to  make  the  iiiiUter  [lerfcctly  clear. 
He  shows  conclusively  that  wherever  the  species  is  digonentic.  the  earliest 
brood  of  the  season  diflers  from  the  later;  and  though  it  is  certaiidy  dif- 
ficult sometimes  to  distiniruish  certain   f^nccimens  of  the  first    brood   friiiii 


i4l 


?.^ 


042 


TIIK  HUTI'KRFLIKS  OF  NEW  EX(;LAXD. 


m  ' 


certain  others  wliicli  may  occur  in  tlic  later,  and  tlie  ditt'crenccvs  as  a  whole 
arc  not  so  j)ronoinicc(l  as  in  sonic  other  (liinor])liic  .species,  there  can  he  no 
qnestion  in  the  mind  of  anytme  who  has  seen  hirge  series — rlie  l)cst  test  of 
the  ((ucstion — that  the  ditTercriccs  are  valid.  I  express  this  opinion  tlie 
more  freely  since  i)efore  the  dimorphism  was  known.  I  had  r*  fused  to 
acknowlcdjxe  the  validity  of  s|)eciiic  distinction  hctwecn  tliaros  and  marcia. 
There  seems,  however,  in  .\!r.  Edwards's  opinion,  some  tendency  to  a  pre- 
mature disclosure  of  the  spring  form  in  the  last  month  of  the  year,  as 
occasionally  specimens  wliich  nmst  he  referred  to  marcia  have  hcen  taken 
very  late  in  the  season  ;  this  is  a  snhject  worth  following  up. 

Experiments  with  cold.  ^Ii".  Edwards  has  made  two  sets  of  experi- 
ments :  In  the  first  instance  on  chrvsalids  from  eggs  laid  hv  P.  t.  mor- 
|)hens  in  West  Virginia  on  August  1."),  hut  which  were  hatched  and  the 
larvae  raised  in  the  C'atskills  under  protection  until  Septemher  '20.  when 
the  chrvsalids  were  placed  on  ice  for  seven  days  and  then  retrans]iorted  to 
\Vcst  Virginia:  they  all  gave  P.  t.  marcia  in  Octoiicr.  The  second 
experiment  was  from  eggs  of  P.  t.  marcia  laid  in  the  Catskills.  carried  to 
West  \'irginia  and  n.ised  there,  and  the  ciirysalids  placed  in  an  ice-chest 
at  intervals  of  fVom  ten  minutes  to  nine  hours  after  they  were  foi-nu'd  : 
these  were  removed  after  twenty  days,  and  suhsenuenfly  sixteen  hutter- 
flies  emerged — all  1'.  t.  marcia  excepting  two,  the  coloi's  ot'  "vhich  were 
suffused  and  so  iudetcrminai)lc. 

Enemies.  I'he  caterpillar  is  attacked  hy  the  hymcuoptcrous  Ichneumon 
instahilis,  wliicli  emerges  from  the  chrysalis  aixiut  a  fortnight  after  suspen- 
sion in  the  spring,  iiiting  otf  the  anterior  extremity  to  make  its  escape. 
Mr.  Mead  reports  finding  a  green  sjiider  that  had  drawn  his  net  ahout  a 
cluster  of  the  voung  larvae  and  "taken  up  his  al)ode  anionji'  them,  no 
doulit  finding  it  \ery  eonvenient  to  ha\c  his  prey  within  such  easy  icach.'* 

Desiderata.  Notwithstanding,  or  rather  hy  reason  of,  the  thorough 
and  extensive  In-ceding  cxpcrimeiUs  of  Mr.  Edwards  more  arc  needed, 
especially  in  \ew  England,  for  New  England  lies  in  the  direct  path  of  the 
transition  in  this  species  from  monogoneutism  to  digoneutism.  In  north- 
ernmost Maine,  or  on  the  scaithern  shores  of  the  mouth  of  the  St.  Eaw- 
rencc.  diu'oncntism  is  in  all  prohabilitv  a  raritv,  and  a  knowledtre  of  the 
compiU'ative  ahundance  of  the  two  liroods  at  such  acccssihie  spots  as  the 
towns  on  the  northernmost  line  of  the  Intercolonial  Haihvay — Point  Metis, 
Rimouski,  or  even  Cacouna,  would  he  very  desirable.  If  one  could  there 
raise  under  natural  conditions  of  weather-exposure  larvae  from  P.  t.  mar- 
cia. note  their  seasons  and  watch  their  behavior,  we  should,  no  doid)t, 
learn  much  of  interest.  Similar  observal ions  for  comparative  |)urposes  are 
needed  at  such  jjlaccs  as  the  White  Mountains,  Plymouth,  N.  II.,  Boston, 
and  Xew  Haven  or  Nantucket.  This  and  the  relation  of  P.  Iiatesii  to 
the  present  species  arc  the  points  of  greatest  importance. 


Ww'WM^^i^mwswmmTSW^'^T^f'mf^imsmss:}:^ 


'^.mimiiummwmmmi 


NYMl'llAI.lNAK:    rilYClOUES  BATESll. 


043 


I 


^ 


LIST  OF  ILLUSTlUriONti.-PinClODKS  TUAROH. 

Geneml.  Imago. 

V\,  -2:1.  lii;.  o.     l)i>tnlnitioii  in  N'm-tli  Aiiiciicii.       i>|,  5^  li^r.  1.    p,  t.  inoriibeus,  malf.  Iiotli  siir- 


F'Jih 
IM.  (II.  li.LC.  211.    Cliinti'i-  of  t^^',^'s. 

III.    Single  oirir.  i'oUhtiI. 
()":  1.").     Micriiiiyli\ 

PI.  ;•!.  lii;-.  (i.    Cati'i'iiillai-  :it  liirtli. 
75:  8.    F'l'oiil  viow  of  head. 

!).    Dorsal  view  of  catoi'pillur. 
70 :  l'J-1").     Krunt  views  of  head  in  stages  1. 
ami  iil-v. 

r/o'.'/si'/fN. 

I'l.  »4,  liu.  ai.    I>orsal  view  in  outline. 
21, '-'2.     .'<iile  views. 


faee.s. 

y.    I',  t.   nicir[)liens,    female,    liotli 
surfaees. 

12:1.     I*,  t.  moi-plieus,    mule,  both   snr- 
faees. 

;!.    I',  t.  morplieus,  female,  Ijotli  snr- 
fac  's. 

34 :  1.2.    Hale  nbdomliml  appeiulai,'cs. 
31)  :S.    Neuratioii. 

54:  2.    Side  view  of  head  and  appendages 
enlarged,  with  details  of  the  structure  of 
the   leg>. 
(!1 :  40.    Papilla  of  tongue. 


PHYCIODE3  BATESII.— The  tawny  crescent. 


Eretiiti    hulfKii     lieaU.,    Proe.    Knt.    soc.  sept.,  171,  pi.  47,  lig.  5,  [not  p.  170.  pi.  47.  tigs. 

Philad..  v:22(J-227(18i;(i).  «.  4]  (ISiS). 

I'll  lie  imh'a  hiilciii  Kirli..  8yn.  eat.  lep.,  172 
{lS7r):— Krencli.   liutt.  east.    V.   S..    180-lSl        .     ,,    .      , 

(iss.!).  hg.4.'..ned. 

Mr/ilw'u    Ihiifis   Hoisd.-l.eC,  rX'p.  AmOr.  [Xot  Papilio  tharos  Drury. 


Figured  in  (Uover,  111.  N.  A.  Lep.,  pi.  U, 


The  biitlerllies  fold  their  w  ings  of  gold. 

i:i.l/..i  ConK—yir/lil- 

Imago  (14;  ."O-  Head  covered  \vith  black  iiinl  u  few  interniin.gled  fulvous  scales, 
niDstlv  concoalcd  by  long,  yellowish  fulvous  hairs  among  ,fhich,  especially  in  the 
uiiddlV  of  the  summit,  iirc  "intermiii-lcd  a  few  soft,  brovvu  ones;  sides  of  the  head 
covered  with  tawuv  and  blncli  scales,  tlie  black  prcdomiuatim;  above.  IJasal  joint  of 
palpi  pale  vellowisi.  fulvous,  sliglitly  flecked  with  blackish,  its  inferior  edge  silvery 
while,  especially  in  the  basal  half,  fading  as  it  approaches  tlio  tip.  also  narrowly 
edged  with  wliite  where  it  hugs  the  eye;  fringes  yellowish  fulvous  more  (U-  less 
infuscated  toward  the  tip.  and  on  the  upper  edge  mingled  with  black  hairs:  beneath 
pale  yellowish;  apical  joint  vellowisli  fulvous  below,  brownish  al)0ve,  delicately  pale 
tipped.  Antemiiie  pnr|di^l'  'ili'^'k  «l'<'vo.  the  basal  tlflh  of  each  joint,  excepting  close 
to  the  base,  interrupted  with  pure  white,  flecked  ii  little  with  tawny  exteriorly,  and 
with  fulvous  inleri.u'lv:  beneath  pure  wiiite,  the  basal  j..lnts  specked  slightly  with 
black;  club  blackish,  tJio  white  of  the  umlcr  surface  extending  a  little  way  ni.on  the 
bas;il  joints.     'I'ongue  pale  luteous,  the  apical  portion  infuscateil. 

Tli.M'ax  covered  aliove  with  olivaceous  and  brownish  fulvous  hairs;  in  front  th.> 
hairs  are  more  dislinctlv  fuhcuis  and  upcm  the  patagia  greenish;  beneath  silvery  or 
sli-hlly  bluish  white.  Fore  legs  faintly  fnlvtms:  other  legs  nearly  uniform  tawny 
ful"vous,  beiu  ath  silvery  white :  spines  an.l  spurs  orange  Inteous  ;  claws  rcddisli  luteous 
slightlv  Infuscated  at  tii);  pulviil\is  dusky. 

Wings  al)ovc  fulvous,  very  lu>avily  marked  with  blackish  brown ;, /ore  "-ni.'/.s  so 
groath' obscured  tliat  tliev  may  more  readily  l)c  described  as  l)lackish  marked  with 
fulvoiis.  the  cell  is  mostlv  fulvous,  but  the  base  is  infuscated  and  limited  l)y  a  convex 
ed-in-,  and  crossing  the 'middle  of  the  cell  is  a  lieavy  S-slmped  blackish  spot,  or  two 
s.Mni.drcles  meeting  bv  the  middle  of  their  arcs  in  the  centre  of  the  cell,  and  imme- 
diateiv  below  in  the  medio-submedian  intersi>ace  is  a  similar  spot  most  generally 
obscured  and  seldom  more  than  faintly  marked  by  paler  edgings  and  centres;  just 


m ) 


644 


TIIK  BUTTERFIJKS  OF  N^KW  ENGl.ANI). 


ri 


m 


Km  i 


piwioiis  to  tile  tip  c)f  the  cell  is  a  transverse,  black  lino  not  Infrciniently  nierijod  in  juirt 
in  tlie  larire,  l)liick  patch  hoyond  tlio  coll ;  the  oxtrenio  hnso  of  tlic  snlicosto-nicdinn  and 
nj)por  niiMJiiin  interspaces  arc  usiiaily  niarliod  witli  fnivou-* ;  in  tlio  onter  half  of  the 
\\\t\-x.  Iicsidcs  a  sinfilo  >nl)inarLcinal  distinct  lunnlo  in  the  nppor  median  interspace, 
fu'arly  tlie  width  of  an  interspace  from  the  nniririn.  there  is  l)et>veen  this  and  the 
darker  base  a  doiil)le,  transverse,  sinnons  series  of  fidvons  spots,  the  iinier  ones  tinf;ed 
with  oclu'accons,  the  outer  witli  einnamoneons;  the  inner  ones  form  a  band  of  varying 
width,  whose  interior  border  jiasses  from  the  ndddle  of  tlu^  onter  two-thirds  of  the 
costal  mariiin  in  a  nearly  strai;rlit  line  to  a  little  l)efore  tlu'  nddiUe  of  the  up|)er  median 
nervnie;  frtnnhcre  it  passes  in  a  ratlicrdcep  cnrvo,  opeiiinj;  outward  ami  dentated  at  the 
ndddle  median  nervnie,  to  the  middle  of  the  onter  two-tldrds  of  the  siibmedian  nervnre  ; 
tins  band  is  broken  by  the  blackish  nei'vnles  which  are  sonielimes  liroadly  mari;ined 
on  <'ither  slile  of  the  band;  in  the  snl)eo>.tal  reirion  the  band  is  twice  as  broad  a-*  the 
interspaces  and  it  is  lu-arly  as  wide  in  the  lower  median  interspace,  but  it  is  narrower 
above  and  lielow  that;  the  onter  I'ow  of  spoi>  ari'  mncli  >nniller.  more  distinctly  broken 
np  into  ronndi-li  spots,  lariifst  in  the  middle  of  the  winir  and  diminislihn;  re^nlarly 
toward  either  l)oriU'r.  their  outer  mariiin  parallel  to  the  outer  border,  their  iiuier 
»car<-ely  separated  lielow  the  lowr^i  -nlieo>tal  nervnie  from  the  iinier  row  of  spots. 
bnt  aliove  diverging:  from  it  :  onter  mariiin  faintly  edired  by  a  black  line;  fringe  Idack- 
i-li  fnseons.  mirrowly  interrnpted  in  the  inti'ispaces  liy  white  Innnles  which  do  m)t 
reach  llie  base  of  tile  friniie.  at  tlie  apex  wlioily  whiti>h.  lliii'l  »•/((;/.■.■  Iieavily  lilotclieil 
with  black  at  the  ba-^e.  reacbinL;-  in  the  cidl  a*  far  as  the  middle,  above  it  as  far  as  the 
ba-e  of  tlie  llrst  subcostal  braueli.  lielow  it  as  far  as  the  base  of  the  second  median 
bi-aneh  ;  but  in  this  space  >ometime>  occur  fidvoiis  spot-^  showinsi  that  the  blackish  base 
i^  made  up  of  ai;u:lommerated,  ti'an>\  cr^c.  lilack  streaks;  the  apexof  the  ctdl  is  marked 
liy  a  distinct,  blackish  arc.  opeiiiim-  inward.  il>  c\lre;.iitii'>  united  to  a  similar  transverse 
line  near  tlie  tip  of  tlie  cell,  ami  -^o  enidosinj;  lietweeii  tliem  a  reuiform.  fnlvons  spot;  tli,' 
outi'r  iiiaru;iii  i-^  very  broadly  bordered — to  the  depth  of  more  than  an  interspace'--  width 
— with  blackish  ''I'owii.  tliroiiuli  the  middle  of  -vliicli  run  c;)niieeteil  series  of  very 
oliscnre,  clouded,  uray.  slender  lniiule>.  lioeominy;  move  distinct  and  paler  iie.xt  the 
inner  inar;ilii:  in  the  coslo-vulicd^tal  and  iiiedio-sulniiedian  interspaces,  the  border 
extends  nearly  twice  a>  far  toward  tlie  liase  and  its  iniii'r  extremities  are  connected  by 
a  iransver>e.  arcuate,  powdery,  black  line  parallel  to  the  outer  border  (fre(|iieiitly 
absent  between  the  middle  snbcoslal  and  middle  median  nervnies)  and  thus  enclosing 
between  it  and  the  outer  border,  ■.(piarish.  fnlvoiw  spots  in  the  centres  of  each  of 
which  is  a  roiindisli.  medinni  sized,  black  spot:  a  pale  annulalion  in  the  medio-sub- 
niedian  interspace  iiidicat's  a  similar  spot  there;  the  veins  are  ail  blackish,  exceptin;; 
that  souu'linies  ilie  liasi;.  lialf  of  the  lowest  sulicostal  is  fulvous;  friiiue  dull  whitish 
overlaid  at  extreme  base  by  dusky  brownisli.  and  somewhat  and  narrowly  infuscaleil 
at  the  nervnie  tips. 

IJenealh.  pale  i;reenisli  oeliraceoiis ;  fur'-  iiini/n  sliy:litly  siill'itsed  in  part  witli  fulvous 
clouds;  crossinji  the  cell  a  little  lieyoiid  the  middle  is  a  broad,  irresnhir,  fnlvons  bar, 
seated  on  the  median  at  its  lirst  divarication,  with  sinuous,  darker,  onter  and  Inner 
boi'ders,  the  outer  occasionally  deepeniiifr  into  black  below:  a  similar,  narrower  spot 
marks  the  tip  of  the  cell,  just  iieyond  wliicli.  dependiiiir  from  the  costal  marjjin.  is  a 
broad,  blackish  patch,  reaciiinsi  the  iijiper  median  nervule.  narrowinjj  as  it  jiasses 
downward,  generally  twice  as  broad  abovi'  as  below,  its  exterior  border  a  little  concave, 
openinir  outward,  and  passing. iust  within  the  base  of  the  third  superior  subcostal  nervule, 
its  interior  keepini:  a  little  outside  the  limits  of  the  cell ;  in  the  upper  median  interspace 
is  a  sniall,  blackish  lunule  as  deep  as  broad  and  removed  from  the  base  of  the  inter- 
space by  Its  own  width ;  oceupyiiig  the  base  of  the  lower  median  Interspace  and 
crossliif;  also  tlie  interspace  below  is  a  second  large,  black  patch,  made  up  of  two  spots, 
each  (luadrato  and  occupying  the  whole  width  of  either  Interspace,  but  t!ie  lower 
one  mucli  the  larger,  surpassing  the  upper  in  eitner  direction;  within  tlie  latter,  below 
tlie  base  of  tlie  lower  median,  is  a  sniall,  black  patch  soinetiiiies  containing  a  fulvous 
spot,  soinotlnies  reduced  to  a  transverse  sinuous  line;   crossing  the  middle  of  the 


Twmmmmimim 


wmm 


NYMI'IlAFvINAK:   I'llYCIODES  RATESII. 


645 


out  .r  twotliinls  ol'  tim  win;;,  its  inner  borilor  followinj;  tlie  "Htor  niarijin  of  llit-  inner 
nii'siiil  l)iin(1  dl"  tlio  upper  snrl'tic  is  a  Imnd  darker  and  more  fnlvons  tliaii  tlie  l)a--e,  its 
outer  Miar;.'in  ill-d('liiu!(l,  supplanted  l)y  lilael<  next  tlie  upper  nniriiin,  wliere  its  outer 
l)order  readies  tlie  liase  of  tlie  last  snbeostal  nerviile  and  lielow.  in  the  lower  median 
and  inedio-siil)inediaii  intersjiaees  and  soiuctimes  to  a  li'ss  extent  in  the  upper  median 
iiiti'rspaee.  bordered  exteriorly  by  lar;.'e.  blackish  liniiiles  which  reach  half  way  to  tlie 
outer  border;  there  is  a  snlniiaririiial  series  of  einineeted.  arcuate.  fnlvo-fi'rrnL'inons 
lilies,  distant  half  an  interspace's  width  from  the  outer  maruiiii:  and  as  far  ayiain  from 
Ihe  manrin  similar  ones  in  the  hnvest  subcostal  and  snlico>^to-iiicdian  interspaces, 
sometimes  obsolete.  Kriiiice  dirty  white,  the  apiciil  half  except  to  a  narrow  extent  in 
theiniddleof  the  interspaces  In'owni-h  fuscous.  //()/(/ »v',),/,v  almost  uniform  in  color, 
eiili\ened  only  by  fulvous  lines  and  dots:  the  short  arcuate  marks  of  the  liase  id'  the 
win;;- a|ipear  narrowly  and  faintly  beneath  witli  delicate,  fulvous  tints;  the  inidilli' of 
the  wiiiL;-  is  crossed  l)y  a  slender  and  faint,  irreijular.  cremilale  stripe  id'  fnl'.ous, 
ilarke^t  and  broadest  next  the  costal  iiiaruin  :  it  starts  from  alioul  tlic  middle  of  the 
outer  two-lliirds  of  the  costal  inarLnu.  eros-es  to  the  middle  of  the  basal  four-llfths  of 
the  u|)per  subcostal  iiervule  in  a  sliirlit  curve  opeiiiiiL!:  ba^cxvards  ;  from  lierc  in  nearly  a 
-traiLdil  line  sometimes  creiinlate.  the  curve-  opeiiini;  outward,  to  the  middle  of  the 
lias;d  four-llfths  of  the  upper  median  iier\ule;  it  cros-.es  tlie  median  interspaces  l>y 
curves  a  little  furtlier  removed  from  the  outer  border  and  opeiiinu-  toward  it:  in  the 
medio-siibmedian  interspace  it  is  ;i  little  nearer  the  out',  r  border  aiiain  and  ireimlate, 
the  curves  opi'iiiii;;- liaseward.  tin- eurve  nearest  the  inner  tiordcr  followed  oiilwardly 
by  another:  midway  between  this  .Mesial  st  ripe  and  the  -ubinaruinal.  creiinlale  line 

is  Mil  arcuate  or  bent   series  of  fulvous  dots,  tlie  central  ones  be iniiiu-  darker  ami 

-oiiieliiiies  nearly  bhick.  one  in  eacdi  of  the  iutersp;ires  wliieli  open  on  the  outer 
border,  that  in  llie  medio-submedian  inters|)aee  slightly  approacliinu:  tlie  border:  there 
i-  :i  sulimaruiiial  creiiiilatc  line  iiboul  oue-tliird  an  interspace's  width  ffom  the  outer 
iiKiruin.  that  in  tlie  upper  luodiau  interspace  followed  inwardly  by  a  ratlier  hir;.'e.  pale, 
sometimes  whitish  liinule:  this  is  often  edired  interiorly  with  a  fulvous  line,  but  i|nite 
;is  often  the  outer  border,  as  far  as  the  dots  and  fi-oin  the  lower  median  m.'rvulc  to  the 
middle  of  the  lower  subcostal  interspace,  is  washed  witli  a  (laier  or  deeper  fulvous 
tint:  friiiue  pale,  more  or  less  infiiscaled.  especially  on  tlie  upper  lialf  of  the  wiiii:, 
:iuil  next  the  tips  of  tlie  iii'rvnles. 

.Vbdomen  above  black,  powdered  wit  h  fulvous  scales  aloii:;  the  sides  and  toward 
the  extremity:  beneath  wliite:  the  apical  elouifated  ^cide-  fulvous.  Clasp  of  the 
abdominal  appendages  of  tlie  male  (34  ;  lO  laperiiu;  pretty  reaularly  from  ba.sc  to  tip, 
as  viewed  from  tlie  side,  ratlier  compressed,  especially  in  tlie  apical  half,  tlie  whole  of 
whieli  is  bent  or  curves  downward  :  Interior  spine  a  little  stouter  tlian  in  I',  tlinros. 


.Me;isnreiiieiit>  In  millinietro. 


>r.vl,i'.s. 

.'<iiiallest., Average 

J-emjtli  (if  fore  wins IG.'J")     !     17.0 

antennae s.;lO 

hind  tibiae  and  tarsi ,-,. 

fore  tiliiae  and  tarsi t.s 


Largest.'  Smallest. 


i). 

17.8 

!).» 

8.7') 

V>.-2 

li. 

Averaiie. 


I,argest. 


In  conversation  with  Dr.  Boisduval  of  Paris,  he  expressed  to  me  tlie  opinion  that  this 
was  the  species  from  Cayenne,  which  he  had  been  accustomed  to  consider  the 
morphens  of  Herbst  and  the  eocyta  of  Cramer. 

Comparisons.  The  distinction  between  the  upper  surface  of  this  spe- 
cies iuitl  that  of  tlie  darker  females  of  P.  tharos  is  not  very  great ;  the 
intraniesial  bands  in  tlie  present  species  are,  however,  heavier,  and  the 
brighter  colors  slightly  paler.  Beneath,  and  especially  on  the  hind  wings, 
F.  batesii  can  better  be  compared  with  the  paler,  less   discolored  nniles  of 


^1 


I*. 


64  (> 


I'lIK   lUrrKKFLIKS  OK   NEW   ENGLA>'I). 


?K 


M: 


,'< 


k  ' ' 


I*,  tliiinis  luoriiluMK* :  \\w  [ir('\iiilin_!j,-  tint  of  tlu'  foro  wiiigsis  tlic  same  palo 
{TiTi'iii.xli  oi'liraci'tiiis  tliiit  .xiiU'ii.'Sfs  x\w  hind  wiim.-i.  the  oriuim'  or  fulvous 
tints  occurrinj.''  nininly  in  thf  iTver-c  of  the  iniu-r  intra-nicsial  hiind,  and  of 
tlio  ti[tot  at  tilt'  extremity  of  tlie  ci'll.  and  in  a  transverse  heU  in  the  middle 
of  tlie  outer  half  of  the  winj^s  ;  ti>i'  l)laek  markinjfs  of  the  fore  wings 
are  uuieh  lieax  ier  and  more  distinct  than  they  ever  arc  in  1*.  tharos.  On 
tlie  hind  win<;s  one  uniform  tint  pervades  the  whole  under  surface  ;  the 
transverse  lines  are  very  faint,  ol)scurer  than  the  palest  tharos,  and  the 
large  marginal  [lateh  in  the  middle  of  the  wing,  so  conspicuous  a  feature 
on  the  Willi's  of  tharos,  is  entirelv  wantin<j. 

Distribution  (22  : -1 ) .  Our  information  ctmcerning  this  Imttertly  is 
extremely  meagre.  Though  recorded  hy  Edwards  from  Ohio,  it  has  rarely 
been  found  far  fron>  the  Atlantic  coast,  and  only  in  the  AUeghanian  fauna, 
unless  tiie  very  doul)tful  reference  l)y  C'ouper  of  specimens  from  Anticosti 
an  1  southern  Labrador  to  tliis  species  is  verilied.  (Tiie  identitieation 
was  l)y  Strecl<er.)  In  A'irginia  and  A\'est  ^'irginia  it  is  not  common 
(Kdwards).  not  uncoriimon  in  Pennsylvania  (Keakirt),  and  has  been 
found  in  suutlicrn  New  York  ((traef).  and  aliout  Albany  and  Sco- 
harie  (Liutner),  as  well  as  in  Hamilton,  Out.  (Johnson  tide  Flctclier). 
The  only  other  states  fror.i  whieli  we  iiave  a  record  of  its  capture  are  Mary- 
land (Kdwards)  and  New  Jersey  (Aaron).  Its  home  is  tlierefore  east  of 
the  Appidacliians.  from  central  \ew  York  to  \'irginia. 

In  New  England  I  have  taken  it  at  the  White  Mountains. 

Life  history.  Its  earlier  stages  are  totally  unknown,  but  they  will 
doulitless  lie  found  to  agree  very  closely  with  those  of  1'.  tharos.  I  failed 
to  oiitain  cn'jjs  i'roiu  a  female  enclosed  on  Aster  novae  an^^liae.  Eroin  the 
recorded  times  of  tiight  of  the  imago,  however,  we  may  glean  a  little.  In 
the  south  it  a})jiears  toward  the  last  of  May,  becoming  abundant  by  the 
very  end  of  the  month.  In  Albany  Co.,  N.  Y.,  it  appears  by  the  hist 
:lay  ot'  May,  reaches  its  greatest  abiuidance  by  the  7th  of  June,  and  was 
last  seen  by  Mr.  Liutner  on  the  "J^d  of  the  same  month.  My  captures  at 
the  White  Mountains  were  on  the  7th  of  June.  \o  mention  has  been 
made  of  a  second  brood,  though  it  doubtless  occiu's. 

Desiderata.  While  the  life  history  of  this  liutterfly  is  unknown,  it  is 
not  wortii  wiiile  to  record  other  lack  of  information.  It  remains  indeed  to 
l)e  proNcd.  as  suggested  iiy  Ivlwards,  whether  it  is  not  simply  a  varietal 
form  of  V.  tharos  marcia.  to  which,  rather  than  to  I',  tharos  morjiheus, 
its  ;ime  of  flight  would  consign  it.  This  seems  altogether  probable,  but 
oul\'  careful  breeding  will  show  the  facts  in  the  ease. 


u> 


?■*; 


J   r 


tii< 


LIST  OF  ILLUSTUATlOSS.-l'llYCKiDES  UATESII. 


Iinnr/o. 
ri.  1 1,  li'-'.  ■"!.    M;ilo.  I'otli  -iii-ri\co>. 
:!!:!•.     M;il(' iiliilomiiiiil  iiii|"iiil;iiro^ 


(Icneral. 
I'l.iii.  lis:.  I.    l»i«tiilnilioii  in  Noilli  Aiin'iicii. 


m 


■i\ 


NV.Ml'lIAI.INAi::    IlIK   (IKNIS   (  llAltlDltYAS. 


G47 


fllAinDHYAS    SCrDDKW. 


C'lniriili'Vii'i  Srihlil.,  Sy>l.  rev.  ;iimii  .  Ijcill..  •Jl       lOrfsiii  [nir-  Aiicinruni. 

(IST'.M.  riiyciiiiirs  |iiir»  Ainlurmn. 

.MrlilMcii  |iiir-<   Aiiitnnini.  'rii/n/.—  MililiHii  ni/cliia  Dmilil. 

'I'lic  liiitlci'llics  I'liiiii'  ;iiiiiiu' 
'I'liiiM'  liiii'  Iliii'Vrs  of  i)iii'>, 
Aii'l  lliitliT  rdiiiiil  ipiir  rilli'il  t(i|i-  likr  licklr.l  llnwci-'  with  lldwcrs. 

I.KKMl    WVSW—Clliiriln  iif  I'liiii-Kfs. 


Imago  (54  ;  :i).  IIi'.'Ul  rall'i'i-  liir:;i'.  nillii'i'  ^|):ii'-i-ly  fiiniisliiMl  willi  lnii;.'  iTccI  liaii'-i. 
Kroiit  ii  liltli' liiiiiiil,  hciiciitli  lii'iiiiilly  iiiiil  rntlicr  Inricdy  |iript\ilicr;iiil.  liroailcr  tliiiii 
liiitli,  siiiiK'whiit  narrower  lliiui  I  lie  pyi';  uiipiT  lionli'i- rslcpina  ii  lillli' lowanl  the  pit 
of  tho  iuitciiimi',  pr()(hi''CMl  aiiiltihii'ly  ami  nithcr  l)i'oa(lly  bctwi'ini  tlie  aiiteiinaf.  wlifve 
it  i-i  tftiiisvcrsfly  ami  a  litth'  atifrtihirly  ardu'il ;  lower  border  wll  roiiiKled  ami  regular. 
Vertex  rather  larijo.  coiisiilerahly  ttiiniil,  in  its  ])osterior  liall'  projeetini;:  coiisitlerably 
lieyomi  tile  level  of  the  eyes,  not  nnieli  broailer  than  loiiu.  the  sides  a  little  eom-iivi'. 
narrowin;:  sliiilitly.  llie  posterior  liorder  i^eutly  rounded;  the  anterior  liordi'r  descend- 
iiiii  eonsideral)ly  an<l  roiuidly  to  the  antennal  pit.  prodn''ed  ipiite  stroniily  in  front. 
Kyes  inoilerately  hirije  and  full.  nake<l.  .\nteiniae  inserted  witli  tlieir  posterior  l)order 
in  the  mid<lle  of  tlie  sniiiniit.  in  ratlu-r  <leep,  distinct  pits,  separated  by  a  space  ei|niil 
to  nearly  or  (Hiite  the  diameter  of  the  second  antennal  joint,  considerably  hniijer  than 
tile  abdomen,  composed  of  from  tliirty-dve  to  llitrty-seven  joints,  of  which  thirteen 
or  fonrteen  enti'r  into  the  composition  of  the  clnl);  this  is  cylindrical,  three  times  as 
l)road  as  the  stalk,  from  fonr  to  live  times  as  Ions;  as  broad,  increasinif  very  i;rad- 
nally  in  size,  the  niicUUe  porticm  nniforin.  then  decreiisinir  very  u;i'adnally  to  a 
iilnntly  ronmled  apex,  live  or  six  joints  eiiterinj;  into  the  dimimition  of  size,  the 
last  joint  very  bluntly  coitical:  beiieatli  witli  a  distinct  median  carina,  extending;  npon 
the  stalk.  I'alpi  very  loni;  ami  moderately  slont.  more  than  twice  as  lonu  as  tin; 
lonirer  diiiineter  of  the  eye.  direeied  forward  and  somewhat  njiwaril,  the  last  joint 
scarcely  two-tlfths  the  leiiirth  of  the  peiiMltimate,  anil  furnished  with  oidy  a  very  few 
sliirhtly  spreading  hairs  in  addition  to  its  clothinic  of  recninbenl  scalijs;  while  the 
other  joints  are  amply  frin2:cd  above  and  below  with  loii-r.  erect,  forward  reaching; 
scale-  and  hair-,  all  in  a  vertical  plane. 

I'i'otliorai'ic  lobes  strongly  appressed.  especially  exteriorly,  where  they  are  mdy 
half  as  loiiir  as  interiorly,  tlie  tipper  surface  well  rounded,  between  three  iind  fonr 
times  as  broad  as  hi^h  and  about  twice  as  Idifh  as  loni;.  the  ends  well  ronmled.  I'ata- 
ifia  moderately  l)roa(l  and  <inite  lony;.  more  than  three  times  as  lon^  as  broad,  tho 
posterior  lobe  larije  and  broad,  narrowinu'  but  little  but  to  a  pointed  tip.  the  inner 
border  straight  but  bent  not  far  from  the  apex,  ami  the  outer  border  concave  at  tho 
same  point,  so  that  the  end  of  the  lobe  turns  outward  a  little. 

Kore  wiiiiis  (39  :  !•)  tiiree-fonrlhs  as  Ion;;-  a>;ain  as  broad,  the  costal  margin  exactly 
as  in  I'liyciodes.  tlie  upper  part  id'  the  outer  marjiin.  as  far  as  the  lowest  sul)inedian 
niM'vnle.  nearly  straiyht.  scarcely  convex,  at  about  right  anyles  with  thecostal  margin  ; 
l)elow.  as  far  IS  the  lowest  median  nervnle.  it  is  scarcely  concave  and  bent  iiiwarilly 
at  an  angle  of  ibont  40  ;  below  this  a  very  little  excised,  the  angle  rounded  olV:  inner 
margin  scarcely  concave.  Kirst  superior  subcostal  nervnle  arising  shortly  before  the 
apex  of  the  eel' ;  the  seeond  as  fur  beyond  the  apex  of  tho  cell  as  from  the  third;  this 
sliLihtly  further  from  the  fourth  than  from  the  second ;  the  fourth  twice  us  far  froii. 
tlie  apex  c,f  the  cell  as  from  the  outer  margin;  second  inferior  subcostal  nervulo 
arising  fully  one-third  way  down  the  outer  margin  of  the  cell:  the  cell  fully  two-tlfths 
the  length  of  the  wing  and  two  and  n  half  times  longer  than  broad.  Last  median  ner- 
vnle eonneeted  at  a  short  distance  from  its  origin  with  the  vein  closing  the  cell. 

Hind  wings  with  the  costal  margin  as  in  I'liyciodes,  tho  outer  liorder  rather  broadly 


,1 


rm^ 


^  t 


iiii; 


h  '.' 


',15    !,' 


(SS«i      s 


* : !  i 


G48 


TIIK  UrTrKUl-LlIvS  OK   m:\V   EN(iLANI). 


rouiiilcil  l)iil  miiiv  I'liUv  in  the  d  tliiiii  in  llic  $  ;  Iiiiilt  Ijordor  sdiiiuHlmt  cxpnmleil 
but  not  very  nliniptly  next  V.us  basi;,  ij.'yimd  striil;;lit  as  far  as  tlie  tip  of  the  internal 
norviire,  l)cy()n(l  wliicli  it  is  somewhat  exeiseil  and  a  little  eoncave,  tlio  ansrle  rounded 
<iir  I'recostnl  nervure  forked  al)ove.  tlie  inner  fork  vi'ry  sliort,  the  outer  direeted 
is'ronfily  ontwanl.  as  Ion;;  m  the  main  stem.  Second  sulicostal  nervnle  orijiiiuitins 
lint  very  little  beyond  tlie  llrst ;  cell  open. 

Kore  le^'s  short,  cyiindricnl,  in  the  malt!  with  but  a  sli;,'lit  friuL'e  of  bm;;,  scarcely 
spri'adinit  hairs  on  the  outer  side;  tibiae  scarcely  two-lifths  the  len;:th  of  the  hind 
til)iae;  tarsi  less  than  half  (^)  or  fully  (?)  as  lonj?  as  the  til)iae,  eltiier  with  very 
faint  indications  of  divisions  into  joints,  and  especially  of  one  dosi  to  the  apex,  the 
tip  armed  with  two  or  three  strai^'ht  spines  as  lonji  as  the  width  of  the  joint  (J); 
or.  consisting:  of  five  joints,  tlie  llrst  ratlier  longer  tium  the  rest  taken  toi,'ether,  tlie 
second  half  as  lonir  as  tliose  beyond  taken  loj;ether,  and  the  others  decreasin^j  toward 
Hie  tip;  all  but  the  last  furiiisiied  at  the  apex  benealli  witli  a  pair  of  small,  luit  lonir 
iiiicl  slender  spines,  a'l  inil  tiie  llrst  of  whicli  are  immediately  followed  on  the  next 
j<iin"  liy  several  liristle-like  spines,  wiiicii  seem  to  streiiiithen  them  ;  the  second,  tiiird 
and  fourtii  joints  Inive  also  a  pair  of  minute  spines  In  tiie  iniddio  of  the  lower  portion 
of  either  side,  and  the  llrst  a  subapical  larger  spine  in  the  middle  beneath;  tlie  space 
between  the  spines  naki'd  ($).  Middle  tibiae  slii;litly  slKirter  than  tlie  liind  tiiiiae, 
fnrnislied  on  either  side  of  the  under  surface  witli  c  row  of  not  very  loiiij  but  very 
slender  and  ratlier  infrequent,  somewhat  spreading  spines,  tiie  apical  ones  develo])ed 
to  rather  hma  and  very  slender  -purs;  also  with  a  row  of  sliorler  and  les>  frei|nent 
spines  III!  tile  upper  liiiiil  of  tlie  inner  side  and  a  few  scatteri'd  ones  on  the  outer  side. 
First  joint  of  lar-i  nearly  as  bniu;  as  Hie  rest  tojielher.  tiie  second  nearly  as  loiitt  as 
tile  third  and  fonrtli  comliined.  and  scarcely  lonv;er  than  liie  llftli,  the  fourth  shortest, 
and  tile  third  sliu;iitiv  sliorler  than  tlie  liftli;   furnisiied  iieneath  with  four  rows  of 


-leu't.   slender  ~pim--.  tlic  >piae>  of  Ih''   middle  ro' 


.11  the  basal  half  of  tiie   llrst 


joint  alternatiim-.  tiie  apical  spine- of  ^■;^t^]^  joint  cmisiderabiy  lon^rer  tiian  tlieotliers. 


Claws  siiiaii.  nioderaleiv  stout,  stronyilv  falcate,  endinLi 


Ine  jioint :  paronyciiia 


double,  tile  superior   lobe  just  shorter  tiiiin   tiie  claw,  siniiiariy  curved,  very 


eiuler 


and  taperiiiii'.  on  its  under  iMl;j;e  coarsely  pectinati' :    inferior  lobe  short,  broad,  stout  ; 
piilviiliis  small,  iiuadrate.  transverse,  the  anterior  ed^e  nnnided. 

Abdomen  slender,  till'  upper  or^an  of  tiie  terminal  male  appendau:es  with  the  seni- 
liiame  of  a  hook  in  two  united  pieces  wliicli  project  slij{htly  downward  at  the  hinder 
exlreinity  of  the  centrum.  I'iasps  >ii)ut.  tumid,  of  pretty  Irrennhir  form  but  su'*- 
ipiadrate.  broadly  rounded  below,  aliniptly  roiiiulod  above,  bearing:  at  tin'  tip  two 
ciirviiiii;  spines,  one  above  the  otiier.  the  lower  incurved  a  little,  the  upper  recurved 
isiny;  just  witliin  the  base  of  the  latter  and   iyin^'  in  a  hori/ontal 


strniiiiiy:  beside 

pl;nie.  a  ~toiiler  liaekward  cur\  inii  s|iiiie. 

Egg.     Siilicylinclricai.  llat  at  base.  lari;e-t  in  tin'  middi 
iiarrowinu  very  slijihtly  on  apical  half,  below  rciiularly  rounded,  above  truncate,  the 
npp/r  h 


iicli  iiiiilier  than  broad. 


nlf  witli  rather  freiiuent  vertical  ribs  which  fade  out  below;  the  surface  is 


siiiootii.     (Wee  the  note  under  tlic  description  of  the  specits  C.  uyetels.  Iielow.) 


Caterpillar  at  birth.     Ileaii  rounded. 


liemlsphere  Independently  arched  al)ove. 


li'i  U  cv  lindricid.  the 


'fluents  somewlial  moniliform.  eacli  with  a  transverse  row  of 


raised  points  (ilic  jio-ition  of  whicli  ha-  not  been  stated)  each  beariiii.'  a  microscopi- 
cally spicniiferons  bristle.  (From  descriptions  of  Saunders.  Kdwiirds  and  (iruber. ) 

Mature  caterpillar.  Head  well  rounded,  the  sides  liroaiUy  rounded,  broadest  a 
little  above  Hie  middle,  tlie  iiemisiiheres  sli.;;litly  tumid  at  snmniit,  very  slijihtly  pro- 
tuberant externally,  tlie  suture  between  them  a  little  depressed,  the  fnrnt  a  little 
appres-ed.  a  little  deeper  bemmtli  than  aliove.  covered  above  and  on  the  sides  with 
di-laiil  small  wartlets  emitting:  slender,  not  very  long  hairs;  triaiiy;le  llat,  half  as 
liinh  aL'ain  as  broad,  reaciiinjrsomewiiat  more  than  half  way  nii  the  front ;  second  joint 
of  antennae  nearly  as  lomr  as  broad,  Hie  third  scarcely  slenderer  at  base  and  as  lar^c 
at  Hi>  as  Hie  second,  l)iit  twice  as  loie.' ;is  broad,  the  tip  ronnded.  the  fourth  joint 
verv  minute.    Ocelli,  six  in  nninber.  live  in  ratiier  a  broad  ciir\e,  its  convexity  forward 


i.ty. 


XYMPIIAI.INAi;:    IIIK  (iKNTS   (  IIAUIDItYAS. 


640 


itiul  sciirccly  (liiwinviinl,  tin-  iniilillc  llii'ui>  ii'^iirly  in  ciiiilact,  tlic  lowi."*!  x'piiriilcil  fi'mii 
tlic  foiirtli  l)y  lu'iii'ly  il-*  (iwii  dWiiiifli  r.  iiiicl  llio  iipiicniin.^l  I'ldiii  tlic  sccdiid  liy  a  ;;ri'iiUT 
illstmici-:  tlif  -(ixlli  fornix  willi  llio  Hist  and  fuiirlli  a  rinlit  aii^'lf.  lull  is  alitllc  iican'i' 
tlic  I'oi'iiuT;  l!ii' tliii'il,  riiiii'lli  anil  lll'tli  arc  vci'y  iiroiniiiciil,  tlir  sccoinl  less  so  ami  liic 
llrsl  and  sixlli  lint  very  little  rajsid  alinvc  tlic  surface.  I.iiliniiii  fatlicr  Ini'ije,  pi'umi- 
Moiit.  lialf  as  Iji-oad  aijalii  iis  Imn;.  the  middle  id'  the  fiMiit  a  littli'  and  not  deeply 
fxi'lsed;  iniindlliles  iiiil  Mry  laiuc  Mcir  stont.  moderately  broad,  tlu^  edi;e  stralftlit. 
with  a  f  ■«■  ruliuf  lai-^c.  not  deep  ti'ianu;nlai'  teeth;  maxillary  palpi  with  tin' second 
joint  nearly  a- loiiir  as  lifoad.  thc' third  not  much  smaller  and  imt  little  lonu'er  than 
broad,  the  foniili  conical  ami  conspiciioiis.     Spinneret  niimite,  very  short  and  slender. 

Uody  cylindrical,  cipiiil,  Ciinilshed  with  loiiy;itndiiial  rows  of  course,  tubercular 
spines,  one  to  a  se'.imi'iil  in  eai'h  row:  they  are  heavy.  sc:ircniy  fip'M'hi'.r.  pretty  loni;. 
blimt  at  tip,  the  sides  irrc^nilarly  supplied  witli  iinmcrons  papillae  or  al)l)rcviatec| 
spiniiles.  each  armed  with  a  lonijr, straight,  rather  stont  needle,  soiircely  taporiny;, 
blniitly  pointed,  directeil  npwarilso  tliat  those  ol' opposite  sides  are  ataii  anj;leor  from 
4,"«'-!lO- with  eauli  other.  The  spines  arc  arranged  in  the  followini;  manner;  a  dorsal 
row  on  tlio  first  to  eiirhth  abdominal  si'ijmenls,  the  eisilitli  with  two;  a  laterodorsal 
row  on  t'lP  second  and  third  thoraeie  and  the  llrst  to  seventh  abdominal  sc^'mcnts; 
a  lateral  row  on  the  same  seirnients,  a  siiprastinmatal  row  mi  tlic  second  and  tliird 
thoraeie  and  on  all  the  alxlominal  sciiments,  and  on  the  llrst  to  soveiith  ididoiidiial 
si'^nieiilsan  infrastii;matal  row;  bi'sides  these  tlicrc  is  a  row  of  linear  tnlicrclc^  bciir- 
iii:;  needles  like  the  others,  situated  on  the  thoracic  and  llrst  to  sevcntli  alxlominal 
So';;nieiits,  at  the  Ijase  of  the  proleijs  when  these  occur,  two  iipoiia  sei;muiit,  and  on  liie 
apodal  scjiineiits  one  each.  The  front  eilfre  of  tlie  llrst  thoracic  seflineiit  U  thickly 
bes"t  with  forward  curvimj.  lonij.  spinous  hairs.  [,c!,'s  small,  ami  moderately  slender, 
tiperinic,  the  ehiws  slender,  si.'arcely  taperiiiic,  heeled  stronijly  at  base,  bent  jiist 
beyond  and  scarcely  curved. 

Chrysalis.  Viewed  from  above  the  |irothorax  and  the  parts  in  front  taper  a  little 
and  rei;nlarly,  the  oeellar  prominences  not  iirc;itly  prononnced.  lilnntly  rounded  at  tlie 
outer  anterior  angle,  the  front  of  the  head  a  little  convex,  llie  curve  slighter  in  the 
middle.  Viewed  from  the  side  the  front  and  summit  of  the  head  and  of  the  oeellar 
proniineiK'cs  arc  bent  at  very  slightly  more  tliaii  a  right  amrlo,  slightly  rounded  at  the 
angle;  the  inferior  face  of  the  prominences,  which  is  on  a  line  with  that  of  the  front 
of  tlie  head  lietween  them,  is  in  direct  continnatioii  of  tlie  slight  curve  of  the  inferior 
face  of  tlie  l)ody,  and  the  anterior  face  in  almost  direct  coiitinuatiou  of  that  of  tln^ 
thorn.x.  Lower  surface  of  anterior  half  of  liody  nearly  straiiriit  lon;;itii(liiiaUy. 
Thorax  considerably  arehetl,  highest  ;iiid  angular  slightly  in  iuivance  of  the  middle  of 
the  posterior  half  of  the  mesotliorax.  where  it  is  raised  to  a  very  low  rounded  prom- 
inence, with  a  somewhat  abrupt  posterior  face,  the  apex  rounded.  IJasal  wlnur  tulier- 
cle  pyramidal,  tri(|uetral.  not  liigli,  the  apex  blunt,  the  superior  edge  riiunim;  up  as  a 
slight  ridge  nearly  half  way  to  tlie  laterodorsal  tubercles  of  the  niesothorax,  the 
posterior  edge  forming  a  long,  blunt  ridge  which  is  scarcely  elevated  to  form  a  super- 
numerary tubercle.  I'rothoriix  without  tubercles.  .Vbdomeii  considerably  and  reiinlarly 
arched  longitudinally;  a  laterodorsal  series  of  conical,  bluntly  tipjied  tuliercles  of 
medium  size  on  the  middle  of  the  meso-  and  inetatliorax  and  the  second  to  seventh  ab- 
dominal segments,  slenderer  and  directed  slightly  backward  on  the  llfth  to  seventh  seg- 
ments ;  those  of  the  melatliorax  and  second  abdominal  segmeui.  are  smaller  than  the 
others,  wliicliare  nearly  eipial  among  themselves.  On  the  abdomen  there  is  also  a  dor- 
sal series  of  warts  on  the  second  to  seventh  segments,  each  exactly  similar  to  the  lat- 
erodorsal warts  of  the  same  segments,  and  placed  a  little  in  advance  of  the  middle;  the 
third  and  fourth  segments  have  also  a  suprastigmatal  series  of  two  small,  conical  warts 
a  little  in  advance  of  the  middle.  Inferior  base  of  cremaster  bounded  laterally  by 
coarse,  stout,  not  greatly  elevated,  curving  walls,  approximated  considerably  at  the 
anterior  end,  and  each  terminating  in  a  moderately  largo,  nearly  recumbent,  rounded 
tubercle;  cremaster  proper,  viewed  from  above,  laterally  tubercnlatetl  at  the  base, 
not  very  long,  rather  slender,  tapering,  bluntly  rounded,  considerably  longer  than  broad, 

S3 


p' 


O.JU 


I'llK    lU  TrKK".  i,li:s   or    NKW    HN(il.ANI). 


niilcly  mill  niirrnwly  cliiiiiiu'llcil  IciimihiiliiiMlly  :  vii'Wcd  I'rDiii  llir  si.lc  iinirly  twice  a> 
IniiLt  as  tiruail.  tiilii'i'ciiliitc.  (mhiuI,  ciirviiiircniisiili'nilily.tlio  apical  liclil  of  anal  liooklcis 
nearly  circnlai'.  Ilipuklcis  not  very  Ioul'.  |ii'etiy  sUnuler.  tlic  stem  nearly  stnii>;lit  unil 
cnlai'ainit  vi'i'y  sli;;iilly.  the  ci'nok  \  eiy  -ii'uniily  Invit ,  con^lilerably  enlarfjed  luul 
e~|ii'cially  hi'oiKlelled. 

Tliis  ociiiis  is  iicciiliiir  to  Xortli  AmtM'ifti  i-tist  of  tlic  Ifofky  Moimtiiins. 
ixtcmliiio'  t'roiii  the  Siiskiitclu'wiin,  tlic  (Jrcnt  litikcs  niitl  the  St.  liiiwivnri' 
til  the  (iiilt'iif  Mexico.*  'l\vo  species  iirc  t'oiiiiil  within  tlic  limits  iiicii- 
tiiMicd.  a  tiiirtluiM  ;mil  soiitlicni,  incctiiio'  on  the  western  jirniries  :  only 
tile  iiortlieni  ori'iirs  in  New  l^iit;l;iii(l.  nnd  hits  hecii  tininil  throiiiihoiil  its 
I'Xtent  lit  ilistniit  Mild  \nrioiis  phiees. 

The  iuittci'llies  arc  riithci'  under  tiic  iiiediiiin  si/e  and  their  ^-cnei'al 
[iMttern  ri'.sciiihlc.s  that  of  I'liyciodes  ;  the  iiiarkinos  of' the  ii|i|icr  siirfacc 
are  rather  heavier,  and  hciieath.  the  spots  anil  dashes  on  the  hind  wiiio's  are 
III  II'.'  I'l'i'ipieiitly  iii<'liiied  to  silvery  :  the  dots  of  the  siil)inarLi,iiial  row.  the 
repetition  ot'  those  on  the  njiper  siirtliee.  arc  di  lieately  oecllalcd.  These 
liiittci'tlies  hav(!  rather  a  t'celile  tliii'ht.  ••are  fond  of  alii;htiiio'  in  tlu;  vicinity 
of  water  and  hii\-e  a  decided  partiality  for  the  liaiiks  ot'  rivers  mid  small 
stream.-"  (  DoiiMcday  ). 

Pile  noi'thei'ii  species  is  sii'o'le  hrooded  ill  the  northerii  part  of  its  ran<!;c 
and  partly  sino'lc.  partly  doniile  iirooded  in  the  soiithcrn  :  I'roni  the  slioht 
information  \vc  possess  of  the  seasons  and  transforii.'ations  of  the  sonthcrn 
species,  it  is  prohaiilc  that  it  follows  closely  the  sontlicrn  pcciiliavitlcM  <tf 
the  iioi'lhern  species.  They  winter  as  larvae  ratlicr  more  than  half  irriiwn, 
haiio'  from  nine  to  Hftcen  days  in  the  chrysalis  and  appear  in  the  early 
liai't  of  the  hot  season.  The  I'o'ji's  arc  soon  laid,  and  in  clusters,  In  early 
life  the  catci'jiillars  li\c  in  company,  after  hiiicrnation  or  in  latci  life  .singly, 
on  ditferent  Astcrincae  and  Ileliantliciie.  especially  the  latter,  with  an  iiji- 
parcnt  [ircfcronce  for  Ileliantinis  and  Actinomeris  ;  when  yomio;  they  feed 
upon  the  jiarciicliyma  of  tlu'  leaf  only. 

TliG  cgg.s  are  cylimhical,  sipiarcly  truncate  at  the  base  and  provided  over 
at  Ica^t  a  portion  of  the  sides  with  iilioiit  sixteen  or  seventeen  sliglit  vortical 
rihs.  The  ciitorpillars  arc  cylindrical,  fiirni.shed  with  a  dorsal  row,  and. 
on  each  side,  four  lateral  row.s  of  thorny  tubercular  spines,  of  which  one 
row  on  either  side  lie.s  below  the  spiracles.  The  ehrysalids  are  not  very 
angular,  with  the  dorsal  face  of  the  thorax  and  abdomen  well  arched  and  « 
considerable.  l)nt  not  sharp  constriction  between  ;  the  ocellar  )n'ominences 
are  slightly  pronounced  and  the  abdomen  is  tnrnished  with  several  rows  of 
small  conical  tubercles.  They  are  i)ale  yellow  brown  marked  with  black- 
ish streak.s. 


*  It  may  1k>  lliiit  sumo  siieoios  occur  also  in  Central  America. 


mfwmmmimwBmimim 


TIIl!i;i'.    KAIiLV    AMKltlCAN    NATIUAI.ISTS. 


G51 


EXCClisrS    XX.  —  TJIIC      TIIUEE    J 'ION  LEU    STUDEXTS     OF 
lifTTEltFlJES  IX   THIS  COUXTHY. 

Il;i«l  tlmii  liicii  ill  till'  WdiiiN  uilli  llic  liiiiii'y-lii'ry 
II:i>Mlii>ii  lici'ii  Willi  llii' liiiiili  ill  llii' liaNtiiro  I'l't'c'r 
Willi  llic  liiirr  llini'  llic  cuii^i-*  aini  i|Iiil;1c>  «  IM:- 
Witli  till'  liiiltcrlly  DVcTllic  liciilli.  fiiinliildy 
IlK.M.Ws.— r/)iV'/'.i  l{i  liira  fi'iiiii  till'  W'niiillini 

KoiMTXATKi.Y  tor  tlu!  stiulv  uf  liiitterHioH  in  tliis  conntrv  tlio  ciirlicr 
stiuli'iits  wore  tluisi'  wilt)  (Icvoteil  tlicnisolves  very  liirj.''C'ly  fi>  the  iiiitural 
history  of  tliosii  insects  rather  than  to  tlicir  systematic'  or  (ieseriptivo  study. 
It  was  indeed  a  natural  and  healthy  result  of  the  ])overty  of  external  re- 
Hourees  in  earlier  times:  and  I  liave  thoujiiit  tliat  it  would  not  he  devoid 
of  interest  to  present  a  few  facts  eonoerninj^  the  life  and  industry  of  three 
of  these  earlier  naturalists,  who  worked  to  such  good  |)urpose  and  aeeoni- 
plished  so  nnu'h,  inider  circumstances  that  woidd  now  seem  very  for- 
iiidding. 

A  uni<pie  figure,  perhaps  the  most  striking  in  the  early  development  of 
natural  history  in  America,  is  that  of  a  man  of  whom  wo  know  almost 
ahsolutelv  nothing  excepting  what  ho  accomplished.  With  one  exception, 
all  our  knowledge  of  his  personality  comes  through  tradition.  No  life  of 
him  has  ever  been  wriien,  excepting  a  brief  notice  by  Swainson  in  the 
l>il)lioirraphv  of  Zoology,  to  which  Mr.  (J.  IJrown  (ioodo  has  kindly 
called  mv  attention.  It  is  not  known  when  or  where  he  was  horn,  or 
when  he  died  ;  scarcely  whore  he  lived,  or  to  what  nationality  he  belonged. 
Even  the  town  where  he  worked  no  longer  exists.  His  name  alone  re- 
mains, and  though  wo  have  access  to  not  a  little  of  his  writing  in  his  own 
round  hand,  his  signature  ecmnot  be  discovered. 

John  Abbot  was  presumably  an  Knglishman,  as  the  name  is  English, 
and  he  is  said  by  Sir  J.  E.  Smith  to  have  begun  his  career  by  the  study 
of  the  transformations  of  British  insects.  When  not  far  from  thirty  years 
old,  and  probably  about  1790,  he  was  engaged  by  three  or  four  of  the 
Icadiu'T  entomologists  of  England  to  go  out  to  Xorth  America  for  the 
puri)ose  of  collecting  insects  for  their  cabinets.  After  visiting  several 
places  in  different  parts  of  the  Union,  he  determined  to  settle  in  the 
"Province  of  Georgia,"  as  Swainson  calls  it.  Here  he  lived  for  nearly 
twenty  years  in  Scriven  County,  as  I  am  informed  by  several  persons 
through  the  kindness  of  Dr.  Oemler,  cf  AVihnington  Island,  in  that  State, 
returnin"-  to  England  apparently  not  far  from  1810,  where  he  was  living 
about  1H40,  at  an  age  "probably  above  eighty."  It  is  rumored  in 
(reoro-ia  that  he  owned  land  there,  and  all  that  can  be  learned  of  him 
comes  from  persons  beyond  middle  life  in  that  State,  who  remember  hear- 
in"'  their  parents  speak  of  him.  Col.  Charles  C.  Jones,  the  Georgia 
historian,  informs  me  through  Dr.    Oemler  that  "while  he  remained  in 


I'l 


052 


I'lIK   lUri'Klll-LIKS  (IK   NKW    KNdNAN'D. 


.f'i'J    ^> 


(it'itr^xiii.  ill  lilt'  pi'osK'iilioii  ot' lii.i  Hcit'iitiHi'  IuIkh'.".  Iiif*  lu'ii(l-i|iinrt('i'H  witi' 
:it  .Fa('kx()iil)(inni;;li,  ilicii  tlic  cuiinty  wt-at  ot'  Scrivcii  ('t«iinty.  Here  IiIh 
work  (111  tlic  Lo|)i(li>pti'ra  ot' (Ji'or^ia  \va«  larjj;t'ly  prcimrcd.  All  tinccM  of 
illiquid  town  liavc  now  |ia>si'il  awi'V."  It  i<  "iiiiiinsf'il  tliat  lie  alsu  ciii- 
jiloycd  liiiiit^t'lt'  as  a  scliool-iiiastcr  in  tins  placi'.  lint  tills  is  inircly  (radilional, 
and  his  occasional  linnj^lin;;,  not  to  say  iin>;nunnialical,  scntciicos  rather 
indicate  a  lack  ol' schooling;  on  liis  own  part.  What  wc  certainly  know 
reirardini;  liini  is  that  he  entered  into  relations  with  .lohn  Krancillon,  a 
silversni'th  in  the  Strand,  liondon.  who  liati  a  ('anions  collection  of  inseetw 
anil  nil  extensive  entoiiiolojfieal  correspondence.  I'rancilion  undertook  to 
sii|)plv  snhscriliers  with  drawinirs  of  insects  and  plants  liy  Alioot,  as  well 
as  with  speeiinens,  the  latter  of  which,  says  Swainson.  "were  certainly 
the  finest  that  have  I'ver  heen  transmitted  as  articles  of  coniineree  to  this 
country:  they  were  always  sent  home  expanded.  i'\  en  the  most  iiiinnte  ; 
and  he  was  so  watchl'iil  and  indefatiiriihle  in  his  researches,  that  he  contrived 
to  lirecd  iH'arly  the  whole  ot'  the  Lcpidojitcia.  His  j;'cneral  price  for  a 
liox-fiill  wa.s  (tixpcnce  each  specimen  :  which  was  cci'tainly  not  too  miieli, 
considi'i'liiff  the  lieanty  and  liiuh  perfection  ot'  all  the  iiidi\  idiials.  Aliliot, 
however,  was  not  a  mere  collector.  lOvery  moment  of  time  he  eonld 
possihly  (h'vote  from  his  field  researches  was  emiployed  in  makinir  finished 
drawinLrs  ot'  the  larva,  pupa,  and  perfect  insi'ct  ot'  cNcry  lepidopt(>roiis 
species,  as  well  as  of  the  jilant  upon  ^\llieh  it  fed.  These  ('ra^^•inf.'s  are  so 
lieaiitifnlly  chaste  and  wonderfully  cornet,  that  tliey  wereco\eted  l)ve\erv 
one."  It  would  a|)pear  from  a  note  in  Kirhy  and  Spcncc's  Intriiduction 
to  I'^nlomolotry  (.'ithcd..  iii  :  14S)  that  "the  iiij^enions  Mr.  .Miliot"  also 
knew  the  art  of  inflatinu'  caterpillar  skins,  and  dealt  in  them  tlir(ai<,di 
Fiancillon.  There  still  exist  in  various  places,  prineip.'dly  in  the  Hritish 
Mnaeuni.  lint  also  at  Oxford.  Paris  and  Zurich,  and  in  this  country  at 
IJoston.  lar<fe  series  of  his  drawiiiii's  of  insects  and  |)lants.  Those  in  the 
liritisli  Miisenni  ar(!  arranired  in  seventeen  stout  (piarto  volumes.  Iioniid  in 
red  morocco;  each  volume  has  a  printed  title  \y.\<iv  and  is  dated  17!>2  to 
\Mi,  the  dates  no  douht  lietween  which  they  were  pureliaHed  for  the 
Museum  through  Francillon  from  .Vlihot,  and  which  probably  indicated 
the  period  of  his  greatest  activity  in  America.  In  Boston  two  similar  vol- 
umes exist,  one  of  which  was  presented  by  Dr.  (Jray  of  the  Hritisli  Museum, 
to  Dr.  Gray  the  botanist  of  Cambridge,  and  by  him  to  the  Natural  His- 
tory Society,  where  it  may  now  be  seen.  The  other  volume  is  a  eollcc- 
tion,  perliaps  the  only  considerable  one  which  has  never  passed  out  of  this 
country,  which  was  jnirchased  by  the  Society  from  Dr.  (Vernier,  of  Georgia, 
who  inherited  it  from  his  father.* 

In    tlie   sixteenth    volume   of  the   British    Museum   series,  there  is  a 


•  Mr.      Oumlcr    of    .'^aviiiinali    and    Mr.       in  Aliliot's  iioti's  as  snuliiig  )iiin  NpeciraeiiB 
"LoComptc"  [LcConte]   arc   both  iiiciitioiu'd       fouiul  in  llicir  ^lardeiis  to  rear  and  piiliit. 


1 


rilUKK   KAKLV    A.MKUK  AN    N  A  1  lUALISTS. 


053 


ininintiin!  portniit  let  into  tlio  till.'  ini^c.  wliidi.  tiailiiinii  huvh.  wuk 
|iiiiiit('tl  l)y  AI»l)ot  lilm-i'lt'.  iiml  imlccd  it  hcur-  cvirv  mark  of  thin, 
llioiiifli  ilici'f  is  mi  mcmonuKliim  ti'  thi-*  rllrtt  wiiliiii  ilic  \ulumf.  'rhii* 
|Mirtriiit  is  piililislicil  licrcwitli  t'lum  ;i  tiiillil'iil  n.|iy  tiikcn  tor  me  l)_v  the 
liitc  Mr.  (icnr^'c  Willis.  Willi  its  |iL'ciiliiir  |)liysiiii.'m>m_v  iiiid  striiit  dnsH 
it  ikMs  cinisidcnilily  to  our  iiitrri'st  in  tlic  oriirinal ;  llicn'  seems  tt>  ln'  not 
II  little  hnmor  in  the  iniaint  features  and  ll^'ure.  and  tin'  spare  form  liardly 
iiives  the  tiLrm'c  of  rol.ust  health  which  the  face  would  indicate.  .\hl»ot 
jM'ohahlv  returned  to  Knu'land  ahoul  l^Ut  at  an  aye  of  perhaos  fifty,  and 
(Uir  portrait  was  donhtless  jiainted  at  almiit  liiis  time,  eertaini  hefore  he 
left  America,  since  it  represents  him  in  the  thinnest  of  southern  costume. 
'I'here  were  old  persons  livinj:  in  (ieor^ia  up  to  IKS,'),  hut  since  deceased, 
who  kni'W  him.  hut  apiiareiitly  none  now  remain. 

Ahhot's  work  was  hy  no  means  <in  hcpido])tera  aloiu'.  as  any  ot  the 
series  ol  his  drawing's  will  show.  Dr.  il.'iLii'n.  in  speakiiiL;-  of  the  \(dume 
in  the  British  .Museum  coutainiu.ii'  the  Neiiroptera.  says  that  all  the  detailw 
are  piven  with  the  fireatest  care,  and  llial  in  almost  all  cases  the  species 
can  Ik'  ideiititled.  The  siune  is  the  case  with  mo>t  of  the  drawiufis  ot 
Lepidoplera.  tliouuh  there  is  a  mark  of  carelessness  in  .some  of  the  ligiiris 
ii{'  earlv  staii'es  which  is  not  found  in  others  :  this  is  no  doiiht  due  to  the 
fact  that  so  inan\-  ajiplied  tor  the^c  dr;iu  inirs.  "Iiotii  in  I'liiropi'  and 
.\uierica.  that  he  found  it  <'xpedicnl  to  employ  mn' or  two  assistants,  whose 
copies  he  retouched,  and  thus  (inished  they  jiCiH'rally  pass  as  his  own. 
'I'o  an  experienced  eve.  Iiowcmi',  the  oriiiinals  of  the  miistir  ari'  readily 
di-timiilished."  Manv  of  these  diawillfis.  espe<'ially  those  of  the  liritihih 
.Museum,  we  ha\t'  copied  upon  our  plates,  as  miicli  for  their  sp(>cial  in- 
terest in  connection  with  .\hhot"s  work  as  tor  their  representation  of  forme 
which  are  here  descriixd. 

It  woidd  hardly  appear  that  he  paid  more  attention  to  Lejiidojitera  than 
to  other  insects.  Yet  in  the  Oemler  collection  alone  there  are  one  hun- 
dred and  thirty-three  plates  of  Lepidoptera.  nearly  every  one  of  which 
fio'iires  a  species  di.stiiu't  from  the  others,  and  ninety-four  of  which  are 
aecomiianied  hy  the  early  staji'cs.  Twenty-two  of  the.se  are  in.sects  figured 
in  .Vhhot  and  Smitli's  work,  hut  the  Hgiires  of  the  early  stages  are  in  no 
ease  identical  :  they  represent  the  same  in.seet  hnt  in  dift'erent  attitudes. 
Of  these  one  hundred  and  thirty-three  plates,  thirty-four  are  concerned 
with  the  hutterHies.  The  drawings  of  hntterHies  in  the  llritisli  Mniseum 
arc  contained  in  the  .sixth  and  sixteenth  volnnief,  tiie  former  comprising 
the  perfect  insects  oidy,  the  latter  the  early  stages  as  well,  and  in  this  lat- 
ter series  thirty-six  species  are  figined,  while  the  two  Boston  collections 
contain  fignres  of  the  early  stages  of  all  hut  two  of  the  species  represented 
in  the  British  Mnscuni  volnnie.  Swainson  states  that  a  series  of  one  Inin- 
dred  and  three  suhjects  of  Lcpidoj)tcra,  inclnding  none  published  before, 


# 


654 


TIIK   lU   TTKlil-LIKS  OK   NEW  ENGLAND. 


Si,      1/ 


P^ 


was  cxfciiti'd  for  iiiin  "•  with  tlu-  iiitontion  of  foriuiiiy  two  iulditional  vol- 
umes to  tli()!<o  odited  Ijy  Dr.  Sinitli,  hut  the  design  is  now  id)aiidoued." 

KiU'li  set  of  (h-awingK  funiiislied  hy  Al)i)ot  seems  to  have  heeu  aecom- 
panied  hy  more  or  less  manuscript,  in  which  the  life  history  of  the  insect 
is  given  in  hrief  form,  with  the  fo>d  plant  of  the  eater|iillar  and  the  times 
of  the  change  of  the  eateri)illars  to  chrysalids,  and  of  chrysalids  to  hutter- 
Hies,  which  shows  that  AI)l)ot  nuist^have  heen  an  exceptionally  industrious 
rearer  of  insects.  Indeed  the  transformations  of  not  a  few  of  oui'  hnttcr- 
Hies  are  even  now  known  only  through  the  ohservations  and  illustrations 
of  Abhot.  Dr.  IJoisduval  was  good  enough  to  present  me  with  three 
series  of  manuscript  notes  entitled  "Notes  to  the  Drawings  of  Insects," 
all  written  in  Abhot's  own  hand,  and  comprising  twenty-se\en  foolscap 
pages,  rather  closely  written,  and  describing  the  changes  of  two  hundred 
and  one  species  ;  of  these  thirty-eight  are  butterilies.  These,  unfortunately, 
are  referred  to  only  l)y  number  and  l)y  an  English  name,  which  Abbot 
himself  a[)plicd,  ap})arently,  to  every  insect  ot  which  he  furnislu'd  drawings, 
such  as  the  '•  reed  buttertiy,"  the  "ringed  butterHy,"  the  "  lesser  dingy 
skipper,"  etc.,  though  he  oci'usionally  nnikes  use  of  such  names  as  the 
"  autunuial  ajax,"  '*  Pajjilio  antiopa,"  etc.,  showing  his  familiarity  to  a 
certain  extent  with  Linnean  nanu's.  As  tlie  niuncs  and  drawings  are  in 
sonu'  instances  kejjt  together,  (he  mannscrij)t  of  those  in  which  they  are 
nut  connected  is  still  of  use.  It  a[)pears  that  nearly  all  the  (ieorgiiin 
butterHies  were  obser\ed  and  painted  by  Abbot,  and  thiit  of  about  sixty 
species  which  he  raised  he  distributed  illustrations  ai\d  notes  of  the  early 
stages  to  some  of  his  eorre  ^)ondents. 

As  is  well  known  by  all  anreliiuts,  one  considerable  eolleeti(m  of  ^Vbbot's 
drawings  was  j)ul)lisbed  by  Sir  .James  Edward  Smith  in  two  sumptuous 
folio  volumes,  but  these  comprise,  as  far  as  the  butterHies  are  concerned, 
only  twenty-four  species.  This  work  made  an  ej>och  in  the  history  of 
entonn)logy  in  tiiis  country.  Hesides  tiiis  Abbot  jiublished  nothing.  The 
article  credited  to  him  in  Ilagen's  IJibliograjihy  was  by  a  Mvv.  Mr.  Abliol, 
who  wrote  from  England  in  November,  171IS,  when  Aiibot  was  in  this 
country. 

A  second  woi'k  which  nnirked  an  imixu-tant  iidvance  in  our  knowledge 
of  the  transformati(.>ns  of  the  butterHies  of  North  America  was  the  imfin- 
ished  volume  by  Hoisduval  and  Le  Conte,  entitled  Ilistoire  generale  et 
iconographiedes  Lepidopteres  et  des  ehenilles  do  rAmeriqiic  scptontrionale, 
published  in  Paris  more  than  half  a  century  ago.  Twenty-six  parts  ap- 
peared between  1S2!I  and  ISoI,  interru])ted  after  the  issue  of  the  eighth 
part  (pp.  1-IS(I;  pi.  1-21)  by  the  revolution  of  1830,  and  resinned  in 
1(S,S;3.  How  large  a  part  was  due  direct!--  to  the  labors  of  Major  Lc  Conto 
himself,  whose  family  has  borne  a  conspicuous  part  in  the  scientific  history 


wr, ' 


mmmmimma 


'rilUKK    KAltl.Y   AMKKICAN    NAl  TltM.IS  IS. 


G55 


ot'  tlii^  coimtrv,  will  |ii'(»l)al)ly  uevor  l)o  known.  Tlu'  tU'siTi|pti\i'  jiortiun 
is  (!()nl)tk'ss  the  work  dI' IJoisdtival,  and  he  iin([uusti(mal)ly  incDrpDratod  in 
tlic  work  many  ol).s('i'vat  ions  and  illnstrations  ot' tlic  cailii'i' stages  i)y  AMiot  : 
liiitniany  of  tli(>  illnstratinns  arc  certainly  tlic  work  ot'  Lc  Ccntc,*  who 
\vas  only  less  indnstrioiis  than  Alihot  in  rearing'  insects  hecause  his  scien- 
tilie  interests  extended  over  a  w  idci'  licld.  The  inteiiial  iirool' of  this  is 
toleralily  clear.  .Vhhot's  drawings  were  many  times  du|ilic;iti(I  iiv  liim. 
Imt  a  not  inconsiderahle  [iroportion  ot'  the  eai'ly  stages  ligiii-cd  in  thi' 
wcM'k  oC  iioisduval  and  Le  ('ont(>  are  not  to  he  t'onnd  in  the  coliictions  of 
AI)liot"s  drawings  either  in  Lon  !on  oi'  I'oston  :  so  many  inched  that  it 
seems  highly  pi'oliahle  that  they  arc  tiic  work  ot"  another  hand.  If  we 
credit  these  or  tlic  larger  part  of  tlii'm  to  Le  ('ontc.  we  shall  [irohahlv  he 
Ileal'  tlie  truth.  Moi'cover.  some  of  tiie  drawigs  that  I'oisdinal  showed 
me  ill  Paris  wvw  contained  in  a  little  ohhmg  folio  \oiimie.  on  sluils 
liroadcr  than  high  (1^7x1*).")  cm.),  instead  of  on  ordinal  \  large  folio 
sheets  as  in  all  the  other  collections  ;  now  the  draw  ings  of  Major  I.e  ( 'onte. 
recently  sold  with  the  lilirary  of  his  son.  l)r.  !  ilm  Le  ('oni<'.  iiinintcd 
on  pa])cr  of  variahlc  form,  were  many  of  them  of  a  shape  .and  size  Mrv 
similar  to  th.'it  of  the  ol)long  folio  nu'iitioiicd  alio\t'  :  so  that  these  drawings 
in  l?oisdn\ars  hands  were  perhaps  those  of  Le  C'onte  himself',  and  from 
these  in  many  cases  the  drawings  in  IJoisdiival  and  I>c  Conte's  work,  and 
some  which  I  ha\e  rcproihiccd  in  this  vvork.  were  taken.  Dr.  Le  ("onte 
has  himself  told  me  that  his  father  lia<l  complaiind  of  his  i"catni(>nt  hy 
Boisdnval. 

Major  Le  (\inte"s  tastes  were  many-side<l,  hnt  his  special  studies,  those 
wlii<'h  were  the  passion  of  his  life,  were  in  natural  history.  lie  was 
named  for  his  father.  .lohn  Katton   Le  ('onte,  and  w;is  h(ir:i  near  Shrew  s- 


Imrv,    .\.    ,L,    Feiirnarv    '2'2,    17SL      Hi'     gradiiatt'd   at    ('(dim 


Col- 


lege and  then  joined  his  hrother  I^'wis  in  (Jeorgia.  and  \vith  the  hitter 
devoted  himself  to  his  favorite  pursuits.  Most  of  his  life,  howe\er,  he 
resided  in  New  York,  lie  was  captain,  afterward  hrevel-major.  in  the 
corps  of  topographical  engineers  t'roii.  ISlM  to  1S.">1.  ISeforc  he  cnti'reil 
the  engineer  corps,  he  piihlishcd  a  catalogue  ot'  tlie  plants  ot  .New  York 
City,  in  the  journal  edited  hy  Dr.  David  Ilosack.  and  in  snl)si'([iient  vcarf, 
during  his  connection  with  the  army  and  afterwards,  he  puhlished  special 
studies  on  I'ti'ieiilaria,  (iratiola.  Knellia.  Tillandsia,  \'iola  and  Pancra- 
tium, as  well  as  on  our  native  grape-vines,  tohaeco  and  peean-nnt.  He 
puhlished  also  a  variety  of  [lajJcrH  on  mununals,  re|)tiles.  Iiatracliians  and 
cnistaeea,  mostly  of  a  systematic  clmnieter,  and  collected  a  vast  amount 
of  original  material  for  the  natural  history  of  our  insects.  C'oleo|itcr!v, 
however,  may  l)o  said  to  have  hecn  his  s|)ecialty.  partieidarly  in  the  latter 
part  of  his  career,  though  he  puhlished  only  four  jiapers   upon  them,  and 

»lle  is  cretliteil  by  UoiHiluval  with  only  tlic  dniwiiigs  of  tlic  iiiiiifiu  cif  .Siicycriii  idailu. 


()oi5 


rilK    I'.UTTKUIIJKS  OF    NKW   KNGI.AND. 


mainly  u|ion  ii  sinjilo  t'amily,  Ilisicridiu'.  \lv  not  only  aina.ssi'd  a  oonsid- 
eral)lc  coUoctioii,  t)iit  lie  left  lu'liiiid,  as  already  stated,  a  most  extensive 
series  of  u-ater-eolor  illustriitioiis  of  our  native  insects  and  plants  (as  well 
as  of  re[)tiles  anil  otlier  vertelnates )  made  with  his  own  hands.  He  was 
in  the  hahit  of  visitinjj;  his  lirother  in  (ieoriria  every  winter,  up  to  a  short 
time  lieforo  his  death,  wliii'h  (K.'currecl  at  l'iiiladel[>hia,  Nc.oinhei  :H,  ISIiO. 
Aecordiny  to  Professor  Ijc  Conle  Mevens's  family  recoids,  Major  L"  Contc 
was  a  somewhat  eorpide-i^  man,  "idiout  five  feet  six  i:iches  in  height,  with 
rather  dark  complexion,  hhu'  eyes  and  a(|iiiline  ni>se.  In  disposition  he 
was  usually  noeiahle  and  suttieiently  comnnniicative,  hnt  occasionally  reti- 
cent and  secluded,  strong  in  his  atlecticns  an<l  a\ersions,  and  nuich  lieloved 
l)y  his  relatives  whom  he  visitecl  in  (ieorii'ia.  .  .  .  For  a  niimher  of  years 
he  was  ii  memher  of  the  l\|iiscopal  Church,  hut  lie  suhseiinenlly  became 
a  Roman  Catholic,  and  in  this  faith  he  died.'"  The  [)ortrait  which  we 
|)ul)lish  in  facsimile  hears  out  this  description  ;  it  is  carefidly  copied  from 
an  oil  miniatuie  in  the  possession  of  the  faniMy.  hy  the  kind  permission  of 
the  widow  of  the  late  Dr.  John  L.  Le  Conte.  to  whom,  also,  I  am  in- 
debted for  the  iuitograph  which  accompanies  it. 


1 


The  third  person  whose  lite  will  here  lie  iuictly  skctche<I  was  an  inhab- 
itant of  \ew  Knghnid,  and  on  account  of  iiis  remarkable  labors  became 
the  pioneer  of  economic  entomology  in  this  country.  It  was  entirely 
through  his  familiarity  with  the  early  stagts  ot  insects  that  he  gained  this 
prt'cminence.  and  his  work,  the  puiilicalion  ot'  which  (excepting  in  the 
paltry  cmohunent  which  it  lironght  to  its  author)  rellects  gi'cat  credit 
u|)on  the  state  of  Massachusetts,  still  remains,  and  will  long  remain  an 
acknowledged  classic. 

Thaddeus  Willi;»m  Harris  was  liorn  in  Dorchester,  Mass.,  Xovenib(,'r 
12,  17!*5.  and  died  January  1(>.  IS.'id  at  Cambridge.  He  was  therefore 
but  a  few  yeai's  the  junior  of  Major  Le  Conte.  His  fathei'  was  at  first 
librarian  of  Harvard  College,  aftci'waids  a  elergyniiui  in  the  town  where 
his  son  was  born  ;  \vhile  his  sou.  beginning  his  career  as  a  physician, 
((uitted  it  in  IS.'II  for  the  librarianshij)  which  his  father  had  held  iicfore 
him.  Hut  it  was  iliiringhis  residence  at  Milton  as  a  country  physician  that 
the  greater  part  of  his  field  observations  were  made.  The  subsequent 
years  were  largely  employed  in  working  up  the  material  then  obtained, 
which,  although  working  in  one  of  the  largest  libraries  of  the  time,  he 
was  obliged  to  do  under  circumstances  of  the  utmost  difficulty.  Not  only 
were  works  that  he  required  not  procuralile,  exce[)ting  on  rare  occasions, 
but  the  solitariness  of  his  position  is  clearly  indicated  in  a  letter  written 
to  Mr.  Doubleday  of  Kngland,  in  which  he  congratulates  the  latter  that  he  is 
not  "compelled  to  pursue  science  as  it  were  by  stealth,  and  to  feel  all  the 
tiiiie,  while  so  employed,  that  you  are  exposing  yourself,  if  discovered,  to 


mmmmmhM^MiiMmmmmmimm 


tern 


'^ 


TIIItKK  KAULV    AMEHICAN    NATUKALIST.S. 


057 


the  ridifuU',  |K'rlia|)si,  at  least  to  the  contempt,  of"  those    who  cannot   per- 
ceive in  tJMcli  pursuits  any   i)ractical   and  useful   results."     The  accuracy 
and  care  with  which  his  observations  were  made  are  rcvt'alcd  l)y  his  ami)lc 
note-hooks,  now  in  the  possession  of  the  Boston   Society  of  ^«atural  His- 
tory, and  in  their  elal)oration  in  his  classic  work  upon  the   insects   of  New 
England  injurious  to    vegetation.      'Phis   work,  which    forms    his  principal 
claim  to  our  attention,  has  [jassed  three  editions.      It  was  prepared   under 
appointment  as  ( 'onunissjoner  of  the  State  of  Massacluisctts  :   hut  all  that 
ho   cvi'r    received   from    the  state  foi'  this  innnense  lahor  was  one  hundred 
and  seventy-five  dollars.       As  will  be  seen  in  the  life  pid)lished  l)y  Colonel 
Iligginson,  prefixed  to  the  volume  of  his  Entomological    Correspondenct', 
Harris  had  fV.rmcd  an  idea  of  publishing  a  local  insect  fauna  which  should 
include  only  the  conunon   species    of  tiit    \icinity   of  IJoston.     This   was 
done  on  the  prompting  of  many  friends,  and  many  fragn\ents  of  diffi'rcnt 
parts  of  it  are  extant  in  tlie  notes  and  manuscrijit  preser\ed   earei'ully   by 
the  Natural  History  Society.      Faunula  15ost(niiensi8  was   the  title  he  had 
intended  for  it,  and  among  the  more  comi)lctc  fragments    was   one  which 
emliraced  all   the    l)Utterilies  of   the    vicinity    of  Boston    known    to   him. 
Tills  fragment,  on   the  publication  subsequent   to   his  death,  of  the  third 
edition   of  his  treatise  on  New   England  insects,  1  urged  should  be  incor- 
porated  into  this  work,  as  he  had  himself  previously    attempted  to  do, 
and    be   accompanied   by    illustrations    of  the    principal  forms ;  this    was 
done,*  and  further  notes  upon  the  early  stages  of  butterflies  will  be  found 
covering   a  dozen  pages  of  the  appendix  to  his   "Entomological    corres- 
pondence."    This  was  the  first  tolerai)ly  eomjiletc  descriptive    list    of  tlie 
butterflies  of  any  district  in   Xorth   America  ever  attempted.      Doubtless 
the  notes  upon  the  early  stages  W(.uld  Inne  been   very  much   more   exten- 
sive, had  not  the  duties  of  his  position   in    the   library   of  tiie   University 
almost  al)solutcly  prevented  any  jiroper  attention  to  field  work.     The  M'ry 
existence  of  his  cabinet,  with  the  \igilant  care  wliicii   nuist    be   taken    for 
its   protection   from    insect  pests,   in    the   open  drawers   which    alone    his 
straightened  circumstances    allowed    him,t    nuist   have    consumed   every 
moment  that  he  could  spare  from  his  official  duties.      But  the  labors  which 
he  undertook  and  the  amount  he  accomplished   under   such  disadvantages 
have    been  the   foundation  stones  of  entomological  science    in   this  coun- 
trv.       Painstaking   and  laborious    to    the    last  degree   in   all    he    under- 
took, his  accuracy  has  never  been  questioned  and  his  princiiial   work  with 
its  simple,  direct   style  can   never   be  superseded.     He   was  the    (iilbert 
White  of  Xcw  England.    A  tall,  spare  man,  subject,  at  least  in  latter  life, 
to  nervous  headaches,  his   face   showed   somewhat   the   mark  of  [)hysieal 
fatigue.      But  the  portrait  which  accompanies  his  "Entomological   ccirres- 
pondenee,"  and  which  through  the  kindness  of  the  Natural  Hi-itory  Society 

♦Tlii'v  are  rcpiilillhheil  in  this  work.  tUo  liinl  ii  fiiinlly  of  twoive  cliililrcn. 

8j 


,<(.  ifl 


WM 


658 


TIIK   !51  "ITKHFLIKS  OK    NKW    i;\(;i,A\l>. 


\vi'  aro  pcrmitfed  to  rejirodm-e,  .«lu)\vis  in  it.s  ox|)r('Sf*ioii  a  vijror  iuul  ptn-Hist- 
cncy  wliicli  was  the  key  to  his  iiidiistrv  :;iul  success. 

»*,  Rosidcs  llic  lite  of  I)]-.  Harris  hy  Col.  T.  W.  Ifisrviiison  to  wliicli  we  have  alliulpil. 
aimlhrr  liy  his  son,  K.lwanl  Doiililnlay  Harris  (nanicil  for  tlic  Kii^rlisli  lopiiloptfrist). 
slioiild  l)f  I'oiisiilli'd  (I'roc.  Mass.  Iiist.  soc.xix);  ami  for  fnrtlicr  details  of  tlic  Ia'CoiiIc 
family,  tlic  lif"  'f  Jlajor  l,i'  Conte's  son.  Dr.  John  I.awrcncp  l.c  CoMtc  (liioirr.  memoirs 
N'at.  arad.  sc,  ii.  and  Trans.  Am.  cnt.  soc,  xi).  The  notice  of  .\l.liot,  siihstanlially  as 
uiven  aliove.  was  llrst    pnldished  in  the  Canadian  eii|omol(vi.'ist  for  |s,HS. 


CHARIDRYAS  NYCTEIS— The  silver  crescent. 

[The  silver  creseeMl  (Senddor):  silver  eri'sei'nt  linlterlly  (.Maynanl).] 

.lA(')7(/(r(  «//(^:M  Doiihl..  (ien.  dinrn.  I.ep..       xxiii.  If:   l(is-ll-j    (1ST,"));— IMw.,   Can.  cnt., 
pi.  j;!.  liu-.  I!  (lSfT);-Kilw.,  I'roe,  Aead.   iiat.       xi:  lol-ld,'.  (ISTi)):— Coc|.,  Hep,  ins,  HI,,  x :  105 


se,  I'hilad.,  isiil.  lill-lli-i  (lS(il);— Jlorr.,  Syn. 
I.ep.  X.  Anier.,  :ii'i-:'>-.'r>  (ISiiii) ;— Lintn..  Uep- 
state  eali.  nat.  hist.  N,  Y.,  xxiii:  l.-iS-LMt,  pi, 
«.  liu',  U  (187-J):— Midill.,  Hep.  ins.  HI.,  x  :  Ml- 
m  (1S.S1);— (irnli.,  Jen.  zeilsehr.  niitiirw.. 
xvii:4TH,pl.!:l.  !!;;■>., 1(l-;W(IS84);  Pap.,  iv  :  !MI. 
pi.  .".,  Ii.:;s.  3()-;i2  (iss4)  :-.Mayn.,  Unit.  N.  K.. 
iH.-j|i.  pi.  4.  li-s. ;!;!.  ;!3a  (is,siii. 

Mclitfiea  (I'liyr/mli-s)  iii/iii-is  Donld. -He- 
wits.,  Gen.  di\irn.  I.ep..  i:  ISl  (]S4K). 

Krixiii  iii/cteis  Fel(l.,Xeiies  Lep.,  4!l  (l.siil). 

I'li'iriddi'n  iiijcli-is  Kirli.,.Syn.  ciit.  I.ep..  IT.'i 
(l.sTl);— Uiley,    I'roe.     Amer,     ass.    adv.   se.. 


(18SI):— Kern.,  lintt.  .Me.,  4.S-4II  (ls,S4);— 
Krelieh,  liutt.  east,  l',  .s.,  172-174,  li^'.  .">0 
(l,SS(i), 

Vharidriidn  iiiirli'is  Seiidd..  Syst.  rev. 
.Vmer.  liiitt..  -Jii  (ls7:i). 

Mtlitiica  in-niiHi'  .Seiidd.,  I'roe,  Kss.  in.st,, 
iii:l(it(-l(i7  (ISIW). 

Melitiifii  liii'rinu  Kdw.,  Can.  ent  ,  ii :  I(i,S 
(ls7(l);—  8annd,,  Can.  ent,  iv  :  Kil-UB  (1S72), 

Ki.:.'nred  hy  (ilover,  HI.,  N.  .\.  I.ep.,  pi.  i.'i, 
11^-.  i;  pi,  H,  lii;.  !)  ?,  iiu'd. 

[Not  Melitae:i  iiarrisii  Seiidd.] 


Yes,  the  Slimmer,  the  radiant  .Summer's  the  fairest. 
For  L'reenwooils  and  mountains,  for  metulowsand  liowers, 

Kor  w  aters,  and  frnit.s,  and  for  tlowcrs  the  rarest, 
.Villi  for  hriiilit  sliiiiiir,'  linttertlies,  lovely  as  tlowers, 

yi\n\  UiiwiTr.—SiimMiir. 


Imago  (5  :  (1).  Heiiil  ooverod  with  yeUowi^li  I'lilvniis  iiml  dusky  hairs.  cliaiiiiiiiK 
in  I'riint  inul  L'speciaUy  towiiril  tlio  tonitne.  to  whitish;  lnwer  throe-fourths  of  the 
liliuler  edire  of  the  eye  hromlly  liorih  rod  with  snow  white.  Hasal  iiiul  socomi  joint  of 
piil|)i  white,  with  a  white  rrinire.  niinuled  with  a  few  dusky  hairs,  tlio  iijipor  part  of 
I  lie  iipieal  half  of  the  iiiidilh' jcdnt.  inchidin;;  its  whole  apex,  iind  the  apical  joint,  brown- 
ish fulvous  with  a  few  black  scales.  Ilio  extreine  tip  of  the  latter  white;  whole  upper 
border  of  iniior  side  and  the  whole  apical  joint  heavily  (diseuroil  with  blackish,  the 
middle  joint  fulvous  aiiically.  .\iitoiiuae  above  blackish  brown,  each  joint  aniuilatod. 
the  basal  mie  but  partially,  with  wliiti':  beneath  white,  tlio  inside  of  tho  joints,  os- 
peeiiilly  those  of  tho  apical  half  iimstly  I'astaiioiMis ;  club  black,  tho  oulor  under  sur- 
face white,  the  inner  under  surface  dusky  oriiuiro.  the  apical  four  or  live  joints  or  less, 
dull,  deep  orange  beneath  and  partially  so  above;  basal  third  of  tonj^iie  hiteoiis,  the 
reinaiudc>r  black i-n  fuscous ;  papilhic!  (61 ;  41 )  situated  at  thi^  extreme  tip.  on  the  outer 
oiIko  of  the  under  snrrace.  nioderatoly  crowded,  each  appressed.  cylindrical,  a  little 
eiilarired  in  the  middle,  as  lon.ir  as  half  tho  width  of  tho  tongue,  thro.'  or  four  tinios 
as  loiii;  as  broad,  omliii,;;  in  a  moderately  large  cup  with  sharp  rim,  from  the  centre  of 
w  liicli  sprln.ifs  a  sleinler.  cylindrical,  scarcely  tapering,  blunt  tipped  lllament  as  lon.s; 
as  the  narrowest  wkltli  of  the  papilla. 

Thorax  covered  with  olivaceo-fulvous  hairs  above,  more  dccidi'dly  fulvous  on  the 
piiithorax  and  palagia;  beneath  >iiow  white,  the  fore  legs  the  same,  faintly  tinged 


NY.MI'lIAIJNAi::  CllAHlDUYAS    ^ 'CTKIS. 


(loi) 


cxtcTiiiiUy  with  liitLim>  ;  (itliiT  femora  wIiUl',  tlic  api'X  iilxivc  siill'u.sod  witli  pale  onuiiic. 
tibial'  and  tarsi  pale  oriuigr,  wliitisli  externally;  spines  redilisli  _velli)\v.  dnskier  toward 
flio  tip  of  the  tarsi;  spnrs  slii;litiy  paler;  chnvs  fiisco-rul>rons. 

\Vln;:s  above  pale  oranue  fulvous,  inelininir  to  yellow,  ^euendly  deepest  in  tint  on  llie 
outer  tidrd  of  llie  hind  wiims.  liasal  tlinn'-lifths  of  the  costal  l>or(h'r  of  tlie/occ  in'iiy.'i 
broadly  inarifliied  wilii  black  whicli  isconlinned  do\\uwanl  at  its  extreniily,  at  tlie  lip 
of  tlie  costal  nervnre.  in  a  liroad,  transverse  belt,  whose  interior  liordcr  is  scarcely 
removed  from  the  extreniily  of  tlu'  cell  and  which  terminates  smldenly  at  tlie  midille 
median  nervnre,  its  apical  margin  often  coverin;;  the  basnl  third  of  the  same:  williin 
tills  licit  are  the  follow  iiiir  luarliinjis  :  at  the  base  of  the  coll  is  anoblony;  ov;il.  lon,iiilii''.i- 
nal.  annular  lilacl<  ~pnt  (enclosini;,  more  or  less  distinctly,  a  fulvous  piipili.  it^  outer 
extreiuily  near  tlie  centre  of  the  cell,  its  basal  half  irencrally  obscnri  '  by  the  uriiui- 
iiess  of  tlie  base;  below  tlie  median  nervure  and  l'cstiii4:  upon  it  is  an  ebmsiated  wedire- 
sliaped  spot,  its  apex  at  tlie  base  of  the  wini;.  its  l;;ise  just  within  the  lirst  divariciiron 
of  the  median  nervnre  and  cros-iui;-  half  the  inter-pace,  al-o  <'iiclo-,iii^'  a  similarly 
shap.-.d.  sometimes  ol)-olete  fnUoiis  streak:  seated  iipim  its  tenninalioii  a  chain  of 
tliree  lilack,  roundish  links,  nearly  e(iual  in  size,  but  frei|nciitly  ol)seured  or  p:iiilally 
mcrjied  to^etiier,  cross  the  cell;  the  extremity  of  the  cell  itself  Is  marked  liy  a  fiiUdus 
streak,  liordereii  outside  by  the  broad  mesial  ilemi-baml  and  inside  liy  a  rallur  ii;iriow 
ednin;;  of  l)lack;  just  beneath  this  the  lower  half  of  the  wiiii:  is  crossed  by  a  black 
iiaud  id'  irreirular  width,  the  smaller  povtion.  sometimes  broken  from  tlie  otlicr.  I'cui- 
sistiiij;  of  a  Ijhick  patcli  at  the  base  of  the  hiver  median  interspace,  exeeptini;  liie 
extreme  l>ase  iind  somctiines  exteiidim;  lialf  way  across  the  medio->ubnicdiiiii  inli  i- 
spaci',  the  otlier  a  liroaii  patcli  seateil  just  'witliiii  tlie  middle  of  the  siibmediaii  nervnre 
and  exteiicliiii;  half  or  fully  across  the  medi<i-submcdian  iiiters|iac(! ;  the  inner  border, 
to  tile  snl)niediaii  nervure,  as  far  as  this  [loiut  and  sometiiiies  to  the  outer  border, 
blackish.  Sometimes  all  the  markings  mentioned  are  nearly  all  blended  into  :i  mass 
of  black,  enclosing  a  few  indistinct,  irregular,  fnlvons  patelies.  The  outer  border  is 
so  broadly  borden  d  with  black  as  to  leave,  between  it  ami  the  nuirkings  just  describeil, 
only  a  broad,  transverse,  fulvous  lielt.  extending  from  jnst  lieiieatli  the  black  costal 
edge  to  the  internal  nervure,  liroken  liy  tlie  priucijial  black  subcostal  iiervnles,  anil 
gi'iieraliy  liy  the  other  nervnles  wliicli  are  often  lilaekisli  fi,>eous,  at  least  on  the  outer 
half  of  the  liand  ;  at  tlie  costal  margin  the  band  has  tiie  width  of  one  of  the  median 
interspaces;  it  widi'iis  below  tills,  the  outer  liorder  lieing  directed  downward  ;!iid  a 
little  more  outward  tlnm  the  exterior  margin  of  the  mesial  deini-l);iiid,  and  swcpiim 
around  In  a  ratlier  uniform  curve  to  the  internal  nervure,  at  about  the  distance  of  an 
interspace  from  the  outer  maririn ;  witliin  this,  from  the  upper  median  nervule  down- 
ward, is  often  seen  a  rather  liroail  black  streak,  vaguely  formed  of  lunnles  opeiiiim 
(Hitxviird,  parallel  to  the  neiglilioring  lilack  liorder  ami  occasionally  wliolly.  often  par- 
tially, conllueiit  with  it.  enclosing  small,  pale  fulvous  sjiots  in  tiie  inter-iiaces,  whieli 
continue  upward  above  the  median  nervure,  as  far  as  the  costal  margin,  in  a  curving 
row.  parallel  to  the  outer  liorder  of  small,  whitish  spi  is  or  dots,  occasioiiiilly  obsolete  ;  in 
the  upper  median  interspace  is  a  small,  submarginal,  often  partially  obsolete,  pale  ful- 
vous lunulc.  ami  a  second  smaller  one  is  sometimes  seen  in  tlie  lower  mediaii  iiitersp;iee  ; 
fringe  white,  interrupted  ratlier  broadly  with  lilack  at  llie  nervnre  tip-,  opeeialiy  ;ii 
tlie  lower  subcostal  nervule.  Ilhul  nimiK  with  all  the  veins  lilaekisli.  tlie  inner  border 
yellowisli.  but  excepting  tlmt.  nml  a  broad,  dirty,  yellowish  patcli  at  the  base  of  the 
costal  margin,  nearly  llie  wliole  basal  half  of  the  wings,  as  far  as  a  line  which  nni- 
from  the  costal  nervnre  at  the  middle  of  the  costal  border  in  a  very  sliglit  still' ciu'M', 
often  irregnliir  and  interrupted,  passiii'.;  the  upper  mediiin  interspace  at  its  very  ba-e 
and  reaching  the  middle  of  tlie  submedlan  nervnre.  is  obscured  with  lilaekisli.  enclo.-- 
Iiig  a  few  irregular  fulvous  patches;  within  tills,  iii  clearer  specimens,  a  few  dellnite 
markings  can  be  distinguished;  a  black  reuiform  annular  spot,  the  inner  half  of  Avliieh 
marks  the  extremity  of  the  cell ;  the  tip  of  tlie  I'dl  marked  by  an  eiiuihiteral  fiilvou- 
triangle,  just  within  wliieh  a  coarse,  blurred  chain  of  two  or  three  black  links  crosses 
the  cell,  witliin  which  again  the  cell  is  fulvous,  but  greallv  begrimeti  willi  blacki.sli 


■S 


'W 


'M 


ll 

■■■<>.  f 


''  .  II 


w 


600 


TIIK   lU  rrHKFLIKS  Ol'   NKW   KNCLAXD 


h\f  1 


scnltw.  riic  (inter  lionlci-  of  llic  wiii^r  i-*  l)nmill_v  iimrirliiccl  uitli  black,  viirviii;;  in 
witltli  in  diM'crcnt  indiviilniils  l'ri)ni  lialf  an  inliTspucc.  wlicrc  its  inner  limit,  is  n  wiivy 

line.  t(i   fnllv  |iin  interspace.  Avlierc  the  limit  is  ii  straiij;lit  line,  llie  latter  mun m- 

nion :  rre(|uently  it  is  narrowest  in  tlio  lower  snUcostal  and  snbcdsto-meilian  Inter- 
spaces; on  tlie  costal  border,  the  black  outer  nniritin  extends  toward  the  base,  llllinjj; 
the  co.sto-snbcostal  and  sometimes  the  upper  half  of  the  npper  subcostal  interspaeo 
nearly  as  far  as  the  basal  lilac'-:  Held,  its  interior  limit  continued  as  a  mirrow,  arcuate, 
or  broader,  ill-ilcllned  liand,  parallel  to  the  outer  border.  reaehiML'  tlie  suliniediau 
nervnre  in  tiie  middle  of  its  outer  half,  lieyond  whi<'li  tlu'  fulvous  tints  are  ai)t 
to  be  deeper  than  llicy  ••ire  witiiiu  it.  especially  in  tlie  female;  sciircely  separated 
from  the  black  cilii.nu:  of  the  outer  border  is  an  arcuate  series  of  six  roundish  black 
spots,  sometimes,  ospeeialiy  the  sliyiitly  l!irger<ines  of  the  nediail  interspace,  ciiclosinj!; 
yellowish  white  pujiils,  the  larjrest,  half  the  width  of  an  Intersimte.  In  the  middle  of 
l..e  black  ed^riti;.'  of  the  outer  border  is  often  see!!  .i  nearly  obsolete  series  of  faint, 
linear,  pale  yellow  lunules,  fulvous  iii  the  iiiedio-suhmedian  interspace,  seldom  appear- 
liiiT  ill  the  npper  half  of  tliewln^;  frinsie  white  or  villowisli  wliite.  interrnpted  broadly 
i)ul  not  aliriiptly  with  lilack  at  the  nervnre  lips. 

lU'iiciitii:  /•'«)•(■  ii-hii/s  very  faint,  pale  yellowisli  oranyc.  the  mesial  demi-biuid  de- 
peudiui;  from  the  cost;il  liorder  reappeariiif;  licneath  in  blackish  brown;  an  irrefiular 
annul'r  subreniform  spot  crosses  the  middle  of  tlie  outer  two-thirds  of  the  cell  and 
the  e.vtremity  of  the  same  is  marked  liy  an  olipyriform  annular  spot  whose  interior 
half  follows  the  apical  nervules;  faint  dusky  indications  of  the  transverse  iiatch  seated 
on  the  midilU'  of  the  inner  liorder  appear  beneath,  and  the  outer  border  is  inaririiied  as 
broadly  with  blackisli  brown;  the  markiiiits  connected  with  tlu;  border  are  repeated 
beneath  and.  in  additicni.  the  round,  pale  spots  on  the  npper  half  of  the  winjr  are 
narrowly  encircled  witli  bhick;  tlie  maririii  lias  a  narrow  edy;in;;  (about  one-ijuarter 
the  width  of  aii  interspace)  of  oranire.  itself  delicately  edijed  on  both  sides  with  black 
and  followed  interiorly  by  a  series  of  dull  silvery  lunules,  as  wide  as  the  interspaces, 
pretty  lar^e  in  the  two  subcostal  interspaces  at  the  ajiex  of  the  wiiifr  and  in  tlie  upper 
median  interspace;  elsewhere  nearly  linear  and  occasionally  ab.sent,  especially  in  the 
lower  subcostal  and  snbcosto-median  interspaces;  I'riiijte  as  on  the  upper  surface. 
Iliiid  fiiii/s  pale  bull",  occasionally  with  a  sliirlit  iireeiilsh  tintje,  the  veins  chocolate 
brown  ;  at  the  extreme  base  of  the  costal  border  a  dull,  silvery  spot  edited  externally 
with  chocolate  lirown;  beyond  this  is  a  transverse  ;;eries  of  larjie,  dull,  silvery  sp(,ts, 
each  ediied  I'xternally  and  internally  with  chocolate  brown;  the  llrsl  is  in  tlie  costo- 
mari;inal  interspace;  the  next  directly  beuc:ith  it  in  tii"  c'.sto-subeostal.  distant  from 
the  base  of  the  interspace  by  half  its  own  A\iiltli;  this  by  another  irrcitiilar  spot  which 
occupies  nearly  the  whole  of  the  cell,  e.xceptini;  tlie  extreme  base  and  encloses,  or  is 
divided  in  two  by.  a  large  double,  sometimes  contlueiit,  bull'  spot,  seated  on  the  llrst 
divarication  of  the  median  iicrvure  and  nearly  crossing  the  cell;  beneath  the  .same 
divarication.  Is  another  roundisli  spot  in  the  inodio-subniediaii  interspace;  sometimes 
:i  small  spot  occurs  beside  and  a  little  beyond  it.  In  the  sncceedlnj;  interspace;  beyond 
this  series  the  wing  is  traversed,  especially  on  the  upper  half,  by  transverse,  irregu- 
lar, partially  lileiided,  ill-dellned.  chocolate  lirowu  strijics,  tlie  outer  limit  of  which 
pas-  es  fr(Mii  about  fhi'  mUldl(>  of  the  costal  border  to  a  little  lieyond  the  middle  of  the 
submediau  nervnre.  crossing  the  ujiper  median  interspace  only  a  little  bevoiid  its  base ; 
a  distinct  arcuate  line  of  deeply  curving,  eontinuons,  linear,  chocolate  brown  lunules, 
opening  inwards,  crosses  the  wing  siibparallel  to  the  outer  margin  at  three-llfths  the 
distance  from  the  base ;  the  very  broad,  chocolate  brown  bordering  of  the  outer  margin 
liaving  a  scarcely  waved  interior  outline  is  separated  from  this  by  less  than  the  width 
of  ill!  inteispace.  lint  it  is  sometimes  entirely  wanting  above  the  middle  of  the  lower 
snbcostiil  interspace  or  below  the  submediau  iiervure;  sometimes  the  interior  border 
only  is  indicated  and  usually  the  interspaces  in  the  area  referred  to  are  devoid  of  dusky 
scales  beyond  the  interior  ill-dellned  marjiin  of  the  outer  bordering;  at  a  little  less 
than  two  intersiiaces'  distance  from  the  outer  border,  a  slightly  sinuous  series  of  six 
large,  white-pupilled.  blackish  sjiots,  the  lower  sometimes  double  and  approacliing 


'tf'.¥  * 


?,3f;wmeimiammmammmmmmmsmmtiim3Bt'!:s''^mw!!!mm'maai!vi^ 


Ny.Ml'II.\l.lN.\K  :  (  ll.VKIDHY.VS   NVflKI.s. 


ii(;i 


tlif  IxinlcT.  ii-.uiilly  I'diiod  Willi  oi'iiiiUL';  tlii'  iiini'iiiii  of  llic  wiiiii  N  oiMiUiwiitiil  ii>  mi 
tlio  I'on-  wiiiiris  iiiiil  is  nillowctl  in  a  siiiiiliu' way  l>.v  iliill.  >ilvci\v  luiiiili's  ol'  varyiiiii 
si/OS,  tlio  liij.'lK'st  (as  liiiili  us  lii-oad)  liciii'j:  llmsc  of  tlu"  custd-siilKM^tal,  ii|i|ici'  suli- 
ciisliil  luul  iippi'i-  iiu'ilimi  iiiU'i'spiicc^,  tliiise  of  lliu  Idwrr  siilicustal  and  luwiT  nuiliaii 
licinji  U'ss  Uiaii  liiilf  as  larai;  and  tlie  otlicrs  nearly  nr  (|nitc  linear  m'  oli-olc  te;  frin^'e 
as  iin  tlie  upper  surface. 

.Vbdonicn  blaeki.sU  above,  with  a  few  seattered  fiilvons  seales,  e>peeiaUy  at  tlie  ajiices 
of  tile  segments,  and  on  tliu  sides  more  than  above:  beiieatli  white,  often  faintly 
tini^ed  with  bnll'.  .Vppenda.ues  of  male  (34:."i.i;)  with  elasps  seareely  lonjjer  llian 
liroad,  ii|>i)er  edue  iMiiar^inate  interiorly ;  iipieul  spine-,  of  nearly  eipial  leniitli.  alxnit 
lialf  as  Ion i;  as  the  elasp ;  the  lower  is  bent  downwiird  and  liaekwanl  and  a  littb^ 
inwanl.  at  lis  middle  eoinnienelnjr  to  enrve  pretty  stroiiijly  inward  and  a  little  npward ; 
nppi  r  spine  stroiiijly  recurved  from  its  base  alonji  the  upper  .  ',:;e  of  the  clasp,  in  an 
almost  e.\aetly  opposite  direction  to  the  apical  half  of  the  interior  spitie.  which  does 
not,  like  the  apical  spines,  dellcatoly  taper  to  a  point. 


Mcasureiiients  in  inillimetres. 

JIALKS. 

FKMAI.K8. 

Length  ol  tongue,  7  iiini. 

Smallest 

.Vverage. 

20.r) 
10. 

0.1 

2.1 

r.arnest. 

.Smallest 
22. 

To.'.-) 

0.S 
2.4 

Averajje.:  Large  it 

I.eliLJlll  of  (ore  wlli^- 

17.5 
H.7'> 
5.2") 

2i.r. 

10.2.") 
2.4      1 

24 .  2."). 5 
11.             11.2 

hind  tibiiiiMinil  tarsi 

fore  tibial^  anil  tarsi 

ii.7     ;    7..') 

■>.»             2.0 

Deserihcd  from  32  siieciinens,  ol  which  1")  were  5  ,  11  9  . 

Comparisons.  Specimens  from  West  Virginia  aiipear  to  be  almost  niiU'ormly 
^mailer  than  the  few  I  have  seen  from  Xew  Kiifilaiid,  and  still  more  so  than  western 
examples.  'I'he  species.  \.i;'ch  at  tlrst  sitrht  considerably  resembles  I'hyelodes  tharos, 
can  be  distinu;iiislied  from  that  species,  iihin-i-.  by  the  ireiieral  color  of  the  surface, 
which  is  not  iinlte  so  deep,  and  is  apt  to  be  -.till  paler  in  tlio  middle  than  on  the  outer 
third  of  the  hind  wings;  by  the  inncli  larger  size  and  freiiueiitly  piipilled  cundltioii 
of  the  snbmarginal  series  of  round  l)lack  spots  on  the  bind  uiiigs;  by  the  greater 
community  of  the  black  markings  ou  the  basal  half  of  the  same,  rendering  that  part 
o''  Mit  wing  almost  completely  black;  aiul  by  the  conspicuous  alternation  of  black  and 
white  in  the  fringe;  hmimtli,  by  the  paleness  of  the  brighter  tints  of  the  fore  wings; 
the  color  of  the  hind  wings,  whicli  is  bufl'iiistca<l  of  ochraceons;  the  whole  character 
of  the  marginal  markings  as  detailed  in  the  descriptunis:  the  imicli  larger  and  more 
oriiameiitcl  cliaracter  of  the  snbmarginal  series  of  round  black  sjiots  on  the  hind 
wings ;  the  (piite  ditlerent  nature  of  the  markings  on  the  basal  half  of  the  hind  wings  ; 
the  presence  of  decided  though  dull  silvery  spots  on  the  hind  wings,  a  part  of  Avliicb 
appear  In  some  extri'ine  individuals  of  1'.  tharos  as  a  sort  of  silvery  grtiy  ;  and  llnally 
by  a  much  less  extended  range  of  variation.     Tlu^  prcsgnt  is  also  a  larger  species. 

Secondary  sexual  peculiarities.  In  exceedingly  scanty  numbers  I  have  found  at 
the  base  of  the  median  iiiters[)aces  on  the  niijier  surface  of  the  fore  wings,  in  the  male 
aiul  no*  in  the  female,  scales  which  have  the  apical  margin  entire  and  well  rounded, 
and  which  I  therefore  take  to  be  androeonia  (46:  l.">)-  though  I  have  not  fcmiid  others 
in  the -Melitaeidi :  they  are  considerably  more  than  twice  as  long  as  broad,  subeiiual, 
with  very  broadly  convex  sides,  and  produced  ami  rounded  ba>al  lolies;  they  uiller 
from  the  ordinary  scales  only  in  being  untoollied,  and  are  about  .12."i  mm.  long. 

Egg  (64;  112).  Half  as  high  again  as  broad,  provided  above  with  sixteen  to  seven- 
teen vertical  rilis.  .OH  mm.  ai.iiit,  fading  out  below;  color  very  pale  green.  Height, 
.07  mm. ;  breadth,  .4.")  mm. 

'riiis  description  was  taken  from  specimens  removed  from  the  body  of  tlie  parent. 
Mr.  Kilwai'ds  describes  the  lower  third  of  the  egg  as  smooth,  the  middle  third  marked 
by  hexagonal  pits  or  cells,  and  tlie  upper  third  by  vortical  ribs. 

Caterpillar.  Firat  slwji'.  Head  dark  greenish  brown,  nearly  black,  liody  dull, 
pale  yellowish,  with  a  yellowish  patch  al)ove  on  terminal  segment,  the   raised  parts 


'II.. 


f'^i 


.%^ 


wr 


662 


I'lIK   lUTrKUnJKS  ()!■•  NKW    KXCJLAND. 


•<li^litl.v  iliirki'i' iiinl  Ihfir  liri^tli'-  |iiili'  lirnwii  anil  iiKPcli'i-alcly  Ioiik.  I'l'dlcu'- I'l'lm' i'I' 
body;  Icirs  pnlo.  scMnitriins|iiir('iit.      T-i'iiu'tli.  1  .."i-'J,;")  iiiiii.  (iiftcr  SiuhhIi'In). 

Hei'iiiul  atiKje.  Ilciiil  (79 :  10)  bliick  ami  sliiiiina,  with  ii  few  short,  pale  lifowiiish 
liairs.  I»ii.;y  iibovt-  browiilsli  l)l(ick,  ilottcd  niir  ^', Kitted  with  ^'I't-cnlsh,  with  ii  |mh' 
irrciMii-li  whito  H!,r|ii;ital  band,  huvlni;  a  broken  browni^Ii  lliip  ninMins;  tlirinii;h  It ;  the 
tiibcrcli's  ai'iioi-allv  black,  ciiclrch-d  at  \m-.o  and  varied  at  tip  with  ;.'reenlsh,  and  the 
bristles  black,  but  In  the  s  litniatal  band  often  wholly  irreoiilsh  ;  nnder  snrfaceof  body 
paler  and  irrcenlsh.  Le^'s  ti|)pc(l  with  black;  pi'oleijs  pide,  seinilranspareiit.  The 
bristle-,  are  p;ii'tly  spii-nliferoMs,  p;irlly  ^niootli,  and  then  swollen  at  base.  I,en;;tli. 
(■"-<•  mm.   (after  Sainnler>.  KdwanN  :\m\  Ciruber). 

The  staile  descrll)ed  as  "after  the  lirsf  nionlt"  l)y  Sannders  was  evidently  taken 
iltirinu:  tlie  llrst  sta-je.  as  tlie  tleshy  tubercles  were  not  yet  developed. 

Thiril  nUtijf  {19  :  \' ) .  Head  lilack,  eoveretl  more  or  less  with  Idnck  liairs.  ltod> 
Mack  brown  above,  greenish  brown  lielow.  the  liibercles  loiia'er  than  in  preeedliiu 
stajte.  Willi  broad  bases  and  with  the  bristles  bla<'k.     I,enM;tli.  i;  mm.  (after  KdwardsV 

h'liiirfh  Hitiijf  (79:  \X).  Head  rather  cordate,  broadest  above,  appresseil.  pi. -eons,  the 
>nrr;iee  covered  wllli  n;!iiiy  black  hairs  of  nneiimil  lenutli.  liody  liiack  brown  or  reo- 
dish  liiMwii  above,  with  a  few  gi'iiy  dots,  smoky  brown  beneath:  there  is  >omclinic>  a 
-tlsimatal.  broken  yellow  stripe  or  testaceous  band,  dotted  willi  whitish,  bn'  the  color 
liere  is  iisnally  ilnll  ijroen.  and  tlio  yellow  wantlii!;;  a  few  blue  dots  arraniied  In  two 
transverse  lilies  iieliind  the  dorsal  series  of  tubercles.  Tiie  ttiiiercles  tlieiiiselvcs  are 
stont  at  liase,  loiiijr,  l)laek  or  rnfons,  the  tnbercnlos  closely  crowded  iiiid  plecoiis  ;  sti?;- 
niata  l)liickisli.  \a'[z-  black:  iirole^'s  rnfoiis.  r,ena;tli.  .><.."i-'Ji)  nun.  f after  Kdwards  and 
Miitnor). 

FifDi  sliiiii'  (75  :  l."i ).  Head  (79  :  I'.i)  shinini;  piccons.  covered  with  infreipiciit .  rather 
lolly:,  bliicklsli.  more  or  less  reddish  brown,  taperln;;  hairs,  -.eated  on  niinnte  l)lack 
w;irts:  liasal  joint  of  antennae  very  dark  plnmbemis.  reimiinih'r  black,  Deelll  bla 'k  ; 
montli  jiarts  black.  Body  above  rich  velvety  !)laek :  a  sti^nialal.  dull  orani;e  hand 
extendlni:  the  wliole  leiiiith  of  tliohody;  from  the  lower  liasc  of  tlic  snprastiuiina- 
tal  row  of  spines  to  midway  between  the  infrastlnmatal  row  and  that  below  it. 
streaked,  between  the  spiracles,  witli  dark  ,|)nrplisli ;  beneath  olivaceous  brown:  the 
whole  liody  abundantly  dotted  with  nilnnte,  trnnsversely  oval  or  circnlar.  whitisli 
spots,  eacli  uivinir  rise  to  a  very  delicate,  ratlier short.  l)lackisli  hair;  anterior  spinous 
iiairs  of  the  llrsl  tiioracic  sediment  l)laek,  spines  dark  livid  brown  or  blackish,  tliosoof 
the  lowest  row  npoii  the  base  of  tlie  prole;i;s  iihick ;  the  needles  of  all  Hie  spines  black, 
e.xecptinir  ini  the  infrasti;:matal  row.  wliere  they  are  yellowish  brown.  Spiracles 
black,  encircled  witli  pale.  Lofis  black,  claws  reddish:  proleiis  brownish  yellow. 
Leiiirth,  ail  mm.:  lu'eadth  of  body.  +  mm.;  len;;tli  of  spines.  1..")  mm.;  lireadth  of 
liead.  2.i!.'>  mm. 

Chrysalis  (84  :  ]'.').  rpper  surface  of  head,  thorax  and  llrst  abdominid  sei;inenl 
white,  very  prettily,  profnsely  and  irreirnhirly  motlled.  streaked  and  speckled  with 
reddish  fnscons.  occiisiomilly  cliantrinir  to  Idack,  the  heavier  niarkiii!;s  of  tlie  mesono- 
tnni  arraniicd  to  some  extent  arcnind  the  laterodorsal  tubercles;  the  tips  id"  tlioocellar 
pronilnences  are  united  above  liy  a  transverse  black  streak ;  ocellar  riblion  cdjjed  above 
witii  lilack.  [,ower  surface  of  head  and  line;ir  appemhiges  inneii  like  the  thorax;  the 
antennae  are  rather  distantly  annnlated  with  white,  and  marked  bnsally  with  blackish  ; 
the  princiiiai  joints  of  tlie  h'iis  are  marked  with  white,  edired  liasally  with  black:  tin' 
apical  half  of  tlic  tongue  is  iiifuseated.  Wings  dnll  white,  profusely  marked  with 
<rc;islni;s  of  reddish  fuscous,  givinir  them  a  brownish  line,  and  heavily  strea'-'.ed  witii 
1)road.  lonu:itndiniil  bhiek  dashes,  especially  at  tlie  posterior  liorder,  the  basal  half  of 
the  costal  border,  and  tile  extremity  of  tlie  cell ;  several  similar  collected  streams  next 
tiie  posterior  border,  at  one-third  tiie  distance  from  tiie  superior  and  inferior  borders; 
there  is  also  a  snbmarginal  row  of  white  dots ;  there  is  a  heavy  transverse  streak  at 
tile  basal  wing  tubercle,  and  at  the  supernumerary  tubercle  a  curving,  oliliipie  streak, 
which  infringes  on  the  outer  liorder  of  the  metanotnm.  AlKlomcn  pale  yellowish, 
fainllv  but  rather  abuiid;iiitlv  marked  witli  vellowish  lirowii.  and  slightly  with  black; 


NVMl'llAMNAH;  (  II.VlilDUYAS   NYCTKIS. 


('.f)3 


llicri'  !irc  siiin'ii.-^tiiriiiatul  ;iiiil  iiil'r!isti;imal;il  I'nws  «(  bliick  il(il-<  ^itimlcd  mi  llii' miti'i'inr 
parts  of  tlic  llftli  to  rii;litli  >i"_miiciiI^ :  niid  aliDvc  the  I'oniicr.  <iii  all  llic  alMlomliial 
sctrmciits,  is  n  slender.  iiili'i'rii|itcil,  lilMcklsh  I'liscciiis  line:  llicri'  i-  a  pair  of  snl)vi'ii- 
tnil  l)Iack  llui's,  and  tlio  sides  arc  marked  more  <ir  less  uitli  l)lackisli  I'n^cuns  lots.     'I'lie 

tiiliereles  ai f  tile  color  of  tile  adjoiidnir  parts,  exceptin;;  llial  tlic  dorsal  and  latcro- 

dorsal  ones  of  tlu' nicso-  iind  nii'lati\orax  and  llrst  and  second  alxloniinal  seiiinenls 
ari!  marked  at  llie  l):ise  anleri  irly  \vitli  black,  sonictlniestinjicd  witii  reddish.  Crenias- 
ter  very  heavily  ediic.l  with  l)lack.     r.en^tli.  1-.'..T  nnn.  ;  widtli  at   ocellnr  prominences. 

•J  :!  mm.  ;  at  basal  winy:  pi niiences,  .">  mm.  :  at  mi'talhtu'ax.  I  mm.  :  lieinlit  id'  liiorax. 

I.."  mm.  ;  of  al)domen.  .">  mm. 

■ 'I'lie  clirysaiis  of  this  species  varies  miicii.  Some  are  liiclil-colored.  nearly  white, 
witli  delicate  l)lackish  spots  and  line  streaks  of  l)ro\vn  over  tiie  surface:  others  are 
almost  wiiolly  liiack,  wiiiie  others  ay;aiii  are  lietweeii  the  two  e\tr<'nies"  f  ICduards). 

Distribution  (22;.')).  This  s|iccics.  inoporly  it  iiiL'iiihcr  of  tlif  Allc- 
olniiiiaii  t'iiiiiiii,  isi  \\ u'loly  sin'cad.  Nintliwartl  it  ()ci'iir,s  ii.s  tar  a.s  Ha  Hit 
Bay  nil  the  Sa>riii'iiay  ( SaiiiRlers ) ,  (iiiclicc  ••rare"  (IJowlos),  Monti-eal 
(Caiiltifid),  [i(iii<l<iii,  Ontario  "not  coiiiiiion"  ( Sanndt'i^).  and  cvoii  to 
Siidliiirv  and  to  \oi)ij;i>n,  north  of  Lake  Supi'iior  (  Fk'tchcr),  .^oiitliwaid 
it  extends  ahmg  tlic  Athiiitic  coast  to  Vipoinia  (Hctikirt),  West  Virginia 
and  even  Xortli  Caroliiiii  (Edwards)  :  othcrwi.se  etist  of  tlic  Mitisisdiiipi  it 
has  not  lu'cn  recorded  further  south  than  the  Ohio  Kivcr.  It  is  far  more 
almndaiit  on  the  western  prairies  than  in  the  Atlantic  stiites,  Mr.  Allen 
finding  it  the  most  almndant  species  seen  during  si  whole  summer's  collect- 
ino-  in  Iowa.  Westward  it  extends  even  to  Edmonton  on  the  north  Stis- 
katchcwan  ((Jeddcs),  to  Nebraska  (C'iirpentcr).  Ksinsas.  where  it  is 
coininon  and  New  Mexico  (Snow),  as  well  as  to  Coloriido  (l\eakirt.  Mead), 
Arizona  (Edwards)  and  Texas  north  of  'Mf  (Aaron,  Mead)  :  hut  in  the 
I'lcvated  regions  of  these  latter  localities  it  varies  so  iniicli  from  the  type 
that  Edwards  considers  it  a  distinct  variety  (C".  n.  driisiiis),  distinguished 
liv  the  excess  of  hiack  over  fidvoiis  on  the  upper  side. 

[n  New  England  it  is  a  very  rare  insect  although  Mr.  Lintner  has 
found  it  in  some  abundance  near  Albany,  .\ew  York  and  in  the  Adiron- 
dacks.  In  Maine  single  sp.'ciniens  have  bet'ii  tiiken  at  Lewiston  (Spnigue) 
and  Norway  ( Verrill.  Smitii ) .  and  it  is  also  recorded  from  Orono  (  Fcr- 
iiidd)  and  Portland  "rare"  (Eyibiiii)-  I"  ^'^'^v  Hampshire  it  has  twice 
been  ttiken  on  the  (ilen  road  at  the  very  base  of  the  White  .Mountains 
(Sanborn,  Morrison)  and  once  at  Walpole  (.Smith).  In  .Mtissachiisetts  it 
has  been  also  occasionally  taken, — Sutton  (Smith),  Blanford  (Dimmock), 
Holyoke  (Johnson),  Lenox  (Edwiirds)  and  AVilliaiiistown  (Scudder)  ; 
and  in  Connecticut  at  Farmington  (Nm-ton).  Most  of  these  New  Eng- 
land localities,  it  will  be  noticed,  tire  upon  eleviited  ground.  They  com- 
prise all  known  captures. 

Haunts.  In  C'olortido  Mr.  Metid  found  the  buttertlii's  only  at  about  an 
eleviition  of  7,.i(>0  feet  in  the  mountains,  and  they  were  rare.  In  Iowa 
where  they  sire  extremely  sibiindiint  they  were  found  by  Mr.  Allen  on  the 
Svm[)horicarpos  which  grows  in  iirairii  hollows  ;  others  were  seen  in  dump. 


nrr 


,  ^1 


r.(U 


Till'  Ml  I'lKUrLIKS  OF   NKW    KNiU-AND 


hIiiiiIv  >|i()Is,  or  till'  ('i|nc  111' sircMiils  lluwinti'  lu'lwcrii  ^li'('|i.  wituilcil  .hIojk'm, 
iind  ill  riisiiu's  aiiioii^  low,  tliirk  i^niwiii;;'  liiiilnr.  In  New  ^'mk  Mr. 
liinliici'  t'uiintl  llii'iii  llvlnj;'  witli  I'livriuilc-  lliiinif*. 

Oviposition.  Ilu'  i\n';ix  nrc  Iniil  ii|miii  tlii'  iimlcr  siirtiicc  of  a  Icat'  ot 
tlir  t'ooil  iilaiit  ill  cliisttM's  ol'  t'roiii  a  I'cw  to  alioiii  a  liiinilrcil,  "siilc  liy  side 
and  in  ivi^ular  rows"  ( l'",d\vards ).  and  llic  duration  of  lliis  ^tajri'  is  iVoin 
nine  III  t'oiirlccn  days. 

Food  plant.  'Vlw  cati'rpillai'  I'l'i'ds  n|ioii  \arioiis  Coniiiosiiac,  siicli  as 
.\>t('rs.  Aster  ( niii'lliiiycri.'i )  miilu'lladis  'I'orr.  and  (iray,  Wiidlx'ckia 
lai'iniata  Linn.,  Ilcliaiilliiis  dixaricatiis  liiiin.,  .vclinonicris  s(|uarrosa  Niitt. 
and  NCrlii'sina  liclianllioidi's  Xiiir.  .'^iinflowcr  and  Actinonicris  a[i|icar  to 
l>f  its  t'avoriU'  t'noil. 

Habits  of  the  caterpillar.  ^\'lliIl'  cxaniinin^-  one  of  the  cirjis  of  tliis 
s|Hi'ii's  iiiiiU'r  tlic  iiiii'rosi'o|ii',  wrilcs  Mr.  Saiiiidi'is  (Can.  cut.,  iv  :  llil-i). 

t  Mil' of  tlu' iiiiiiulilili's  (if  llu'  cni'liisi'ij  hii'Mi  \v;is  llini^l  llinniuli  tlic  I'lin-slu'll  iirar 
till'  iipiicr  snrl'iico,  ami  soiiii  iiflor  tlic  otlit'r  upiicnriMJ  near  liv  in  lIu'  siiiiio  iiiiniiirr.  mid 
iiI'liT  siiHic  cH'oiM  llu'si'  wiTi'  iiitiili'  til  iiici'l ,  aiiil  llu'ii  shiirlly  a  Miiall  (ipi'iilnu;  iiiailf. 
Aviiicli  ailinilli'il  of  Ilic  lii'ad  lioiiiu;  pai'llj  llirii»l  llirmiirli.  wlicii  llic  Iar\;i  sinni  liciian  tii 
I'al  llir  I'jiit  aniiiiul.  with  llio  view  of  reiiii>\  iiiy;  tlic  tup.     'I'lu'   lliicki'iu'il  slriac  iil'  llic 

cjin  were  mil  riipliircil  williinit  iiim-li  cH'iirl Vflci'  tc'iriii;;  llinmuli  I  wu  or  llircc  .... 

till'  larvii  rests  awhile  from  its  cll'iirts.  ami  llieii  licjiiiis  afresh \flir  one  limir  ami 

thirty-live  iiiliiutcs  hail  liceii  -.pent  in  these  ell'orls  (inclmlini;  fiei|iienl  re-tN).  ilie  toji 
was  jjniiwcd  nearly  anniml.  when  ihe  liead  was  pushed  np,  , -11111  llie  lid  lilted  omm'. 
'I'iie  larva  now  rested  for  alioiiL  leii  miimles.  Hltlion;ili  lliere  was  no  oli>laile  to  its 
cirrcs-^.  and  then  emnineiieed  to  exirieiite  itself,  liy  first  liemliiii;  IN  head  liaekwards 
■An{\  forwards,  and  sirelehiiii;  upward*.  [After  tiiree  or  four  se;;inents  were  ■willi- 
ilrawn  |.  workinii  its  Imdy  from  side  to  side  witli  the  head  upwards,  and  alternately 
workinjr  it  round  witli  the  heail  downwards,  ;;raspiiij;  with  lis  jaws  at  adjoinint;  eiiirs, 
or  anylhiiiLr  else  «iihiii  reach,  the  rcmaininir  seiimcnts  were  speedily  willidrawii,  the 
whole  operation  iiol  oeeiipyini;  more  tliaii  tl\c  or  six  miiuites. 

Wlioii  yotinp'  tliev  uro  giTgarioiis  and  feed  only  on  tlie  ])iii-eneliyina  of 
tlie  leaf,  leavinjf  the  transparent  nietnlirane  :  and  'Mvlien  alarmed  liy  a 
sudden  motion  of  the  plant,  tliiy  immediately  loosen  their  hold  to  the  leaf 
anil  sutler  themselves  to  fall  to  the  yroiind,  with  their  liodies  lient  in  a  circle. 
.\fter  lying  motionless  for  a  few  minutes,  if  not  again  distiirlied,  they  .  .  . 
arouse  themselves  and  travel  rapidly  away  to  .some  |)lace  of  ecnccalment" 
(  Lintner).  At  a  later  stage  "they  eon.siime  the  whole  surface  of  the  leaf, 
whirii  iiecomcs  very  HIthy  from  tin  excreincntitiotis  matter  mi.xing  with  the 
juices  of  the  leaf:  hut  the  catei-pillars  emerge  from  the  mire  as  clean  as  a 
mole  trom  tinder  the  ground"  ( I'^dwards).  They  .spin  a  slight  weh  on  a 
leaf  when  they  wish  to  moult  hut  do  not  construct  one  for  coiicoiiliiu'nt  or 
))rotection  at  any  other  tinu',  hihernating  without  that  aid.  The  only 
statement  that  they  live  within  a  web  is  hy  Miss  Mlddleton  (Kep.  nox. 
ins.  111.,  X  :  N2-(S;5)  who  says  that  this  species  "like  the  phaeton,  forms  a 
weh  "     Saunders,  Lintner.  Hilcy  and  Edwards  say  nothing  of  the  sort. 

Life  history.     In   the  northern  part   of  its  range,  i.  c.,  in  the  region 


k^* 


E'-'' 


NVMl'II.M.INAI'.:   CIlAltlDliYAS   NYCl'I'.IS. 


(105 


fiiihiiiccd  williin  llic  limil.>  i>rtliis  work  imd  uol  nlil.  this  ImmmI  is  siiiulf- 
hrooiliMl,  and  hilicniiiti's  wlicii  |i;iilly  liiDwii,  d(>ul)lli'f'H  in  ciiviccs  iillonliil 
l(v  <ilijcct>  Ivinji'  nil  till'  ^niiind  ;  on  ciiicriiiiiji'  in  tlic  siniiii;  llic  calcriiillar. 
wiiicii  then  t'lcds  >iiii:l\.  ^^lows  >lii\vly  until  .liiiic,  wlicn.  alter  spcndiiiji- 
ten  to  litlccn  days  in  tlic  clnysiii.-  -tiitc,  it  cnicr^cs  as  a  Imtlcrtly  :  tlic 
earliest  males  iipiicar  alioiit  tlic  niiddlc  ol'.liini'.  l>nt  do  not  Imcoiih'  ainiii- 
dant  until  llic  I'l'inah  ^  ciiicijic.  i,'ciicrally  early  in  .Inly  ;  tlie  latter  are  not 
eonniii>n  until  the  niidilie  of  tlie  niontli.  wlien,  or  a  little  later,  they  lieum 
to  iiredoininate.  and  the  males  to  l)e  worn  and  dull  :  the  females  eoiitiniie 
at  least  throiiiiliont  .Inly. 

The  euu's  must  l>e  laid  at  onee.  lor  there  is  no  record  ol'  the   ca|itnrc    of 
the  female  after  .Inly  and  s|)ccimcns  enclosed  liy    .Mr.    Saunders    laid   cii'^i's 

heforc  .Inly  .">  ;   s,,.  t c,.ier|uliiirs  were    foimd    in    iheir  second  slaj;c   on 

Annnst  L'li  i)y  .Mr.  Lintmr  near  .Ml. any.  Tiie  caterpillars  moult  two 
or  three  times  iiclore  hihcrn.itinir.  tl.<'  earliest  ones  hceoiniiiL;'  dormant  hy 
the  iniihllc  of  .Inly  (Saunders)  while  others  aredelayeil  imlil  the  end  of 
Anirnst  (Lintncr).  Tlic  condition  of  captured  liutterllics.  liowiver,  siiows 
that  these  all  are  to  he  referred  to  a  sinulc  lirood. 

Further  south,  the  history  is  a  much  more  eomplieateil  one  :  we  liaM' 
oiilv  the  ohservations  of  Messrs.  Kdwards  and  Wiley  to  crnidc  ns,  hesidcj* 
our  knoulediic  (from  very  scattered  ohservations)  of  their  haiiits  at  the 
north.  These  all  lead  us  to  conclude  that  the  insect  in  the  latitude  of 
West  Vir^nnia  and  Missouri  is  partially  sini,de  and  [mrtially  douhle 
brooded,  and  not  as  Mr.  KdwardH  Mupposcs  (perhaps  fntm  tmiiuhlishcd 
ohservations)  single,  doiiMe  and  triple  lirooded.  'I'liis  curious  condition  » 
is  hrou^yht  ahoiit  hy  the  fact  that  a  portimi  of  the  caterpillars  horn  from 
the  lirst  hrood  of  Initterllies  pass  throujih  their  staj^es  in  an  ordinary  man- 
ner and  produce  in  time  a  second  hrood  the  same  season  ;  while  another 
iiortion  laii'dii"'  at  first  a  little  heiiind  their  hrethii'u,  often  from  tlie 
same  hatch  of  eji^u's.  linally  pass,  at  the  hiherinitinji-  aj;e,  into  a  state  ol 
lethariTv  while  it  is  still  mld.suininer  ov  even  hy  the  end  of  .liine.  They 
even  assume  at  this  early  period  the  livery  tliey  wear  tiir<ni<;li  the  winter, 
whieli  is  of  a  ru-sset  color,  accordin,u-  to  ,^^r.  Ivlwards,  and  not  hhiek  like 
their  hrethren  of  the  same  aiic  who  are  not  la^ji'ards. 

or  iiinty-twt)  l:irv,ic  I'n'iii  one  lut  ol'  i';;i,'s  liiicl  May  '.'s  [writes  .Mr.  ICilwanlsJ  ami  all 
wiiicli  pasx'il  their  first  moult  i\U«\\t  .Iinic  Is.  Iirty-six  proccodctl  to  sccoiiil  iiioiill 
about  .June-  L'l.  and  third  moult  alioat  .Iiino  L'l',,  and  so  on  to  clirysiilis.  But  tliirly-six 
liiiilcriHl  lifter  tlie  llrst  moult,  and  tliirty-two  of  them  assumed  the  russet  hibenmtiii!: 
colli.  .  .  at  second  moult,  while  the  remaiiiiuir  four  came  up  then  iu  liliick  coats,  like 
the  liirirer  part  of  Ihe  lirood.  and  slowly  proceeded  to  chrysalis,  whieh  they  reached 
iiKiiiy  days  after  the  others.  These  four  seemed  to  have  hud  a  tendency  to  join  tlie 
hiherniilors,  which  wiis  somehow  eonnteraete.l,  but  they  proeeeiled  with  a  hesitancy 
at  every  sUisie  till  they  reiielied  chrysalis,  [of  the  thirty-two  all  coiiliniied  letliariiic 
tln'ouirh  the  season,  and  some  survived  the  winter.] 

Of  the  earliest    hatched  caterpillars  of  the  season  ahout  one-third  he- 

54 


■•V(, 


mr 


Ciiii; 


Tin:  111  rii'.iii  i,ii;s  ok  ni;\v  i:n(;i..\m). 


I'' 


u-,  r!  If)' 


nmic  (li)rm.Mii  Ml  the  hilit  riiiitiiiL;- wlnjii' :   while  Inter   mi.  with   ilio.-e  wliicli 

li.'iteli     in     iiiiilMiiiiiiiei'.    twii-lliirds    Ik me     (Idriiiiiiil    at    llie    >:iiiie    .^tii^'e 

while  the  others  eomplele  tlieif  tifmst'dniiMtiiins  the  siiiiie  ye.'ir.  This  eir- 
eiiiiistmiee,  ii]i|>ai'eiitly.  has  led  Mi-.  Mdwanls  tii  think  there  are  three 
liroiiils  in  thesuiith.  lint  his  nw  n  aeeitnnt  of  the  retardatiim  in  the  devel- 
HpnifMl  dl'  -.iinie  lit'  lliKse  whieh  dn  n<it  aeliialK  lieednie  dnrniant.  tnj,'ethei' 
with  the  yri'al  inei|Uality  in  the  de\ clopnient  nt'  the  hiliernatinu;  lar\ae  in 
the  s|  rinii  as  .>lii)wn  hy  Mr.  lOduards  (Can.  eiit.  xi  :  !ii|-.")).  lead  one  tu 
l)elie\c  that  the  |ihencinii'niin  niay  liesi  lie  explained  and  made  aeenrdaiit 
with  what  we  know  ot'  tiie  same  inseet  at.  the  north  liy  lookiiij:  tni  tlx' 
luitterriy  as   partly  siiii;le.  partly  doiihle  lirooded  in  this  part  ut'  its  ranjfe. 

Postures.  IIa\iny'  seen  lint  a  single  specimen  in  open  air  it  is  impos- 
silile  tor  nie  todeserilicthe  Hifilit  oftlio  hiittertlies.  ( )lisorvnti»iii«  on  iieiiptivc 
showed  that  when  at  rest  npon  a  perpendieidar  .siirfaee.  the  \\  inj,'s  are 
elosely  shut,  the  liasal  halt'  of  their  eostal  edyes  eoidlnent  ;  the  antennae, 
raised  at  asliu:ht  anjile  aliove  the  Hiirt'aee  of  rest,  are  parallel  at  the  hase — 
foruhoiit  se\-en  or  eiirht  joints — and  thendiverjfeat  an  angle  of  .'iri"-!!*",  their 
tips  lieinu-  alioiit  .')-!>  mm.  apart  ;  excepting  this,  and  that  tlii'  chih  is 
sligl'.tly  upturned,  they  are  straight.  On  a  horizontal  surface  the  attitude 
(litters  only  in  that  the  iiiitonniu'  are  held  lU'arly  perpi-ndiciilar. 

Experiments  with  cold.  Mr.  W.  II.  Kdwards  placed  several  chiy- 
salids  in  an  ice  hox  for  from  twehi'  to  eighteen  days.  Most  of  them  were 
killed  hy  it.  lint  three  gave  hnttertlies  tinaltercd  in  color  or  pattern. 

Desiderata.  It  is  evident  from  what  has  preceded  that  we  need  most 
of  all  careful  and  repeated  oliservations  at  the  north  of  the  coin|)arative 
liehavior  of  the  earliest  and  latest  liorn  caterpillars  during  the  same  season 
and  again  under  uutramelled  conditions  in  the  spring.  l"he  eggs  have 
ne\('r  hei'U  found  laid  naturally.  Do  the  larvae  under  no  conditions  li\t' 
in  company  under  a  wcl)?  What  is  the  range  of  variation  as  to  the  stage 
■when  the  caterjiillars  hihernate?  ^\'hy  should  the  female  appear  so  nuich 
later  than  the  inah  ?  \t  what  latitude  tloes  the  second  iiniuial  hrood  first 
make  its  ap[)earancc?  \Vhat  is  the  character  of  the  flight  of  the  laitterHy  ■'' 
No  parasites  Innc  heen  discovered.  What  is  the  southern  range  of  the 
species  west  of  the  Atlantic  states? 


LIST  OF  ll.lJ'STHArioSS.—  VlIAlilDIiYAs  .\ VCTKI.S. 


(ti'iiffiil. 
I'l.  tl.  lii;. .').     Di-li-iliiilidii  ill  N'liitli  AiiiiMirn. 

I'l,  III.  ii_'.  :;•.'.    Oiitliuf. 

OiUrjiil/iif. 
I'l.  T.'i.  lijr.  I:i.    .Miitui'i'  cnlfrpillar. 

15.    (.'iitripilliu-  aliuut  tn  impiiti'. 
79:  l(i-19.    Kriiiit  vii'wsdf  li(';ul.st:if.'('sii-v. 
Clii-i/.iitlin. 
ri.S4.  til.'.  10.    Siilf  vii'w. 


liitiii/ii. 
PI. ."),  lijr.  <i.     I'Viimli".  holli  riurfiuTs. 

;U  :  5,  (>.    Male  alMlominiil  appi'tulaL'rs. 

30:  !t.    Ncuratioii. 

4i>:  1").     AmlriH'oniuiii. 

ri4:;l.    Slili- view  of  hoail  anil  app»'ii(laj;i's 

I'nlarKeii,  with  drtails  nf  tlio  strai'tiUf  of 

tlu'  lejis. 

(il:  41.     l'apill:i  of  Ihiil'iii'. 


^/' 


KMWJWMVMI 


NYMrHAMNAK:    I'lli:  (iKM  S  CINCMIHA 


11(17 


CINCI.IDIA    liri5NKI{. 


Cliicliiliii    lllilin.,    \>i-/..    iH'k. 

(iHid). 
Mi'liliic:i  (|iar^)  Amliiniin. 


rliinctl.,    -i'l       Mi'lllitii  Ilillli..  Kiiiiin.  iii».,7T  (IH-JO). 

l.iiimaiM'lii    Sriidil..  S\^l.     ic'V.    AlliiT.   luill., 
•Jil(lsT-J). 


(I  hiiltci'll.v  on  wIkisi'  li;.'lit  s\U\\!* 
Till' i-'iililfii  Miiiiiiiri'  suiisliiiir  i'liii.."<; 

()  niuiin  mill  miii  tliiit  Imuiii  mikI  Imrii. 
Ki'op  »afr  iii\    I.ovc'llll  I  return; 

(Jll.l)i;i!.   -.S'"^«''  \Vil<l  /,'".•"'.•'. 

Imago  ^54  :  t>.  Ilriiil  liiri,'o,  fiinil-licd  willi  nilhrrli  im  -i  .'r>c,  .'fed  liaii's.  Knml 
sliijlilly  Inniiil.  si'iii-eely  Hi  nil  |inilnlii'riiMt  Uelow.  Iiarely  iirnaxliia  tlio  froiil  of  llie 
(lyos,  11  Utile  liniiKler  IIkhi  liiirli.  iml  nearly  su  hnuid  as  i\n\  eyes,  tluMipper  hurdcr 
nmiitlly  exciivaliMl  In  frinil  iiinl  sloping  cinislilenilily  tnwnnl  llie  anieiinal  pits;  Iciuer 
lionliM-  sharply  roiinilcil.  Vertex  pretty  lari,'e,  a  Utile  tiiiniil.  Imt  also  -llu'litly  llalteneil 
al)(i\e.  espeeliiUy  posteriorly,  jiisl  renelilni;  Hie  level  of  the  sniiiinlt  of  the  eyes, 
snnrely,  If  at  all,  hroiuler  than  lonir,  the  shies  narroMiiii;  Imt  Utile,  the  posterior 
liiirder  sciireely  rounder,  the  anterior  slopinir  eonsUlernhly  toward  the  anteiiiiiil  pits. 
p:yes  rather  hirire,  inodiralely  full,  naked.  Aiileiiiiae  inserted  with  the  iiilddleof  their 
posterior  !ialf  in  the  iiiiddle  of  the  siiiiiinit.  in  oi'ep.  spacious,  distini't,  seareely  eon- 
iiecled  pits,  separated  by  a  spaee  e(|iial  to  the  dianieler  of  Hip  siiiiiiiiil  of  the  seeoiid 
anloiiliiil  joint  ;  consideralily  Ioiik<'1'  than  the  alidonieii,  eoiiiposed  of  aliout  thirty-tlirce 
joints,  of  which  the  last  twelve  or  thirteen  form  thoeliili,  whieli  Is  stroiii;ly  depressed, 
fully  four  times  ns  liviind  as  the  stalk,  about  three  and  a  half  times  loii;;erlhaii  liroad. 
ol)loii«  ovate,  inereasiiii;  rather  raiudly  at  the  base,  wi'll  roumled  at  tip,  four  or  live 
joints  entering  into  the  diminution  of  sl/.c.  with  no  iiolieeable  eariua  henealli.  I'alpi 
loiiiT.  and  moderately  stout,  seareely  twice  as  loiiu  ns  the  eye,  directeil  upward  ami 
consideralily  forward,  the  last  joint  nearly  lialf  as  Ion;;  as  the  penultimair,  clothed 
witii  recunilient  scales  and  a  very  few  sU'rlitly  raised  hairs,  wliile  the  other  joints  arc 
furnished,  both  above  and  behiw,  with  a  very  loiif.' and  rather  dense  friiiL'e  of  huiK. 
erect,  forward  reaeliiiii;  hairs  and  scales,  all  in  a  vertical  [ilane. 

I'rothoracie  lobos  rather  small,  stronnly  appressed,  scarcely  more  so  exteriorly  tlinii 
iiiteriorly,  the  upper  surface  well  rounded,  the  ends  well  rounded  ami  nearly  eipial, 
more  than  twice  as  hij;h  as  lom;  and  rather  more  than  three  times  ns  broad  as  hlsth, 
l'atai,'ia  moderately  broad  and  rather  loiiii,  seareely  three  times  as  lona  as  broad,  the 
posterior  lobe  curving  a  little  outward,  moderately  liroad,  taperin.i,'  and  terminating; 
in  a  bluntly  pointed  tip. 

Kore  winus  (39:  ■'•)  Hvo-thlrds  as  hnii;  aiiain  (  i  )  or  nearly  twice  as  loiiii  (  $  )  as 
broail:  costal  margin  sU^htly  convex  on  the  basal  liftli,  most  promineiil  at  about  one- 
fourth  the  distance  from  the  'ase;  beyond  nearly  si raiuiil,  the  anirle  rounded  olf;  outer 
lior.h'r  considerably  and  pretty  regularly  convex  above  the  upper  median  nervule, 
below  that  nearly  slraii;ht ,  in  iieneral  haviiiir  a  direction  at  an  an^le  of  about  liiT^  with  the 
apical  half  of  the  costal  border:  Inner  liord'r  straight,  the  angle  rounded  oil'.  First 
,suiicrior  subcostal  nervule  arising  sliortly  before  the  apex  of  the  cell:  the  second  at 
one-(iuarter  the  distance  from  the  base  of  the  llrst  to  the  outer  border :  the  tliiril  not 
so  far  from  the  second  as  that  is  from  the  apex  of  the  cell;  the  fourth  at  fully  two- 
thirds  the  distance  from  the  base  of  the  lirst  to  the  outer  border,  and  as  tar  from  the 
third  as  the  second  is  from  the  llrst;  second  Inferior  subcostal  nervule  arising  at 
about  a  third  way  down  the  cell ;  this  is  about  two-llftlis  the  length  of  the  wing 
and  two  and  a  half  times  longer  than  broad.  Last  inedian  ncrvure  connected  at  a 
short  distance  from  its  base  with  the  vein  closing  the  cell. 

Hind  wings  with  the  costal  border  considerably  and  roundly   expanded  next  the 


•A 


\ 


h   '■^    t 


(i(i8 


I'llK    Ul'ITKUKI-IKS  OK   NEW    KNCiLAM). 


t)!isi'.  lii'Viniil  iicnrly  >lr;ii.i;lit.  s'J^liUv  ciinvcx  ;  the  oiiliM'  iMi\i-v:iii  ■.carci'ly  rri'iinlali'. 
wi'U  iiiul  pretty  i'i'u;nljiiiy  roiimlcd,  more  rojiiilarly  in  tlic  ,J  tliaii  in  tlie  $  .  tlic  niaru'in 
bi'iny;  I'nlli'r  next  tlio  compU'ti'ly  ronndoil  nppcr  an^lo.  wliili'  il  is  coniparativi'ly  I'nllcr 
ill  till' sulj(Mstal  iv;ri()n  in  tlio  $;  tin' lower  ansjlo  is  iil)i'iipl  Init  nnniilcd  oil',  and  tlio 
iiiMcr  niarL''in  a  litHe  expandeii.  l)ut  not  atiru|)tly  next  tlie  base,  sliirlitly  convex  on  tlio 
liasal  lialf.  nearly  straiirlit  and  a  very  little  excised  on  the  apical  liall'.  rrecostal  ner- 
vnre  directed  slraiirlit  npward.  but  not  far  I'roin  its  tip  lienl  aiirnptly  and  rather 
^tron^ly  outward.  Second  snlieostal  iiervnle  oriLrinalinir  l)nl  a  little  beyond  tlie  (Irsl; 
cell  ojien. 

Fore  Uvirs  short,  tlic  ineniliei's  tumid,  in  the  male  tliiuly  friuired  with  loni;.  but  little 
raised  hairs  on  the  ontor  side;  tiliiae  half  (tJ)  or  a  very  little  less  than  half  (?)  ""' 
lentrtli  of  the  liiiul  tibiao;  tarsi  one-half  the  Icnjrth  of  the  tibiae  (J)  or  of  llie  same 
length  (?).  cither  slender  and  with  but  sliiriit  indications  of  divisions  and  unarmed 
(  (J )  ;  or  distinctly  composed  of  live  joints,  of  whicli  the  llrst  is  tumid  ami  somewhat 
lonirer  than  the  others  collectively,  they  slender  and  diminlshini;  rcirularly  in  si/.e;  all 
but  the  last  furnished  beneath  with  lonii  and  slendcM'  apical  spines  on  a  naked  Held, 
the  last  two  pair  followed  on  the  next  joint  by  several  bristle-like  spines  as  suiijiorl- 
ers:  tlu'  llrst  and  second  joints  liave  also  a  central  subapical  spine  l)enealh(?). 
Middles  tibiae  scarcely  louiicr  than  the  liind  pair,  armed  on  either  side  beneath  with  a 
row  of  very  lonji  and  slender,  not  very  froqnent,  somewhat  spreadinj;  sjjines.  tlie 
apical  ones  dmelopcd  ns  not  very  Ion;:,  but  slender,  taperinj?  spurs.  First  joint  of 
tarsi  scarcely  shorter  than  the  others  combined,  the  last  scarcely  shorter  than  the 
second,  the  second,  third  and  fourth  dimiuishinir  in  reirnlar  ratio;  furnished  beneath 
witii  four  rows  of  pretty  louijand  very  slender,  freipient  spines,  tlie  last  of  each  joint 
slightly  longer  than  theothers.  Claws  small,  delicate,  strongly  falcate,  liiicly  pointed  ; 
paronychia  double,  llic  anterior  lobe  nearly  as  huig  as  the  claws,  not  greatly  curveil, 
tapering  considerably,  the  api'X  bluntly  pointed,  coarsely  pectinate  beneath;  posterior 
lobe  short,  moderately  slender,  curved  inward,  rulvillus  not  large,  not  much  broader 
than  long,  well  ronnded. 

Abdominal  appeiKlages  of  the  male  having  tlie  clasps  stout,  tnniid,  irregularly 
and  liroadly  oval,  much  longer  tlian  broad,  bearing  at  the  tip  two  strongly  curv- 
\uii.  Ilattened  spines,  appearing  to  originate  fro'".  :•  separate  piece  soldered  to  the 
upper  extremity  of  the  clasp:  tlie  lower  of  these  spine>  curves  inward,  tlie  upper 
fcn'ward:  in  addition,  arising  fr(un  near  tlie  base  of  ilie  Wuter  is  a  similar  spine  curv- 
ing over  inward  strongly, 

Bgg.  Uarrel  shapeil.  tapering  above  more  than  below,  the  broadest  part  below  tlio 
middle:  the  summit  broad,  saucer  shaped,  only  slightly  depressed,  smooth  ami  glis- 
tening; the  sides  with  nnmerous  vertical  ribs  which  are  only  slightly  elevated  and 
wliicli  extend  from  the  bottom  of  the  egg  to  the  well  dellned  edge  of  the  saucer 
wliere  they  abruptly  eml.  more  or  less  interrupted  below  the  middle  by  the  uunierons, 
lint  sli^rlii,  rounded  or  polyuonal  depressions  with  which  tlie  egg  is  here  studded. 

Caterpillar  at  birth.  Kroiu  notes  taken  by  nu',  but  which  I  am  unable  to  verify,  I 
tliink  tlie  hairs  of  this  stage  of  t'inclidia  are  arranged  in  laterodorsal,  lateral  and 
sliginatal  series,  the  lateral  witli  two.  the  others  with  .me  to  a  segment;  but  they  are 
somewhat  diHerently  disposed  on  tli(!  thoracic  and  abdcnninnl  segments.  There  Is  no 
dorsal  series,  as  in  the  later  stages. 

Mature  caterpillar,  lleail  sulninailrate  but  broadly  rounded,  broadest  in  the 
upper  part  of  tlie  oeellar  Held,  rather  broader  than  liig'i.  the  sides  scarcely  tapering 
upwards,  the  summit  broadly  and  but  little  produced  exteriorly,  considerably  but 
broadly  and  roundly  I'xcised  above  along  the  sntnre;  tlu^  front  apprcssed.  almost  Hat, 
the  sutures  a  little  impressed,  the  head  slightly  the  deepest  just  below  the  middle, 
covered  above  and  on  the  sides,  though  scarcely  on  the  front,  with  infreiineiit,  moder- 
ately large  and  broad,  conical  tubercles,  eniltting  no  hairs,  but  a  few  pretty  long,  curv- 
ing hairs  appear  on  the  front  as  elsewdicre,  arising  from  exceedingly  minnto  wartlets. 
.\ntennae  with  the  second  joint  exceedingly  short,  the  third  not  greatly  narrower, 
more  than  half  as  long  again  as  broail,  the  fourth  minute.     Dcelli  six  in  nninber,  live 


jmfmw^^rmmmmwmmmmmm 


mmmmm 


NVMrilAMXAK;    IIIK  (iKNIS  CINCMDIA. 


(Kil) 


of  tlu'iii  iirniii^i'il  III  a  iiKulcnilcly  >li'iiiiij;  nii'vc.  ils  cdincxity  fiM'waril.  llir  tliinl  and 
fourth,  counting;  fi-Diii  alinvc.  almost  attiii!.'(Mil.  Ilic  lliii'd  and  s,.,-ond.  Uic  roni'lli  and 
lll'lli.  and  llic  llrst  and  second  rciiidvcd  fi'din  cacli  dllirr  liy  incrcasiiit;'  dislain'cs.  tlic 
latter  by  a  space  LM|nal  to  tlu' dianicter  iil'  one  of  (liein:  llie  -ixtli.  lieliiiid  the  others, 
fonninu-  a  riiilil  aiiirle  \vith  llie  (Irst  and  a  point  helween  the  tliinl  and  foiiftli.  and 
a  little  neni-er  the  former.  I.alirnni  moderately  larire  and  lonir.  well  rounded,  either 
lateral  half  a  little  tumid,  the  front  border  slliihtly  and  roundly  excised  in  the  nnddie. 
Mandibles  small,  slender,  in)l  broad,  the  editi'  armed  witli  live  or  six  rather  shcprt.  tri- 
aiiirnlar.  slender  denticles.  .Maxillary  iialpi  with  the  basal  joint  beariiiir  an  inner  two- 
jointed  palp  and  an  onter.  loniier,  three-jointed  one.  the  penultimate  joint  of  eai'li  beiiiu; 
sli:;htly  loii-rer  than  broad,  ronnded  at  the  tip.  the  last  jijiiil  minnle.  Spinneret  -horl 
and  slendor,  taperinir  sliy:htly. 

Uody  eyliinlrical  or  very  sli};litl\  depressed,  tapering'  forward  a  lillh' on  tlie  ante- 
rior thoracic  segments,  the  rest  of  the  body  ni'iiriy  ei|nal.  armed  with  niinu'vons  spines 
arraiifred  one  to  a  sej;meiit  in  a  series,  in  lon^;itiidinal  rows;  they  arc  not  very  lonj;, 
conical,  taperiiii;  to  a  blunt  point,  thiclily  studded  witli  niinnte  tubercles,  scarcely 
lousier  than  broad,  one  ni.  *he  tip  slljjhtly  lonyicr  than  the  others,  each  bearing  n  lonji. 
taperiiiij,  needlc-likc  thorn,  the  '.owcr  ones  longest  and  nearly  or  cptite  as  lonir  as  the 
spine  itself,  the  lower  ones  spreadinir  nearly  horizontally,  the  upper  inidiued  upward 
at  an  anmle  of  about  ■».')-  with  the  spiiu'.  TIk^v  are  arrainrcd  as  follows:  a  dorsal  row 
placed  anteriorly,  upon  the  llrst  to  eiiihlh  abdominal  sejiments,  the  latter  witli  two, 
one  placed  posteriorly:  a  laterodorsal  series,  placed  a  little  in  advance  of  the  midtllo 
of  the  sejiinent.  upon  the  sec(uid  and  third  thoracic  and  the  llrst  to  eiuhth  abdmninal 
seifinenls:  a  lalerostii;nmtal  series,  placed  anteriorly  on  the  second  iind  third  thoracic 
and  tirst  to  ninth  abdominal  sciiiiu'Uts,  the  latter  with  two,  one  beiiiir  placed  poste- 
riorly; an  iufrastij';niatal  series  placed  centrally,  on  the  tlrst  and  second  thoracic  ami 
tIrst  to  oiahtli  abdominal  scgnieiits ;  and  a  ventro-stigmatal  series,  placed  centrally,  on 
the  thoracic  'iiul  the  llrst  to  seventh  abdominal  sejrments.  the  Stcond  to  sixth  abdomi- 
nal  seiiineiiis  l  a'hii;  two  each:  the  llrst  scitnient  bears  anteriorly  a  transverse  row  of 
spines,  wliieli  coi respond,  to  those  upon  the  sec(uul.  exeeptiiur  that  the  laterod(U'sal 
ones  have  become  subdorsal  and  are  very  small,  the  iaterostiiimatal  ones  very  small 
and  transversely  double,  a  supplementary  one  bein;;  crowded  between  tlie  normal  and 
the  laterodorsal  spine.  Hody  with  a  fi'W  scattered,  very  slnu't  iiiid  i'xci'edlii,i:ly  deli- 
cate hairs.  Spiracles  rather  small,  short  obovate.  about  half  as  lonu;  aicain  as  broad. 
[,e;;s  short,  small,  rather  slender,  apprcsseil,  taperinjj;  and  tlie  claws  small,  pretty 
s  roiifriy  heeled  at  the  base,  beyond  very  slender,  nearly  e(iuiil,  very  neiitly  curved; 
pr(deirs  rather  short,  not  very  stcnit.  tiiperiuif,  the  hooklets  twenty-live  to  thirty  ill 
number,  very  slender  and  deiicjite.  pretty  stroiiffly  curved,  not  crowded.  !trrani;ed  in  il 
double  row  around  a  little  in(U'e  than  Inilf  of  the  inner  p(U-'ioii  of  a  circle. 

Chrysalis.  N'iewcd  fvcun  alio\e.  the  prolhorax  and  the  parts  in  fimit  taper  a  little, 
but  not  rcfiuiarly.  beinn  broken  at  llic  base  of  the  ocellar  prominences  by  !i  distinct 
lateral  swellini;;  the  ocidlar  proniim'iices  are  not  a;reatly  pronounced,  the  outer  sides 
beiiiii  parallel,  the  enlarged  anterior  portion  suuill  and  regularly  swollen,  the  laterally 
anirulaled  tip  sometimes  ininntely  notched,  the  broad  front  of  tlie  head  sepiiratins; 
their  bases  stniiijIU  or  very  sliirhtly  convex.  Viewed  fr<uu  the  side,  the  lowest  ante- 
rior faces  111'  the  oceUar  proniineiices  iirc  bent  rattier  sharply  at  very  sliirlitly  nnu'i'  than 
:i  riirht  aiiirle.  the  iiead  more  rounded  iind  its  front  advanced  slightly  in  front  of  the 
inferior  face  of  the  proniineiices:  inferior  face  of  tlie  promiiieiices  nearly  in  e(nillnna- 
tion  witli  the  inferior  face  of  tlie  body;  anterior  face  at  an  aiiifle  of  l.lo  with  tlie 
anterior  part  of  tln^horax.  Lonitltiidinally  the  lower  surface  of  the  body,  as  far  as 
near  the  w  Inji  t'ps  Is  nearly  strali^ht,  very  sliiihtly  aiul  broadly  sinuous*.  Thorax  with 
a  pretty  lii«h,  louiiitndinal  curve,  not  <|Uite  reifiilur,  belli!:  scarcely  bent  at  the  middle 
of  the  anterior  half  of  the  inesothora.x.  and  a  little  in  advance  of  tlic  posti  rinr  half 
of  till'  same,  raise<l  to  a  sliiflit,  low  and  very  broad  conical  prominence,  with  ;iu  cipial 
slope  on  all  sides.  Wiiiii  tubercles  much  as  in  Chariilryas.  the  snpei'iinmer.iry  one  per- 
haps a  little  more  elevated,  and  the  sui>erlor  ridge  of  the  basal  one  not  i,'il|e  so  lonjr, 


rm 


f^H         (5 


It  ' 

hi' 

M 
[J      ' 


070 


TiiK  iurri:i!i'i,ii;s  ok  m;\v  i:n(;i,ani). 


ciirviiiLr.  I'rolliiiiMx  williM  lniii>\ci'^(' I'nw  nf  four  niiiiiili' wiirls  iirxl  llic  aii',cvii)l' i'.li;i'. 
Abdoincii  ciiiisidcrnhly  ami  rcmiliiily  arcluMl :  a  latorculorsal  .st'rio.s  of  pretty  roiruliir. 
loilical,  bliuilty  tiiipcil  tuhLTclcs  of  moiliuiii  si/.o,  on  llio  miiUlli'  of  tlu"  iiicso-  anil 
nii'tutlionix  iiml  tlio  llrst  to  iiiiilli  aluloiiiiiial  scifiiiciits,  that  of  tln'  last  two  souniciits 
liiiiii;  only  low,  l)lnnl  warts,  the  last  a  litlli'  lu'low  tlic  line;  those  of  tlie  nu'sollionix 
iire  a  lillle  larirer  than  the  others,  anil  those  of  the  llrst  aliiloniiiial  seirnient  a  lillle 
snnilh'r:  with  these  exeeptions  lle.'y  are  eipial ;  on  the  aliilonien  there  is  ;ilso  a  dorsal 
row  of  similar  tnliereles  on  ihe  anterior  portion  of  the  llrsl  to  eijihtli  seu:nients.  the 
eifjhlh  with  two,  om'  posterior,  ami  lioth.  like  that  of  the  llrsl  seiiinent,  mere  l<■^^, 
l)lnnt  warts;  a  sni)rasti;;imital  series,  anteriorly  plaeed  on  the  seonnl  to  eighth  se;L!- 
nionts,  those  of  the  third  and  fourth  seiinioiits  like  those  of  the  laterodorsal  rows, 
those  of  the  >iecon<l  similar,  but  only  half  as  large,  the  others  scarcely  raised  warts; 
ill!  iiifrastigniatal  series  of  scarcely  raised  warts  in  advance  of  the  middle  of  the  fourth 
to  eiithth  sediments ;  and  a  hitero-ventral  series  of  small  warls  on  the  nddclh' of  the 
fourth  to  sixth  seirments.  Inferior  base  of  cremaster  bounded  laterally  byvery  broad, 
coarse,  low  widls,  enrvinu:  stronirly  on  the  posterior  half,  straight  and  somewhat 
ajiproximiited  aiitiM'iorly.  each  lermimitini;  in  a  si.'jdl,  sliort ,  rounded  tubercle.  Civnnis- 
ter  i)roper  viewed  from  above,  ^(nuewlnit  lonu  .Inin  broail,  not  large,  tapering,  later- 
ally tubercnlate  near  base,  well  ronuded  at  I'  ;  viewed  from  the  shie,  rather  stout, 
half  as  loii';  again  as  broad,  straight,  cipial  cxccptiii!;  at  tip.  w  lu're  it  I'xpands  consider- 
.ibly  beneath;  the  apical  Held  of  amil  booklets  nearly  circular.  Ilooklets  very  closely 
crowded,  rather  shiirl,  the  stem  slender  and  nearly  or  ipiiti'  .straii;iit.  t lie  crook  very 
stroiiirly  curved  and  ecuisiderabb  enlarged  ami  cspeciMlly  hci^ihlened. 

Tliis  ox'iiiis  is  coimrnii  ti  .,iiio|)c  and  Aiiii'iic;i  iiiid  ajipturs  to  he  luoic 
;il)mi(liiiil  ill  the  Old  \\'oi-ld  tlmii  in  tlif  New.  It  lias  not  yt'l  liccii  louiid 
ill  western  Nortli  .Viiicrica,  lint  (Piic  sjiocics  at  least  lieioiios  to  ( iaiitcinala. 
Nut  liciiio'  atit(i|iii('ally  familiar  witli  tlie  nianv  .sjiecies  iif  Mclitiicidi  dc- 
scrihi'd  fniin  < 'cntral  Anii'i'ii'a  and  tlio  norllicrn  part  of  the  sontlRTii 
rontiiient,  I  am  iinalik'  to  say  Imw  oxtensivoly  the  ofcnns  is  distrihnli'd  ; 
lint  it  will  pnilialily  lie  toiiiul  in  till  tlie  elevated  districts  nt'  Central 
America  and  Me.xieo  as  well  as  in  parts  of  tlie  ureal  I'levated  central 
plateau  region  o{'  the  rnited  .States.  Kast  dt'  the  Koeky  Mmintains  it 
i(<  confined  t(i  tlie  .Vlleo;lianian  i'aiina  and  the  sdiithern  parts  (if  tlu'  Ciiiiii- 
di;iii.      It  occurs  in  all  lint  the  sdiithern  [lortions  of  New  I'^iiohind. 

The  linttertlies  are  eonsidenilily  under  the  medinni  size,  dark  lirown 
with  deep  oranu't'  niarkinos  :  these  <'onsist  of  some  transverse  patches  in 
the  cell  and  (if  a  mesiiil  and  a  sulim!)''. inal.  transverse,  sinuous  series  of 
8|)ots.  the  latter  small  in  the  fore  wiii;.;  :ni  I  1;  "oe  in  the  hind  wing;  in  the 
male  the  two  are  coiitlucnt  ;  heneii'.ii,  ii'  winos  are  oranoe  fulvous*,  the 
hiiKh'r  pair  traversi'd  liy  a  liasal  sci  ies  o)  ii  vjieiident.  lilaek  edu'cd,  pale 
yellow  spots,  ;i  liniad,  mesi;il  li;iiid  of  simii.o  luit  larii'er  and  eoiilionous 
spots  and  a  siihiiiiiroinal  contintioiis  series  of  Mack  edoi'd.  pale  yellow 
liiniiles  ;  the  latter  occur  iilso  on  the  fori'  wings. 

The  insects  are  sinole-liroodcd  and  winter  ;is  half  grdwii  hii'\ae  ;  they 
remain  suspended  in  the  chrysalis  stale  for  alioul  ii  fortiiioht,  and  appetir 
on  the  wingf  in  the  first  half  of  .lime.  The  ViXHH  tire  laid  in  clusters,  and 
the  young'  larvae  live  in  a  common  weli,  our  s|iecie8  on  Doellingeria  ;  they 
dcst'rt  this  liefore  winter,  but  art.'  again  found  associated  in  considenihle 
numlicrs   in  spring. 


i 


^^riiWl^'^/i'i'^-*'^^<^^.^v-^^iW^W 


7  ■^^-''■^'.ri-rmwwiw^vT^ff^w::^!'^^ 


soci.M,  (  Aii;i!i'ii,i,\i;s. 


Cwl 


Tlic  cji'ics  lire  t;i]H'riiiu-.  Iiai  rt'l-.-liMpod.  witli  uuiik  idus  lilis  iiiitl  ol'ii  yclldw 
ccildr  wlicii  jii.-^t  liii<l.  '1'Ik'  iMrviic  liinc  ii  cv  limlri-.'al  mid  luiii'ly  ('(|iiiil 
liodv,  supiilii'd  witli  a  dorsal  row  and  on  cacli  side,  tour  otlicr  rows  iif' 
couical  tMl)i'rruliir  spines.  Iwo  pairs  al)ov('  and  two  liclow  tli/  spiracles. 
Tliey  arc  dark  orange  willi  a  <iiislvy.  lonuitudinal,  stiiinial;d  line,  and  are 
licavily  marked  witii  hiaek  in  IransNcrse  |iatterns.  The  clirysalids  are 
soniewliat  roniided,  elongated,  with  full  aliilonicn  and  apically  tnniid  w  injr- 
tliecae.  They  are  pale  yellowish  in  color,  the  wings  dashed  witli  hlaek, 
and  the  dorsal  surface  is  studded  with  small,  conical  tidicrelcs  which  are 
set  otl'hv  liasal  dark-colored  rinu's. 


EXCURSUS    XXL—  COX/'AXIOXSHll'    AXD    COMMEXSAIJSM 
AMOXa  CATERPILLARS. 

N'oii  v'aiM'or^'i'tc  vui  rlic  imi  >iiiiii  MTiiii 
Niiti  ii  fonimr  l'aiii;('lii"i  farfiilla, 
Che  Vdla  alia  .sriu.-ti/ia  sen/a  silicniiii' 

I  )A\li:. —  /'»/■;/"/'</•(''/. 
l)ii  yi-  Mill  ciiiiiiirclit'iiil  llial  \\r  arc  unniis. 
Hiini  tu  lii'iii;.'  I'di'lli  till'  aiiL'clii'  hiini'illy 
Tliat  llictli  iiiilu  jiid.L'liiciil  williDiit  scrfcn':' 

l,iiiu/fil/iiir's  Iraiixhilidii, 

As  a  general  rule,  caterpillars  of  huttertlies  live  solitary  lives  through- 
out their  entire  existence.  The  mother  drops  an  egg  here  and  there  upon 
a  spot  suitahle  tor  the  t'ooil  of  its  young,  and  here  the  caterpillar  takes  up 
its  ahode  with  more  or  less  wanderings.  In  two  of  the  four  families  of 
liiitterHies  there  is  scarci'Iy  a  single  exception  known  to  this  rule,  liut  in 
the  highest  family  and  in  a  few  instances  in  the  I'apilio'.ddae.  caterpillars 
during  at  least  a  portion  of  their  lives  are  more  or  less  gregarious. 
Whenever  the  caterpillars  are  strictly  gregarious,  the  eggs  are  invariahly 
laid  in  clusters  :  theri'  are,  how('\(M',  some  huttertlies  which  lay  their  eggs 
in  sniidl  clusters,  whose  caterpillars  are  not  properly  gregaiious  ;  yet  all 
such  ai'c  closelv  related  to  others  whose  cater|)illars  are  giegarious.  so 
that  we  find  excry  gradation  from  solitary  to  social.  There  ari'  also 
some  cater|iiilars  which  are  gregarious  in  their  early  life,  hut  afterward 
part  company.  In  such  cases  the  caterpillar  usually  hihernates,  and  its 
social  lite  lasts  to  some  degre<'  throughout  the  autumn  and  winter,  the 
company  dispersing  at  tlu'  renewal  of  activity  in  the  spring.  Indeed,  in 
alniost  all  cases,  the  association  is  most  cons|iicuous  in  early  life,  when 
the  eateri)illars  feed  in  rows  ujion  the  same  leaf  in  such  close  pi'oximity 
that  it  woidd  seem  to  interfere  w  ith  convenience.  Sometimes  this  is  the 
onlv  mark  of  their  social  nature:  hut  as  all  caterpillars  spin  moi'c  oi'  less 
silk  in  moving  ai)out,  a  weh  of  greater  or  less  exti'iit  generally  accompanieH 
a  colony,  and  in  some  cases  the  comumnity  eonstiucts  a  close  structure 
within  wiiieh  they  retire  to    rest   or    to    moult.     \    Mexican    butterfly, 


If!! 


072 


I'lir.  r.ri  ri'.in-MKs  oi--  nkw  knci.axd. 


allicil  .  >  oiir  siil|)liiirs.  (•(iii.>^lnict.-<  a  welt,  fir.-^l  iiDliccil  liy  lliirdy.  whirl)  is 
lU'iirh  as  cldx'  as  purcliiiu'iit.  W'itli  vaiT  cxct'iitiniis,  all  liiittcifly  catiT- 
pillar.s  feed  iqion  tin'  mitsidi'  <it'  |)laiits  ;  hiil  tlicrc  a  few  nliicli  live  in  tlic 
interior,  and  (inc  of  llicso,  an  Indian  .spci'ict*  oi'  Lycat'Didac,  is  known  to 
1)1'  .social,  liviiiir  in  nnniln'i's  within  the  triiit  of  the  ponicyi'anatc. 

AnioiiLi'  oui'  own  liiittci'riii's,  thci'c  is  neai'ly  cmtv  ui'adation  tVoni  lii'id' 
and  pai'tial  c'oni|ianioiishi))  u|)  to  a  social  lit'c  which  lasts  thduj^hoiit  the 
entile  [leriod  ot'lai'\al  existence.  The  weakest  t'orni  of  social  life  is  i'oiind 
in  some  oi'  thi'  l'olyL:'()niae  (othei's  lieini;'  pni'cly  solitai'v) ,  whcj'i'  the  cLiji's 
l)eiiig  often  laid  in  cohinms  of  front  two  to  nine,  oi-  si>vei-;d  eggs  heing 
scattered  hy  the  nxither  upon  one  leaf,  the  <'atcr|iillars  in  earliest  life  are 
naturally  found  feeding  upon  one  leaf.  Kiirely  are  inoi'(>  than  four  or  fi\o 
I'ound  in  company,  and  each  lako  up  its  inde|icn(U'nt  position  upon  the 
leaf  and  acts  as  it'  the  others  wei'e  not  [tresent.  .\s,  howi'xer,  it  is  their 
haliit  to  I'cmain  upon  the  leaf  until  it  is  alninst  eaten,  they  natui'ally 
lea\c  it  at  the  same  or  nearly  the  sanie  time.  and.  following  a  siniilai' 
instinct,  a  'c  apt  to  pass  together  to  the  neai'est  leaf,  lint  seattt'i'  more  oi- 
less,  so  that  hy  (leg)'('e.-  as  they  a|iproach  maturity  they  ai'e  found  wi:l"!y 
sepai'ated  fi'om  each  other.  ^'ct  cNcn  i)i  this  weakest  for)n  llicii'  uumlicrs 
are  ot'teii  so  gi'cat  ujion  a  single  plant  that  when  lliey  k'inc  it  for  pupation, 
tile  ihi'vsalids  hang  almost  in  ei)ni|iany,  ihiity  oi'  forty  .-pinning  their 
.>ilkeii  shrouds  in  such  )n<>ximily  that  they  ntay  he  pulled  down  togethci'. 
.V  somewhat  similar  or  perhaps  weaker  ca.'^e  may  he  found  in  I'iciis  i-ajiae, 
wiiich  ofti'ii  lays  a  <'onsidei'al)le  nnmher  of  eggs  singly  u|)oii  one  plant 
anil  the  catei'pill.'ir.-.  naturally  sciking  the  intei'ior  of  the  cal)liage  heail, 
may  often  he  found  in  close  pioxiinity.  Ihit  this  e\()i  more  than  the 
[ireceding  is  a  ca.-c  of  mere  acci<lent,  fi'oni  the  iiatui'c  of  tlie  food  plant 
uoon  which  thev  suhsist.  In  all  otlu'i-  cases  of  social  life  anion';'  our 
catcrpillai's  the  eggs  are  laid  hy  the  parent  in  decided  clustcis.  The 
sliglitcst  of  these  is  [irolialily  that  of  I^aertias  phik'uor,  th<>   masses  heing 

ordinarily   coiiiiiuil   to  a   dozen  or   so.      The teipillars  in   this  case  not 

only  fcc<l  in  company  hut,  in  cailiest  lite  at  least,  range  in  rows  along  the 
edge  of  the  leaf  they  are  eating,  with  their  heads  toward  the  eaten  jjortion  ; 
and  in  this  way  they  live  during  at  least  the  earlier  half  of  their  li\c's,  scat- 
tering more  or  less  after  the  third  moult  ujioii  .-ejiai'iitc  leaves,  so  that  at 
maturity  rarely  iiioi'c  than  one  is  found  upon  a  .-ingle  leaf,  though  the  leal' 
ot' their  food  [ilant  is  exceptionally  lai'ge. 

This  alteration  of  hahit  t'rom  couipanionslii[i  to  solitaiincss  is  a  natuial 
incident  due  to  growth.  I'p  to  llie  end  oi'tlie  third  moult  the  si/e  of  the 
c  iter|)illar  ii;is  not  increased  enough  to  make  it  a  conspicuous  ohjeet,  hut 
hy  the  time  the  third  moult  is  pas-cd,  th(.'  ciiter[)illar  i?  half  gi'own,  and 
during  this  stage  ,'ind  the  next  its  size  hecoines  an  important  element  in 
its  securit\-  :  and  thi-  alone  is  sntlicient  to  account  for  the  fact  that  mature 


miii^><<i'fy:-mmM!m^mxf*>fi'm!!^-^i-^w7^ 


^ys 


SOt'IAL   CATKRl'ILLAHS. 


G73 


f 

'M 


caterpilliirs  of  Ixuterflies  are  rarely  fouml  in  eonqjanv.  It  it<  at  tlii.s  .stajjo, 
too,  tliat  ill  iiianv  instances,  the  winter  seat<on  overtakes  tlie  caterjjillar 
and  it  liiljernates  ;  and  since  in  the  spring  it  revives  wlien  the  plants  have 
pnt  forth  Imt  tender  leaves,  impossihlc  to  nourish  more  than  one  or  at 
most  two  such  ravenous  lieasts  as  iu)w  come  out  of  their  winter  quarters, 
such  a  change  of  hahit  would  seem  to  be  compulsory.  Possilily  the  change 
in  hahit  which  gen"rally  takes  place  at  this  middle  period  of  caterpillar 
life,  even  when  winter  does  not  intervene,  is  an  inheritance  from  a  com- 
mon ancestor  whose  hal)it8  were  fixed  by  the  necessity  of  hil)crnation  at 
this  age. 

As  far  as  our  own  faiuia  is  concerned,  the  great  mass  of  social  cater- 
pillars are  found  in  the  highest  i'aniily,  the  Nymphalidae,  and  indeed  in 
the  subfamily  of  the  Nymphalinae,  in  which  this  habit  is  found  in  most  of 
the  principal  grou[)s.  In  some  instances,  as  we  have  related  of  Laertias 
philenor,  the  catcr|)illars  in  early  life  live  cx|)osed  upon  the  surface,  gen- 
erally the  under  surface,  of  the  leaf,  ranged  side  by  side,  fcc<ling  and 
sleeiting  in  unison.  I>ut  in  most  some  sort  of  web  is  constructed  liy  the 
caterpillars  upon  or  beneath  which  they  live,  and  to  which,  sliould  they 
wander  lieyond  its  limits  for  food,  they  retire  for  rest  and  moulting.  Some 
usi-  this  web  with  certain  alterations  in  its  structure  as  a  winter  residence. 
i)ut  then  invarial)ly  leave  it  on  the  approach  of  si)ring  and  jiart  coiiij)any, 
thougii  often  being  still  found  in  near  proximity.  Others  leave  it  at  the 
hibernating  season  to  seek,   each  for  himself,  his  own  hiding  place. 

Perhaps  of  all  our  caterpillars,  although  it  constructs  but  ••:  deiidcr  web. 
Euvanessa  antiopa  is  the  most  preeminently  social.  The  eggs  are  laid  in 
a  cluster  of  greater  or  smaller  size  around  a  terminal  twig,  which  they 
leave  together  and  as  if  by  common  imi>ulse  range  themselves  side  by  side 
in  compact  rows  along  a  chosen  leaf.  Even  if  they  are  separated  forcibly 
from  each  other,  they  come  together  again  and  rearrange  themselves. 
AVhen  disturbed  they  will  similtaneously  strike  an  attitude  of  alarm  iind 
turn  their  heads  in  unison  as  if  worked  by  a  machine.  The  web  they 
form  is  simply  that  which  they  make  as  they  crawl  about,  each  following 
hurriedly  in  the  track  of  its  ])redecessor.  and  as  it  moves  adding  its  thread 
to  the  car[)et  upon  which  it  treads  ;  and  being  social  throughout  their  life 
they  are  more  than  usually  destructive  to  foliage,  stripping  branch  a'ter 
branch,  and  wandering  to  the  very  tips  until  they  are  borne  down  1)\  .lie 
weight  of  the  mass.  It  would  seem  proliable  that  our  Kiigonia  has  the 
same  haliits  from  what  we  know  of  its  European  congener,  but  if  so  it  is 
exceedingly  strange  that  in  only  one  instance  has  the  cater[)illar  been  seen 
in  this  eoimtry,  and  then  but  a  single  one,  probably  one  which  was  hasten- 
ing to  seek  a  place  in  which  to  pupate. 

Althouj;h  it  is  not  stated  whether  the  caterpillar  concerned  belongs  to 
a  butterfly  or  to  a   moth,  a  very  curious  and   interesting  case  of  strict 

8s 


ft*. 


I':!! 


1!^ 


h   . 


(i 


ill 


^1 

'  + 
'I  ' 


III 


i 

f 

J 

h 

'; 

je- 

1^^' 

074 


rilK   lU'TTKKKLIKS   (»!■■   NKW   KN'OI.AM). 


commoiisalism  Una  liccn  noted  l)v  Fritz  Miillor  (  Natiiro.  xv  :  2ti4)  in  South 
Anioricii.  in  wiiicli  a  larj;'o  spiny  catrriiillar  was  almost  invarial)iy  t'onnd 
aci'onipanii'd  i)y  a  small  liairy  catLTpillni',  so  snnill  as  to  rost  i<oi'ui'i'ly  in 
a  transviT.si'  |iosition  across  tlio  i)ack  of  its  irood-naturccl  host,  well  con- 
ci'alod  anionij;  its  spines;  in  proof  of  its  continued  existence  at  tiiis  point, 
the  skin  of  the  liost  was  hardened  lieneath  the  trea<l  of  its  little  yuest,  so 
as  to  have  lieconu!  distinctly  more  callous  than  in  other  parts.  .Inst  Avhat 
advantan'c  this  would  he  to  I'ithcr  party,  lioth  hciuii;  feeders  upon  vej^etahle 
matter,  it  woidd  he  ditiicult  to  say,  exce[)tinjf  that  the  spinous  surronnd- 
inus  might  well  he  of  assistance  in  protectinij  the  smaller  heast,  Hnt  this 
neat  ohservation  of  .Miiller  seems  to  open  a  field  of  possihle  i n vest ipit ion 
which  may  have  great  inti'rest. 

,*.  N'lito  (111  llih  ^iiliji'i'l  l>y  Mr.  W.  II.  Kiluaril-  will  lir  tDiiiiil  in  llii(';iiiaili:iii  Ktiloiihilnu'isl 
Mil.  x\i:  II 1-1  Hi.     Sci'iil-iimy  ISiittiTllics  pp.  104-114. 


CINCLIDIA  HARRISII.— Harris's  butterfly. 

MilUoin   /(•//■;■/.<((' Si'inlil..  I'nii-.  Kss.  iM>l,.  IJiiiiun-i'hi     luirrlsii    Scmlil.,    .•sy.^i.    rev. 

iii:  l(i7-li',s  (ls(i;!);--ri-(iiili,  Hull,  ca.-l.  I',  s..  .Vnicr.  Imtt..  -1'  (IsTi!). 

1TII-1T2.  tvs*.    I.S.  411  (ls.si;):— Miiyii  .  I'.iill.  \.  Ciiirliilin  li'U-risii  SciuM.,  Huil.  liiiir.  >.»•. 

!■:..  ;!!»,  pi.  4,  ll,trs.;;4.:Ua  (IssC).  iKil.  sr.,  il :  it>(!(lsT.")|. 

I'hi/fiui'ns  liiirn'sii  Kii-li.,  Syii.  •  ;t.   I.cp.,  Mclitaca   iKnieria  '^  lliwv.,   Ins.   inj.    vc,'., 

174    (l.sTl);— Kilw..    Can.    I'lit.,    ix  :   l(l.'i-l(is  :!(!  ctl.,  iss  (l,s(;2). 

(1S7T);— C'i.»|..  Ki'p.   ins.  III..  X  :  liy  (issl) :—  [\ot    .Mclitai-a   isiniTia    ItoiMl.-I.cC. ;    imr 

Krrn..  liiitt.  Ml'..  47  (Is.s4).  .Mel.  liari-isii  Kihv.  Is7il  and  Saniul.  ls72.] 

Wlii'ii  tlir  taii-li'd  I'lihwili  pnll> 

'I'lic  riinilliiwi  r'»  cai   au  rv. 
.\m.|  llii-  lilifv  tall  Iran  Hvii'ilii' wall 
'I'd  liiiw  til  the  liiilti-i-llv. 
It  i~  .Inly.' 

Sl  ■-AN    II.  Swii  I. -./»/'/. 

Imago  (5:4.  |in.  Ilcail  (jovri'cd  willi  iliill.  brnwiiisli  rnlvinis  Iniirs  ami  iiiinirU'd 
lila(ki-.li  anil  Inlvmi-  ~i-iili's:  next  thi'  cyi',  just  liolow  anil  jnst  aliovi'  the  antciiiiai'  is  ii 
littU'  tnl'i  111'  wliitc  liaii's;  tliccyi's  lionli'i'i'il  lioliiinl.  lirnadly  lirlnw.  iinrnminir  alinvi', 
witli  wliitc  >ca!i'^.  Iiti>a]  jnint  uf  p.alpi  wliili'  with  a  wliiti'  rrinyjc;  sci'oiid  joint  pale 
ui'iiMm' nn  tile  niiildlc  111'  till'  iint>iilc.  i.'i'ii\vin,ii  di'cpi'i'  in  tint  apiciilly.  l'rin,u;i'd  aljnve 
;inil  licliiw  with  ^riili'^  whirh  aiT  wliitr  mi  the  liiwiT  half,  rlianaiinir  to  Dninirc  ahovo. 
and  with  a  inixtiifi' of  black  and  white  and  a  I'rw  I'lilvmi-  hairs  aloii^  tlio  wlioli'  lower 
eilac  and  mi  the  apical  hall'  nl'  tlie  upper  edu'i'  with  iiranire  h;iirs.  iiiiiiirlpd  with  lilaek; 
apical  joint  oraiiue.  tiimcd  with  liruwni^h.  wiili  aiiiiilerniiimrnmiir  lilaeU  sealos  above, 
extreme  tip  l)laek ;  within,  the  liasal  joint  i^whnlly  white,  the  miildle  i  'iiiiire  mi  the 
linver  halt',  white  almve:  apical  joint  uraiiuc.  with  a  few  black  hairs,  .\nteiiiiae  black 
above;  exceptiiiii'  a  lew  of  the  ba>al  joints,  aiiiiiilaled  with  while  at  the  base  ol'  the 
joints  of  the  >talk  and  of  the  base  of  the  elnli;  beneath  with  a  liiU'  of  wliite  exler- 
iiillly.  broaileiiiim'  npmi  the  club,  mi  a--  in  neeiipy  nearly  the  wlmle  of  its  lower  surface; 
beiieatli,  internally,  yellowish  brown,  narrowed  toward  the  apex  of  each  joint. 
Iirnader  mi  the  ilnb;  four  or  live  terminal  joints  of  eliih  diil!  Draiiirc.  somewhat  liifus- 
cated  above  and  belnw.  'rnn'Oie  bilemis  at  base,  beyond  fnscmis  the  exlronio  tip 
luteo-fiiscoits.  with  fnscmis  pipillae  (61:  I'.'),  which  occupy  only  the  extreme  taperiitii 
tip.  are  situated  at  the  miter  maririu  of  the  under  surface  (the  basal  ones  a  little  inside 
the  MiafLriii).  are  about  as  Imiir  as  the  bri'adtli  of  mie  niaxilhi.  exeludiuu;llie  part  form- 


,fmm»mmmmmmmmmmmmm^mmmmmmmmmmm 


XYMrilAl.INAi;;    CINt'lJDlA    IlAlililSll. 


075 


iiii!  its  slini'u  (if  llic  ci'iilnil  caniil.  scpariited  fi'Diii  cacli  otlu'r  \>y  tlicir  own  (liiiiiuli'i-  iii 
llrst,  Ijiit  by  twk'o  that  lU'Xt  tlic  lip  of  the  toiiuiu'.  cylintli'ical,  four  times  as  loiiir  as 
liniad,  tlie  lip  liroadly  roiiiuleil.  soiiuitiines  liiirheroii  one  side,  llie  apical  pit  sliv:iil.  par- 
tially lat<'nil,  and  lilled  liy  the  leriniiial  IliaiMeiit.  whieli  is  of  siiiular  shape,  scarcely  as 
louLt  as  \vi<lth  of  papilla.  I)liiiilly  pointed. 

Thorax  covered  al)ove  ^vilh  fulvous  hairs  iiavinj;  an  olivaceous  tin^e.  especially  on 
lhcl)acl<;  heneath  dull -whitish ;  fore  lejis  while,  pale  orausre  in  front  ;  the  oilier  les;s 
oranj;e,  Ihe  under  surface  ol'  the  feuuira.  loaether  with  the  under  half  of  the  outer 
surface,  and  .souietimes  the  base  of  the  inner,  white;  spines  and  spurs  orange;  claws 
reddish  brown;  pulvillus  fuscous. 

Wiuiis  dull  oranije.  marked  heavily  Willi  black.  havhiLt  sonu'tiuies  a  faint  pur|>lish 
lustre,  all  the  veins  black.  The  liasal  three-liflhs  of  the  costal  border  of  tlie  fvir 
vi)iil.i  as  far  as  the  sul)costal  nervure  black,  the  basal  Iwo-lhirds  of  it  powdered  with 
orange  scales;  at  its  tip,  this  black  border  bends  downward  as  auobliipie,  broad,  nearly 
equal  band,  reaching  the  upper  median  nervure.  its  interior  edy;<'  a  little  beyond  the 
exlreudly  of  the  cell,  Its  exterior  irrej^ular  or  /i;;/,a,ir.  reacliinir  the  median  nervure 
just  at  the  termination  of  its  basal  curve;  this  band  fre(iucntly  encloses,  oftener  in 
the  nnile  than  in  tlie  ("male,  an  irregular,  ill-de/lned,  orange  spot,  seated  on  the  median 
nervure;  the  base  of  il:e  wing,  half  way  to  the  div.iricaliou  of  the  median  nervure,  i-. 
bhick,  powdered  with  orange  scales:  in  the  middle  of  tlu^  cell,  or  just  beyond  it.  is  a 
transverse  hour-glass  sliiiped  black  spot,  crossing  the  cell  iind  enclosing'  two.  usmdly 
connected,  oriuige  sjiols;  the  extremity  of  tlie  cell  is  marked  narrowly  witli  l>lack 
and  forms  part  of  a  transverse  oval  circlet,  the  other  half  of  whicli  crosses  the  ner- 
v;::'es  bcyonil  the  cell;  just  previous  to  the  llrst  divarication  of  tlie  median  nervure. 
and  just  beneath  the  middle  of  the  hour-glass  slmped  spot,  is  a  short,  black,  transverse 
dash,  crossing  lialf  of  the  medio-subniedian  interspace  and  then,  turning  inward 
with  11  sharp  angle.  i>  lost  in  the  obscurity  of  the  base ;  the  extreme  base  of  the  lower 
median  interspace  is  occupied,  as  far  as  the  second  divarication,  willi  a  black  s[iot. 
which  forms  tlie  summit  of  a  large  black  patch,  broadening  below  in  crossing  the 
whole  of  the  medio-sulimcdian  interspace;  as  far  as  the  siibniedian  nervure,  the 
whole  inner  border  is  edged  with  black;  these  lilack  markings  of  the  liaseof  tlie  wing 
are  often  parliidly  lilended.  and  usually,  in  the  female,  to  such  a  degree  as  to  leave 
only  a  sid)pyriforni,  transverse  spot  at  the  cxlnMuity  of  the  cell,  and  a  small  spot  just 
beneath  the  llrst  divarication  of  the  median  nervure.  distinctly  orange,  the  rest  of  the 
base  being  black  witli  a  few  small  blurred  orange  marks;  outer  border  broadly  mar- 
gined with  black,  limited  interiorly  liy  a  litie,  sometimes  obsolete,  which  starts  from 
the  costal  border  at  a  distance  from  the  basal  black  nmrkiims  eciual  to  the  width  of  a 
median  interspace,  and  following  the  general  direction  of  llie  outer  limit  of  those 
markings  in  a  deeply  sinnoiis  curve,  leaving  belwi  I'li  it  and  the-  basal  markings  a  broad, 
nearly  equal,  fulvous  belt  ;  next  its  interior  edge  Ihe  outer  l)onlering  contains  the  pen- 
nllimate  subcostal  nervule.  a  series  of  large  orange  spots,  often  tipped  oiitwardlv 
with  whitish,  and  frequently,  especially  in  the  male,  conlluent  with  the  orange  baud, 
the  only  reninanls  <if  the  outer  bordering  in  this  part  of  the  wing  being  then  the 
heavily  edged  black  nervules;  this  series  o{  spots  is  continued  above,  subparallel  to 
the  outer  border,  by  three  (lale  yellow  dots  or  minute  spots:  midway  between  this 
series  and  the  outer  border,  is  sometimes  seen,  iiarticnlarly  in  the  female,  a  .(cries  of 
minute  bhick  dots,  bordered  witliin  and  sometimes  witliont  with  faint,  pale  or  yel- 
lowish touclies;  fringe  white,  alirniitly  interrupted  at  the  nervure  tips  witli  equid  ((iiau- 
titics  of  black,  lliiul  u-imjs  having  the  internal  liorder.  as  far  as  the  sulmiedian 
nervure,  tinged  with  yellow  and  more  or  less  begrimed  with  blackish  scales;  Ihe 
whole  costal  border,  as  far  as  the  subcostal  nervure,  and  the  base  of  the  wing  as  far 
as  the  divarication  of  the  median  nervure  black;  beyond  this,  as  far  as  the  extreme 
base  of  the  upper  median  nervule.  the  wing  is  traversed  by  many  slender,  transverse, 
black  stripes,  more  or  less  confused,  and.  in  the  female,  usually  entirely  black, 
excejiting  a  very  small  orange  spot  on  either  side  of  the  veins  terminating  the  cell; 
but  in  the  clearest  specimens  there  can  be  distinguished  a  ligure-of-eight  spot  crossing 


i    '., 


670 


riiK  nri  ri;uFLii:.s  ok  ni:w  kncland. 


till'  I'cll  near  its  fxtri'inity,  ii  l>lack  oilniiij;  t(>  the  fxtromily  nl  the  cell  and  a  narrow 
stripe  erossMii;  the  \\  iiiit  Irreiinlarly,  llrst  from  near  the  niUldh'  of  the  eostal  nerviire 
to  the  lower  suticostal,  lii  a  dircetlon  townril  the  last  dlvarieatioii  of  the  suheostal 
iievvurp;  then,  eurvlnjj  ii  little  ontward.  across  the  very  ba.so  of  the  ni)i)er  median 
Interspace,  to  the  iidddle  of  the  snbniedian  nervurc,  where  It  terminates;  within  this, 
the  niedl()-sul)me<llan  interspace  is  wholly  l)ia(k.  sometinu's  sprinkled  with  oran;;e;  a 
little  witliin  the  middle  of  tlie  outer  half  of  the  win;;,  a  vaane,  moderately  hroad. 
arcnate,  lilack  stripe  rnns  from  border  to  t)order,  most  conspicnons  in  tlie  fenmle, 
often  wanlin;;  in  the  nnde  m-  indicated  only  in  tlic  upper  snbeostal  and  medio-subine- 
dian  interspaces,  and  by  a  thickcninj;  of  the  lilack  eil^in^i  of  tin;  veins  in  the  ndddle 
of  the  wlnirs;  outer  nuirjiin  broadly  bordered  with  black,  varylnj;  in  width  from  one 
and  a  half  to  two  interspaces'  breadth,  next  the  costal  border,  and  ijratinally  lessen- 
inj;  to  less  than  half  an  interspace  next  the  inner  border;  In  the  lower  three  Inter- 
spaces it  is  edjred  interiorly  by  slender  oranjrc  Iniinles.  surmounted  either  by  black 
lunules,  upon  which  are  planted  round,  black,  occasionally  wl.ite-pupilled  spots,  or 
else  directly  by  the  black  spots  which  form  part  of  a  scries  oceupyini;  also  the  next 
two  interspaces,  where  they  are  treuerally  smaller  and  never  pnpiilcd  ;  the  black 
border  contains  also  a  scries  of  subnniriiinnl,  transverse,  souietimes  obsolete,  oranire 
dashes,  extcndinj;,  diminishini;  as  they  Ko,  from  the  inner  border  to  the  miildlc  sub- 
median  uervuie;  frinsfc  white,  rather  broadly  interrupted  at  the  nervure  tips  with 
black. 

IJeneath  rather  pale  oranite.  the  liind  wiuiis  a  little  deeper  in  color,  the  veins,  exeeiit- 
in;r  tlie  basal  half  ■'(  the  median  nervure  black.  Tlu!  costal  border  of  the  /W/v  n-iiii/s. 
excepliuu;  the  basal  '[uarlcr.  the  cxtrcnu'  tip.  ami  the  part  correspondliii;  to  the  extra- 
mesial,  oraiiiie  baud  of  the  upper  surface,  which  is  here  '>,dl  yellowisli,  black;  a  small, 
triaiiirular.  black  spot,  fulvous  at  the  centre,  in  the  middle  of  the  basal  two-thirds  of 
the  cell;  crossini-  the  middle  of  the  outer  half  of  the  cell  is  a  slender,  tortuous 
black  Hue.  havinir.  in  jieuend,  a  slijilit  curve  openinj;  inward;  the  extremity  of  the 
cell  encircled  with  a  lar^e.  transversely  oval  anmilus  formed  of  a  slender  line  which 
does  not  touch  the  extremity;  lieyoiid  the  cell,  eorrespotidini:  to  the  <inter  limit  of  the 
black  inarkinjrs  of  the  upper  surface,  is  n  slender,  black.  olili(|iie  streak,  freiinently 
broken  into  siiuill  spots,  exteiidiiiir  from  the  costal  to  the  median  nervure:  a  siiliapical. 
black  patch,  depcmliiiu;  from  the  costal  maritin,  tills  the  upper  interspaces  as  fariisthe 
middle  or  lower  of  the  subcostal  iuterspaees.  which  lie  within  the  lieid  occupied  above 
liv  the  black  liorderinir  of  the  outer  uiarL''  .;  the  latter  is  ed;j:"d  with  black,  followed 
liy  a  serii's  it(  oranuie  lunules  of  varying  heljiht,  but  in  jjeneral  eipial  to  three-qnarters 
of  an  interspace,  edited  narrowly  within  with  black,  and  followed  by  a  series  of 
eipially  lrre}i;nlar.  Imt  much  snudler.  whitish  lunules.  some  of  which,  especially  those  in 
the  lower  subcostiil  and  siibcosto-iiicdian  interspaces,  are  oeeasionally  obs<ilete;  these 
two  arc  liordercd  within  witli  black  in  the  form  of  narrow  lunules  or  saitittate  spots, 
;iud  these  aitaiu  are  followed  by  ii  vi'ry  sinuous  series  of  faint,  yellowish  white  spots, 
startiuii  on  the  costal  border  from  near  the  middle  of  tiie  subaiiical,  black  patch,  curv- 
iuu;  outward  to  tlie  lower  subcostal  interspace,  then  inward  to  the  median  interspaces, 
that  ill  the  incdio-siibmediaii  interspace  beiiiu;  but  an  Interspace's  distance  from  the 
border.  Hhid  irhnjK  with  a  small,  dull  silvery  spot  edjied  with  black  at  the  extreme 
base  of  the  costal  mar^iin :  a  series  of  three  similar,  but  slijrhtly  larjier.  irre;;ular 
spots,  edjied  witli  black  and  separated  only  by  the  black  veins,  the  middle  one  largest, 
nearly  sijuare,  in  theeosto-subcostal  interspace,  its  outer  edjie  at  the  llrst  divariention 
of  the  subcostal  nervure;  the  one  in  the  interspace  above,  just  above  the  base,  the 
one  in  the  cell  a  little  removed  toward  it.  crossing  the  cell  only  by  its  inner  border ; 
the  extremity  of  the  cell  is  occupied  by  another  spot  of  similar  size,  edited  entirely 
with  black;  and  the  medio-snbmedian  interspace  by  another,  exactly  similar,  its  outer, 
upper  corner  toucliin;;;  the  inner,  lower  corner  of  the  previous  at  the  tlrst  divarication 
of  the  median  nervure;  just  below  the  latter.  In  the  snbuiedlo-interui.l  interspace,  is 
sometimes  seen  a  very  small,  lou,a;ltudinally  fusiform,  black  edjjed  spot.  There  is  a 
broad,  silvery,  mesial  band,  tiujied  with  brownish  yellow,  crossed  by  black  veins  and 


NY.MrilAI.lXAi::   CINCI.IDIA   HAHKISII. 


()77 


liiinlcrcil  within  iiml  uillio\it  by  a  lnnad.  blurred,  hlaik  I'diiim;:  tlic  inti'i'icii' limit  is 
irri'^iiliii'  lint  lia-*  a  irciu'ral  arciiali-  (lircctiiin  l'nii:i  the  iiilil<lli'  (if  tlir  cn^tal  to  the  lnwrr 
inodiilii  iicTViilc  at,  an  iiiliTsiiaces  dislanci'  I'lom  its  oriifin.  and  havinur  a  slii;lit  iiideii- 
tntion  in  tho  n|ipcr  snlicostal  intiTspacf;  at  the  lnwcr  mi'diaii  iicrvnlc.  it  turns 
ntirnptly  and  diajionally,  in  a  straight  lino,  to  the  snbincdiaii  iHTvnri'  at  tliri'i'-llfths  tlio 
distanco  from  its  oriiiln  and  then  turns  npward  to  the  internal,  to  its  former  distanei' 
from  the  base;  the  band  is  broadest  on  the  npper  half  of  the  \\'u\)i  and  tlii'  exterior 
border  is  more  reijnlar,  oxtendinf;.  subparallel  to  the  outer  border,  from  the  costal  to 
the  sidmiedian  nervnre  at  a  distance  of  aliont  an  interspace  and  n  half  from  the  outer 
border  to  the  tip  of  either:  tliis  band  is  travi'rsed  by  dist.nct.  ratlnr  ri';;ular.  bhi<k 
lines:  one  passes  from  the  costal  to  the  upper  median  nervnle.  barely  separaleil  from 
the  interior  border;  another  erosse-  tin'  same  interspaces  at  a  little  further  remove 
from  the  exterior  bcu'iler;  another  crosses  the  median  interspaces  near  the  ndddle  of 
the  band ;  others  cross  tho  upper  tip  of  the  baud  in  the  medio-submedian  ami  submedio- 
internal  interspaces,  and  still  another  crosses  the  medlo-snlimeilnm,  midway  between 
the  npperllne  ami  the  exterior  iiorder:  tho  o\iter  marifin  is  edited  witli  lilack.  followed 
by  a  series  of  n<'arly  eipial.  oranitc  Innnlos,  laruost  in  tin,"  upper  two  interspaces,  all 
edited  with  black  and  followed  by  a  series  of  black  edired,  silvery  luuules  of  variable 
size,  euclosinir  l)ctween  tlicinselvcs  and  the  exterior  mariiiu  of  the  mesiiil  lian<l.  at 
least  from  the  lower  subcostal  interspace  downward,  larsie  oranire  spots  li:ivin}r. 
beyond  tho  middle  of  each,  a  small,  whitc-pupilled.  black  spot  :  rrin;j:o  as  on  tlie  upper 
surface. 

I'pper  surface  and  sides  of  abdouii'n  black,  specked  slii;htly  with  fulvous  scales, 
oiieh  soitmont  cduod  apically  with  pate  tipped  fnlvons  scales;  beneath  white,  the 
apical  half  tinu:ed  rather  strcniy;ly  with  bull':  a  slender,  lateral,  black  line  iulcrruptod 
;it  the  lips  (dthe  scirnieuts;  termiinil  soitment  lipped  witli  pide  oran<;e  -calcs.  Clasps 
of  abdounind  appcudaires  (34:  7.S)  fully  half  as  Imii;  airain  as  liroad.  constricted 
liefore  tin' extremity  ;  ;ipi<'al  spines  somewhat  compressed,  the  lower  a  little  shorter 
than  the  upper,  both  taperini;  to  ;i  Hue  point  and  stron^jly  curved;  the  lower  curvis 
lirst  dowinvartl.  then  inward  and  backwiird  iiud  llnally  upward:  the  upper  curves  ilrsi 
inward  and  then  stronijly  forward;  interior  tooth  stouter,  iilso  compressc<l  and  tiip.er- 
iui;.  but  not  to  a  point,  ari'hcd  over  inward. 


.Me»snr<>nienls  in  niillinietii 
LeUL'th  iif  tou'.'ne,  (i.i')  mm. 


M.VI.KS. 


I-KM.M.KS. 


Smulle.-t. 


Aveniije.     I,;irf;est.   j  Smallest.!  .\ver!i";e,|Kari;e>t. 


I!).,j 

'.t.r< 
11. 


•iO..'> 
!t.-.>."p 
I!. 


1(1.75 
T.."> 


21.5  I    21. if 
10.  10. 

(i.-j,-,  (i.i^ 

•2..-I  i.,-) 


I,enj,'tli  iif  fore  wiuu; is..") 

:inleim:ie O.'J.'i 

hind  tibi:\e  :md  tarsi  ..  li. 

tore  tibiiic  ;nid  tarsi ..  ■_'. 

Doserlbed  from  17  specimens,  of  which  S  wore  J  .  79- 

Suffused  variety.  .\  female  I  siiw  iu  tho  collection  of  the  late  Mr.  II.  K.  Morrison 
inul  the  two  transvorso  rows  of  orauijo  spots  upon  tho  upper  surface  of  the  I'orc  winsr.s 
sull'nsod  into  a  common  band,  whoso  inner  limit  crossed  tho  middle  of  tho  winj;.  ami, 
besides,  the  dusky  marking  of  the  b.'lsal  half  of  both  win;is  much  less  conspicuous 
than  usual;  but  the  departure  from  tho  norunil  type  was  inconsiderable  and  contlued 
to  the  tipper  surface. 

.\  specimen  reared  by  Mr.  Kdwards,  south  of  Us  proper  ranj;o,  froiii  a  cnterpillnr  ab- 
mirmally  black,  had  "  tlie  fulvous  pattern  obscured,  as  if  washed  with  black." 

Egg  (64 :  41).  With  about  twonty-four  vertical  ribs  on  tho  upper  half  of  tho  effjr. 
becomini;  sUiihtly  loss  prominent  and  more  uncertain  in  course  in  the  lower  half,  heinj; 
more  or  loss  inor^od  iu  the  polygonal  depressions  which  hero  take  the  place  of  tho 
almost  imporcoptililo  system  of  cross  lines  breaking  the  interspaces  between  the  ril),s 
in  the  upper  half  into  rcclauitular  cells,  not  much  broader  than  liigli;  the  surface  is 
otherwise  smooth.  Sunnuit  covered  with  a  tracery  of  very  delicate  roticulation.s 
(67  :  U)  foriniii!;  polygonal,  and  generally,  especially  as  they  approach  the   centre. 


CIS 


IIKH'i 


iiii:  mi  ii;itii,ir.s  or  nkw  knci-and 


>r  1.' 


I'liiic'iriii'iii   ri'll>  :    IIk 


illcl'.    l:ll'i.'('l'  tlllil    IJiiil'i 


.niliirlv    iMilyyoiial,  ari' 


11 1  mill  .ii;l  iiiiii.  Ill  diaiiirli'i';  tlicisi'  in'  ijir  iciili'iil  nix'llf  alxiiii  .iiU'."i  miu.  lonu  aiiil  .ooT.'i 
nun.  In'oad.  CciNn'  juilc  li'imiii  yclUiw  Mciiilil  ol'  nxa.  ..'i,s  nun.  ;  liriailtli.  .  Ii!  nun.  : 
iliaiiirii'i'  III'  ~ninniil,  .:;s  nun. 

CaterpiUai.      /•'/;■.</  .«/«(</.■  (72;  I),     r.cinl  (79:'.'ii)   >liiniiii;  liliickisli  hiown;  lalinim 


pal,. 


^1  i>l'  niiiiilli  pari.-  ilii>ky.     Itudy  pi 


liliiUli 


I'll,  darkest  almiu:  a  lalcial  liiii' 


till'  iiifi.»iifc^  (lii^kv  ;  I  lie  s'ulc-.  tiiiu'i'il  w  illi  yi'llnw.  tlii'  llrst  scuniii'iit  wllli  purple ;  Miii't-. 


iiiiil   liali' 


86:. 'ill    lilack.     I. 


Iilack;  proli'tf-i  dusky  at    lip.     l,i'iii;lli.    I. 


breadth  ol'  ImmU  . 


iiiiii. 


Siriiiiil  xfiiiji.  IliMid  (79  ;  L'l  :  iinirnrin  lilaiki-li  lirowii.  Ildily  yelli.w  .  u  ilh  a  r.alliiT 
lirnad,  dark  limwii.  Literal  >lripe.  and  lintli  liaek  and  sides  laintly  and  delicately 
marked  Willi  streaks  ut'  velhiwisli  lirnwii.  Hairs  black,  rmiciis  diisky  ill  tip;  len- 
fuseoiis  llirdiiiilidiit. 

Tliiril  slmii .  lli-ad  (79;  L".' i  Mack,  ^liiiiin;;.  Ibidy  yellow,  witli  a  >lciider.  darl. 
limwii  laleriil  stripe,  a  dii-ky  dorsal  line  and  iiiiiiiercnis  transverse,  delicale  dark 
.streaks;  spines  (86 :  ."i,'))  black,  twice  as  lilirli  as  broad,  witli  ti  terminal.  sll;;litly  belli 
liair.  I'lilly  as  Imiii  as  the  spine,  mid  frequent  shorter,  lateral,  black  sphiiile.s,  those  of 
<ipposile  sides  at  rather  more  lliaii  riirlit  ;iiii;les  with  each  other.  Troletrs  diwky:  leiis 
blackish. 


F'liiiih  kI'i 


Head  (79:1':'.)  black.  >liinin^'.     Hotly  yellow,  «illi  a  narrow  dor-iil. 


interrupted  lalerostiiiiiialal  and    taint   siii.'malal   dark  liro^ii   stripes,  with    mirro\s 
tiMiisverse  stripes  of  dark  brown  iie.\t  the  iiiei^iires;   llrst  llioricic  and  l;ist  aliiloiiiiiiiil 


cijnicnls  infiiscated.     Leirs  lilackish;  proleirs  diisky  outside 


Spines 


I  86; 


'.)  yelli 


at  liase.  beyond  black,  fully  three  times  as  Ion;;  as  broad.  rei;iilarly  lapirini;.  liliinlly 
poiiileil,  all  till'  spinnles  lilack  and  of  nearly  ei|iial  leimtli.  and  alioiit  liiilf  as  loiii;  as 
the  splni',  nioiiiited  on  little  tnliercli-. :  spiracles  dusky. 

I'iflh  sbdji   (75:  l:'..  II..     Head  i  79  ; '.'I )  pitchy  bla(.k.  besel  ratlicr  sparsely  with  lolls; 
and  delicate  hairs;    antennae  and   month  parts  black,     liody  deep  oranife,  the.  Ilrsi 

■    black 

markiiiits  :  a  distinct  eoiUiniKnis  do|.>:il  line;  a  transverse  siilural  liiu'  betweiii  llie 
seirnu.iits.  orteii  liroadi.niiiir  into  a  lraiis\erse  diisky  palcli  on  Mi(.  sidi.s;  a  siibmiir;jiii..il 
traiis\erse  line  near  tlii.  po«leri<ir  ed;;e  of   the  sej;ments,  often  broki.n  liefore  rc.acliini; 


Ihoraeie   seiiineiit   lihuk  specked  with  oraiif^e,   tin.  others  \\ilh   llie  folhi 


the  dor-al  line,  and 


I'rally  connected  with  lliu  interstitial  line  near  thesplrade 


a  more  or  les»  disliiict.  often  nearly  obliteruteil  diisky  transverse  bainl.  connectinii:  the 
b:i>e>  of  the  spines  and  eiu.ircliiiLt  the  spiracles;  and  coimecled  with  this  an  llilcr- 
riipled.  loiiititndiiiiil,  stiyiiiatal  line,  diisky  ratlu.r  than  black;  in  sonu'  more  liifnscaled 
IndividiiaN  the  transverse  biiiids  and  the  transverse  lines  are  coiiiiected  by  <iccasioiial 
loniritndinal  streaks,  iriviiiu  tile  wliole  liody.  or  at  least  the  sides,  a  mottled  apjiear- 
aiice;  in  >oiiu.  of  llii.sc  individuals  the  briy;hter  colors  becoim.  dinimcd,  yiviiig  a  close 
resemblance  to  darker  forms  of  K.  phaeton.  Spines  (86 ;  .17)  .shliiiii!;  jet  black,  the 
iie(.dle>  lila(.k.  Siilrades  black.  I/eu:s  black;  prolcLTs  Im'iavh.  Lenutli  of  body. 
L'L'  mm.  ;  breaillh,  ;i.."i  mm.  ;  breadth  of  head,  2  iiliii.  ;  leiiL'th  of  siiiiii.s,  1  iiini. 

One  cat(,.rpillar  reared  liy  Mr.  Etlwards  in  Wi.st  A'iruinia  was  almost  black  in  the  last 
sta:;(..  tht.  liy:liter  color  beinu;  n.slric.ted  to  a  f(.w  specks  and  dots  on  the  back  of  I'ach 
seirment. 

Chrysalis  (84  :  17.  is).  Snowy -w  lilt e.  witli  a  sliiiht  tiiiy;e  of  lilnish  or  pali.  salmon, 
the  alidonieii  often  ol)>eiired  a  little  with  fuse. on-.,  lli.ad  witii  alransver-e  lilack  band 
on  the  front  cdij;c,  ireiierally  passim^  around  the  outside  of  the  o(.ellar  proiniiiciices 
a  short  distance,  and  at  tlie  liiu.rior  base  of  i.acli  antenna  a  small  bhu.k  spot  ;  behind 


those, 


aloiiji  the  front  cdite  of  the   ine-onotiim,  a  cnrvini;  row  of  four  small  lilack 


spots,  tw<i  subdorsal  and  two  occnpyiiiL:  the  protliora<.ic  spirailes;  on  the  siiminit  of 
the  mesonotiim  a  pair  of  short,  slender,  oblinne,  slightly  ciirviii;;  snbdorsal  streaks, 
the  convexity  inward  and  somewhat  bai-kward :  toiiifue  black.  Le.i;s  white,  tipped 
■with  black;  anti.niiae  alternatrly  white  and  brown  tipi)ed  with  black.  Wiiiils  with  a 
lary;e.  loii;riliiiliiial.  (.iirvin;;-.  interrupted,  mesial,  black  stripe,  taperin;;  at  eitherend.  and 
at  its  loiiLti.^t  ^tartiiiir  from  near  the  ba~e  at  the  lower  ed^e,  and  terininatinn'  near  the 


M    . 


NVMl'IIAMNAK:    (■1N(  I.IDIA   IIAIMMSII. 


CT'.t 


npliiT  |i:il'l  nl'  llir  liliiil  lii:ll'i.'ill.  il>  Cdiivrxil y  i|ii\VM\v;i|vl.  Iil'n:iill\  iMlci'|-ii|i|i'(l  :il  111'' 
iii'i'viirrs  wii li  l)riiv, iii^li  ydliiw  ;  wlu'ii  sluirli'i'  it  is  nl'li'ii  Mi:i'lr  up  <>(  I'liiir  ur  iIm'  «iili- 
liiimii'  inilclic^.  1111(1  Us  u'cniM'iil  ciii'vi'  N  ii  lltilf  ;.'ri'!itcf;  li.'>iili>  nilici-  lililc  lilark 
iln>li('-*.  wliicliiii'i'  nricii  ciiwolcic.  tlicrc  i>  a  liirici'  liumliiiiliMMl  black  ilnsli  at  the  nildilli- 
ol'  llh'  liiiiil  hiii'ilfi',  llii'  ln'iiaiU'>t  cxIn'Miily  fslliiu'  "ii  Hn'  •■il'_'i':  lln'  lia^al  Hini; 
liiliinli'  i>  licavily  ami  invirnlai'ly  iiiarkiMl  'tli  lilack.  ami  llicr''  K  a  iimm-m  r^c  Mai-k 
liar  oil  llir  i.iiclcr  wIlILt  ilcxi  llic  liilldcr  cil;.'!'  ol'  llic  llii>r:i\:  llic  liiii.li'i-  c'il;;i>  111'  liiilh 
Willi;'*,  anil  c^in'cially  i>(  Uiv  iiinlrr.  i-  |ialr  (ii'aii;;i'.  'I'lif  iiiri^iii'i'-  nl'  the  iiliilcniiiiial 
si'iiiiHMils  iiro  al>i>  I'lili' "i''iii-'''  'I'lu'i'i' U  a  liniail  >lli.'iiiatal  liaiul  I'liniicMl  ol'  nlli'riiah' 
i|iiaili'aiii;iihii'  black  ami  oraimr  -imu.  aiiil  a  •.iuiilai'  bill  brmiilrr  vciilral  band,  i  >ii  llio 
|iii-.|iirii)i' iMHiiiiii  of  till'  scciiiid  to  ■^cvciilli  alidoiiiiiial  x'^'iiiriiN  llicrr  i>  a  ■<iibdoi>al 
row  ol' small.  Iraiwvi'iNi'.  vairncly  di'lliird  s|inl>.  wliirli  occasionally  lici'oinc  nblbiin', 
diwci'irinit  anteriorly :  llicrc  i-  a  lateral  row  of  browiiNJi  dots  mi  lln'  middle  ol'  tlio 
abdmiiinul  se'jnieiils.  All  llic  lai'itcr  liilnTcles  of  ilic  iliora\  and  abdnmcn  are  oraiiL'o 
tipped  vltli  black,  .-iml  have  a  black  editinu:  at  llieir  anli'rior  liase.  All  Hie  »i, Killer 
warts,  especially  those  wliieli  are  scarcely  raised  iibiive  the  siirran-  In  tin'  sii|Ma-liLr- 
iiiatal.  inrraslimnatal  ami  Intenivciitral  scries  arc  black  ami  very  disili-.|,  .Spirai  les 
black.  Creiiiaslcr  lihick  beneath,  above  black  and  while  in  allcniiili  ninilmlinal 
^lii|ies.  to  near  llic  lip.  which  is  bluish  white  cdLTi'd  willi  lilack  ;  the  terminal  seiiiiieiil 
is  soinethnes  black.  I.eiiLrth  IL'.I  HUH  :  breadth,  (..■imiii.:  liei:.dil  d' Ihorax.  ."..T.l  nim.  ; 
lit'  abiloiiieii.  .">  nim. 

[\\  ."tonu-  .strano'c  I'Diit'tisiiin  tor  wliicli  I  (•iiiiiiut  imw  iucuiiiit.  I  stilted 
II  my  ivviscil  list  of  Xew  Imiu'IiiihI  liiittcrHii's  (  Pnn-.  l>i)st.  sue.  tint,  liist., 
xi  :  ;>7'.i )  tliiit  lliirri.s"s  Mi'i.  isinciiii  licloiiji'i'il  to  Cimridryiis  iiyctcis  iiml 
not  to  the  [iri'sciit  spi'cios.  us  I  liml  said  in  tii'st  dcscriliitio'  tlic  species. 
Iiotli  till' s|)eeinieii  tVoiii  Sutton  and  tlie  description  liy  Harris  show  tiiat 
niv  Hi'sf  assertion  was  riu'lu.  Streeixer's  statenu'iit  reoardino  llie  iiiatt>i' 
is  pertretly   eorreet. 

Distribution  (22  :  li).  Data  are  wantinif  whereon  to  liiise  any  exact 
aceonnt  of  tiie  distriliiition  ot' this  insect  outside  ot'  Ni'W  Knoiimd.  Mr. 
W.  II.  Kdwards  states  that  it  is  found  in  (^iieliee.  Oiitiiiio.  \e\v 
Vork.  .Miehio-an.  Illinois  and  Wiscon.sin.  IJi'v.  .Mr.  Kyles  records  it 
from  near  (iiichec.  where  also  Mr.  I'.owles  has  found  it.  and  it  is 
looked  on  as  very  rare  at  Montreal  hy  .Mr.  Caidtield.  .Mr.  Fletcher 
writes  iiie  that  it  is  also  found  at  .Xipio'oii,  iiortii  of  Lake  Superior,  and 
at  Sudhiirv.  north  of  (ieoroian  l>ay.  ami  also  on  the  (iaspe  coast  south  of 
the  Gulf  of  St.  liawreiice,  and  in  New  IJrunswick.  Mr.  IVahody  took  a 
«peeinien  in  WLsconsiii.  and  it  is  catidoo-iied  as  •'not  coniiiion"  in  this 
state  l)V  Dr.  IIo\  .  Mr.  Worthino'ton  has  captured  it  in  northern  Illinois, 
and  .Ml'.  Lintner  in  Alhany  Co..  N.  V..  while  it  is  reported  hy  Diiry  as 
"not  common"  ahoiit  Cincinnati.  Ohio.  In  this  last  case  I  suspect  the 
species  is  wronolv  detcriniiicd,  as  it  is  t'ar  south  of  its  otherwise  known 
raniic,  which  inav  lie  properly  said  to  lie  in  a  narrow  helt  westward  from 
New  Knolaiid  alono'  the  4;)d  or  -l-ttli  parallel,  and  prohahly  its  proper 
home  would  lie  t'airly  well  tnieed  hy  the  moan  annual  isotherm  of  4;")".  It 
has  not  '.ecu  reported  from  the  .\diroiidaeks  liiit  must  certainly  oei  iir 
there  in  almndanec.  Mr.  .Fones  records  it  as  "scarce"  in  Halifax  Co., 
Nova    Scotia,  wiiere  IJelt    mention.s  captures  at  Lakes  Loon  and  Thomas. 


iS 


rwi 


r 


tiSO 


Tiir.  HI  rii;iii'i,ii;s  oi-  nkw  i;N<ii.AM) 


In  N\'\v  iMiuliinil.  liki'  Cliiiriiliviis  iiyctcif.  it  i^  romiil  in  (li>t;nil  iiiiil 
vorv  viiriniH  Ii>r;ilitic-<.  Ill  Miiiiic  it  liiis  Ix'i'ii  I'liiind  lit  ()n)iiii  ( l-'cr- 
iiiilii),  Ilniiiswick  (Fisli),  I'oi'tliiiKl  (Ii\iiian)  anil  alMiiidaiitly  in  Norway 
(Siiiitli).  In  Ni'w  IIam|i»liiri'  it  i^  plrntit'iil  at  tin-  Wliitc  Muiiiifains  ami 
has  ;il,s(i  Immii  taken  at  I'ilt-liclil  (Treat),  DiiMiii  (Faxon)  ami  at  Milt'oril. 
I  local"  (  W'liitnev  ).      In  N'ennolil  it  ta  recoiiled    oiih 


where  it  is  "rare  am 
IVoiii  Montpeliei'  ( Spra^iie)  anil  Stow,  ••very  aliiinilant"  (Mi.sH  Soule); 
ami  ill  Ma!<sin'liii>etls  tVoiii  \\'e.st  U'oxluii'y  "a  Hiii<rle  ^peeinien"  (Minot), 
Malilen  ( SiTaj;iie) .  Siiiion  (IIarri.>),  I'rineetoii    (Semlihr)    ami    Sjirin;;- 


tielil 


•rai'e 


(  Kiiiei 


I)i 


^oli 


th   of    Massaehiix'ttfi    it 


not 


known.  It  seems,  theret'ore,  to  he  more  eoiiiiiion  in  the  elevateil  and 
iiorthein  distriets,  ami  to  heloiiu'  niore  strietly  to  the  ( 'iinadian  than  the 
Alleiihanian  t'aiina.  On  the  road  I'roni  I'"aliyans  to  the  hase  ot'  Moiinl 
\\'nshinjftoii.  where  one  rises  lOIIII'  in  n  distanee  ot'six  miles.  I  notieed  in 
the  early  [mrt  of  Aiiiriist  that  tlionuh  Doellinnciiii  on-w  as  aliiimlantly  on 
111  " 

K 


le  iiiiiier  as  on  tlie  lower 


'I'l 


th 


halt'  of  the  road,  as  marked  Itv  the  Twin  IJive: 


inn.  nests   and    eaterpillar-.    were    on 


Iv    to    he    f< 


oiinil  on  the  lower 


the  h 


half. 


Tl 


lis    WOl 


lid  imlieate  either  th.at  it 


IS  el 


tlier  extremelv  local  or  that    il   do 


not  I'cadih  attain  a 


hiul 


altitude  in  that  rcuion  than  ahoiit  22IMI' 


I' 


Oviposition.      The  e^'us  are  laid  in  patelu's  of  twenty   or    iipward>  ap- 
a  closely    crowded  sinj;le  layer,  upon   the  middle   of  one 


itl 


iiirelltiv  olll\     111 


^ide  of  the  under  surface  oft'       t'ood  jilaiit,  a  leaf  alioiit  half  way  up  the 


ihiiit 


peiii"'  I'iioscn. 


n   oi 


I 

male,  ahoiit  a  week  or  ten 


in    eoiilinenieiit,  an    iinimitre'niated    I 


,it  of  ehrvsalis,  laid  on  tl 


(le  of  a  tiih 


fi 


.liiel 


roni  wliieli  slie  was  .Mppinjx  '""  "i" 


rc,  a  mas.s  of  ahoiit  si.xtv  eL;i;'s    soine- 


\vhat  pell-mell,  hut  the  hottom  ones  in  a  ])retty  solid  layer.  She  appeared 
to  he  too  intoxicated  or  exhausted  to  lay  more,  fell  to  the  irroiind  and  died 
hef 


'ore  morniiiLi:.  her  hodv  still  crammed    with  i-!S> 


teeds   exclusively  iipoi 


ine  of  the  ("on 


Food  plant.  I'he  caterpilh 
positae.  .\ster  (  Doellinueria  )  iiinhellatiis  Torr.-(iray.  I'rof.  S.  I.. Smith, 
who  was  the  lirst  to  diseo^■er  the  early  stages,  has  also  found  it  on  Che- 
lone  phihra  L.  and  another  Aater,  hut  it  was  not  seen  to  I'eed  upon  cither, 
and  in  confinement  ate  only  the  Doellinji'cria.  Mr.  Kdwards  gave  larvae, 
sent  to  him  to  A\'^est  \'iriiinia,  leaves  of  Clielone,  '•lust  so  long  as  the  least 
hit  of  the  dry  lc;if  ot'  I  )i|ilopappiis  [1  )()clliiigeria]  on  which  they  hatched 
remained,  the  l.irvae  declined  tin' Chelonc.  and  then  after  starving  many 
hours  they  attacked  it  \igoroiisly.  .  .  .The  first  moult  was  pa.ssed  and  the 
larvae  now  iitterlv  refused  Clielone.      I  jfave  them  Astt'r  and  on  this  tliev 


fed  readily  to  the  last,  eating  any  speei 


)f  .\st 


er  trrowiii' 


aiium 


lanti 


V  e\e 


\s  indifferently."     With  three  spe- 
rvwhere  alontr   the  roadside  at  the 


White    Moiinta 


111.- 


111    the   spring,  in   (•oin[)aiiy 


ritli   Doellingoria,  one  or 


two   of  wliii'h  it   took   me 


time   to  learn  alwavs  to  distinguish,  th 


caterpillars  found  on  a  hundred  different  plants  wore  always  on  the  Doel- 


XVMlMFAI.lXAi::   CINC'LIDIA    IIAHIilSII. 


681 


lin<.'(U*i!i  iind  iicvlt  on  tlif  (jther  Antcis,  or  if  tluic.  liiul  not  fed  upon  tluin. 
SpL'cinu'Us  liroii^rlit  to  Cuinliridiri'  starved  riitlier  tliini  toiieli  A.-<ter  ( Iniitlie) 
linMi'iifoliii.-,  «liii'li  like  its  food  jiliiiit  was  formerly  pliieed  in  I)i|iIo|iai)iPiis. 

Habits  of  the  caterpillar.  The  yoiin<;  eaterpiilar."  firnt  attack  tlic 
apical  half  of  the  leaf  on  which  they  are  horn  devoiirinj.'  only  the  paren- 
chyma of  the  under  Murfaee,  and  then  march  in  company  strai;^ht  to  the 
.siumnit  of  the  plant,  l)e>rin  upon  the  tenderer  leaves,  and  next  move  down 
the  plant,  ilevourin;;  the  parenchyma  ofhotli  nurfaces  as  they  fi'o  and  cov- 
eriuii  I'M'rythinjr  with  a  thin  weh,  beneath  and  upon  which  they  live. 
They  continue  to  live  in  society  while  younji'.  forminf.''  nests  not  very  un- 
like thosi'  of  Kiiphydryas  phaeton  (82:8);  but  these  nests  they  desert 
before  winter  and  hibernate  probably  in  curled  up  dead  leaves  or  iieneath 
sticks  and  logs.  In  the  spring  they  awaken  early,  and  although  they  do 
not  prujierly  seem  to  live  in  company  at  this  season,  and  si)in  no  kind  of 
web  they  arc  rarely  found  alone,  and  generally  may  be  discovered  in 
large  numbers  on  Doellingoria  :  sometimes  twenty  may  be  seen  npon  a 
single  stalk,  ami  ofti'U  four  or  five  upon  the  same  leaf.  This  is  a  result 
doul>tlcssof  tlicir  having  no  such  proneness  to  stray  as  is  the  h  bit  of  Kupli. 
[ihaeton.  for  i)otli  .Mr.  Morrison  and  myself  have  found  them  inthespi'jng 
in  the  precise  stations  in  whicii  they  had  been  seen  the  preceding  autumn 
along  a  road  where  Doellingcria  was  contiiuially  found.  They  must 
therefore  hiiiernate  in  close  |iroximity  to  their  birth  place.  ^Vhen  about  to 
moult,  the  caterpillars  leave  tiie  plant  and  retire  to  a  dead  stick  or  leaf 
f(n'  tl'.e  change,  and  then  return  to  their  jiasture  ground. 

They  feed  both  while  ujion  the  upper  and  under  side  of  the  leaf,  eating 
from  the  edge  to  the  miilrib  (ir  sometimes  gnawing  irregular  holes  through 
ditf'erent  parts  of  the  leaf:  and  thus  frequently  stripping  the  plants  (piitc 
bare.  When  Doellingeria  has  gone  to  seed — in  northern  New  England 
abiait  the  second  week  of  September,  they  have  deserted  their  nests  and 
are  nowhere  to  be  found.  Search  nuule  about  the  roots  of  the  plant  by 
Mr.  .Smith  was  wholly  fruitless.  In  the  spring  tiie  eat( 'pilars  devour 
the  whole  plant  executing  the  stem  and  the  midribs  of  the  leaves.  'When 
voung  and  feeding  in  company  they  manifest  alarm  "by  a  jerking  motion 
of  the  body  from  side  to  side,  the  last  segments  being  fixed  to  the  leaf, 
and  all  the  larvae  jerking  together"  ( Ivlwards).  Their  behavior  through- 
out, says  Mr.  Edwards,  "was  like  [that  of]  the  larvae  of  nyctcis,  though 
they  arc  cleaner  in  feeding."  They  eat  by  day  oidy,  resting  (juietly  by 
night,  and  often  when  disturbed,  make  a  scraj)ing  noise  Iiy  tm'uing  the  head 
half  way  around  and  scratching  the  mandibles  forcil)ly  and  repeatedly  on 
the  ribs  of  the  leaf  they  are  eating. 

Life  history.  It  ia  single  brooded  and  winters  as  a  half-grown  cater- 
pillar.    It  appears  on  the  wing  about  the  middle  of  Jiuie,*  continues  to 


*  Mr.  Kilwiinls  ttll>  ii>  that  transiidrli'l  to 
WcKt  Vii'L'iiiia  tlir  simMmi;  larvai'  clcvclopcil 
so  as  tu  ln-ruiiu'  liu>U'rllii'<  carliei',  l!io  farli- 


ostliy  June  4.  8oiiU'  cateriilllars  which  were 
rarricil  thi'i>ii,i.'h  the  winter  tliori'.  ivailicd  iiia- 
tiirltv  Mav  i(i. 


I 


h 


I:- 
1^^ 


682 


tup:  UUTTEHKl.IES  OF  NEW   EN(JLANl). 


oinerge  until  tlio  end  of  the  first  week  in  July  and  Hic^  until  the  first  of 
Auirust.  The  ou'i's  are  liiid  in  clusters  late  in  June  and  in  the  early  half, 
perhaps  the  first  tiirec  weeks,  of  July.  Their  duration  is  not  known  l)ut 
the  eatcri)illars,  after  moulting  two  or  at  most  three  tin)es  (the  larva 
heinj,'  varial)le  in  tins  hahit),  seek  winter  (piartcrs  in  the  early  part  of 
iSej)tenil)er.  During  the  second  week  of  a  certain  Septendier  Prof('-«ior 
8.  I.  Smith  found  the  caterpillar  in  the  third  stage  still  living  in  wel)s, 
while  another  year  l>y  the  middle  of  the  month  only  deserted  nests  were 
to  he  found  ;  it  is  doubtless  then  at  just  ahout  this  time  that  thecater|)illar 
seeks  hiding  places  on  the  surface  of  tiie  earth.  TowiU'd  the  end  of  May 
and  early  in  June  it  attains  its  growth,  and  after  passing  from  ten  to 
sixteen,  usually  thirteen,  days  in  the  chrysalis,*  under  hoards  or  logs  lying 
on  the  ground  or  attached  to  the  under  surface  of  leaves  of  Doellingeria 
or  other  plants,  it  appears  on  the  wing  at  the  time  stated. 

This  butterfiy  is  rarely  seen  in  collections  on  account  of  its  local  haliits  ; 
it  occurs  only  in  the  inunediatc  vic'iity  of  spots  where  Doellingeria 
grows.  At  the  proper  season,  in  the  Norway  locality,  the  caterpillars 
may  he  found  covering  the  plants,  which  grow  at  the  edge  of  a  small, 
boggy,  reedy  meadow  surrounded  l)y  thickets  and  light  woods. 

Attitudes.  As  the  i)utterHv  hangs  from  the  chrvsalis  skin  before  its 
virgin  fiight,  tiie  antennae  are  spread  at  an  ai.gle  of  aliout  HO"  and  at  less 
than  a  right  angle  with  the  vertical,  while  the  clult,  as  if  it  were  heavy, 
droops  a  little  more  than  the  <tom.  At  night  it  rests  with  the  wings 
erect,  the  fore  wings  lowered  between  the  hind  |)air  so  that  the  costal 
margins  arc  parallel  and  close  together  throughout  most  of  the  length  of 
the  hind  wing ;  and  the  antennae  stretched  out  in  front  droop  a  little  in  a 
broadly  sinuous  curve  from  the  i)lane  of  the  body,  and  divaricate  at  an 
angle  of  about  l'2(f.  In  the  day  it  often  rests  with  its  wings  comi)letely 
expanded,  nearly  as  much  as  in  pi.  5,  fig.  4,  the  antennae  scarcely  raised 
alxive  the  plane  of  the  wings  and  so  widely  separated  as  to  be  exactly 
parallel  to  the  costal  margin  of  the  fore  wings.  In  walking  uji  a  vertical 
twig  it  makes  not  the  slightest  use  of  its  front  legs. 

EzperimentB  with  cold.  Mr.  W.  II.  Edwards  has  experimented  on 
this  l)Utterriy  by  placing  chrysalids  less  than  a  day  old  in  a  vessel  in  an 
ice  house  in  direct  contact  with  the  ice  for  periods  varying  from  nine  to 
thirty  days.  Some  of  those  exposed  the  longest  ])eri8hcd ;  such  as  did 
not  gave  butterflies  as  long  after  freedom  f)om  the  cold  as  their  natural 
term  of  chrysalid  life,  viz.  :  five  to  eight  days.  More  than  one-half  of  the 
chrysalids  exj)osed  for  nine  days  were  not  afi^ected  at  all,  and  what  is 
curious,  these  were  all  put  on  the  ice  when  only  six  hours  old  ;  the  others 
placed  on  the  ice  at  eighteen  and  twenty  hours  "were  nuich  changed  .  .  . 
chieriy  by  the  restriction  or  obliteration  of  the  l)ufl'  bands  and  spots  on 

•  Wliiii  tniii<porto(.l-oiulj,  Ijcyomllts  raiiiro.tlioclirysnlls  Iii\iil'^ only  from  tivrloninpil;iys. 


A* 


•  'f'''1!f""^^^'TWV'W 


^V^^PiilPliili 


^ 


XY.MI'IIALIXAE:    CIXCLIDIA  HAliRISII. 


683 


un(K;r  .surt'iicc."  and  [jarticiilarly  thoso  of  tlic  median  niacnlar  liand  :  in 
one  instance  tlie  niijier  j<urface  of  tlic  winjjfs  was  niclanized.  A  jiair  ox- 
posed  for  ciglitecn  days,  one  five  hours,  tiic  otlicr  cigliteen  liours  after 
pupation,  were  altered  in  a  dirt'erent  manner,  and  the  one  plaeed  on  tlio 
iee  wiicn  eigiiteen  iiours  old  the  niost,  the  ujjper  surface  iieconiing  here 
very  melanic,  the  fulvous  area  occui)ying  only  narrow  hands  :  while  both 
were  altered  dificrently  from  those  exposed  to  the  cold  a  shorter  time,  and 
in  a  manner  which  is  not  at  all  a  simple  excess  of  the  differences  seen 
hcfore  luit  the  reverse  ;  for  though,  ashefore,  it  is  the  huti'sjiots  of  the  under 
siu'face  of  the  hind  wings  which  are  affected,  these  in  the  present  examples 
were  more  or  less  conthicnt  in  the  outer  half  of  the  wing,  showing  the 
precise  ((uality  termed  suffusion.  A  third  set  exposed  for  twenty-six  to 
twentv-nine  days  (one  at  twelve  hours  old,  the  others  not  stated),  were 
altered  on  hoth  surfaces  "hy  restriction  and  ol)l'.teration  of  the  fulvous  on 
tipper  side,  and  the  [nearly  complete]  ohlitcratioi:  of  both  liuff  and  fulvous 
on  lower  side,"  besides  being  partially  or  wholly  cri[>i)]cd. 

It  will  be  noticed  that  these  forced  difi'ercnces  do  not  agree  with  those 
of  an  individual  naturally  matured,  ilescribed  on  a  preceding  pagi'. 

Desiderata.  'I'he  duration  of  the  egg  stage  is  uid<iu)wn.  The  earliest 
stage  of  the  caterpillar  has  lieen  insufhciently  studied.  !^ome  ol)servers 
ha\c  spoken  of  the  iuitiunn  cater|)illars  as  making  no  connuon  web  ;  is 
tlu'rc  any  variation  in  this  resitcct?  and  how  does  tiie  nest  differ  from  that 
•  nadc  bv  its  ailli'sy  Those  who  can  follow  the  cater|)illars  in  the  field 
should  careful'y  watch  their  actions  at  the  moment  of  hiiicvnation  :  do  in- 
dividuals i)f  the  same  colony  hibernate  in  common  and  collect  on  the  same 
plant  in  the  spring,  or  du  they  mingle  indiscriminately  at  that  season  V  The 
characteristics  of  tiie  flight  of  the  butterflv  should  lie  dcscril)cd. 


LIST  or  ILLU.STIiATJOXS.-VlWLIDIA  lIMnilSll 


(ii.iti:fiil.  ('hrii.-'filiii. 

ri. -Ji,  lii.'.  I'l.    Distriliuiidii  ill  Xortli  Amurica.       I'l.  8-1,  IL.  IT.    >idcvic\v. 


ri.  m.  iij.'.  11.  cuiiii-oi. 

07:14.    Micriipylc. 

ri.  7-J.  liu'  1.    (.':ili-|-|iill:ii'  ;it  liirtli. 

T.'iii;!.    Al>iliiinin!\l   siuiiiciit  nf  n  nialiirc 

I'liti-rpilliir  I'lilai'LTil. 

U.    ''laturi'  cnlci'iiilliir. 

Tli: '20-21.     Kniiit  \\v\v  of  li";iil.  sta;.'c>s  i-v, 

82  :S.     Xcst. 

SOnH.    I)t'rmal  !i|iprii(l:i^'<' at  birtb. 

.Vi-.")7.    Same,  in  stauf*  iii-v. 


is,     I)iii'«nl  viow  ill  oiitlliu', 

Iinar/o. 
V\.:<.  III;.  I.     Malr.lKiiliMirfa.'.-. 

'Jl.     Ki'inali'.  iiii|M'r  siirl'are. 
;l4:7,s.     Male  alMlumliinl  a|ii'ciiila;;i>. 
!lf);;!.     Vinii'ation. 

.Vt.-l.    siilr  view  of  hoail  aiiil  aiiiMMclaiiC' 
t'lilarircM,  xvitli  di'taiN  ot  llio  >triiitiiiv  of 
llio  h%^. 
Ill  :i->.     I'aiillla  of  toii;;ilo. 


i 


r 

I-:; 


V 


mm 


684 


THE  BUTTEHFLIKS  OF  NEW  ENGLAND. 


EUPHYDUYAS  SCUDDEH. 


Kiililiy'li'va.-i  Sciiclil 

•j:  (isT-i). 


Syst,  rev.  AmiT.  luilt., 


JIflitiR'ii  (pars)  Aui'toruni, 

Type.— I'll jiiUo  jihuet'iti  Dinrij. 


Stnii'.'lil  I'roiii  tin'  tilth  of  tlii<  low  -nili,  IjcIiuM! 
Coiiii's  iliiftcriiii.'  t'oi-tli  ii  ixiiuily  s|Hiiiltlirii't  lii'if, 
All  t.'l'i^>y  ;;:iv.  niaiiiclM  all  w'iili  unld. 
Till'  -illytciiaiit  of  the  siiinimiair. 

Thomson. 

Imago  (54  :.">).  Head  modoratoly  lariri\  clotliod,  not  very  lliickly,  witli  ratlici'  short 
hauv,  loiterer  about  the  antoiiuao.  Front  sliiihtly  tumid,  scarcely  llatteued  at  the  cen- 
tral portion,  very  slightly  i)rotul)eraiil  below,  the  -whole  iirojectini;  a  little  beyond  the 
front  of  the  eyes,  soine\vliat  broader  than  loni;.  about  three-i|narters  the  bri'adth  of 
the  eyes:  upper  border  deseendinir  rather  rapidly  in  front  of  the  antennae;  lower  b.ir- 
dcr  very  al'rnpt  and  scarcely  rounded.  Vertex  not  very  larire,  cousiderably  tnudd, 
projecting  consi<leral)ly  above  the  level  of  the  eyes  behind,  nearly  twice  a.s  broad  as 
loiiit,  the  posterior  border  broadly  rounded,  the  anterior  descendini;  roundly  to  the 
anteunal  pits.  Eyes  moderately  larue  ami  full,  naked,  .Vntennao  inserted  with  their 
posterior  border  in  the  middle  of  the  summit,  in  distinct,  very  deej)  tnid  lari;e  pits,  sep- 
arated by  a  space  nearly  eipial  to  the  diameter  of  tlie  second  antennal  joint;  cousider- 
ably lonu:er  than  the  abilomen,  <'omposed  of  thirty  or  thirty-oiie  joints  of  wliich  ten 
or  eleven  form  the  club,  which  is  naked,  pretty  stroui;ly  depressed,  increases  unite 
irradually  in  size  luitil,  with  the  third  or  fourth  joint  from  the  tip,  it  begi.is  aix'iiu  to 
diminish  in  si/.c,  the  extremity  bi'ln;;  broadly  and  rapidly  roimdcd;  the  increment 
in  size  is  mostly  on  the  outer  side,  and  the  dub  is  about  three  times  as  broad  as  the 
stalk  and  less  than  four  times  as  loui;  as  broad,  without  carinations  beneatli ;  the 
joints,  both  of  the  club  and  of  tiie  apiiid  half  of  the  stem, are  ratlu'r  prominent  at 
their  tliis.  especially  on  the  outer  side.  I'alpi  not  loin,'  and  moderately  stout,  about 
half  as  IcMiic  aiiain  as  the  eye.  directed  upward  and  a  little  forward,  the  last  joint 
>carceiy  more  than  one-third  as  lon;r  as  the  penultimate,  but  sparini:ly  clothed  with 
the  ileuse  friiiiic  of  coarse  hairs  and  scales  which  cover  the  upper  and  under  surface 
of  the  other  joints,  and  which  are  much  shorter  here  than  there;  near  the  tip  of  the 
upper  surface  of  the  middle  joint  a  number  of  loiu;  scale-like  hairs  are  ilirccted  up- 
ward, encircllnj;  the  eye;  all  the  lonurer  clothini;  lies  iii  a  vertical  plane. 

Prothoracic  lobes  moderate  In  size.  strou<;ly  appressed,  taperina  transversely 
toward  either  eud,  the  ends  we'.l  ronmled  and  nearly  eciual.  the  niiper  surface  broadly 
romided.  about  three  times  broader  than  liiL'ii.  I'ataiiia  nearly  llat,  moderately  l)road 
and  ipiite  short,  scarcely  half  as  \im\i  airaiu  as  broad,  the  basal  portion  somi^what 
circular,  the  posterior  lobe  beinu  a  pointed,  >traiu;hi  rapidly  tnjierim;  projection  of 
the  hinder  part,  termiinitinii:  in  a  bluntly  pointed  tip. 

Fore  wiuits  (39  :  1 )  scarcely  twice  as  long  as  broad,  the  ('ostal  maru;in  almost  strai;;ht. 
the  apex  rounded  otf;  outer  nuir«in  very  broadly  and  reijularly  rounded  (  9  )•  the  upper 
two-thirds  broadly  and  reiiulaiiy  rounded,  the  lower  portion  dlscontimious  and 
-.traight  (J),  tlu'  iri'iieral  direction  beiui;  at  about  40  with  the  middle  of  the  costal 
maririn ;  inner  marirln  straijiht,  angle  rounded  oil'.  First  sui)erior  subcostal  nervule 
iiri-iiiii  shortly  befii-e  the  apex  of  the  cell;  the  second  at  about  the  same  di>taucp 
beycmd  the  tip  of  t-'.ecell  (J)  or  at  the  ape,\  Itself  (?);  the  tliird  half  {S)  or  a  lit- 
tle more  than  half  (?)  way  from  the  apex  of  the  cell  to  the  outer  border;  secoml 
inferior  subcostal  nervule  arisiiii;  two-tifths  way  ilown  the  cell ;  the  latter  cousidera- 
bly less  than  half  the  length  of  the  wing  and  three  and  a  lialf  times  longer  than 
broail ;  last  median  nervule  connected,  at  a  short  distance  from  Its  base,  with  the  vein 
clo>ing  the  cell. 

Hind  wings  with  tlit!  costal  nntrgin  pretty  strongly  and  roundly  >houldered  at  the 
base,   beyond    straight,  the  outer  angle  l)roadly   rmmdi'd;    outer  margin    strongly 


ls¥St?«  !?.;SiSf ',  -.■;^!S?i»8y55S^W?'¥ 


XYMl'HALIXAK:   TIIK  (JKNUS  KUl'HYDHYAS. 


GSf) 


roniulcil  anil  pretty  full  in  tlio  upper  Uvo-tliinls,  almost  anirulatoil  iu  llic  t?  .  boyond 
^traiL'lit,  iu  the  ?  scarcely  rcceiling  near  the  anal  aniih'.  Inner  mnririn  sliirhtly  eon- 
vex  on  llic  pimdereil  biisal  three-fourths,  l)eyou(l  excised  and  scarcely  eniariiinate,  tin 
an!.'le  roinided  oil".  I'recoslal  uervnre  <lirecte(l  straiL'ht  upward,  hnt  close  to  the  tip 
bendinir  ralln'r  aliruplly  outward.  Second  subcostal  ncr\  ule  f>rii;iMatinu'  but  a  sliort 
distance  l)eyond  the  llrst ;  cell  open,  but  with  remnants  of  tlie  cross  vein  lyiuL'  scarcely 
beyond  the  second  divarication  of  tlio  median  nervtire. 

i-'ore  les^s  lon;r.  cylindrical,  in  tiie  male  ratlier  abundantly  friUL'cd,  esp.Mially  on  tlie 
outer  side,  but  also  above  and  a  little  on  tlic  inner  side,  with  Ion;,',  consideral)ly  spread- 
Inir  hairs;  til)iao  two-llfths  the  length  of  tlie  hind  tibiae;  tarsi  either  four-llftlis  ( <?  ) 
or  seven-eiv'hths  (?)  the  length  of  the  tibiae;  coiisistincc  either  of  two  e(|ual  joints, 
tlie  last  al)rnptly  docked  and  armed  at  tlie  tip  with  a  sliort.  central,  slender  spine, 
nearly  as  loiiir  as  the  width  of  tlie  apex  of  tlie  tarsus,  and  apparently  also  witli  a  pair 
of  lateral  Meshy  spiniforin  tinuers,  nearly  as  lari;o  as  the  spine  ( <?  ) ;  or  of  live  joints, 
the  tirst  nearly  twice  as  lonix  as  the  otliers  together,  the  secmid  occupyiiiL'  two-llfths 
of  the  remainder  and  the  others  decreasing'  rcfiularly  in  size;  all  but  tlie  last  fur- 
nished at  tlie  tip  beneath  with  a  pair  of  ipiite  long  and  slender  spines,  those  of  tlie 
llrst  joint  nearly  recumbent,  tlie  others  supported  beyond  by  slender  bristly  spines, 
seated  upon  llie  sncceeiiins  joint;  the  llrst  joint  is  considerably   stouter  than   the 
others,  and  the  tlireo  foUowiii!.'  ones  supplied  with  central,  lateral,  delicate  spines 
beneath  (?).     Middle  tibiae  scarcely  shorter  than  the  hind  tibiae,  both  furnished  on 
either  side  beueatli  with  a  row  of  (piite  loiii;  and  slender,  infrei[nent  spines,  braucliiiiit 
considerably,  the  apical  ones  developed  as  lu-etty  Ions;,  slender,  tapering  sjinrs :  on 
the  inner  side  also  are  a  few  very  small  si>iiies.  mostly  arranged  in  a  single  liroken 
vow  next  the  upper  surface.     First  joint  of  tarsi  scarcely  e(pialing  llie  rest  together, 
the  three  following  decreasing  regularly  in  size,  the  llfth  ff.Uy  eiiiialling  the  second; 
fnrnisheil  beneath  witli  four  rows  of  moderately  fre(pient,  short  anil  slender  spines, 
the  apical  ones  of  each  joint  a  very  little  longer  than  the  others,     flaws  small,  mod- 
erately slender,  enrving  considerably,  tluely  pointed;  paronychia  double,  the  anterior 
lolie  nearly  as  louir  as  the  claw,  not  very  slender,  but  little  curved,  tapering  consider- 
ably to  a  line  point ;  inferior  lobe  fully   half  as  long,  rather  slender,   ei|nal.  curving 
inward  :  pulvillns  rather  large,  well  roundeil.  broader  than  loui;. 

.Midomen;  male  appendages ;  upper  organ  supplied  apically  with  two  short,  pointed, 
lateral  processes  nt  some  distance  apart,  each  hearing  a  minute  subapical  thorn  : 
clasps  small,  stout,  subiniadrate.  strongly  convex,  a  stout,  but  not  very  large,  inferior 
process  at  the  base  ami  an  interior,  central,  laminate,  bifurcate  tootli  of  coiisidcralile 
size. 

Egg.  Comiiact.  subglobular,  much  taller  than  broad,  the  base  broadly  and  consid- 
erably rounded,  broadest  near  the  middle  of  the  lower  half,  the  sides  tapering  with 
a  sliulit  curve,  the  suininit  less  than  half  the  size  of  tlie  base,  si|narely  ilocked.  Hat. 
or  sliirhtly  concave,  furnished  with  a  conshlerablc  number  of  faint,  eipiidistant  ribs, 
rnniiing  from  the  edge  of  the  summit  less  than  half  way  down  the  sides;  surface 
nearly  smooth.  Mlcropyle  rosette  occupying  the  whole  summit  of  the  egg  with  cells 
of  a  laruer  size  tlian  usual,  generally  elongated  and  bounded  by  line  lines. 

Caterpillar  at  birth.  Head  well  rounih'd,  broadest  at  aiiont  the  middle,  where  it  is 
very  sliirhtly  auirnlated,  fully  as  iiroad  as  liiirli,  the  crown  of  each  liemispliere  a  very 
littie  tumid!  a  very  few  rather  short  hairs.  liody  cylindrical,  very  sliglitly  depressed, 
the  apical  half  tapering  sliirhtly.  furnished  with  longitudinal  rows  of  small,  ronnded 
wart-,  one  to  a  semnent  in  eacli  row.  each  wart  givinu'  rise  to  a  moderately  short,  very 
slender,  taperinir.  dellciitely  pointed,  a|)parenlly  naked,  but  in  -.•eality  delicately  spicn- 
liferons  hair;  they  are  disiiosed  as  follows  :  a  latorodorsal  row  in  the  centre  of  the  seg- 
ments, a  lateral  row  at  their  posterior  extremity,  a  snprastigm.atal  row  again  iu  the 
rentre.  an  infrastiu'iuatal  row  of  warts  smaller  than  the  others  on  the  posterior  extrem- 
ities.if  the  seirments.  and  a  veiilrostigmatal  row  on  the  anterior  portion  of  the  seg- 
ment-. On  the  thoracic  segments  ,ill  the  warts  are  centrally  placeil.  Legs  loim  and 
pretty  slender,  the  terminal  joint  tapering  but  little,  the  daw  pretty  long,  tapering. 


I.  I 


f*  ■ 


086 


TIIK  liUTTEIlFLIKS  OF  NEW  EXCiLANl). 


irt'iitly  I'lirvoil ;  inMleirs  pivtty  loiii?,  lai'ui'  at  liuse,  llio  lusl  joint  imicli  .sleiidurcr  niul 
L'xsurlud,  tti'iiiud  ciicli  V itli  a  ni'ai'ly  coiiiiilutt.'  circle  of  scviu  hleuilui'  liooklets,  curved 
exceciliiij{l.v. 

.\-<  appears  l>y  tli'>  description,  (jriil)ci'  lia»  iiiven  an  inaccnratc  account  of  tlie  lirst 
sliii.'i'  of  tliis  insect,  so  niucli  so  llial  1  at  llr.'-l  tliouu'lit  lie  niu>t  liave  had  >|iecinieus 
before  liinnvliicli  wcriMvron^ly  named  :  but  a>>iniilar  en'or>  occur  in  the  allied  forms,  It 
mu>t  he  >el  down  a--  an  error  of  observation.  No  distinction  is  nnide  by  Idni  l)el>veeu 
tlie  cliaracter  cd"  llie  spicules  on  lld>  and  tlieotlier  ufenera  of  .Melilaeidi  and  Arirvnuidi; 
in  I  lie  [ireseiit  u:cnus.  however,  tliey  are  excessively  sliulil,  scarcely  perceptible  with 
an  enhirjfenient  of  L'."i(i  diameters,  while  in  I'hyciodos  they  are  distinct  euonjih,  anil  in 
lirenlhis  alnnist  conspicuous.  Hut  a  worse  error  is  found  in  his  statement  of  the  ilis- 
positidii  of  tlie  In'istles,  as  they  are  ((//  paired  ami  tliere  is  no  niediodorsal  row. 

Mature  caterpillar.  Head  well  roninled.  broadest  in  tlie  middle,  fully  as  liroad  as 
lil^ii.  llie  sides  broadly  roundeil.  the  summit  of  either  licmisplicre  a  little  lunikl, 
siiiililly  protnlierant  a  little  outside  aii<l  in  front  of  tlie  middle,  the  suture  betweeu 
prelly  deeply  de|iressed.  deepest  in  llie  middle,  the  front  appresscd  Init  not  Hal:  tri- 
aii;ile  more  tlian  iialf  as  liijih  as  broad,  reacliini;  aliout  to  tlie  middle  of  the  front,  the 
sntnres  a  little  impressed;  tlie  wliole  head  coverctl  witli  minute  and  larj;er  tubercles, 
simiUest  and  least  abundant  on  the  front,  larirest  and  most  abundant  on  the  summit, 
tile  larijesl  at  tlie  highest  point,  conical,  and  as  liroad  as  hinli,  all  emitliiiy;  rather  long, 
scarcely  taperiii;;.  In-islle-like  liairs.  .Vnteiimie  witli  the  second  joint  short,  less  than 
liulf  as  loh^  as  iM'oad.  llie  third  coiisideralily  slenderer,  fully  twice  as  lonir  as  liroad, 
bluntly  rounded  at  the  tip.  liiu  foiirlli  miiiiilc.  Ocelli  six  in  nnmlier.  live  of  them 
arraniTcd  in  llie  tliird  of  a  semicircle,  its  com  exity  forward,  tlie  middle  tliree  closely 
approximate,  tlie  upper  and  lower  at  alxmt  their  own  diameler's  distance  from  the 
nearest  one.  tlie  sixtli  liehind  the  otliers.  at  ecpial  distances  from  the  second  and  llflli, 
coiiiitinu;  from  aliove.  and  formiiiu:  with  lliem  a  riglit  anjile.  Lidirnm  not  very  lartfe. 
Will  idiiuded.  inoadly  ridded  loiiifitndinally,  the  front  marjfiii  broadly  and  rouiully  ex- 
cised to  a  moderate  depth.  .Mandililes  small,  slender,  not  broad,  armed  at  the  edge 
Willi  four  or  live  sliarp  triangular  denticles,  a  lillle  longer  than  broad.  Maxillary 
p:iipi  short  and  rather  stout,  lln'  two  lolies  reaching  the  same  point,  the  joints  similar 
to  those  id'  Cini-lidia.     Spinneret  short,  moderately  slender. 

15ody  cylindrical,  tapering  forward  somewhat  on  the  tlmraeie  segments,  otherwise 
ei|nal.  furnished  witli  many  spines  arranged  in  longitudinal  rows,  one  in  a  series  to  a 
s.'iiineiit;  the  spine.s  are  moderately  long,  pretty  stoiit,  tapering  regularly  to  a  blunt 
tip.  and  supplied  pretty  abundantly  with  small,  conical  wartlets,  as  high  as  broad. 


•ach    bearin: 


scarcely  tapering,  needle-like  thorn,  nearly  or  quite  as  long  as  the 


siiine  itself,  and  direeled  upward  very  little  above  the  horizontal;  they  are  of  nearly 
eiiiial  lenutli  in  all  parl~  of  the  body,  and  are  arranired  as  follows-  a  dorsal  mw 
placed  anteriorly,  upon  the  llrst  to  eiulitii  abdominal  segments,  the  'ast  with  two, 
the  suppleiiieiilary  one  placed  posteriorly:  a  laterodorsal  series,  placed  a  little  in  ad- 
v:uice  of  the  middle  of  llie  segment,  upon  the  second  and  third  thoracic  and  the  lirst 
to  ei:ililli  alidoininal  segments;  a  lateroslii;niatal  series,  placed  anteriorly  on  the  sec- 
ond to  third  tlioracic  and  llrst  to  niiitli  abdominal  segments,  the  last  with  two 
lon:ier  than  the  otliers.  the  supplementary  one  placed  posteriorly:  an  Infrastigmntal 
series  placed  centrally  on  tlie  tlioracic  and  lirst  to  eighth  iilidominal  segnieiits,  and  a 
veiilro-stiiimatal  series  placed  centrally  on  the  Ihoracic  and  llie  llrst  to  seveiitli  ab- 


doiiiimd 


;mei;ts.  the 


econd  to  sixth  iilidominal  segnienis  liavinir  two  each:  the  llrst 


tlior:icic  seiiinent ,  besides  the  spines  meiilioned.  has  a  pair  of  subdorsal  spines,  very 
small,  liiit  crowded  witli  warts  as  lary:e  as  those  on  the  other  s|iines,  and  bearing  as 
loiiy;  hairs ;  and  a  double,  supralateral.  similar  one  [ilaced  transversely,  all  on  the  ante- 
rior p.irt  of  tlie  seiiiiieiit.  Uoily  sprinkled  rather  sparsely  with  moderately  long,  taper- 
ilia  hairs  sealed  on  iiiinute  warts.  S|iiraeles  small,  obovate,  half  as  long  again  as  liroad. 
I/.'ifs  small,  sliorl.  appresscd.  rather  slender,  tapering,  the  claws  moderately  slender, 
pretty  stroiiLtly  heeled  at  base,  beyond  tapering'.  Lrently  curved.  I'rolegs  very  short 
and  moderateh  stout,  laiieriiiit  a  little,  with  about  twenty  hooklots  arranged  In  a  double 


NYMl'IIAIJXAK:   THE    (iKXL'S   IXl'HYDHYAS. 


687 


I'ow  nil  tlic  iiiiior  !ia!f  of  a  t-iriMc,  inndcraU'ly  dihtaiit  froiii  oacli  nllicr,  tlic  liookli'ts 
tliciu>i'lvc's  Ix'iiiu;  very  sli'iidcr.  i'i|ii:il.  ilclicaU',  pretty  sti'oiiirly  curvuil. 

Chrysalis.  Vicwi'il  from  al)ov('  the  aiitiTioi-  curve  is  coii^i(leral)ly  lirokeii  in  tlioiiiitl- 
ille  ill  front  by  tlie  very  sliailit  protiitjfraine  ol  tlie  l)aso  of  tlie  occllar  proiiiiiieiices;  the 
litter  Mot  at  all  proiioniieeil  li\it  very  liliiiit  ami  roiimleil.  sliij;litly  ridifcd  po-teriorly  on 
the  outer  edii'e  of  the  anterior  faee;  front  of  liead,  ineludinu;  thi'  prominences,  scarcely 
eonc-ave,  and  not  more  so  next  tlii'  prominences.     On  a  side  view  tliey  are  aniiulatcd. 
uilli  a  ^mall.  rounded  tul)"rele  projectiiiir  downward  very  sliiihlly  at  the  aniile.  a  little 
swollen  at  the  base  of  the  inferior  surface,  the  latter  in  direct  continuation  of  tliat  of 
the  whole  anterior  part  of  the  body,  the  anterior  face  of  tlie  proniiiieiices  Iteiit  at  an 
aiiL'lo  of  l;i.'>'^  witli  the  parts  above  it.     Inferior  surface  of  body,  as  far  as  near  tlie  tip 
of  winirs  and  inclndimi  the  oeellur  promin"nces,  straii;lit.     Thorax  roundly  arched  in 
a  loimiliidinal  direction  but   not  ijrcafly  elevated,  regular  excepting  a  very  slitrlit, 
roundly  amrular  prinnineiice,  a  little  in  advance  of  the  middle  of  tlie  posterior  half 
of  tic  ine~othorax.     IJasal  wiiiii  tubercle  similar  to  that  of  t'haridryas,  but  ratliermore 
prominent  and  longer;  its  posterior  rid;re  is  but  little  raised,  its  edi;e  much  roumlcd, 
constantly  loweriui;,  with  no  supernumerary  tubercle.     I'rothorax  witliout  tuberchts. 
Abdomen  broadly  and  reijularly  arched  longitudinally;  a  laterodorsal  series  of  liliint, 
conical,  medium-sized  tubercles  on  tlie  iniildleof  thenieso-aml  r.ietathorax  and  the  llrst 
to  ninth  abdominal  seitments,  those  of  the  llrst,  einlilh  and  ninth  alulominal  seirments 
smaller  and  more  rounded  than  the  others.    The  abdomen  is  also  furnished  with  a  dorsal 
series  of  similar  tubercles  on  the  anterior  border  of  the  first  to  eiirhth  seirments.  tliose 
of  the  lirst  to  third,  and  especially  the  llrst,  smaller  than  the  others;  there  is  also  a 
iiiucli  smaller,  posterior,  rounded  wart  on  the  ei;;lith  segment ;  a  sui)rasti;iiiiatal  series  of 
sliiilit,  broad,  rounded  elevations,  a  little  in  advance  of  the  middle  of  th.>  second  to 
eiirhtli  seitments,  those  of  the  third  to  fourth  se-inients  elevated  to  conicil  tubercles 
similar  to,  and  nearly  the  size  of,  those  of  the  laterodorsal  row ;  an  infrastiiiiii.'tal  series 
of  similar  low  elevations  f)n  tlie  middle  of  the  fourth  to  ei;Ljlith  seiiineiits,  those  of  the 
foiirlli  -liirlitly  liigher;  and  a  latcroventral  series  of  very  sliirht.  transverse  elevations 
on  tlie  fourth  to  seventh  seiiments,  one  <i\\  the   fourth  and  seventh,  two  each  on  the 
llftli  and  sixtli.  all  i)laced  at  or  near  the   middle  of  the  seiiinents.     Inferior  base  of 
eremaster  liouiided  laterally  liy  very  broad  walls,  distinct  [xisteriorly,  scarcely  raised 
anteriorly,  sinuous.  coiiveri;in;;  a  little  anteriorly,  each  terminatini;  in  a  rather  small, 
rounded   tubercle,   scarcely   loniier    than   broad,   directed    forward   and   downward. 
Cremastcr  proper  viewe<l   from  above   not  very  largo,  as  long  as  broad,  tapering 
strongly  and  regularly  except  in  bearing  next  the  base  a  very   prominent,  sliglitly 
tapering,  outwardly  and  [losteriorly  directed,  rounded  tubercle  nearly  twice  as  long  as 
broad;    rather sipiarely  docked  at  apex,  channelled  rather  I'.eeply  and  narrowly  down 
the  middle;  viewed  from   the  side  it  is    strongly  curved,  stout,  enlarging:  regularly, 
the  apical  lield  of  anal  booklets  longitudinally  oval.     Ilooklets  with  the  stem  pretty 
long,   very  slender,  and  nearly   or  i|nite  straight,  the  crook  greatly  eiilargcil,  espec- 
ially in  a  vertical  direction,  and  very  strongly  curved  over,  thetii)  pointed. 

Tills  genus  appears  to  have  l)iit  a  single  representative,  wliieli  is  in- 
iligeniuis  to  eastern  Xortli  America  ;  speeies  of  very  elosely  allied  generti 
are  found  in  the  western  half  of  North  America  and  in  the  northern  [)arts 
of  the  Old  A\'orld,  hut  are  wantinir  in  the  region  where  this  jjenus  oo- 
ours. 

The  Imtterflies  are  of  medium  size  with  nithcr  elongated  wings,  hlack- 
ish  on  both  surfaces,  with  a  rather  hroad  reddish  margin,  cut  hy  hlack 
nervules  and  i)receded  l)y  pale  yellow  lunules  :  between  the.so  and  the 
middle  of  the  wing  is  atlouble  or  trelile,  parallel,  curving  or  sinuous  series 
of  small,  pale  yellow  spots  and  the  base  of  the  wing  is  marked,  especially 


088 


TIIK    IJLTTERFLIES  OF    NKW  ENGLAND. 


liulow,  witli  a  rather  cont'ii.>ieil  iiiai^s  of  reddi.sli  ami  pale  yelluw,  irregular 
(<[ttit8.      The  autennal  eluh  is  naked. 

The  insects  are  single  hriKxled  and  winter  as  half  grown  caterpillars  : 
the  chrysalis  state  lasts  id)out  a  fortnigiit  and  the  huttertlies  appear  ahuut 
the  middle  of  June.  Tlie  eggs  are  laid  in  large  clusters  and  the  caterpil- 
lars feed  in  company  on  C'helone  and  Lonicera,  forming  nests  to  which 
they  constantly  retire  and  in  which  they  jjass  the  winter  after  the  third 
moult ;  these  are  deserted  in  si>ring  and  the  cater|tillars  live  wholly  ex- 
posed. 

In  one  of  the  sjiecics  of  the  very  closely  allied  genus  Lemonias,  L. 
chalcedon,  the  larvae  have  a  similar  hahit  of  hil)ernation  after  the  third 
moult ;  hut  according  to  the  oliscrvations  of  Mr.  M'right.  they  l)i'have 
vcrv  ditlerentlv  accordin;;'  as  thev  live  iii<;h  ui)  in  the  mountains  or  in  the 
sun-i)aked  valleys  of  southern  California  :  in  the  first  instance  they  construct 
wchs  of  ('onsideral)le  toughness  in  which  to  hilicrnate.  as  in  Kuphydryas  : 
whiK'  in  the  valleys  they  leave  the  slighter  wel)s  they  construct  in  early 
life  and  crawl  into  the  ground  to  hil)ernate. 

The  ciTirs  are  sulj'dohular,  larj^er  below  tlian  ahove,  rounded  liencath. 
truncate  ai)ovc.  tlii'  upper  half  ornamented  with  sliglit  and  rather  fre(|ueut 
rihs  ;  they  hatch  in  id)out  twenty  ilays.  The  juvenile  larvae  have  a  liody 
furnished  with  small  warts,  giving  rise  to  ratiii'r  short  tapering  hairs,  idl 
arranged  in  five  pair  of  rows,  three  of  them  ahove,  and  two  helow  the 
s[)iracles.  The  mature  larvae  are  rather  stout,  cylindrical,  tapering  for- 
ward a  little  on  the  thoracic  segments  ;  the  hody  is  furnisheil  with  stout, 
tapering,  l)luntly  tipped  sjjines,  each  supplied  with  nnmy  aculiferou.- 
ronical  wartlcts  and  arranged  in  a  mi'dian  dor-^al  series  and  four  pair  of 
lateral  ntws,  two  aliove  anil  two  helow  the  spiracles.  The  chrysalids  are 
well  roun<led  and  rather  elongated  with  somewhat  prominent  wing  thecae 
and  fre(iuent  scries  of  small  conical  tuhcicles  arranged  in  longitudinal 
series  ;   they  are  pale,   hrownish  yell(»w,  spotted  and  lilotched  with  hlack. 


EXCCIiy>U^   XXI J.— THE   IIIUERSATIOX  OF  CATERPlLLAlt^i. 


Ami,  llioiiL'li  ii  wciriii  wliuii  lie  was  lost. 

(.M-  r:itr|-|pill;ir  ilt  lllr  llliist, 

Wlii'ii  next  we  Mc  liiiii,  wind's  lie  \vo:ii>, 
An<l  ill  |>a|>ilii>  |ioiii|>  :i|i|>i'ars; 
Hii'uiiH'>  i)vi|iariiiis;  Mi|i|ilics 
AVilli  fiilinv  \V(niii»  ami  liitiiii'  ltlo> 
'I'lie  next  eiisuiiitr  year— ami  die- 1 

t'owi'KU. 

Ceutainlv  a  (juarter,  not  unlikely  one-half  ^A'  our  huttcrHics  survive  the 
wint''r  as  caterpillars  :  and  in  the  larger  part  of  these  the  existence  of  the 
species  (K'pends  upon  their  power  of  siu'vival  in  this  condition.  Most  of 
tiiem  pass  the  winter  partly  grown  ;  some,  as  the  species  of  Thanaos  and 


THK  IIinEUNATKJX  OF  ('.vrKUPILLARS. 


089 


Pholi!<orp.,  fully  grown,  piirtakiiig  of  no  furtlicr  nonrisliniont  when  tlie 
winter  is  pii.«i.<e(l,  l)iit  chanfiing  to  dirv.^iilis  almost  or  iictiiiilly  l)L'forL  their 
food  plant  puts  forth  its  leaves  in  the  spring,  OtJiers  still,  and  among 
these  arc  most  Satyrinac  and  Argynnidi,  winter  as  young  larvae  just 
hateiicd  from  the  egg,  generally,  ])erhaps  always  iu  \ew  England,  l>et'oio 
thev  have  touched  a  morsel  of  vegetable  food,  though  their  natural  food- 
plant,  upon  which  they  were  horn,  still  oifers  .^iiffieiently  tender  leaves. 
Of  the  species  represented  in  this  last  category,  some  arc  not  wholly 
dependent  upon  the  survival  of  these  delicate  creatures,  hut  accompanying 
them  are  half  grown  caterpillars  of  a  preceding  brood  ;  this  is  especially 
the  case  with  Hrenthis.  Of  those  that  pass  the  winter  half  grown,  we 
may  specify  Cissia,  Basilarchia,  IJrenthis,  all  New  England  ]\Ielitaeidi, 
probably  the  species  of  Eurymus,  and  not  improbably  most  of  the  Pam- 
pliilidi,  of  whose  complete  transformations  we  know  far  too  little. 

The  most  sur[)rising  fact  wc  find  here  is  the  hil)ernation  of  yonng  cater- 
pillars just  born.  As  they  eat  nothing,  one  would  think  they  might  at 
least  have  had  the  protection  of  the  egg-shell  and  wintered  within  the  egg  ; 
but  in  the  cases  in  point,  Satyrinac  and  Argynnidi,  the  eggs  are  naturally 
laid  upon  the  leaves  of  plants  which  die  down  in  the  winter.  Never- 
theless it  has  been  thiught  that  in  natural  con(liti<ins,  as  has  been  known 
to  occur  in  artificial,  the  caterjtillar  may  sometimes  not  emerge  from 
the  egg  until  spring,  I  suspect  that  the  caterpillars  may  be  fully  formed 
in  the  ease  of  those  other  butterflies  which  hil)ernate  in  the  egg  state,  such 
as  some  Thcclidi  and  Chrysophanidi ;  for  with  many  of  these  the  eggs 
arc  laid  in  midsummer  and  the  cateri)illars  do  not  emerge  until  early  spring. 
The  occasional  appearance  iu  these  species  of  an  autunui  butterfly,  however, 
indicates  that  in  some  exceptional  instances  an  egg  may  hatch  and  the 
caterpillar  grow  to  maturity  the  same  year, 

Ilibernatiou  at  this  tender  nge  is  all  the  more  surprising  from  the  fact, 
known  only  too  well  to  everyone  who  has  attempted  to  raise  butterflies 
from  the  egg,  that  the  greatest  mortality  exists  among  caterpillars  in  the 
first  stage  of  existence,  whether  from  natural  causes  or  from  the  attacks  of 
enemies,  and  also  because  in  no  ease  do  these  apparently  helpless  little 
creatures,  generally  but  two  or  three  millimetres  long,  construct  any  sort 
of  a  nest  or  retreat  for  their  commou  or  individual  protection.  They 
merely  seek  hiding  places  separately  in  curled  leaves,  in  the  ground,  in 
crevices  of  bark  and  similar  spots,  where  they  are  certainly  not  out  of  the  way 
of  mites  and  ants.  Neither  have  they  any  ap[)endagcs  which  are  not  siiared 
with  other  juvenile  caterpillars  which  do  not  hibernate.  Yet  there  is  no 
evidence  from  any  poverty  of  butterflies  in  these  groups  that  they  do  not 
retain  as  good  a  hold  upon  the  fauna  as  those  species  which  do  not  pass 
what  would  seem  to  be  so  perilous  a  winter.  On  the  contrary,  our  Saty- 
rids  and  Argyuniils  are  plenty  enough  on  the  wing, 

S7 


690 


THE  BUTTERFLIES  OF  NEW    ENGLAND. 


;: 


I  \ 


■'■"S  '  .■'! 


"->.*»    ■%'■ 


With  tew  excoptionn,  such  as  Cissiii,  Eurymiis  ami  sonic  Mrlitaeitli, 
all  other  hil)erniitiiig  euterpilhirn  [lass)  the  winter  in  some  sort  of  a  nest. 
Most  ot"  them,  separately  or  colleetively,  in  one  which  has  already  given 
them  protection  (hninjf  their  partially  conipletcil  larval  lite.  i)u!;  j^enerally 
specially  "trcngthcncd  or  enlarged  tor  the  purpose  and  almost  always  with 
all  approaches  closily  sealed.  The  species  of  Hasiiarciiia  arc  tiie  only 
ones  among  New  lOngland  hntterHies  which  construct  hihernaenia  properly 
speaking,  i.  e.,  nests  for  the  special  purpose  of  wintering  in  them,  and 
which  they  use  at  no  otiier  tini'j.  Here  each  individual  makes  tor  itself 
its  separate  nest.  Ku|)hy(lryas,  however,  alters  and  strengthens  its  social 
nest  for  the  winter  to  such  an  extent  that  its  appearance  is  then  <piite  dif- 
ferent, and  in  tlu'  centre,  as  tiie  nest  contracts  with  tiu'  withering  of  the 
leaves,  the  caterjtiliars  arci'rowilcd  together  into  almost  a  solid  mass,  'riic 
otiicr  laigei'  cateri)iliars  which  make  no  nest  proiiai)ly  seek  merely  pome 
cranny  upon  or  near  the  ground  wherein  to  lieconceah'd  diu'ing  the  winter. 
We  tind,  therefore,  no  little  viiriety  among  our  native  huttertiies  evi'u  in 
sucii  an  apparently  simple  matter  as  the  hilierntitioii  of  the  caterpillar. 

*,*SoTiii' fiict«  I'linci'niin  .   llii' liilu'riiMtinii    of   the  ciili'i-pillars  of  Kiiniiicaii   luillcrllii's  will 
lir   I'lUiiiil  colli'ctiMt  in  I'r  awilzV  impn',  licn'ti>l'or('  iilllldnl  In  (StcU.  riil.  /rit.,   .\xii:l'Jl). 

EUPHTDRYAS  PHAETON.— The  Baltimore 

[The  Uii!lliiu>i-c  (S.uililiT);  lialliiMinc  Iriiilhiry  ((iossc):  ri'il-lniiilci-i'd  ImtU'rHy  (Mtiviiiinl); 
I'liai'Iciii  iiii'lili'v  (lOiiinidlis) ;  the  IjIucI.  .Mi'litaca  (ltii>.«).] 

OiiHiltis  /(islicits  pliiiitnti   Dniry.  III.  iial.       Kirn..  Itutl.  .Mr.,  I.'i-lil,  li:;.  10  (ls.s-t); -<iniij., 

hist..  I:  l-J-is,  111.  21.  li-s.  ;),  1  (ITTO).  .Ii'n.  ziilsdir,  iialiirw..  wil:  tTH-tTT,  pi.  s,  il^js. 

/''ifiilio   j^htirton    Falir..    .'*yst.    i>nf..    tsi       iv^"   (Iss+j;  j'apilio,  iv ;  ,s<)-!mi,  pi.  ;l,  tins.  23- 


(ITT.'i);— tram..  I'ap.  cxnt.,  ill:  2,  pi.  l!i;l,  lii: 
C.  I).(1TS2);— IIirli>t.  Xiiluisy-I.  ins.schuictt., 
vi:  111-112,  pi.  142,  IIl's.  .'l-l  (ITOI!). 

Milit'iid  iili<(i:liii>  li(iisil.-l,cC.  I.i'p.  Am. 
sept.,  liiT,  pi.  47,  liiis.  1-2  (ls;i;!;;  —  li(ii>il., 
Spcf.  f,'i?M.  I.Op.,  I,  pi.  11,  lii;.  ;i  (ls»l);— Doiil)!., 
Trans.  I.lnn.  .sor.  I.oiul.,  xix,  pi,  42,  lii:.  i)li 
(l>4.'i):-l-;nnn..  AiiHe,  X.  V.,  v :  212,  pi.  4:1, 
fi^'s.  4,  7  (ls.')4);— Ilarr.,  Ins.  inj.  voi.',.  3il  imI., 
2,ss,  lis:,  11.')  (1S02);— Morr,,  Syii,  l.rp.  X, 
Amcr,,  .")0  (isn2);— Linln.,  Uep,  st.  lali,  nat. 
hlst.N.  Y.,  xxiii:  1.">4-1.".7  (ls72) ;— IMw,,  linll. 
X.  A.,  ii.  pi.  Mi'l.  1  (1x75);  I'apilin,  iv  ;  ii;t-7<) 
(l^M);— MicMI.,  Iti'p.  in.s.  III.,  x:  .SI  (ls81);— 


2I>i1sn4i,— l-i.niii,  linll.  cast.  I'.  S.,  IIkS-170, 
lii:s.  44  47  (is,s(;i :- Majn.,  Hult.  N.  K.,  29-30, 
pi.  4,  llus.  ;!.">.  .■i.")a  (Isxiil. 

/iV/<//  iilryus  iiliiicliiii  ScinKI.,  Sysl.  ri'V.  Am. 
I.ult.,27  (1.S72). 

Milil'iec  I'liKi'diiii  Ilcrr.-.^^ihai'ir.,  Proilr. 
syst,  I.cp,,  i;7!)  (IStfc")), 

Ml  niaen  iilii(it'ji:iitt  lliilin.,  \'crz,  .■•iliniclt,, 
2S(lsl(!). 

Aiyi/iniis  phaelmilrii  Uu,\,.  i;my<l,  mOlli., 
ix  :  2.'ill,  2S.'<-2S0,  pi.  ;i,s,  li-s,  ;i, ;!  Iii.s  (lsl',1). 

Fii-'iircl  liy  (ilavcr.  III.  X,  A,  I,('p,.pl,  22, 
li^.  l!(3li;;s,);  pi, :!(»,  li,i.Miy,  ineil. 


■^-   i- 


A  buttcrllv  bliiiKlcrinj,'  liv,— 

.\ii(l  that  is  .July! 
JfATTHEWS.— ,/»/;/  in  the  Want. 

Imago  (5:2;  12:2).  Ilend  covcvlmI  r.athor  thickly  with  short,  bl.tck  or  brownish 
black  hairs,  slightly  tinj;o(l  with  oliviiccDiis.  witli  ti  few  yellowish  linirs  next  the  outer 
base  of  the  imteiniac  in  front,  a  inimite,  bimitc  patcli  of  yellow  hairs  at  the  buck  of  the 
liead,  directly  behind  each  antenna,  opening  towanl  the  opjiosite  one,  and,  occasionally, 
a  few  scalterecl  ycnowisli  s<'»les  down  the  front;  a  narrow  pat(^i  of  yellowisli  white 
scales,  broadeiiini;;  beneath,  along  the  inferior  half  of  the  hinder  bonier  of  the  eve. 


V 


»f 


NYMniALIXAK;   KUIMIYDKYAS  IMIAKTON. 


G91 


Palpi  rcddlsli  orniijjo,  lighter  tliiin  the  orniisc  parts  of  tlie  wintis,  ami  above,  where 
appresHcd  to  the  front,  ns  well  as  on  the  liuierside  of  the  basal  joint,  fnrnished  with  a 
few  very  short  yellowish  hairs.  Antennae  black,  nearly  naked,  with  a  few  pale  yel- 
lowish scales  externally  alwvc  on  the  basal  half  of  the  joints,  especially  on  the  basal 
half  of  the  stalk,  the  basal  four  or  tlve  joints  of  the  club  Inteo-fnscons.  Tonfine  dull 
orange,  slightly  Infuscated  excepting  at  the  base  and  extreme  tip;  papillae  (61:4;!) 
situated  only  on  the  narrowed  apex  of  the  touiiue,  on  the  ndddle  of  tlie  under  surface  of 
each  inaxiUa,  just  not  touchinj;  each  other,  the  basal  ones,  llsinred  on  the  |)lnte,  sub- 
cylindrical,  tlve  or  six  times  longer  'n  l)road,  the  apical  round-oval,  the  apical  cup 
large  aid  partly  lateral,  witli  a  cyliniirical,  bluntly  pointed  illameut,  fully  as  long  as 
the  width  of  the  basal  papillae. 

Thorax  covered  above  with  t)lack  or  brownish  black  linirs,  sliglitly  tinged  with 
olivaceous,  tlic  hinder  part  of  each  of  the  prothoracic  lobes  witli  a  few  sparse,  pale 
greenish  yellow  hairs;  l)eueatli  with  sliort,  brownish  black  luilrs  mingled  with  a  few 
grayish  yellow  hairs  and  witli  a  longitudinal  dasli  of  pale  yc^liow  scales  next  the  l)ase 
of  each  wing,  and  a  small  roundish  one  in  the  middle  of  tlie  side  of  tlie  prothorax. 
Fore  legs  (lark  reddish  orange,  the  femora  considerably  llecked  witli  fuscous;  middle 
and  hind  legs  dark  reddish  orange,  the  tliiiae  aliove  with  a  yellowlsli  tinge,  and  l)elow 
with  scattered  pale  yellowisli  scales,  the  tarsi  slightly  infuscated.  Spines  orange 
Inteous;  spurs  blackish,  tipped  with  dingy  orange;  claws  and  paronychia  blackish,  the 
former  with  the  apical  half  dusky  orange;  pulvillus  lilacklsh  fuscous. 

Wings  above  blackish  brown,  ir.arked  with  dark  reddish  orange  uiH'.  -ery  pale  straw 
yellow.  Costal  border  of  the/o/v  wiiif/K  tinged  witii  reddish  at  the  extreme  liase.  with 
nil  orange  spot  in  the  middle  of  the  cell  just  aliove  tlie  llrsl  divarication  of  tlie  median 
liervure;  it  is  irregular  and  varlaliie  in  sliape,  aluiut  half  as  Inviad  as  the  cell,  and  not 
infi'e(|iieiitly  divided  in  tlie  middle  longitudinally:  another  similar,  although  generally 
smaller  and  more  fre(|nently  divided  spot  is  I'ouiid  at  the  tip  of  the  cell;  midway 
between  ihese  spots,  upon  the  lower  border  of  the  cell,  and  n<it  liifre(iueiitly  also  upon 
the  upper  liorderof  the  same,  is  a  roundish  or  subtrianguhir.  iriiierally  small.  yeUow!r:h 
spot;  all  these  spots,  and  especially  the  yellow  ones,  are  occasionally  oblilerat.'d; 
close  to  the  outer  margin  of  tlie  wing  is  a  series  of  eight  orange,  roundish  or  (|uadnite 
spots,  soinetiines  trigonal,  the  liase  outwards,  one  in  each  of  tlie  inters])aees  )diovo 
the  submediaii  nerviire.  of  nearly  equal  size,  but  the  lower  ones  generally  liroaih  r  tliau 
Imig.  wliile  the  iipjier  ones  are  longer  than  liroad  ;  following  these  Interiorly,  a'ld  gen- 
erally separated  from  tlieni  a  very  little,  more  widely  than  they  from  tlie  outer  margin, 
is  a  sinuous  row  of  pale  straw  yellow  spots  in  tiie  same  interspaces,  transverse  and 
linear  sulilunate  in  the  <J ,  roundish  or  trigono-subliinatc  in  tlie  ?,  in  both  sexes  ap- 
proadiing  the  outer  liorder  most  closely  in  the  siilicosto-median  interspace.  At,  about 
nil  interspace's  distance  witliln  is  another  series  of  similarly  coloreil  spots  in  the 
same  interspaces,  more  sinuous  than  the  previous,  tint  nearly  parallel  to  it;  the  spots 
are  larger  and  more  distinct  tlian  In  the  previous  row.  iiarticnhirly  in  the  i^.aniiare 
ronndlsli  or  longitudinally  subovate;  the  next  to  the  lower  one  is  about  In  the  centre 
of  tlie  lower  inediaii  interspace.  .\t  a  similar  distance  witiiiu  tliis  series  Is  aiiotlier 
imperfect  series,  still  more  sinuous,  but  generally  olisolele  on  tlie  lower  half  of  the 
■wing,  iiarticularly  in  tlie  ^ .  the  upper  two  spots  reduce.'  i  mere  dashes,  the  succeed- 
iug  three  as  large  as  those  in  the  previous  row.  liut  witii  ill-dellned  borders,  those 
below,  when  present,  ill-dctlned  and  broken  up ;  midway  between  this  row  and  the 
o  ter  orange  spot  of  the  cell  is  a  transverse  series  of  similar  vague,  often  oiisoleseent 
[inle  straw  yellow  spots,  generally  trigonal  and  longitudinal,  situated  In  tlie  subcosto- 
niedlan  and  succeeding  superior  interspaces.  Vringe  black,  interrupted  rather  liroadly. 
sometimes  abruptly,  on  the  outer  half  at  the  interspaces  willi  pale  straw  yellow.  Jliiid 
^ciiuj.i  witli  the  markings  of  tlie  under  surface  appearing  aliove.  to  a  greater  or  less  ex- 
tent, upon  the  basal  half  of  the  wing.  In  the  snbeosto-iiiedlan  interspace  just  beside 
the  last  divarication  of  the  subcostal,  and  very  seldom  also  upon  the  opjiositc  side  of 
the  last  subcostal  nervule.  a  slight,  often  olisolete  orange  spot;  when  it  is  present,  a 
similar  one  is  generally  to  be  found  In  the  costo-subcostal  Intersiiace  just  above  the 


yr 


692 


THE  lUITTKUrUKS  OF  NKW   KXdLANl). 


I 


liirl 


ilrst  iliviirli'iitiiin  of  the  sulii-Dstiil.  Next  tlie  oiiftT  Ijonler.  iiiul  only  scpiiratcil  from  it 
l)y  n  llirciul  of  t)liu'k,  Is  ii  scrli's  of  ciirlit  vi;ry  laryrc  orniijjc  spots  hi  tliclr  Intorspiici's, 
tlu'lr  interior  iiliros  rounded  oil'  or  subaniiiilnr.  as  broad  as  lonii,  separated  from  eadi 
otlier  (listiiKlly  hy  tlie  l)laek-ed,t:ed  nervules,  till' upper  lliree  less  dislinetly  than  the 
otlu'rs  and  occasionally  almost  entirely  coalesccnt ;  these  spots  are  narrowly  tiordereil 
Intoriorly  \\ith  l)lack.  and  followed  hy  a  ciirvliiir  row,  parallel  to  tlu!  outer  lionler.  of 
straw  yellow,  nu'dhini  si/cd  Innuli's.  spiuirat'  .1  from  ea<li  other  liy  about  their  own 
k'lijlth.  oceurrin;,'  in  all  the  inter>paee>  al)o\e  the  >ubinedian,  sometimes  absent  from 
the  costo-subeostal  interspace,  irenerally  divided  in  the  medio-snhinedian,  those  In  the 
lower  subcostal  and  three  lower  inters|iaces  more  lunulate  than  the  others;  this  series 
is  followed  by  a  bent  row  of  nnmdisli  or  ovate  siuiilarly  eolore<l  spots  In  the  same  in- 
terspaces, erossinii  the  middle  of  thc^  otiter  half  of  the  w  inu:,  that  In  the  upper  median 
interspace  occnrrinii  in  its  centre;  Hie  spots  are  usually  about  two-llftlis  the  width  of 
the  interspace  they  are  in;  the  series  is  bent  at  the  subcoslo-medlan  interspace,  and 
the  spots  in  the  upper  half  are  a  little  eloimated  In  the  direction  of  the  interspai'cs  ; 
frlnsie  black,  interrupted  rather  broadly  but  not  abruptly  with  white  on  Its  outer  half 
in  the  interspaces. 

IJeneath.  the  colors  area  little  briijhterthan  above  and  in  general  the  markings  arc  the 
same.  In  the/nrc  ii-iiKjs  the  submar^riiial  series  of  oranjie  spots  becomes  In  each  win;; 
developed  into  a  i>retty  broad  band,  fully  as  broad  as  the  width  of  an  interspace  ami 
broken  by  the  distinct  but  slender  blackish  veins;  a  line  of  black  separates  the  band  from 
the  outer  border  and  it  is  margined  within  by  a  slronsl.v  crcnate  line,  w  hicli  separates  It 
from  the  outer  row  of  pale  straw  yellow  spots,  which  here  ta'.;e  on  a  strongly  crescen- 
tle  form,  especially  in  tlie  $  ,  opeiiim;  outward;  the  other  yellow  and  orange  spots 
are  much  as  on  the  upper  surface,  only  generally  more  distant,  less  freipieiitly  obso- 
lescent on  lower  half  of  wiiii;.  and  better  developed  and  in  general,  and  especially 
in  the  ?,  more  (piadrate;  the  orange  spot  of  the  middle  of  tlie  cell  is  not  lii- 
fre(|uently  aecf.mpanled  by  a  satellite  jtist  below  the  median  nervure,  next  Its  Inner 
lower  an^le;  fringe  as  above.  In  the  liiiid  fiiiiiK  the  subinaritinal  series  of  orange 
spots  resembles  that  of  the  fore  wings  except  tliat  the  inner  black  margin  Is  still 
more  strongly  crenate.  often,  and  especially  in  the  middle  half  of  the  witiL'.  approach- 
ing close  to  tlie  outer  Imrder:  the  yellow  spots  of  the  outer  row  are  much  larger  than 
above,  only  separated  from  the  orange  spots  by  the  black  bordering  of  tlie  latter 
and  very  strongly  cresccntlc,  more  so  than  on  the  fore  wings ;  tills  row  is  foUowed  by 
another  series  of  yellow  spots,  the  nearly  exact  counterparts  of  those  of  the  upper 
surface:  but  within  these,  instead  of  being  uniforinly  dark,  there  are  further  series  of 
spots:  ill  the  llrst  place  there  is  a  doiilile  series  of  not  very  large  subc|iiadrate.  frc- 
(inenliy  sliithtly  curving,  yellow  spots,  parallel  to  the  row  just  de~'rilied.  one  in  each 
of  tile  iiUer>pace>:  that  <d'  the  iiiiU'r  row  wliieli  occurs  in  the  upper  iiiedlaii  interspace 
occnpii's  nearly  its  exlreuie  litise.  and  that  of  the  outer  row  in  siinie  interspace  lies 
midway  between  it  and  the  row  beyond:  a  lillle  (list;iiiee  within  this  inner  series  is  an 
Irregular,  transverse,  oramre  band,  varying  coii>ideralily  in  breadth,  but  usiiiiUy  about 
as  broad  as  the  snbmarginal  b;ind  of  same  color,  its  inner  margin  generally  jnst  occii- 
liyiiig  the  outer  edge  of  the  cell:  ii  is  freipiently  interrupted  id  llic  principal  iiervures 
and  is  made  up  lirst  of  a  iiuadrate,  slightly  curving  >i)ot,  it>  inner  lower  angle  pro- 
duced inward  aloiiir  the  subcostal  nervnle.  crossing  tlie  costo-subeostal  interspace  just 
above  tlie  llrst  divarication  ol'  thesiibcostnl :  second,  id"  a  bent  curvinii  band,  tlie  upper 
half  of  wliieli  f(dlows  tlie  upper  outer  extriiiiity  of  the  cell  as  fjir  as  the  iiiedi;iii  ner- 
vure and  then,  not  infreiiuently  broken  or  diniinislied  in  si/.e.  bends  at  iie.'iriy  right 
angles  and  tends  directly  toward  the  inner  margin  of  the  winy:,  liut  stops  at  thesnbme- 
dlan;  In  the  middle  of  the  upper  two-thirds  of  the  cell  is  an  orange  spot  of  ■ariableslze 
and  shape,  not  Infrecjueiitly  merged  Into  the  Intra-nicsial  band,  but  generally  separated 
by  a  black  line:  there  is  a  similar,  but  generally  larger  and  more  or  less  roundish  spot 
extending  from  the  costal  nerviire  to  the  costal  uiargiu  and  iiicliidiiig  tiie  precostal  ner- 
vure in  its  inner  two-thirds:  and  a  third,  often  divided  by  the  subiiiedlan.  situated 
between  the  median  and  internal.. just  before  themiddli' of  the  cell,  at  opposite  ends  of 


XYMIMIALINAK:   KIMMIYDUYAS   PIIAKTON. 


693 


till'  >\<'<t  in  till'  iiuililli'  iif  llu'  I'l'll  iiiul  111  (Miiiiil  (INtniii'1-.rruiii  it  aiv  two  not  very  liir^u, 
roiniilislKirliiLii.iinl.yillow  >|int-'.  tlif  cmtor  j.'<ii.riill,v  lli.'  MiiiilliT  iiml  -ilimtcil  rniihvfty 
l).a\vi'cii  till' rcntrnl  <iri\ii;.'c  >p<>t  iilnl  tlic  apex  of  tiKMrll;  o|ipusitc  lln' inner  dmc.  Ill 
till'  (•(iMti>-sulnM)stiil  intcrspiH'i',  !■*  aiiollirr  <ini'  very  siniiliir  {•>  it  :  anil  In  llif  nicdio-snb- 
niodlnn  1»  a  foiirlli,  nsually  transverse,  lyiiii;  miilway  lutween  tli-  inlra-niesial  liand 
1111(1  the  inner  oraiiKu  spot;  oeeasionally  an  aiUlltlcnial  snnill.  yilloNvisli  sput  oceiirs 
above  the  costal  iiervnre  just  beyond  tiie  oranae  spot ;   friiiu'e  as  above. 

.\biloinen  blaeklsli  brown,  the  posterior  half  with  a  lateral  inferior  mtIch  of  trans- 
verse, soniethnes  nearly  coiiMnent.  oranire  stiipes,  tipped  snperiorly  with  yellowish; 
there  Is  also  a  dorsal  and  a  lateral  series  of  small,  round,  yellowish  spots,  the  latter 
on  all.  the  former  on  most,  of  t  lie  middle  alidomiiial  seL'innil-;  licnealli  there  is  a  similar 
but  iiidistinet,  tlioii;:li  often  enriilni'iil.  veiilnil  series  of  •.imilar.  but  lon}.'itndiiial  spots, 
nnd  the  lon^  inferior  eiolhinu'  of  the  terminal  >ev'iiieiil  i-  oraiiije.  When  deimded.  the 
last  s.-itmeut  of  the  male  is  >ean'ely  shorter  b.iow  th.an  aiiove.  I  ii«'  appendages  (34  :  :i,  4) 
protruding;  but  a  short  ilistauee.  Lateral  proii-.»es  of  upper  or!.'an  a  little  de- 
pressed, triauiinlar,  llnely  pointed.  Clasps  of  e.|ual  length  and  breadth,  the  hinder 
border  broadly  roimihd.  its  eoiivi'xity  eoveii'd  iiiliiiorly  by  a  lamella  thickly  studded 
with  iiituriiedliristles;  the  upper  posterior  aiii;le  sliilitly  produced  and  directed  inward; 
inferior  basal  process  stoiit.  directed  backward  and  a  little  downward:  Interior  tooth 
Hat,  triaiifinlar.  very  broad  at  tlie  base  and  emillinii  two  thorn-like  blades,  one  shorter, 
eiuiipressed,  archiny;  inwaril,  the  other  longer,  appressed,  ciuvir,;.'  loiiviludinally  back- 
ward. 


Measuremcnt.s  in  inillimetrei*. 
lieiiLrih  of  tongue,  7-7.75  mm. 

henu'lh  of  fore  wiiii,'s 

Miitemiae 

hind  tlliiae  and  tarsi.' 
fure  tibiae  iiiid  iHi'si., 


M.\l.K.S. 

FKMAI.E8. 

Smallest. 

Aveniire, 

111..-) 

h 

arjjest. 

•J(i..-) 
11  .■) 

Sniallesl. 

S..j 

li. 

Average. 

ll.;i 
3.4      1 

Largest. 

lit. 
8.r. 

31. 

12. 
H.2/) 
3.25 

lleserilied  rrimi  U    ' .  12  ^ 


Aberrations.  K.  !■.  si  ri;itii.v  (Mil.  jiluiitnii  ah.  a  Kii/nrlni  Streckcr.  ratal.  .\mer. 
Macrolep..  12.-1).  A  single  mah'speeinii'ii  of  this  species  has  been  taken  near  Urooklyii, 
Long  Island,  by  Mr.  (i.  1).  Ihilst.  in  which  the  "upper  surface  dilfers  but  little  from  the 
ordinary  form,  except  that  the  two  rows  of  siilnnarginal  white  spots  of  secondaries 
are  coulluent.  fonniiig  Imt  one  row  of  wedge-shaped  marks  witli  the  points  toward 
the  base,  I'nderneath  the  whole  -pace,  comprising  the  greater  part  of  the  wing, 
between  the  ferruginous  basal  patches  and  narrow  margin  of  same  color,  is  pure 
white,  with  the  venation  black.'"  (Strecker.)  Tliis  appears  to  lie  a  case  of  partial 
sutUislon. 

E.  I'.  vil.vKTilfs.i  (.1/(7.  jihailhtisu  llulst,  Hull.  Rrookl,  cut.  soc,  ill :  77:  iv.  pl.l.  Ilg. 
0).  The  same  collector  afterward  took  in  the  same  place  a  melanic  male  of  tills 
species,  which  is  the  onl>  ease  of  the  kind  I  have  known.  "The  orange  spots  are 
wholly  wanliiig  on  the  upper  surface  of  the  wings:  and  beneath  there  are  found  only 
tlic  one  near  the  base.  and.  almost  obsolete,  the  one  aI'Mig  the  <d^ta  near  the  biise" 
(Ilulst). 

Egg  (64:37).  Nineteen  rib>.  ,U7  mm.  apart,  rather  faint,  most  prominent  above; 
surface  covered  with  rather  frei|uenl  shallow  puiictulatioiis  .Mieropyle  rosette 
made  up  of  pentagonal  or  hexagonal  cells,  the  inner  and  outer  ones  ns  broad  a.s  long, 
the  others  elongatid.  increasing  in  size  from  the  centre  outward,  much  broader  ont- 
wurdly,  the  longest  cells  being  ,42  mm.  long,  tlie  broadest  .ii34mm.  broad  iind  the  cen- 
tral ones  .011  mm.  ill  diameter.  Color  when  Ih'st  laid  bright  lemon  yellow:  in  llircc 
days  ii  becomes  slmii^ily  tinged  with  lirownish,  and  in  two  days  more  turns  to  a 
decided  brown  below  ;  in  another  two  days  it  becomes  entirely  purplish  brown  and 
shortly  after  deepens  in  color  at  the  snmmit :  when  a  little  more  than  a  forlnighl  old, 
the  lower  two-thirds  begins  to  grow  paler  and  in  three  or  four  day-  more  it  is  entirely 


4 


L<  J 


6U4 


TlIK   HLrrKKl'LIKS  OF  NKW    KXCI.AND. 


jiiilc  lu'liiw  (some  with  n  few  imrplUli  sputi)  mid  Inky  liliick  iiliovc.     ll('l;;lil.  .H  iiiiii. ; 
};i'i'at('Ht  lircaill'i.  .>'•  iinii.  :  hri'iullh  ill  siiiiiinit.  .'.'7  iiiiii. 

Caterpillar.  Fin'l  kI'Iiji'.  IIi'ikI  >Ii1ii1iik  plci'oiis  wiili  ii  mt.v  few  ratlur  sliori  piili' 
hairs;  oi'i'UI  lilui'k;  aiitfiiiiitt>  pain  ohMciinMl  with  fiiscoiH;  iiiniitli  part-  dark  fii»- 
cons.  Hody  iiKisl  iloUcatt'ly  slia){ri'i'iiiMl ;  th<'  thoriu'lc  scirmciitx,  particularly  the  tlrst, 
niid  also  the  diirsiiiii  of  the  llr^t.  sci'mnl.  third,  eighth  and  ninth  alidiiiiilnal  si'miicntH 
oliM'uro  fiHcinH;  rc>l  of  the  budy  dull  liiteons,  yellowish  hiMieatli ;  warts  dark 
fuscous;  hairs stral^jht or  ciirvlni;,  shliiliiir,  pale.  I,e^s  pule  ohsciired  with  fuscous;  pro- 
1cl;s  yellowish,  the  teniilnal  pair  liliicklsli  fuscous  at  base.  I,i'iii;th  of  whole  liody, 
l..*>2  IIIIII.;  Iireadth  of  body,  .'..'.S  niiii.  ;  leni;tli  of  hairs,.!',)  nilii.  ;  breadth  of  lieail. 
.:)8  IIIIII. 

Sn-unil  dtaijf.  Head  shiiiiii;;  plcoous,  with  a  few  rather  short,  sillstenlni;  hairs.  Uody 
pretty  iiiilfonn  dull  lutcous,  the  thoracic  and  teniiinal  alxhuiilnal  se;;nieiits  a  little 
dusky;  tirst  thoracic  se;;iiicnt  with  a  dorsiil,  anterior,  black  shield  fnuii  which  the 
loni;  Imlrs.  archlui;  over  the  head,  liikc  Ihi'lr  rise.  On  some  Individuals  faint  Indica- 
tions of  a  dusky  dorsal  Hue  can  ln'  seen.  Spines  black,  fnrnlslii'd  with  several  moder- 
ately loii^,  straluhl  lialrs  ami  lerminalliii;  In  a  Ion;;,  curved  hair.  Spiracles  fuscons. 
Le;;>  l)liick  ;  prole^>  of  the  color  of  the  body  tipped  with  blackish  filscons.  l.ellnlli, 
r).,">  mm. ;  breadth,  1  mm. 

The  dllt'erencos  In  the  siib.scipicnt  stnjjcH  (79:  2'.»,  .'W)  are  so  trilling  as  not  to  merit  a 
illslliict  description. 

L'lal  .<((((/(■(  7S  ;  1 1  ) .  Head  (  79  : :!!)  sirinlnu;  piceons.  the  sides  and  suininit  fur- 
nisheil  with  niiincriuis  minute  black  warts  bciirin;;  black  hairs,  .\ntennae  and  inontli- 
parls  black,  the  llrst  joint  of  the  former  tlirly  white.  Uody  deep  oraniic  or  dull 
ferrnirinous  brown  linked  with  oraiiLre,  striped  transversely  with  black;  ilrst  and 
.second  ;ind  anterior  half  of  the  tliinl  tliorai-ic  seiiincnts  Idack;  each  of  the  ;ilidoininal 
se;;ineiils  is  margined  at  either  end  with  liiiicU.  and  h;is  a  narrow  ,  snlunargimil  lilack 
banil  at  its  posterior  e.vtreniity,  connected  aliove  with  the  maririnal  line;  the  hilero- 
ilorsal  spines  are  connected  by  a  black  llin  curving  around  beliiinl  the  Utile  advanced 
(lorsal  sjiine;  the  eiiflith  and  iiiiitli  aljdominal  seirmeiits  are  velvety  black,  the  lerniinal 
pitchy  black;  there  is  a  slender,  black.  infrastiirnialiU  line;  tlie  body  beneath  is  orany:e 
with  a  rather  brojid,  bhick,  ventral  line  and  other  black  markings  and  a  transverse 
median  row  of  rather  Ion;;,  coarse  Iniirs;  ea<-li  transverse  orange  stripe  bears  a  row  of 
sli;;hlly  curvinn  black  hairs,  .Sjiines  sliiniiii;  deep  bluish  black,  the  needles  black. 
Spiracles  l)lack.  I.c^s  black,  the  llrst  joint  ilirly  w  liite;  prolc^'s  dark  oran;;e.  black- 
ish externally,  clothed  with  black  liairs.  Iien;;tli,  :!."iinin. ;  breadth.  ■{.:>  nun, ;  leiiL'lli  of 
spines,  imm.  ;  breadth  of  head,  2. 1  mm. 

Chrysalis  ,84:  7,  l.'>.  It!).  Very  pale  bluish  white,  marked  with  pure  velvety  black 
and  p:ile  oraiiy:e;  ocellar  ribbon  black,  eiiclosiiii;  an  oranu:e  sp:ice  between  it  and  tlie 
anteninu',  marked  with  a  few  black  i>imctnrc>:  ;inteiiniie  alternately  black  and  white, 
the  club  black;  vertex  with  two  oran;;e  w;irts  si't  outride  of  ii  bhick  spot  wiiich 
passes  midway  down  either  side  to  the  tonirue;  tiui;;ne  black:  lci;s  oranire,  markeil 
wltli  bliick  ami  with  spot>  of  l)rowiiisli  or  burnt  yellow ;  wln;;s  with  ti.e  basal  pi'oin- 
iiience  oraiiL'e,  tipped  wllli  black  and  surrounded  by  the  same,  an  or:in;;e  spot  at  the 
base  posteriorly,  a  series  of  lrrei;iilar.  black,  orange  bordered  dashes  ami  spots  across 
the  middle  of  the  win;;,  the  basal  lialf  of  the  infi^rior  marLrin  oraii^'c,  a  black  dash  at 
the  tip  and  a  series  of  black  dol>  at  the  nervure  tips.  Thorax  with  a  ihlicate  black 
dorsid  line:  protlionix  with  ;i  p:iir  of  central,  subdorsal,  bhick  dots  and  jilon;;  its  pos- 
terior ni:ir:;in  four  cc|nidi»t:iiil  lilick  sjiots.  t lie  inner  piiir  on  tlie  ;inlerior  !ii;iri'in  of 
the  inesothorax  ;  tlie  hitter  with  ii  pair  of  central,  subdorsiil.  bhicU  dots,  behind  which 
are  two  niirrow,  div<'r;;ciit,  black  dashes,  .\bdomen  with  a  snbilorsiil  series  of  trans- 
verse, sli;;litly  oblhpie,  black  dashes  centrally  placed;  postiu'lor  to  them  and  a  little 
outside,  a  series  of  straij;ht,  transverse,  black  dashes;  on  the  second  and  snc<>eedln;; 
se;;inents  there  Is  also  a  liiternl  row  ot  circular  black  spots  two  tui  a  ■ou'inent.  one 
placed  anteriorly,  the  other  jiosteriorly :  behind  the  -upra^tisniatal  warts  there  are  on 
each  segment  two  or  three  small,  sometimes  conllucnt.  bhick  spots;  there  Is  nNo  a 


NYMIMIAI-INAE:    Ki:riIYI)llYAS   I'lIAKTON. 


695 


Hllu'iimtiil  row  i)f  triiiisvt'iNo  Uliick  spots,  slinlliir  in  apiPiiirani'i'  to  tlio  splracU's,  slt- 
iiaicMl  posti'iinrly.  Ventral  siirl'aci'  iiiarki'd  nitlici-  luavlly  wlili  black,  maraliu'il  wltli 
oraiii,'!!;  a  latiTDVi'iitral  •^rrics  ol'  small,  tniiisvi'i'sc,  (praii^"'  spots,  two  on  a  scuinrnt 
ami  on  I'ltlwr  slilr  a  row  111"  Mark  spots,  'rnlifnlcs  of  iliorax  and  alHlonim  oraniif. 
soiiiftlinc*  llppt'il  with  black  or  shlnins  fnscon-.  anil  usually  boriUrcd  at  th<!  base  on 
tliu  anterior  and  Inner -id''  willi  blai'k;  lliesc  ba-al  blai  k  iiiurkMiu'- and  tin  obli'ine, 
cuntral.  subdorsal  dashes  somctlMies  beconu'  innlbicMl  on  llie  po-lcrior  se'.'ineiil-.  and 
form  tortiions.  brare-Uke.  black  niarklnirs.  SpiracU-,  black.  Cremaster  t.lack 
tliron^hout  excepting  anteriorly,  where  it  enclo-es  a  donl)li'  oraiii.'e  -pot.  Lenijlh, 
i;..".  nun.;  width  at  thorax,  il  mm. ;  width  at  base  of  alidomeii.  ."i..".  lam. ;  jieiirhl  >>( 
thorax,  il  mm. ;  height  of  nddille  of  body.  •'■..■>  mm. 

Distribution  (22:7).  Tliis  huttcrtly  is  ii  mt'iiilur  n{'  tlu'  .Mlcoliiiiiian 
ami  Caiiadiiiii  t'amias,  Imt  lioincf  I'lniiu'iitly  local  in  it.s  liiiMt.s  lias  iml  yet 
liccii  fuiuul  (ivtr  tlu'  whole  extent  of  the  country  uliieh  it  prohalily  occu- 
pies ;  it  is  iiliumlant  aloni,'  the  .Vtlantii'  c<iasl  and  a|>|)ait'ntly  e((nally  so 
inland  :  Imt  its  western  lindt.s  are  as  yet  donhil'ul.  Dr.  Kirtland  repoits  it 
from  several  iioiiits  in  ( )hio  and  Mr.  llarrino-tun  says  it  i.-  coiniiion  in  south- 
ern .Miehiiran.  The  .Mnseiiin  of  the  rnivcisity  of  .Miehio-an  also  contains 
specimens  taken  i;>  that  state.  Mr.  Worthiiioton  and  Dr.  Levette  record 
it  from  Illinois,  and  I  saw  .speeinieiis  in  the  Chieajro  Academy's  Mnsenm. 
Dr.  llov  .savs  it  is  "rather  rare"  in  Wi.-consin,  and  l*rofess(n-  I'arker  that 
it  oceiirs  in  Iowa  ;  sinoU- ('aptnres  have  even  heen  made  hy  Dr.  Dawson 
at  the  liake  of  the  Woodn  and  hy  Profeissor  Snow  ii\  eastern  Kansas. 
Southwardly  it  is  common  in  the  neifihhorhood  of  l'hiladel|ihia  (IJiake), 
>raryland  (Thler)  and  We.st  Virj^inia  ( iOdward.s) ,  and  Kdwards  also 
reports  it  from  Iventneky  ;  to  the  north  it  oeetirs  m  (^uehee  "rare" 
(Bowles),  Montreal  (Caulfiehl,  I'earson ) ,  Ottawa  "eonmion"  (killings, 
Fletcher),  and  at  Nepitron,  north  of  Lake  .Sn|)erior  (Fletcher).  It  has 
heen  reported  from  Xova  Seotia  and  New  IJrnnswiek.  The  anonymous 
statement  ( Fiehl  and  forest,  iii :  V\2)  that  it  was  once  taken  on  Christina.s 
dav  in  Denton  Cotmty,  Texas,  is  iimpicstioimhly  false. 

In  New  Enf^hmd  it  is  found  ahundantly  everywhere  from  the  heart  of 
the  White  Mountains  to  the  lower  portion  of  the  Connecticut  Kiver  valley  : 
hut  owing  to  its  local  hahits  it  is  ordinarily  esteemed  rare.  It  has  not 
heen  reported  further  east  than  Ilallowell  (.Miss  Wadsworth ) ,  Water- 
ville  (Ilandin)  and  Orono  (F'ormild)  in  Maine,  in  all  which  places  it  is 
accounted  rare. 

Localization.  It  oeciirs  only  in  hogs  or  moist  and  shady  meadows  of 
small  extent  seldom  fre(iiientcd  hy  the  aurelian,  and  is  often  .so  limited  in 
its  range  as  scarcely  to  he  seen  one  hundred  yards  from  a  spot  where  it 
swarms.  Mr.  Emery  writes  that  he  has  foinid  it  in  greatest  ahundance 
near  Si)ringfieUl,  Muss.,  on  a  spot  less  than  an  acre  in  extent,  and  another 
locality  which  he  has  visited  for  several  years  in  search  of  it  will  not  mea.s- 
nre  more  than  three  rods  hy  ten.  Dr.  Minot  has  found  all  his  specimens 
in  (^uincy,  Mass.,  in  a  field  ahout  two  acres  in  extent.     Indeed  one  might 


i: 


i 


) 


fl 


^Bh:!- 


mmi 


696 


IlIK   HlTTKlilLIES  OK  NEW    ENGLAM*. 


('<)llo('t  l)iitt'  vflii'.s  tor  yoiirs  niid  (•iin-idcr  pliacton  tlio  rai'!>t  of  tlio  trilu' 
while  inultitiuU'.s  «jM)rt  in  security  witliiii  a  liw  nuls  ct"  the  l)eiiteii  track. 
Mr.  Jiiiitiifr"«  experience  is  the  same:   he  i-eniarks.  ••Tl 


a  ii(itai)le  iliiistralii 


>!'  th< 


MS 

Icieali/atidn   nf  certain  inscct- 


i" 


er 


as  en'einiiscriiM  (I 


leeies  present:* 

Whih-  tliis 

ilniiist  t'ruitless  ex- 


l)r()hlic  eoilcctinu-  licld  [Cent 

pK)rations  ot' ailjacent  tcarilorx  .  cnilii'a''cs  a  tract  ol'  almiit  ihn  "-tuiirths   of 

n  mile  scpiare.  the  pliacton  haliitat  pi'opcr  has  a  ratlins  of  hut  oiic-ci^iiilh  ot' 


iiiill 


a   nnie  n\ 


ii  mile,  with  an  occasional  cllipticil   extension   to  oiic-ti 

diameter.      Its   central    point    is    the   extension  of  a  swamp  onci'  a  seliloi 


n 


trave 
mer. 


led 


roac 


1.  wl 


IJi 


cvont 


lere 
1  tli( 


•\\  inches  ot    water  is  loiind  tiiidiiizlioiil  the  siim- 


limits    the   spe 


'Cle^ 


it  1 1 


las  not  lieen  ohser\ni.  (Iiiriii"- 


five  years  of  frecpient  \i>its  to  this  locality  liy  Mr.  Peek  and  Mr.  Miske. 
...  I  have  not  met  with  it  at  Scoharie,  nor  in  the  nei^rhiiorhood  of  Alhany 
c'.\ce|it  at  Center,  altlioii<ih  its  favorite  food  [)lant  is  of  eomiiiim  ueciirrencc 
in  this  vicinity." 

At  the  same  time  it  would  appear  IVoni  certain  oliscrvations  that  occa- 
sionally (prolialiiy  when  their  ii'imhcis  are  so  jxreat  as  to  simrni'st  a 
scarcity  of  food-siip|ily  for  their  proi;'ciiy )  they  are  found  outside  their 
usual  haunts  and  in  eonsidcralile  miinlieis.  surprising  those  who  ha\e  not 
l)ef()re  seen  them  with  their  line  eontrastiiiLr  colors.  Thus  Mr.  IJates  of 
South  ^Vhinirton,  writinir  in  1S77,  savs,  "For  two  or 


tl 


iree  year 


)■' 


1' 


<t  I 


have  searched  in  vain  thronghoiit  this  locality  for  phaeton,  hut  this  season 


I  have  taken  all  that  I  wanted" 


aiK 


1  Professor  Parker,  formerlv  of  Amherst. 


tl 


where  tlie  species  is  ifciicrallv  acconn 


Ih 


ited 


rare. 


that 


eontrarv  to  nsna 


reports  it  was  not  eoiilined  to  a  small  locality  hut  hecamo  rather  coninion 
in  several  directions  from  the  village. 

Oviposition.  .Mr.  ('.  A.  Emery,  of  Springfield,  was  so  fortunate  as  to 
observe  a  female  of  thirf  species  uiioti  a  leaf  t)f  C'helonc  :  examining  the 
leaf  lir  discovered  a  patch  of  eggs  upon  the  middle  of  the  under  surface, 
closely  [lacked  heside  the  inidril).  arranged  in  three  layers,  all  of  irre 


.'2U- 


lar  outline  ;  the  liasal  lavcr  was  ^l.5  nun.   long  and  5.5 


mm. 


liroad  ;   tin 


formed   the   fioor    of   the  second,    which  was  simil 


ir  111   appearance   hnl 


ymaiiei 


die 


an( 


1   tl 


le   uiiiiermost    measurei 


1    < 


I    mm. 


lonir 


aiK 


1  ;{. 


Iireadth.      Without    removiiiir  the   lavers   it  was   of  coiir 


)    mm.    Ill 
niiossilile  to 


coll 


lit  tlr 


lit  thev  were  estimated    to  nnmlier  alioiit   two  liundred. 


and  it  is  not  at  all  improliahle  that  the  female  may  have  hcen  distiirhed  lie- 
forc  eomiileting  her  task.  Mr.  Kdwanls,  who  lias  since  obtained  them  more 
than  once,  says  that  the  clusters  (64:  I;*)  iiiiinlicr  from  one  hundred  to  I'oiir 
hundred  eirirs,  and  that  thev  are  hii'l  on  the  umler  surface.    In  one  instance 


tl 


lerc  were 


livel: 


i\cl> 


I- 


iivanessa 


iMiu'onia.  ALilais,  Phvciodcs  andCincliilia 


also  lav  their  egus  in  clusters,  and  prolialilv 


no  other  oii 
hatel 


ttcrth 


II:i 


imailrvasdoe: 


tl 


le  same.  Iiiit 


V  IS  liiiown  to  (h'posii   siii'Ji   irrcirular  masses. 


T 


le  (■•'!.'■- 


I  in  nineteen  or  twent\'  dav: 


'f-:' 


lai; 


i»  ■f-f<immmmasmt-'»«¥'f«0if^»^'<''t^>smm  tPSSf  i^S9^ 


WllllLlWlUi  1 ,11,  JilJl    illHmUi 


Xi;irilAUNAE :   EUPIIYURYAS  PlIAETOX. 


697 


Food  plant.  The  proper  food  plant  of  the  caterpillar  is  the  snake 
head,  Clielone  glal)ra  Linn.  It  is,  however,  found  on  other  Scroplnilar- 
iaccac,  such  as  IMimuhis  ringens  Linn.  (Troxley)  and  Gerardia  pedicu- 
laria  Linn.  (Edwards)  ;  it  is  also  especially  fond  of  Lonieera  ciliata  Muhl., 
particularly  in  the  spring,  and,  according  to  Glover,  occurs  on  Virburnuni 
dcntatuin,  these  two  last  plants  being Caprifoliaceac.  In  confinement  it  has 
been  raised  on  other  species  of  Lonicera  and  on  plantain  (Miss  Morton, 
Bruce),  the  latter  aplant  allied  to  the  Scrophulariaceae,  and  Mr.  Trouvelot 
assures  me  that  it  will  then  eat  black  currant,  but  in  this  I  suspect  he  is  mis- 
taken. It  has  also  been  observed  upon  oth  ■•  plmts,  suci)  as  Aster,  Corylus, 
barberry  (Berberis),  and  even  on  ferns,  ^r,i'>iv^  -md  flags.  So,  too,  Messrs. 
Edwards  and  Mead  have  found  its  r  st  on  >'  ^lidago,  Vernonia,  Clematis 
and  Kui)us ;  but  iu  none  of  these  cu  s  >rr-  the  inscrf  fWdhifj,  and  as 
all  these  plants  were  growing  in  the  immediate  vicinity  of  Chclone,  we 
may  lay  the  presence  of  the  caterpillar  to  the  account  of  its  roving  disposi- 
tion. In  this  way  we  may  explain  the  mistaken  statement  of  Mr.  Bruce 
(Papilio,  i:  188)  that  the  caterpillars  found  by  him  "fed  on  almost  any 
low  plant  or shrul),  many  of  tlicm  on  Typha  latifolia  (  I),  but  tiiey  appeared 
to  i/refer  Lonicera."  The  specimen  I  took  on  tiie  barberry  changed  to 
ciirysalis  tiie  following  day  and  had,  undoubtedly,  sought  tiie  plant  only 
for  transformation.  ^Ir.  Edwards  writing  in  iScS-t  says  thai  Actinomeris 
is  one  of  the  food  plants,  but  does  not  include  it  in  his  list  of  the  food 
])lants  in  1885.  In  the  White  Mountains  I  found  tlie  hibernating  larvae 
exclusively  on  Lonicera  in  tiie  spring. 

Habits  of  the  caterpillar.  The  liatching  cater[)i]lar  eats  an  openino- 
around  the  siunmit  of  the  egg,  sometimes  leaving  the  outer  portion  of  the 
ribs  until  the  last ;  the  lid  thus  formed  is  tlirust  off,  and  tiie  caterpillar, 
emerging,  partially  devours  tiie  deserted  siiell ;  it  tlien  moves  briskly 
about  with  its  companions,  and  1  cforo  eating  tliey  prcjiarc  a  small  web 
upon  the  under  surface  of  the  leaf ,  this  web  is  very  thin  and  covers  little 
more  than  a  sjiot  sufficiently  large  for  t'c  -ling.  Tlicy  eat  the  parenchyma 
only,  and  tiio  opposite  upper  surface  turns  black  in  consequence.  Tiiey 
f'cd  i'-.  rows,  those  of  eaeii  row  simultaneously  moving  the  head  r.nd  ante- 
rior p.  rt  of  the  body  from  side  to  side  ;  tlicy  frc((ueiitly  wander  uneasily 
and  rapidly  from  the  wet),  but  always  return  again  :  indeed  tliey  retain 
this  restless  lial)it  througliout  life,  and  according  to  .Mr.  Emery,  to  wliom 
I  am  indebted  for  most  of  these  facts,*  occur  more  frequently  olF  than  on 
the  snake  head.     After  the   first  moult  they  eat  holes  in  the  side  of  tlie 


•Tln'so  olisLTViilioiis  were  not  iiiadc  with- 
out (IKllculty.  Mr.  Kiuciy  writes  iMithiisliis- 
tlfiilly  i>f  liU  lirst  ilisi'ovi'iy  afti  r  Hirer  fruit- 
less expeililionsi—"  At  lUHHi  1  lijok  tile  ears  to 
llolvdke  and  walked  four  i.iiles  dver  the  hills 
tu  the  i<\vaiiii>,  spent  an  liuiir  wading  aiiklu- 


deip  in  iiuul  and  ice-eold  water,  with  a  driz. 
zliii;,'  rain  tii  elieer  iiie  uli;  Imt  I  fuiiiid  Hie 
animals  and  forv'nt  the  wet  tVet,  the  wet  liaek, 
the  I'  nr  iiillis  helween  nie  and  Jloljuke,  In 
till'  satlsfai'llon  nf  having'  aeeompllslied  my 
ohjeet." 

SS 


098 


illK   lUTTKUFLIlvS  OF   NEW   ENGLAN'D 


r 


Icavt'H.  <rL'i>enilly  lU'iir  tlie  niiildk',  iil\\;iyti  reachinir  tlii'  iiiidrili.     IJitnif  their 
Hi-ist  iiiDiilt,  liowL'ver,  iiiiil  iiuU'ed  within  alMnit  twcntv-toiir  lioiir.-i  ot  thoir 


I'tli,  tlu'ir  iiiiiniipr  of  life  cliaiiires.     Tlicv  im  h 


fc((l 


(111   an   oiicn 


wt'l),  l)iit  heiiil  tlif  k'af  tiiiDii   itself  iiitu 


illOt, 


it,  or  eonstnu't  a  covennfr  weli,  ucnially  on  the  topino.-^t  leaves  oi  the  stem 


Ml 

St   k 


(Iwanls  ealls 


lis 


)f  th- 


an( 


1  feed  on  the  ixi'een  leaves  enclosed 


tl 


IS  tiK'sc  are  eoiiisnineu  tlie  wi'i)  is 


1th 


■1) 


extended  down  the  stem,  covering  fresh  leaves.  The  first  moult  takes 
place  in  West  X'irifinia  in  six  <lays,  according  to  -Mr.  Kdwards  (from  whom 
a  few  of  the  prcviiais  tacts,  and  most  of  the  remaining  statements  concern- 
ing the  caterpillar  are  taken  hodily  )  and  the  second  at  aliont  the  same  time 
thereafter.  As  they  grow  they  i'lilarge  the  weh,  all  working  for  the  com- 
mon good.      Especially    as    each   mnnlt    appro;iehes.   all    wanderers  come 


and 


tk 


le   wel)   is   mat 


le   tight,  and   into  it  they  retire  and  pa<s  tl 


moil 


It,  which  over,  the  weh  is  extended  again.      If  at  any  timi'  the  wi ! 


njured  hy  storms,  the  <'aterpillars  forthwith  set  at  work  repairing,  and  d« 


not  rest,  \\ 


hetl 


ler  it   rains  or  shine 


till  th 


irk  is  done.      Mr.  Edwards 


thinks  they  have  a  jirevision  of  storms,  iiiid  all  hands  may  he  seen  working 
at  their  dwellinir  industriouslv,  strenuthenini'  it  here  and  there,  even  \\\h-i\ 
the  sky  is  clear,  and  there  apjiears  no  reason  for  work,  'i'lms  Mr.  lulwards 
relates  tliat  a  thine  dav  "iicyan  with  showers,  lint  cleared  up  in  the  after- 


iioiin. 


and  all   of  a  sudden  tin 


P 
lie  colonv  was  found  activclv  at 


I  entered  in  mv  note-liook  that  I  lielievi'd  the 


unusual  stir  was  owing  to  a 


change  of  weather  for  the  worse,  which  these  creatures  had  a  prevision  of, 
for  I  had  noticed  some  years  ago  tiiat  liefore  a  storm  great  eiliirts  wi're  made 
hy  phaeton  larvae  to  put  the  wclis  in  or 
rain  did  not  conu'  for  twd  davs 


once  reiiairci 


(1  wh 


en  sunslime  returns 


(it  1."     In  this  instance,  however,  the 

In  ea.-e  of  damage   to   the   iii'>t    it  is  at 

.V  few  holes  arc  k'ft  for  iiii;ri'ssaiid 


To   tl 


IIS    lie 


■t  thev  retire  for  the  iiiuht  and  for  moiiltim;-.  feed 


my: 


only  liy  day.  when  tlicy  extend  the  wclis  over  new  t'eeding  ground,  though 
maiiv  are  found  waiulcriiiir  lievond  its  protection. 


Till'  first  nests  liiiili  are  sliiiht  and  (uiitc  traiisiiarcn 


It.  th 


le  wiirii  coni|iM-c( 


d 


of  long,  regular   and   colorless   tlireads.  which  run   from  the   -teiu  to   the 

ihle 


mmier 


,ach  siicceedinir  nest 


middle  of  the  next  leaves  lielow,  and  are  iioiind  together  liy  in 
cro.-s  threads,  which  take  no  regularity  whatever, 
is  more  securely  iiiiilt.  till  linally.  whentiic  third  moult  aji]  loaclics,  nine 
or  ten  (lavs  at'tcr   tiic  second,  the  wcli  is  oftcr.   as   larire   as   a    miiu's  open 

iliie  of 


hand,  made  of  eloselv  woven  silk,  of  more  than  one  eoiit, 


d 


cap 


resisting  storms  iuul  even  the   wear  and   tctu'   of  winter.      Mr.    E(l\\ards 


found  one  eleven  hv  four  inches  at  its  extn 


With 


in  this  more  com- 


pact wi'ii  they  pass  their  third  moult,  and  then  remain  hiliernating  along 
with  their  cast-oH'  clothing.  Three  such  nests  were  found  liy  Air.  I'anery 
in  Scplcmlier,   iNlill.      He   kept 


one  III  a  lar  ni   a    iiiir 


rtiall 


v  warmed   room 


until 


it  least    the   middle  of   Novemlier,    and  the  caterpill 


ars   were 


then 


«?«T3S«sJwJt«?«vi?R«JS'^^ 


mmim^iiiMAr.*:i 


XYMrUALIXAi; :   KUl'IIYDUYAS  I'lIAK  TON. 


01)9 


alive  and  (juiot ;  oiu'  wliich  he  sent  nie  (82:3)  wii.-i  of  a  regular,  com- 
pressed, o\oid  t'orni,  about  the  size  of  a  pigxMtu's  egg,  and  eompoiseil 
of  leaves  and  fruit  of  C'iielone,  seeurely  hound  together  i)y  a  silken 
wel> ;  most  of  the  leaves  were  alroa<l\'  dead,  and  all  were  covered 
witli  wel),  and  tiic  interspaces  so  filled  with  silk  that  the  whole  outer 
surface  was  smooth  and  uniform.  The  nest  was  soft  and  flexihle  througii- 
out,  the  wel)  delicate,  allowing  the  parts  within  to  he  seen,  hut  very 
close  and  even.  On  opening  the  nest  it  was  found  very  compact,  formed 
upon  the  drooping  head  of  the  plant,  which  was  partially  distended 
as  it  were  l)y  the  apical  leaves  ;  in  various  parts  of  the  nest  there  were 
several  ohlong  holes  or  passages,  about  the  size  of  tlie  catcriiillars,  which 
measured  from  4-lt  mm.  in  length.  There  was  a  great  deal  of  filth  in  tlie 
nest,  and  it  was  also  tenanted  l)y  the  ^cry  lively  caterpillar  of  a  moth. 

Mr.  Edwards  descril)cs  as  follows  the  largest  nest  seen  hy  him  while  it 
was  under  construction.     It  was — 

I.oiii;  iiiiil  narrow,  liipcrini;  at  citlior  end,  about  tlirci'  iiic!ir-<  liroail  in  the  iiiid- 
illo,  and  so  tldck  and  closi'ly  wovon  as  to  coiu'cal  llio  interior.  For  ciiross  wldlr 
at  worl\,  two  -.onn'wliat  luliular  o|iL'ninirs  wcri'  Icl'l  on  the  middle  of  (nie  side,  and  llw 
tlireads  al)ont  tliese  wore  donliled.  To  snpport  tliis  hir;;e  wel)  the  n|i|>er  part  ol'  a 
-leni  dl'  swamp  ;;rass  .  .  .  was  lient  down,  and  its  broa(i  luid  spreadinji  loaves  were 
hound  over  the  surface,  and  this  with  the  stem  of  Chelono  was  still"  enouith  lo  resist 
thi' wind,  .\fter  the  larvae  had  ceased  work  and  llnall.v  retired  witldn  tin;  wel).  a 
slii{ht  eoverini;  was  spun  aor(>ss  the  outlets,  snilieient,  oviilently,  to  throw  oil'  water 
and  lo  keep  out  spiders.  .  .  .  Six  weeks  later  Ihe  webs  wi're  found  to  be  bleaohod 
white,  and  were  \veatlier-worn  ami  considerably  shrunken;  often  distorted,  too,  by 
the  ^^rowth  of  the  pl'iuts.  The  ell'ect  of  tho  shrinkage  was  to  compress  the  larvae 
Into  a  hard,  eompaet  mass. 

Tlie  ciiterpillars  make  some  selection  in  constructing  their  nests,  since 
they  are  not  alwiiys  found  upon  Chelone,  wliich  is  an  annuid,  tind  when 
using  that  as  a  hasis  generally  interweiive  the  outlying  parts  of  the  sur- 
rounding herhiige.  Here,  then,  they  take  up  their  winter  quarters — with 
us  in  the  latter  part  of  August  or  early  in  Septemher,  hut  t'urther  south, 
where  Mr.  Kdwiu'ds  has  ohserved  them  in  A\'<'st  Virginia,  ahoiit  the  miildlc 
of  Jidv,  when  there  is  iihundant  season  for  a  second  hrood.  Yet  whether 
in  the  White  Mountains  or  Virginia,  to  hed  thoy  go  when  the  third  moult 
is  past.  Yet  in  \  irgini.i  their  condition  is  not  then  one  of  torpidity  or  even 
of  lethargy,  for  when  di-turhcd  there  is  an  iimnediate  and  general  mo\e- 
nicnt.  Mr.  Kdwards  removed  some  to  ii  young  phint  of  Chelone.  templing 
them  with  their  choicest  food,  "hut  they  showed  no  disposition  to  feed  nor 
ti>  construct  another  weh.  They  r:ui  over  the  leaves  for  a  few  hours,  till 
the  w'iiole  plant  had  heen  thoroughly  explored  and  then  left  it,  hetaking 
thenwelves  to  the  grass."     Tlw*y  evidently  wished  to  he  let  alone. 

In  the  spring,  all  is  changed.  They  forsake  their  weh.  iuxl  though  still 
gregarious  to  a  limited  »'xtent  wander  ceaselessly  ahoiit,  swariuing  over 
Lonieeni  ami  other  plants,  seeking  only  the   concealment   of  dead  leaves 


J.^ii 


700 


THE  HUTTKRFLIES  OF  NEW  ENGLAND. 


]W 


m 


Ok.'- 


anil  the  iiiulcr  siirf'iice  of  sticks  on  the  jfi'uiuul  in  tlieir  moultings  or  dm'ing 
storms  •,  i)iit  at  otiior  times  always  exposed  to  full  view,  wiien  their  l)rilliant 
color  anil  active  movements  niiike  them  very  consjiienous  ;  neither  do  they 
seek  ])roteetion  hy  feeding  at  night.  Their  only  sensitiveness  to  danger 
is  shown  l)y  the  readiness  with  which  they  coil  up  and  drop  to  the  ground, 
when  the  [)lant  on  which  they  ai'c  feeding  is  jarred. 

In  New  Kngland.  the  caterpillar  moults  once  only  in  tiie  spring  before 
the  final  cliange  to  clnysalis  ;  Mr.  Edwards,  however,  states  that  in  the 
south  it  moults  twice  :  moreover,  he  remarks  that  on  opening  some  of  the 
wintering  wci)s,  pi'csumal)ly  in  the  autumn,  he  invariably  found  a  small 
percentage  of  larvae  wliicii  had  not  passed  the  third  moult.  If  this  condi- 
tion existed  through  the  winter,  there  would  of  coiu'se  be  one  additional 
cliange  of  skin  for  those  wiiicli  had  been  i)ackward  tiie  previous  year.  All 
that  I  have  seen  of  them  leads  me  to  tiie  belief  that  there  is  but  a  single 
spring  moult  in  New  Kngland  before  tiie  final  cli;inge. 

Tlu'  caterpillars  wander  \igoroiisly  for  jiupation,  liui'rying  as  if  tiieir 
lives  depended  on  liicir  rt'aciiing  souicwiiere  beibre  tlie  final  change.  Vet 
somciiow  they  do  not  seem  thereby  to  disperse  widely,  tor  several  may  l)c 
found  hanging  on  the  same  biisli  or  fenc(!  rail  and  Mr.  Kdwards  once  had 
half  a  do/eu  brought  him  "susijcnded  by  one  l)utton  like  a  string  of  fish."" 

Life  history.  The  insect  is  single  brooded  ;  the  liib<'rnating  <'ater- 
pillars  attain  their  growth  in  May  anil  the  clnysalids  hang  for  from  Ibur- 
tecn  to  eighteen  days, whether  in  New  Kngland  or  N'irgiiiia  :  thi'  earliest 
buttcrllies  appear  in  the  soutliernmost  ])art  of  New  Kngland  at  the  \ery 
end  (it'  May  111'  in  tile  tir.-t  ila\  s  of  .lone  :  about  lioston  they  are  M'Idom 
seen  liefore  the  1  2tli  ot' fluiie  and  they  become  aliimdant  a  very  lew  days 
after  llieir  first  appearance,  altlioiigh  they  continue  for  some  time  to  emerge 
from  the  clu'vsalis.  Mr.  ICmery  even  repoi-ts  taking  one  of  the  hibernating 
ciiterpillars  about  Springfield  as  late  as  ,lniy  4.  On  the  otlu'r  haiul  I  once 
had  a  larva  found  lU'ar  IJoston  change  to  chrysalis  as  early  as  May  !!•  :  it 
was,  however,  parasitized  :  yet  Mr.  Ib'uce  says  he  took  parasitized  larvae 
at  lirockpoit.  New  York,  on  .lune  1,  and  that  they  "kept  on  I'eeding  two 
weeks  longer  than  the  healthy  subjects."  In  the  White  Moimtain  region 
tkt"«  are  net  much  later  than  about  I'oston,  tor  I  have  found  tliem  in  abun- 
dance on  ,Func  17.  Toward  the  southern  extremity  of  their  range,  ac- 
ciirding  to  Mr.  ICdwards.  they  make  their  advent  by  the  l^tth  or  IHth  of 
May.  They  arc  on  the  wing  usually  about  fi  iir  weeks,  and  worn  speci- 
mens ma\  be  timnil  a  few  days  longer.  IJy  the  l.")fh  or  '2^)t\\  of  July  they 
have  usually  disappeared  even  in  the  northern  parts  of  New  Kngland. 
They  appear  to  lay  their  eggs  about  three  wei'ks  after  their  first  ajipear- 
ancc. — between  the  ."ith  and  I'lth  of  ,luly  in  the  latitude  of  ISoston. 
These  hatch  in  nineteen  or  twenty  days,  the  cater|)illars  grow  very  slowly 
(Kdwards    speaks    of  their    changes    in    West    Virginia  as   rapid),  and 


M'* 


amm/miimmmimsf^wni^^ 


NYMl'lIAMNAE:   KUrilYDUYAS  I'HAETON. 


701 


ill  tlu'ir  tourtli  xtiigc  in  the  latter  part  of  Aiijiu.st  or  early  in  Se[)tenil)er 
Ix'j^iii  to  liilternatc*  Tlicy  arouse  with  the  first  hreatii  of  spring  and  in 
(•onliiiin'<l  ^ood  weatlier  a  week  of  fecdinj^  on  the  Hiiccident  heaves  of  the 
yoiinf;  Loniccra  or  C'helone  must  he  snlHcii'ut  to  mature  tliein. 

The  statement  in  Driirv's  Hxotie  entoiii()l<iLry  liiat  tliis  hutterflv  is 
"taken  in  .hine  and  September,  wlieiice  ])roi)ahly  two  hroods  a  year,"  is 
ipiite  erroneous.  It  is  never  or  very  rarely  taken  after  the  first  of  Anii'iist. 
I  say  very  rarely,  for  it  is  not  impossible  that  an  occasiunal  individual 
eiirysalis  may  fail  to  irive  forth  its  inmate  until  an  exee|)tionidly  late 
period.  Two  late  appearances  are  on  record.  Once  when  ]Mr.  lliliinus 
of  ( )ttawa,  Canada,   saw  one  fiyinu' in  Aiiirnst  or  Septcnilicr  ;    and   auiiin 

when    l)r.  liCvette  saw  one  near  ( lalcna.  III.,  dnrinij;  the  s( iid  week   in 

.\uii"nst  :   perhaps  in  Drury's  stateiiient  wv  ha\e  the  jihost  of  a  third. 

Habits  of  the  butterfly.  The  haunts  ..f  this  insect  have  been  idieady 
discussed  in  treatinji;  of  its  localization.  Its  Hiyht  is  rather  sjdw  and 
heavy,  ordinarily  about  two  feet  from  the  Ln'omid.  It  is  fond  ot'  allLi'lilinLr 
to  siirk  the  juices  ot'  re(l  clo\er  and  wliitc  w(>cd,  but  prefers  iLreiierallv  the 
le;ives  of  shrubs  or  of  terns  or  even  the  uroiind  :  when  at  rest  upon  a  ver- 
tical surface,  the  wini!;s  are  shut  and  the  costal  borders  ot'  tlic  fore  and 
hind  winn's  are  bronu'ht  in  contact :  the  antennae  are  |iarallcl  at  th<'  base, 
but  di\t'i'ii'<'  beyond  at  an  an;j;lc  of  fi-oni  AO'to  .").")%  their  tips  beiiin'  Idinin. 
apart  :  they  are  raised  ..o  a^  to  be  nearly  parallel  with  the  costal  borders 
of  the  win;is. 

.Vecordiuii'  to  Mr.  Kdwards,  the  butterflies  are  not  toucliKJ  bv  birds 
"probalily  having'  some  (piality  obnoxious  to  smell  or  taste,  and  the  cater- 
pillars seem  to  have  a  similar  immunity."  Caterpillars  as  spinous  as 
these  are  rarely  attacked,  and  it  would  seem  as  if  so  sliii^H-ish  a  biittcrtiv 
would  soon  have  been  exti'rininated  by  birds,  did  it  not  jxisse.-s  some  ob- 
noxious character,  for  it  is.  I  think,  the  most  shiifuish  biittertlv  we  have. 

Parasites.  Vet  the  caterpillar,  notwithstandinjf  the  colors  which  niav 
warn  off  iiitrudin<!;  birds,  is  subject  to  other  foes,  for  it  is  attacked  bv  lari^e 
numbers  of  an  unknown  pteromaliil  tly  which  does  not  dcstrov  its  victim 
until  the  latter  has  changed  to  a  chrysalis  ;  in  this  ehiy sails  the  ]iarasites 
remain  the  j^reatcr  part  of  the  year,  sometiincs  appearing;-  on  the  winu'  as 
late  as  the  last  of  dune  :  all  chrysalids  which  haiifi-  tlirouuh  the  winter  an; 
parasitized.  Hence  it  is  possible  that  the  parasite  rc(|iiircs  two  vears  to 
completi'  its  transformation,  passini;-  one  winter  in  the  chrvsalis  of  its  \  io 
tiin,  the  next  in  the  young  larvae  of  the  succeediuo'  brood  of  biiltcrllics. 

It  was  perhaps  this  foe  the  young  larvae  were  fearing  which  .Mr.  Kd- 
wards once  saw  "in  a  state  of  great  agitatiim  .  .  .  running  iiboiit  wildly 
anil    throwing   their  heads  and  two-thirds  the  body  In  a  jerking  wav  from 

*.Mr.  Ilolnu's  Iliiu'lilcy  is  \v.r\  siu'c  that  iifli'r  llic  si'oonil  wi-ck  nf  Aiiirii«l  ;iiii|  is  "iii- 
(•aliTpiliins  wliiili  he  (iliscrvcil  at  tlii' Wliilc  cliiiccl  Id  lirlli.'vc  tin  y  slii|i|i(.il  calliiu' a  week 
JIuuntaiiis.  Ijolli  iiiijdors  and  out,  uto  iiotliliif;       oarlirr,"    Sw  nisi)  rsvclu'.  v  :  ,"il. 


7U2 


TIIK   I'.irrKKl'LIKS  OK   NKW    KNiM.ANI). 


ri'^lit    to  lot't,  all   in  tlir   .'•aiiu'    iiianiu'r  anil  like  .so  iiiaiiv  automata. 


Tl. 


caiiso  of  tho  alarm  siomod  to  lie  a  .«iinall  crimson  icinu  union  H_v  .  .  .  wliii'li 
aliirhtotl  tm  one  of  the  h'avcs"  ni'ar  l>v. 

Endurance.  Mr.  Edwards  njiards  the  caterpillars  a^.  very  toiiacioiiM 
of  lite,  as  some  that  iiad  iinderji'one  a  snlmiersion  in  \\ater  of  five  hours 
duration  revi\i'd  and  [lasscd  successfuliv  tlimuifli  llieir  transformationti. 
liut  he  points  out  one  case  of  tlieir  entire  extermination  in  one  locality  l)y 
the  long  continued  sni)mersion  of  tiie  swamp  in  which  the  caterpillars  lived, 
hy  a  tlood  in  the  Kanawha  Kiver.  Kor  six  years  not  a  phaeton  was  to 
he  found  th?re,  so  he  deliherately  restocked  it  hy  turning  loose  in  it  some 
two  dozen  I)i'iterHies  he  had  reared,  and  his  experiment  was  an  immediate 
success.  Tiie  huttertly  itself  is  also  in  a  sullen,  passive  way  more  endur- 
izig  than  most  species  as  is  |)r()ved  hy  its  recjuiring  more  ^  iolent  moans  to 
extinguish  life. 

Mr.  Kilwards  has  also  experimented  with  the  action  of  ccdd  on  thechry- 
salids,  thirty-nine  of  them  having  heen  [daced  on  ice  at  various  periods 
from  two  to  tiiiity-four  hours  after  jinpation  and  exposed  for  from  ten  to 
twent\-seven  davs.  No  result  except  a  I'ctardatiou  in  the  emert'cnee  of 
tlu'  liuttertly  followed,  the  length  of  the  I'hrysalis  stage  after  removal  from 
the  ice  lieiug  the  same  as  after  pupation  normally.  Hut  no  sull'usion  or 
other  variation  in  the  imago  was  induced. 

Desiderata,  i'liough  our  knowledge  of  this  insect  is  comparatively 
complete,  there  are  still  some  oliscure  points.  Are  all  the  eggs  of  one 
Itutterfly  nornudly  laid  in  a  single  patch?  Are  there  two  spring  moultings 
in  the  s«)uth  and  only  one  in  the  luirthy  What  meaning  shall  he  attached 
to  the  occasional  appearance  of  single  l)uttcrtlies  on  the  wing  long  after 
the  itormal  perioti  V  I'erhajis  experimentation  with  cold  on  caterpillars  or 
chrysalis  may  tinow  light  on  this  point.  What  is  the  cause  of  the  locali- 
zation of  the  IjutterHy?  Is  it  simidy  ccmnected  with  the  stations  of  its 
food  plant,  or  is  it  actually  al)sent  from  places  where  it  might  he  expected 
and  where  C'lieloiie  and  Lonicera  are  ai)undant':'  The  parasite  needs  to  he 
determined  and  the  whole  story  of  the  relation  of  the  parasite  to  the  hut- 
tcrtly  needs  clearing  \i[) ;  a  fulh'r  ileseription  of  the  flight  of  the  hutter- 
tly  and  mure  information  concerning  its  western  range  are  desirahle. 

LIST  III'  ir.LUsrn.lTIoXS.-ICI-l'IIYDItYAS   I'llAETOS. 


ri  01,  li^'.  :;t.    Ciiionci. 

i;i.    cliLstcr  of  cir'-'s. 
I'ntiri^Uliir. 
I'l.  "."i,  lis;.  II.    MiiliiiT  I'iitiM-pilliir. 

T!»:2!»-;!l.  Kmiit  \  ii'W- cif  hrail,  i.t;\;,'i>  iil-\ . 
S'J::j.     WiiitiT  lU'sl. 

Clirijitiilis. 
ri.  s|,  li^'.  7.     Siili'vlrw. 

1.*).    Same  in  oiitliiu'. 

10.     I>ui-al  view  in  nnllinr. 


Imagn. 
V\.  ."i,  liir.  2.    Fi'iiialr,  hutli  surface":. 

I'J:  •!.     Hdlli  -.iiifaecs. 

:U  :  ;i,  4.     .Male  alnlonilnnl  ii|>|ieiu1ii;^e». 

;)!•:  I.    Neiiration. 

.')! :  .'i.    Siile  vii'W  of  head  and  a|i|ienila!,'e> 

enlaii.'eil,  with  delails  of  tlie  stinieluie  of 

llie  !(•«>. 

01:  i\\.    Papilla  of  tonjjne. 
Ili'ncnd. 
ri,  -Ji,  lii;.  7.     KI-'trllMillon  In  Norlli  Anieriea. 


^ 


rilK  -srilFAMlLY    KUl'LOKINAK. 


703 


SUBFAMILY  EUrLOEINAE. 


|):iii!ii  l'i'>livi  l.iiiii.;    Kolivi   Kalir.;  lM«livii 

(Jrii\ . 
'rriliiiiii  Ilrilwt. 
IJiiiiiadcs  IKIhnrr. 
Ili'lii'iiniilac     (pars)     S\vaiii>.:     Ilclicoiiiiilac 

(|iai>)  Woslw. 


Daiiaiilcs  lliiisd.;  Daliaitis  lil.'incli.-nrulk^; 
Danalilac  IXip.;  Danaiiiac  Hates;  Daiiaiiia 
Urir.-ScliaclV. ;  Danaidcii  +  NiMilr")|iicU'H 
Scliaatz. 

Kii|iluciiia('  jruiii'c. 

Mca  Kdcli. 


Willi  soft 
And  aiinli'ss  lUittcr.  paiiiliil  hiillcrltics 
Hull!.'  cli-iliiii;:  liciT  and  tli.       liki'  Moating'  leaves, 
Or  rested  (111  !i  wi'ed  to  s|ir       i  heir  wiiiirs. 

>''toK\. —(Ihii'i-ni  lid  Siinn. 


Imago.  Utitterllios  of  Inr^'c  si/,i'.  Head  larifc ;  front  swollen  a  little,  protuberant 
hi'iii'atli.  Antennae  inserted  on  the  snniniit.  not  in  a  pit,  eonsistin;;  of  from  forty  to 
forty-live  joints,  moderately  stout,  naked,  nearly  as  lonf{  as  the  nlidonien,  the  club 
pretty  h)ns  and  m  t  very  broad,  droopiuij;;  palpi  stout,  tufted  with  hairs,  mostly  ar- 
rnuifed  in  a  veriical  plane. 

'I'liorax  stout,  rather  com  pressed,  upper  surface?  si'i'atly  and  pretty  imifornily 
vaulted  :  anterior  sides  of  the  mesoscutelliim  consiilerably  Iwdlowed.  only  tlieir  interior 
inner  halves  projectiuK  into  the  mesoseiitiim  and  forininii  tliereby  mucii  less  than 
a  riu'ht  aiii;le;  posterior  bonier  of  mesoscnteliuni  slronjrly  curved,  forniinir  almost  a 
rounded  rii^ht  anjile.  .Metascutelliim  inconspicuous,  formed  of  a  triaiiKuiar  piece, 
mostly  facinir  liackward,  not  irreatly  broader  lliau  Iii:,'li.  appeariiii;  aliove  as  crowde'l 
between  the  metascnta  and  as  liroad  only  as  one-i|uarter  thewidtli  lietween  the  pos- 
terior anitles  of  the  niesoscutiim;  metascnta  well  developed,  tumid. 

Fore  wiiiL's  "greatly  produced  at  the  ujiper  outer  allele  and  jriMieraliy  m;::';  or  less- 
excised  aiiiiiir  tlie  middle  of  the  outer  border,  the  tip  niiindeij  and  tlie  outer  border 
iii'vcr  anirulatiMl,  except,  occasionally,  in  a  very  sliirlit  doirree.  Costal  ncrvure  trrmi- 
naliiiir  a  little  l)eyond  the  miildle  of  the  front  border;  subi'iistal  iierviilcs  varying  in 
their  oriuiiii ;  usnally  at  least  one  of  the  superior  iiervnles  is  euiill<'d  before  the  tip  of 
the  cell;  the  infi'rior  nervules  arise  mucli  as  in  liu' pri'vioiis  snii-faniily  ;  cell  at  least 
half,  and  usually  more  than  half  the  leiiirth  of  the  win!;,  (dosed  completely  ;  lirst  liraiKdi 
of  the  median  ncrvure  sometimes  arisiu;r  at  tlie  middle,  but  usually  at  some  distance 
beyond  the  middle  of  the  cell;  last  branch  curviiitr  at  its  liasc  pretty  stronu'ly,  (jften 
aliruptly.  toward  the  sulieostal  nerviiles;  internal  ncrvure.  when  present,  very  -.lender 
and  ruiiniim  into  tlie  siibmedian  iierviirc  close  to  the  base. 

Hind  wiiiL's  rounded,  imicli  smaller  than  the  forcwin;.'s.  the  disiiarity  in  ieiiifth  bein^ 
greater  tliaii  in  any  otiiersulifaiuiiy  :  iiiarjriii  reL'ular.  tailless,  the  inner  niaru;in  soiuctinies 
ifiitlered.  Costal  ncrvure  teriiiinaliii;;.  ireiicrally,  near  the  middle  of  the  costal  border 
liut  sometiines  reachini;  the  outer  aiiiile ;  lower  subcostal  nervnle  curviiiir  toward  the 
median;  c(>ll  closed  by  a  strouu;  vein,  which  connects  tlu'  cnrvinir  portion  of  tlie  last 
sulieostal  uervule  witli  a  similar  portion  of  the  last  median  iierviile.  and  lias  a  varialile 
direction;  median  nervules  nearly  e(piidi>tant ;  the  lirst  one  y;eiieraily  arisiiii;  beyoud 
the  middle  of  the  cell;  last  bramdi  ciirviii;.'  stroiii.dy  or  lieiit  to  receive  tlie  vcinlet 
(dosiiii;  tiie  cell;  suliineilian  uervniv  usually  terniinatini;  at  llie  outer  border,  sonie- 
times  at  tlie  anal  an^ie;  internal  ncrvure  usnally  terniinatini;  at  tlie  anal  aiiL'le. 

Fore  lejrs  greatly  at ropliied  in  the  male,  less  so  in  tiie  female;  in  the  former,  the 
tarsi  consist  of  a  nearly  nudlvided  joint,  unarmed  ;  in  tiie  female  the  tarsus  ends  abrupt- 
ly but  consists  of  several.  thou,!.'!i  not  the  mu-inal  number  of  joints,  eaidi  furnished 
at  tip  beneath  with  a  pair  of  short  spurs ;  claws  vvautiiiir ;  on  the  other  lejis  the  claws 
are  very  larij;e  and  louitr.  not  falcif(U'm,  and  both  paronychia  and  pnlvilli  are  absent. 

Tlio  eighth  alxlominal  segment  of  the  male  is  iirolonged  at  tiie  sides  so  as  to  resera- 


\ 


704 


Till-:  HLTTKUKLIES  OF  NEW  ENtlLAND. 


ble  clasps  ami  to  protect  an  fxtensililo  tinker  of  lonj;  lialrsciiclosi'il  in  n  sliciitli;  upper 
organ  of  iippeniliiili's  witlioiit  liiteral  iirnis,  >nmll,  the  hook  about  as  Ions;  as  the  cen- 
trum;  clasps  variable,  ;renerally  inueh  as  \n  Nyniphalhiae. 

Egg.  Stout,  truncato-fusiform,  bhnitly  iioliiied  at  tip,  with  a  jjreat  uuin.v  lonsfitmli- 
nal  ril)s  and  numerous  distinct,  transverse,  raised  lines.  I.aid  singly,  or  simietinies 
(Mechauilis  t.  M(iller)  in  small  clusters. 

Caterpillar  at  brith.  Head  not  l.'irirer  than  tlie  tlioracic  segments  and  smooth, 
llody  cyiindricil,  not  tapering,  furni>lied  witli  sliort  tapering  hairs,  usually  not  so 
long  Us  tlie  sei;.nents,  arising  from  nnnute  papillae,  arranged  on  either  side  of  the 
'ii>,l.>  ill  four  longitudinal  rows  above  tlu'  spiracles,  l)esides,  on  tlie  alxlondnal  seg- 
nieiits,  two  rows  Ih'Iow  tile  spiracles. 

Mature  caterpillar.  Head  snudl,  well  roundel,  nowliere  protul)erant,  smooth, 
broadly  and  vertically  l)anded.  IJody  large,  plnmj  ,  cyliiulrical,  nalved,  tapering  ante- 
riorly on  the  thoracic  segments,  bandeil  conspijnonsly  witli  inimerons  alternating, 
traii.-iverse,  gaily  colored  stripes,  naked,  or  a  fcv  of  tlie  segments  bearing  erect,  slen- 
der. Ilesliy,  laterodorsal  lilaments  of  grc.Uer  or  lesser  length. 

ChryaaliB.  Generally  sliort  and  very  sto'.t,  ronnde<l,  with  very  few  projectlon.s ; 
tapering  very  rapidly  over  tlie  wliole  or  I'.isterior  part  of  the  alidomeu  to  the  long 
and  slender  cremaster.  Head  scarcely  produced  in  front,  tlie  anterior  curve  of  the 
body  very  high,  the  tliorax  anil  abdomen  separated  by  a  slight  and  liroad  lioilowing; 
appendages  of  the  head  and  tliorax  not  raised  iu  the  slightest  above  the  general  curve 
of  the  liody. 

Tliis  .suhfiuuily  is  alinot-t  entirely  eontiiictl  to  the  eqiiatoriiil  regimi.'i  ot 
Aniericii  and  Asia,  lint  very  tew  fxenera,  poorly  rejiresented  in  speeie.s, 
occurring  outside  tiiesc  districts  ;  the  paleogcan  forms  iielong,  as  a  rule, 
to  distinct  ircnera  from  those  found  in  the  New  World,  and  form  a  group 
apart  from  the  neogcan  genera  as  i'rranged  hy  systematists.  The  single 
species  descrilied  in  this  work,  with  one  or  two  allies,  form  a  striking 
exception  to  this  rule,  for,  idthough  originally  peculiar  to  the  New  A\'orld 
and  widely  distributed  therein,  they  belong  to  tiic  Old  World  tyjie.  In- 
deed this  is  true  of  all  the  Xnrtli  American  species.  The  sjiecics  of 
Euploeinac  are  invariidily  very  nunicruus  in  individuals  on  both  continents 
and,  as  proved  mainly  by  the  researches  of  Mes^srs.  IJates,  Wallace,  Fritz 
Midler  andTriinen,  arc  the  olijects  of  unconscious  mimicry  by  other  butter- 
flies and  by  one  another  to  an  extraordinary  extent.  A  very  considerable 
table  of  such  mimetic  forms  involving  nuiny  sjiecies  has  been  given  by 
Moore  (Proc.  zool.  soc.  Lond.,  lf<y;J,  207). 

Tiiesc  butterflies  average  fiir  id)<)vc  the  medium  size  and  have  roimded 
and  somcwiiat  elongated  wings,  on  wliicli  ochreous,  tawny  or  white  mark- 
ings contrast  rather  vividly  with  dark  ground  colors,  although  the  litisal 
color  is  not  infrecpiently  more  or  less  orange,  as  in  the  species  found  in 
North  America  ;  tlie  pal|)i  iuid  antennae  are  rather  short,  the  abdomen  of 
unusual  length  and  the  legs  long  and  stout,  thefierfect  ones  furnished  only 
with  closely  appressed  scales  ;  the  integument  of  the  body  is  tough  antl 
elastic.     The  male  abdomen  is  furnished  at  tip  with  an   cxtensil 


of  long,  straight  hairs,  first  described  liy  Ilerbst  tiud  Jablonsky. 


1" 


The  flight  of  these  liutterflies  is  powerful  and  sustained,  idthough  gen- 


erally rather  slow.     They  often   sail  high  in  the  air  on  cxpamled  w 


m< 


Kri'LOKINAK:    TlIK    (iKNls   ANOSIA. 


705 


\^  allaco,  wild  has  liail  llii'  ()|i|Mirtiinity  of  scL-iiiir  tliciii  in  llicir  metrn|i()lis 
ln)tli  ill  t!ic  Old  World  and  tlii'  Xl'w  ,says  :  ••tlicv  fmiui'iit  the  iiittst  (i|k'1i 
sitiiuti()n,n,  H_v  low  and  ycttlu  on  herhat'eons  |(laiit.i,"  wiiich  i.s  cirt'  inlv  triu- 
of  the  New  Kiitrland  specief.  The  species  are  jreiuiallv  .xeeptionally 
niiiiieroiis  in  indi\  itlnals.     Some  are  known  to  nii^nate. 

The  eggs  are  slentler  olieonie,  vertically  ril)l»ed  and  transversely  striate, 
and  arc  generally  laid  on  the  food  |)lant  singly,  hatching  in  a  few  day.s. 
(ragiiardi  is  prohaltly  wrong  in  saying  that  the  Knro|(ean  ehrysip|ius 
lays  in  the  gronnd  at  tlie  foot  of  Asclei>ias  (nella  terra,  e  spesso  a"  piedi 
deir  asclepiade). 

The  caterpinar,s  are  stont,  Hesliy  anil  cylindrical.  tai)ering  anteriorly  ; 
in  the  Old  World  ty[»o  always,  in  the  \ew  World  sometimes,  two  or  more 
segments  of  the  body  are  furnished  ahuve  with  a  i)air  of  lung,  slender, 
HexiMc,  tapering  filaments,  forming  a  characteristic  feature.  According 
to  Wood-Mason  tiie  anterior  pair  "are  articulated  and  freely  movalde  at 
tiie  hase  and  function  as  antennae"  ( Niceville,  Dnlt.  Ind.,  i  :  22)  ;  hut 
there  is  certainly  nothing  which  can  he  (.died  articulation  in  our  American 
species,  though  they  are  freely  movahle,  and  often  palpitate  in  walking. 
The  larvae  are  rapid  eaters  and  feed,  the  Old  Worlil  ty|)e,or  Linmaidi  (to 
whichoiU'New  England  .species  belongs)  on  Aselepiadaceae,  the  New  World 
type,  or  Ithomyidion  Solanuceao.  The  transformations  of  .several  species 
are  known  J>ut  their  history  is  still  somewhat  imperfect.  Thev  are  on  the 
wing  throughout  the  year  in  the  warmer  |)arts  of  America,  and  pass 
through  several  successive  broods,  wintering  farther  north  in  the  imago 
state. 

The  chrysalids  are  always  suspended  by  the  hindei  extremity  ;  thev 
vary  considerably  in  shape,  but  are  generally  plump  and  w  itliont  sharfjly 
angular  [)rojections  ;  they  arc  usually  green  or  yellow  and  marked  witli 
golden  sjiots  or  streaks,  and  are  rather  irregular  in  the  length  of  time 
during  which  they  hang,  varying  from  seven  to  twenty  days  according  to 
the  weather. 

The  position  of  this  subfamily  has  been  discussed  on  pages  li;i-114. 
A  singli-  g^'uus  and  species  occurs  in  our  northern  fauna. 


AXO.SIA   IIUBNEU. 

Anoslii  lliiliii.,  Virz.  Iirk.  silimcti..  |ii  (Islti).       DiUiiiisCJod.,  Kncvc'l.  iiilMIi.,  i.v:  Hi  (lsl!(|. 

l):iM;iiiiii  L;itr.,  Somi,  Kiill'.,  xiv  :  lOs  (Isuj).  (Nut  l>iiiiiuw  Vtni/.vr  INJl). 

I»!umu.s  l,iilr.,  ticii.  cnist.  ins.,  ivrun  (1809).  Tuiti'.-I'nj).  p/(:,-ipi>i,s  f.hin. 

A  Imtti'iMly.  with  iroldi'ii  wiiif.'>  broad  parted 
Ncstliii!.'  a  nisi',  rdiiMils'd  H.s  tlioii;;li  it  sinarlfd 
With  over  |ili'a.«iiri'. 

Kk.vts.— .SVk'/i  'iiiil.  I'liitrij. 

Imago  (52:2;  62:1).      IlfUd   (87:2.-))   lai-u'i',  .•.ivcr.MJ   llii.klv  with   ratlior  sIkjiI 
liairs.  longer  av  >imd  the  Ijase  of  the  initeiuiae.     Knint  iiioderately  full,  thrust  aliriiptly 


i- 


706 


TIU:  HUTTKKFLIKS  UF   NKW   KNULANIt 


It   -3 


i?" 

|| 

forwiknl  at  the  sides,  broadly  and  not  )(rentt.v  protubcruiil  In  tlir  iiiiddio  beneath,  of 
about  the  breadth  of  the  eyes,  broader  than  liiL'b.  the  iniddh-  of  the  upper  border  pro- 
jeethiK  bac'kwanl  midway  between  the  antcniiiw-  where  It  Is  sepiirali  d  from  the  vertex 
liy  a  strnlfjlit  transverse  line;  thu  lower  border  rather  abrnpt.  ^traljiht.  the  sides 
slophi;;  a  little  to  meet  It.  Vertex  a  little  tumid,  hollowed  behind  the  antennae,  pro- 
jeetlnj;  forward  to  meet  the  front,  otlierwlse  transverse,  mneh  broader  than  lon^; 
posterior  edfjfi  slightly  convex;  nppcr  border  of  the  eye  Inconsplenously  aiiKnlated 
opposite  the  middle  I'f  the  vertex.  Kyes  lari{e.  full,  smooth.  .Vntcnnae  Inserted  in 
the  ndddle  of  tlie  head  separated  by  nearly  tlieir  own  widlli  ami  crowded  close  upon 
tin  border  of  tin- eye;  scarcely  as  lonn  as  tlie  abdomen,  composed  of  forty-three  or 
forty-four  joints,  the  la-t  l<n  or  eleven  forming  a  clnl).  which  slowly  increases  in 
sl/e  to  nearly  double  the  thi(  kness  of  the  stalk  and  in  tin'  last  three  joints  tapers  to  a 
very  bluntly  rounded  point;  transversely  circular,  the  club  sli;;htly  depressed,  the 
whole  antenna,  exccplinir  near  the  basi',  delicately  corlnate  alons  the  under  Inner 
edj;e.  I'alpi  stont.  fully  half  as  lont;  uKaiii  as  tlie  eye,  the  terndnal  more  tlian  one- 
third  as  lonj;  as  the  ndddle  joint,  profusely  tufted  beneath  with  short,  rather  coarse 
hairs,  spreadlnj?  a  little  l)eneotli. 

I'rotlioraclc  lobes  not  larjte  but  very  full,  jflobose.  twice  as  lnoad  ns  lon^?  or  high, 
liroadly  rounded  at  either  end.  I'ataj^ia  ratlier  larno,  very  broad,  almost  Hat,  the  pos- 
terior lobe  curved  considerably,  not  twice  as  I  ii;;  as  broad,  scarcely  dlminlshln'j  in 
sl/.c.  tlie  tip  t)roadly  rounded. 

Korewinfjs  (38:2)  very  long  and  i  atlier  sleutler.  greatly  prolonged  at  the  apex,  so 
as  to  be  about  twice  as  long  as  broad,  and  presenting  a  somewhot  triangular  outline, 
of  whicli  the  costal  border  is  the  broad  l)a-c,  and  tlie  other  two  margins  the  ecpml 
sides;  costal  border  very  broadly  and  regularly  bowed,  nearly  straight  for  tlve-slxths 
its  length,  at  the  tip  curved  a  little  downward,  forming,  with  the  slightly  and  broadly 
sinuate  outer  margin,  a  well-rouu<led  a|  \  ;  the  two  lialves  of  the  outer  border  nearly 
straight  and  bent  a  very  little;  the  inner  liorder  nearly  straight,  a  little  protul)erant 
near  the  base,  with  the  lower  outer  angle  rounded.  Second  superior  sid)cr)stal  ncrv- 
iile  originating  directly  opposite  tliat  of  the  llrst  Inferior  branch;  cell  somewhat  more 
than  half  as  long  as  the  wing  (largest  in  tlie  female),  and  almost  four  times  as  long 
as  broad ;  tlrst  iMedian  ncrvule  arising  a  little  beyond  tlie  middle  of  the  cell,  tlie  second 
midway  between  the  origin  of  the  lir^t  a  .il  tlie  tip  of  the  cell;  Internal  ncrviire  very 
ininute. 

Hind  wings  well  rounded;  the  costal  border  suddenly  and  consideralily  protuberaut 
at  the  very  base,  beyond,  very  broadly  and  regularly  bowed;  the  outer  border  roundly 
arched  above,  without  any  angle  at  its  union  with  the  costal  border,  its  lower  half 
nearly  straight,  broadly  bowed;  the  inner  margin  suddenly  and  greatly  protuberant  at 
the  very  base,  forming  rather  mori'  than  a  right  angle  witli  the  part  beyond,  which  la 
straight,  or.  next  the  base,  scarcely  incurved,  the  outer  angle  rounded;  inner  margin  a 
little  depressed  to  form  a  gutter,  within  a  line  from  the  ba.se  to  the  lower  outer  an 
In  the  mall'  tlicre  Is  near  tlie  middle  of  the  inner  border  of  the  lowest  .   ■■  llan  •  3 

(which  is  sometimes  defected  in  its  course  to  accommodate  it)  a  poucli  ..  ;  .ckc:  .if 
meiiibraue  heavily  clotlnd  with  scales  (44:2,3),  open  on  the  upper  surface  01  the 
wing  away  from  the  nervnle.  and  containing  androcouia  of  two  patterns,  one  rod-like, 
the  other  sp.itulate  ami  eveii-i  Iged. 

Fore  legs  small,  cylindrical,  hairless,  the  tlblne  about  lialf  the  length  of  the  hind 
tibiae,  or,  in  the  female,  slightly  longer;  fore  tarsi  less  than  half  the  length  of  the 
tibiae  ((J),  or  about  two-thirds  their  length  (9).  either  consisting  of  an  apparently 
undivided,  unarmed,  uniform,  cylindrical  joint,  tapering  rapidly  at  the  very  tip  to  a 
blunt,  conical  apex  {i)\  or,  taken  together,  are  strongly  compressed,  ixpanding 
apically,  the  apex  broadly  rounded,  and  consisting  of  three  joints,  the  outer  two 
eijual,  the  basal  occupying  three-fourths  of  the  whole  tarsus,  each  joint  furnished 
at  the  extreme  tip  of  the  under  surface  with  a  pair  of  approximate,  short,  slender, 
equal,  parallel  spines,  the  last  pair  being  exactly  apical  (?).  MUldle  tibiae  slightly 
longer  than  hind  tibiae;    tibiae  furnished  on  the  Inner  side  of    the  upper   surface 


i'wiii)miiwiiiw.iiniii 


T 


KHPI-OKINAK:  TlIK  (iKM  S    ANOSIA. 


07 


with  four  or  the  .short,  not  tury  xliiulin',  ri'ciiiiibciit  spines,  iiml  »t  the  tip,  on 
either  siili'  of  t'u'  imdur  Hiirfnri',  with  a  pair  of  lon^jr  niul  riilhor  slciiilur,  parallel, 
rccuiiihciit  Hpiirs;  inliUllc  tibiae  ttls<.  fiiriilshi'il,  just  before  the  niiddli' i.f  the  iiixler 
gurfiioc,  with  n  innllan  carina  of  rui^i'd  scales  First  and  lililj  joints  of  ilic  tarsi 
Cf|«al  and  largest,  either  of  them  a>  Ion;;  as  tin;  others  eonjliined,  which  an-  also 
e(|Uftl  anioiiK  themselves;  the  distal  half  >> :  the  basal  joint  and  the  three  sneceedlni; 
joints  furiiishud  beneath  with  a  (|iiadini)le  row  of  slin'  t  straight,  niidiverKlnn  spines, 
the  apical  ones  nuicli  longer,  rather  stout.  appresseU.  and  delicutelj  -trlate;  apical 
Joint  slmdarlv  riirnlshed,  but  all  the  spines  are  lar«e  and  ncrease  In  size  from  either 
end  toward  tile  niiitdle.  ("laws  kt.v  lonjf.  compressed,  scarcely  divergent,  bowed  at 
bane,  straight  beyond  mid  curved  a  little  downward  at  tip. 

Si<les  of  the  eighth  abdondnal  segment  eiionnously  developed  In  tin  male  (33:24; 
61 :  -VJ),  extending  backward  in  the  form  of  clasps,  forndiiga  slightly  tumid  plate,  prc- 
Meiitiiig  Its  broader  surface  to  the  side.  cxteMcllng  so  far  as  t.i  conceal  all  the  genitalia, 
about  as  long  as  the  segment  Itself,  s(|nare,  but  with  tlu'  posterior  edge  rather  deeply 
excised,  so  IIS  to  leavi'  the  upper  and  lower  aiigle>  |prijecting  and  bluntly  pointed,  the 
latter  slightly  Incurved.  Upper  <trgan  of  the  male  api>cndages  cousi-llug  of  a  pair  of 
small,  closely  approximated,  lateral  plates,  compressed  together,  united  above,  open- 
ing as  by  a  split  posteriorly  ;  they  ,ire  les-  corneoii''  than  the  other  partsand  eaeb  con- 
sists of  a  small,  nuadrate  plate  wllli  an  extension  directed  backward  and  downward, 
half  as  broail  and  neai'.\  as  long  as  the  i-entnim.  Clasps  consisting,  on  either  side,  of 
a  rather  small  plate,  rounded  oil'  posteriorly,  but  with  the  upper  angle  produced  to  a 
short,  blunt  tooth  ;  liclow  the  middle,  on  the  Inner  side,  Is  a  stout,  horizontal  ridge, 
iucreasing  in  height  from  base  to  ape.x  of  clasp,  and  then  bearing,  at  its  inner  extrem- 
ity, a  long,  moderately  stout,  slightly  curving,  very  corneous  tlnger. 

.\  peculiarity  In  tlie  composition  of  these  parts  in  Anosia  consists  In  the  presence 
of  a  cylindrical  sheath,  directed  from  below  upward,  backward  and  a  little  outward, 
opening  ju.st  above  and  outside  of  the  upper  tooth  of  the  veritable  clasps,  and  from 
\\  lilcli  protrudes  a  scarcely  spreading  pencil  of  long,  etinal  hairs  (61  :•">!•)  .  which  Mr 
Hurgess,  who  has  studied  them  from  fresh  specimens,  llnds  to  be  attached  to  an  Intro- 
\crsible  moinbrane.  which  can  be  withdrawn  (U- extended,  like  the  (Ihliv  of  a  glove, 
or  the  osiimterla  of  the  caterpillars  of  rapillouinae. 

Egg.  About  half  as  high  again  as  broad,  tapering  rapidly  and  rather  regularly  to 
a  nnindly  pointed  ai)ex,  the  more  than  twenty  longitudinal  ribs  straight,  broad,  stout 
and  bluntly  rounded,  nearly  all  reaching  to  or  almost  to  the  small  mlcropyle  rosette. 
rros««  lines  frcfjuent.  regnlarly  spaced  and  distinct,  forming  (inadransrnlar  rounded 
meslu's  several  times  bi-oadcr  than  high 

Caterpillar  at  birth.  Head  of  the  shape  of  the  a<lult,  smootii.  Hody  lylindrical, 
not  tapering  at  either  end,  the  first  thoracic  segmeiil  as  large  as  any.  (larnished  with 
simple  hairs  arising  from  niiiiiite  papillae  arranged  in  subdorsal  anterior,  •.upralaleral 
anterior,  lateral  posterior,  laterosligmatal  median,  snbstigmatal  posterior  and  vciitro- 
stlginat.al  median  rows,  the  latter  two  absent  fnmi  the  ilioracic  segments,  oiithe 
second  and  third  thoracic  segments,  moreover,  the  lateral  [losterior  papillae  become 
sublateral  anterior,  while  on  the  seventh  and  eight  abdominal  segments  they  become 
sniiralateral  instead  of  lateral.  On  the  upper  half  of  the  first  thoracic  segtnent  there 
are  five  hairs  on  either  side,  three  In  a  slightly  elevated  laterodorsal  corneous  blister, 
and  a  lateral  pair  clo>e  toititlier  at  the  sUle.  Besides  these  there  is  on  the  second 
thoracic  and  eigiith  alidomiiial  segments  anteriorly,  ju^i  below  tlie  -upralateral  papilla 
;i  cylindrical  delieately  ronghiiied  tubercle,  bluntly  roiiiided  at  lip.  and  hiiihi'r  than 
broad,  the  thorai      about  half  as  high  again  as  the  aliiloiiiii,,il 

Mature  caterpillar.  Head  (78;  Hi)  small,  pretty  well  roumli  d.  but  broadly,  though 
not  greatly,  appressed  in  front  and  slightly  compressed  at  the  sides,  the  summit  of 
each  hemisphere  rounded,  although  but  little  elevated  ;  broadest  anil  deepest  next  the 
ocelli,  narrowing  but  slightly  belo'v  tl.  upper  third,  the  surface  nearly  smooth;  tri- 
angle large,  nearly  or  (|ulte  as  broad  a  ltIi.  riaehiuir  about  half  way  up  the  head: 
a  few  irregularly  and  spar-elv  siattere       \eeediiigly  short,  line  hairs  on  tin'  posterior 


li-' 


708 


iiii:  iii'irKuihiKs  (ii    m:\v  knci.anm 


liair  III'  till'  mIiIiv..  I'«|ii'('IiiII,V  llrldW.     lineal  jnilll  nf  llllti'lllllli'  |M'rtlv  ill'iMlil.  Illllllllllirul'lll. 

till'  ■< mil.  a  slimi    iiiiiiiilii«.   till'  llilrij   I'vUnilrli'al.   iii'iii'ly  twin'  uh  luiia  «•*  limnil, 

alinijilly  ilmkril  ami  licnrliii;  at  llii' iipprr  part  nf  (lie  tip  a  rniirlli.  iliiiilar.  Iiiit  i'xcr!«- 
'ivrl.v  tiiiall  jnilll:  till'  cxli'i'iiiitv  al«i>  IiciH'",  ill  llic  t'llui'.  a  vrry  Imiii  ami  l«ii  wvy 
simi'l  ami  ilrilialr  liri»lli's.  occiii  ilvr  in  iiiiiiilii'i'.  fDiir  In  a  ratlii'r  lii'miil  i-ui'm' ( Ito 
ruiivi'\ily  faring  fnrwai'il  ami  -lliililiy  npwariljiil  iirarly  I'ljiial  ili>taii('i'«  iipai't,  tin- 
lli'^l  ami  st'coii'l.  riMiiitlii:^  friini  alinvi'.  Iiclni;  iiioi'r  wiilcly  >r|>ai'alril  tiiaii  liir  ollirr-i, 
till'  lil'tii  lu'litml  lii>'  I'oiii'tli.  ^<i  tliat  a  line  iliatvn  ri'oiii  tlic  tlilnl  to  tiir  llftli  tiiroiiKli 
tlu"  foiirtli  uoiilil  I'oiMii  a  rlKlit  aiitflc.  tin"  distani'u  botwocii  tin.-  foni'tli  ami  lifth  il 
little  li'ss  tliiiii  tlint   lictwri'H  till-  l"oni'tli  ami  M-cnml;  iirtliii   littli'  inialirr  tlinn  tin' 

i)tli»'i'>.  wlili'ii  ai ipial.     I.alinini  of  iiioilcfaii'Mi/.i',  nearly  twice  as  brnail  ai  Inn::,  it" 

eil:fe- miimleil.  deeply  excised  in  the  inlildie  ami  aiiLsniated.  Mandilpies  pretty  laru'e 
liiit  lint  very  stniit.  Iirniid.  tile  ed^'e  straiitiil ,  distiiicliy  l-nr  ."i-iieiitii'iilale.  Muxiilary 
palpi  fniir-jnilllcd.  till' jnilll-.  successively  sinallcr.  Ilie  tirst  twn  very  lifnad  and  slinrt. 
tile  tiiird  cyiimiricai,  eipial.  less  than  twice  as  Intiy;  as  lii'nad,  al)riiptiy  dnckcd.  tlie 
fniirlli  similar  Init  iniieli  siimiii'r  and  shnrler.  Spinneret  tiiinld.  pretty  iarire.  cniiical. 
l'  ilir-jninU'd.  the  tllifd  jnilll  lllllinte.  tile  |ii>t  Iniin  and  very  slemli'r.  s|i|nirnrill.  cnin- 
pressed,  equal  viewed  from  alinve.  tapering  wlien  seen  friHii  tlie  side. 

Ilndy  iar^ie.  Ileshy.  plump.  Iraiis\  ei'sely  wrinl\led  ami  rnhleii,  cyiimiricai.  nf  nearly 
ei|nal  si/.e  iiut  laperiim  a  littie  fnrward  mi  liie  timracii'  scLjnients,  the  llrsi  scjiiieiit 
even  siiijlitiy  sinalier  than  liie  iiead.  Ilie  last  .'ilidnmiiiai  se:;meiit  witli  a  limad.  very 
low,  sulicniiicai.  il'-liy.  iiicdindnr^ai  inliercie  nr  swelling: ;  armed  mi  the  -ecmid  llmra- 
I'ic  and  eiuhtli  aiiiinmiiiai  «ci:iiietits  with  a  pair  nf  \i'ry  imiL'  and  shnder.  Itesliy.  scali- 
rniis.  nearly  nr  iiiiile  cyiimiricai.  snpralaleral  lliameiits,  einml  lieymid  the  liase  and 
iiinntly  pninted.  the  aiiterinr  imes  sllitlitly  iippressed  j  they  liiereiise  sjreally  in  ieimth 
linrini:  devi'lnpnii'iit  and  when  fully  arnwii  tlio  anterior  pair  e.xeeed  the  posterior  sev- 


lilllr 


Si'ifmeiits  divided  very  Incouspicnmisly  Into  a  very  Ion;; anterior  ami  twi 


shoi't,  ei|Ual.  posterior  sections.  III.,  anterior  t\\  ice  as  Inni;  as  tlieotliers  together  and 


Willi  a  feel)le 


si:;il 


if  a  median  sulidi\  i-ii 


Wiiole  liodv  deiisiiv  scaliroiis  wllli  iiil- 


niile  liraiiniatimis.   oci'asionaiiy  iiilernipted  liy  ipiite  as  uiinnte  a  wart  uiviii:;  rise  to  a 
line  liair  scanciv  ioiiu'er  tliaii  itself:  lliese  warts  an'  ariaiiired  in  transverse  rows,  fmir 


or  live  rows  to  a  se^fineiit.  liiit  w  itli  im  u;real   re::iilai'ilv.     I.e:;s  slmrt.  raliu  r 


I'llder. 


conical,  the  hist  joint  very  slender,  taperiiii;.  llie  ciaw  very  Mimll.  taperinir.  ,i  lllllo 
furvod ;  prnlu^s  ratlier  siiort.  tlie  lia-al  joint  liroad.  plMinp.  the  second  eylindrieal, 
liroader  than Imii;.  scarcely  taperiiii;.  it'  apical  outer  ed;;e  witii  a  fringe  of  imt  very 
freiiueiit.  ratlier  liin:r.  ciirsiiiii:    li;ilr- 


1 lilrt- 


MTV    inillllle.    >irilder. 


iislderalily 


curved,  niiineroiis. — from   lifty  to  ei;;lily — arran^red  in  a  cio-e  triple  mw  .  forininir  the 
ImiL'cr  lialf  of  an  oval.     Spiracles  iurire.  oliovale.  wilii  a  slender,  raised. exterior  rim. 


Chrysalis.     Iti 


siiiootii.  with  scarcity  impressed,  excessiveiy  ininiite.  slmit,  fre- 


iiueiil  and  iransver-e  lines ;  lar^rcsi  jusl   lii'liind  tiie  iniildle   of  tin-  pn-iirior  half  of 


tile  liiird  aiidnininal  scmneiit.  m  iiere  it   is  furnislied,  ai'ri 


tile  entire  hack,  with  a 


close  row  of  low.  liiunt.  smooth,  sliirlitly  a|ipress,.d,  cmilciil  papillae:  lieliimi  tills  the 
abdmneii  Is  almost  heinisplierical,  lint  coniiaily  produced  a  liltletowanl  tliei'rotiiaster; 
ill  front,  it  narrows  considerabiy  mi  tlie  imck  to  tiie  hinder  ediio  of  the  niesnilinrax ; 
viewed  frniii  abnve.  tiie  chrysalis  narrows  a  little  to  the  middle  of  the  llrst  alidmiiiinil 
seuineiil  ;ini|  then  passes  in  a  straiylit  line  to  i  U,.  basal  wini;  tubercle:  thorax  witiia 
lirnad  aiilerinr  curve;  viewed  frmii  almve  il  iiarmws  rapidly  lieyond  tiie  liasal  win;; 
tnbercie  us  far  as  tiie  oeeilar  proinini'iices.  lietwceii  wliich  it  is  liroiully    roiimled. 


almost   docked.:  aiiiili'  lietween   the    front  and  siiiiiniit  of  head  well  rounded  : 


.'Mar 


tubercles  cniiical,  iint  very  hi;;li  but  brnad,  sitnalcd  just  beneath  llie  basal  jniiil  nf  tiio 
antennae,  rounded  ill  til);  l>a^»l  winj;  tnberclus  scarcely  prmninent.  rounded,  snr- 
mounled  by  a  sinall.  sinootli.  rounded  wart:  a  very  sli;;lit  longitudinally  oval  eluvu- 
lioii  al  the  upper  tip  of  tiie  cell   of  the  wiiij;s:  asoniewiial   siiniliir   but   smaller  and 


narrower  e 


ievatimi  on  eitiier  side  o'   the   niesnthorax   soinewiiat   in    ailvani 


if  till 


ainrie  made  at  llie  liasc  of  the  wiiii;;  ami  still  anotiier  siiuhtly  more  elevated,  snlidor- 
sal  pair  near  the  hinder  extremity  of  liie  inesoilinrii.x:  anterior  base  of  tin'  cniiiaster 


jjp..    f^';-#;V)j| 


BPBI^P^WI^WUHWb^PPvW 


T 


Kl  I'LOKINAK;    llll,   (.KM  S  ANnslA. 


709 


I'i'ililiM'il  to  llii't'i' 5<lmllii\v.  imriillrl.  Iiiii^ltiiiliiiiil  L'i'oiivi'-.  unci  In  frimt  iniil  miNlili'  iif 
llirin  II  NiniHilli.  rc|iiiil.  r'ninidi'il  liilnl'di  liiiU'  ii^  lili^li  mi.'iimi  ii>  lii'iiinl;  rri'C  |iiii'lli>ii  of 
llll'  i-iTiiiii»ti  r  Imiil;  Mini  «liii(liT.  ioMi|ianil  1mI\  hrouil  ainl  ii|i|iri'— .cil  iil  liiisi,'.  iii|niinu:  ii 
llllli'l'iii  I  yllnilrlciU  ^li'iii.  lii'iiiuli'iiln;;  iiiraln  mill'  lln  ii|h\  fur  tln'  >ii|i|Hirl  uf  l!n; 
li'i.iklrl*.  iiiiiiT  llmii  twic  ■  ii»  liiULr  II- till' liriiiiili'^l  purt  uf  ili.' Iri-i'.  ni  lin-i'  -.iiiciolli, 
li'viiiicl  ilcfplj, ,  riiilifi'  iiiirrnuly,'liiiii-rii|Fti  (llv  iniil  Iniiirliiicliiiiilly  !iii>ii\i<l,  iibovr  rdiii- 

[ilrli'ly  sliiilijrd   nitli  II  srinl«lcil(iiliir   iiiii>-  n(  I klit-,  I  iii'niii'.'   In  I'ViTy   (llrciilnii ; 

I kli'ts  Idiiu;  anil  Mli'iiilcr,  I'vllinlilciil,  -ciinily  m  all  liu  i'ra-.|n«  In  >l/r  nciii'  llir  Iiiim', 

a  Utile  near  tlio  tl|),  I'urvcil  very -lliflitly  ilii-iiiiL'lKiiit  mo-t  uf  llii.'  Mtcni.  but  nciii-  tlio 
ll|i  ■.ti'cini.'ly  ai'i'licil  in  llic  -iiimv  iIIi'ccIIum.  Ilir  npcx  hliiiilly  i'diiihIimI  .ir  ■.i.imiiIimc"* 
liltiiitly  cipiiiral.  illi'iTtril  liiiilavanl. 

This  ■.'iiiiis.  ill  the  rc-ti'ictcd  sin-c  in  uliicli  it  i<  licic  ii-cd.  is.  witli  ii 
(■iiii|)lc  iilcitlicrs,  ('(iiifiiu'd  tu  . Villi  ricii.  iiItli(Pii;;li  it  licldiijfs  til  llll'  I/niiniiiili 
or  ( )l(l  W'ui'ld  uroiiii  ul'  l',ii|il(uiniu' ;  it  is  ('iiiii|ii»i'd  t)\'  not  iinni'  tliiiii  twi) 
or  dirci'  s|ii'i'iis,  [iiitisilily  rctcriililc  tu  :i  siii;;lf  oih'.  wliicli  cxtfiids  uvcr  sill 
llif  wanner  jiiirts  of  Ninth  mid  South  Aincrica  nnd  the  iiiti  rviiiiiiL;'  iirt'h- 
ipchiLro  and  is  found  in  I'viav  piii't  of  New  Knj.dand.  In  riccnt  linns  it 
has  s|ir('ail  widclv    \vi>t\vard. 

Thr  liiittiTtlics.  r.ithcr  hiriri'  in  si/oand  viiy  siriUin;.'  in  aii|iraraii(('.  aif 
tawny  rolorcd.  a  litth'  pali  i-  licncatli,  thf  mlviiics  distinctly  lihick  and  the 
onirr  lionlcr  of  tin'  wiii;.rs  liroadly  inai'iiiiird  with  hhick.and  ciichisiin;-  two 
or  thrci'  rows  of  iiiinicvoiis  small  white  spots  :  tlic  apex  of  tin'  fore  wiiiifs 
is  also  dusky  and  comtciI  with  larjicr  wliitr  and  fiilvoiis  spots,  sonii'  of 
them  rolicctcd  in  an  ol)lii|ii('  liioki'ii  patch  crossiiiL;'  the  iniddli'  of  the 
outer  half  of  the  wiiii:-.  The  hind  wiii^-s  of  the  iiiales  are  furnished  on  the 
upper  surface  with  a  little  eorneoiis  l)li>ter  or  |ioueli-like  openiiitf.  adjoiniii" 
the  inner  side  of  the  middle  of  the  lower  median  iierMile,  and  opeiiiiiii'  hv 
a  slit  parallel  to  tin'  vein  lint  on  the  side  away  from  it.  It  contains  aiidio- 
eonia  or  seali's  jieiailiar  to  tlie  male  sex.  which,  in  our  nati\e.«piM'ies,  lia\e 
an  odor  Init  little  disiinuuishal.le  from  ihat  of' the  ordinarv  scale>.  Miiller 
says  that  the  scales  at  the  entrance  of  llie  pocket  are  often  wanting;-  in  tlown 
specimens  as  if  they  had  been  scoured  aw, ay  hy  soinethinc-  iiitroiliicid  into 
the  slit. 

The  species  of  Aimsia  and  the  alliid  genera  are  exceedintilv  rich  in 
individuals,  iieiiiu'  apjiareiitly  little  >ul>ject  to  the  attacks  of  ]iarasitie 
lIyiiieiio|)tera  and  Dipteia.*  so  far  as  known  almost  wholly  uiidisturli(d  liy 
insei'tivoroiis  liir.ls.  and  very  tenacious  of  life.  They  are  via'v  often  the 
siilijeets  of  miniiery  liy  liiittertlies  of  entirely  distinct  groups.  DouMidav 
and  Ilewitson  speak  of  Tiruiiiala  limniaee  as  found  iiy  Captain  Cook  in 
such  nnmhers  in  Australia  that  he  saw  "a  space  of  three  or  four  acres 
covered  liy  millions  of  theni  on  the  wiiiir.  and  every  twig  and  hraneh 
loaded  with  idinost  eipial  numhers  at  rest."'     This  same  insect  is  stated  i)y 

»  Two  «(nMifs  of  chiilciils  have  lircii  rnircil  iiiil  liy  from  onr  iiiitlvc  Aiiosiii,  aiiil  liesijes 
from  Ka.-t  liuliaii  ^pccios  (IHslaiit,  Itliop,  tliis  the  latter,  as  will  lie  ,eeii.  lias  its  eag 
.Mai.,  ID",  note)  and  a  I'leiuiiialiis   •iiid   taelii-       parasite. 


I  I 


i 


t  I 


vio 


THK   BUTI'KRFLIKS  OK   NEW    KNdl.ANU. 


Mr.  Ht)|)e  t«»  bo  used  as  food  l)y  the  nativet*  of  Aiitttraliii,  hut  Mr.  Double- 
day  i«  incline<l  to  d(iid)t  tlie  trutli  of  tlie  (*t«(euient  ;  even  the  tiio'^t  Imr- 
l)nroii8  tribes  would  searccly  eat  inseets  refused  l)y  birds ;  iuid  they  are 
too  kceu  observers  of  nature  to  overlook  the  faet  of  such  refusal. 

These  inseets  are  polyfioneutie  and  tiie  winter  is  passed  in  the  iniajjo 
state  alone.  The  eater|tillins  oi'  this  and  the  iinmedisitely  allied  geneni 
feo«l  wholly  on  .\selepiadiieeae ;  in  Anieriea  Aselepias,  ( Jonololnis  and 
Apoeynuin  seem  to  be  scleotixl  l)y  them  ;  in  Africa  ('alatro|>is  is  added  to 
the  list.  They  live  in  almost  complete  exposure  and  do  not  seem  even  to 
seek  places  of  concealment  when  transfor-ming. 

The  vgg  is  high,  subfusiform,  tapering  but  slightly  on  the  basal  half 
and  furnished  with  frequent  longitudinal  ribs.  The  larvae  are  provided 
with  a  i)air  of  very  long,  slender,  Heshy  papillae  on  the  seeoial  thoracic 
segment,  and  a  similar  but  usually  nuu-li  shorter  ]miron  the  eigiith  abdom- 
inal segment  ;*  the  bodies  are  either  greenish,  transversely  banded  with 
black  Hud  colored  stripes  or  are  nearly  bl.ick,  with  transverse  series  of 
pale  dots.  The  ehrysalids  are  green  with  a  few  golden  spots  on  the 
thorax,  and  the  third  abdomi-nal  segme.it  is  fiu'nishetl  wm!i  a  transverse 
serii's  of  raised,  highly  colored  wiirfs,  beyond  which  the  b>Mly  tapers  \crv 
rapidly. 


h'XCUIiSrs     XXIlI.—MlMICliY    AM)   PROTECTIVE     HESEM- 
BLANCE;  OJi  BUTTERFLIES   IX  DlsOriSE. 

How  slii'surki'il, 
As!<iiiiilatt<i|,juu'os,  tuok  llio  lint, 
Mimicki'il  ili'c  fonii  iiml  Icxtinv  nf  licr  food ! 

IJlioWMNii.— /iVJ  ColtiiH  .Mi/fit  ('(1/1  Citinih-ii. 

Vcl  iiHluri'  is  niiiilc  Ih'IIit  liy  no  moan, 
Km  iiatiirr  makes  that  mi-aii. 

SlIAHI'.SI'KAIiK.  -  Willti-r's   Tillf 

EvKUV  ol)serM'r,  even  the  most  casual,  has  at  sm:;!'  time  luid  liis  atten- 
tion arrested  by  the  strange  resemblance  of  sou:  •.  .eature  to  the.  object 
upon  which  it  rested  ;  to  this  form  of  imitation  the  term  mimicry  wii« 
applied  :is  long  ago  as  IKl,')  by  Kirliy  and  Spencc  in  the  introduetorv 
letter  to  their  treatise  on  entomology. f  "Voii  would  d 'cliue,"  s.-iy  thev, 
"ii|>on  beholding  some  insects,  that  they  had  rolil)cd  the  trees  of  tiieir 
leaves  to  form  for  tlicmselves  artificial  wings,  so  exactly  do  they  resemble 
tlieiu  in  tlieir  f'orn\,  snbstiuici ,  iind  Nasi'idtir  structure;  som»'  rei)resenting 
green  leaves,  and  otiiers  those  that   iwe  dry   and   witiicred.      Nay.  some- 

•It  will  I"'  scrii.   hilo,-,   that  till' si'CDiiil  all-  liiii'iMf.';,'i'n(ia,  wliiiji.iii  tlii'malaroiator|iilliii-, 

(liimliiiil  »ri;iiii'iil    may  ii('l'lia|is   also  he    prci-  arr  pidvidnl  w  itli  wril  ilrM'Idiicil  lllamiMil»  on 

viili'ii  Willi  a  pair  ol  inimito  tllami'iits,  at  lia»l  this  s('i;nionl. 

ill  tlir  lai'licr  slaui'h,  a    fi'aliiir  which    wniilil  f  ('iimparc  llislaiil.  I!li<i|i    Mai,,  p. :!:;.  imli'. 

iihuw  llir  close  alllliilv  of  ,\iiosial<ilhe  iiciuh-  w  here  a  much  laleiilale  is  iiamcil. 


in 


u::„iiiii.;a*Jstfi!2a*J9&aisaS3B»i*s.-»sffl 


mmi 


MIMKKY   AM)  I'UOTKCTIVK  HKSKMHLANCK. 


711 


tliiu'M    tlilw   iiiiiiiifrv  Ih  ho  cxcuii.-iiitf.    that   you    woiiltl   mistake   the   wliole 
iiisi'ct  tor  a  [(ortioii  of  the  ln'aiu'liiny  spray  of  :i  tr<'<'." 

It  is  not  a  little  curious  that  it  was  on  the  very  eve  of  the  puhlieatiou  of 
the  "Oriirin  of  species. "  at  th(>  Mieetin<j  of  the  Hritish  Association  for  th« 
Adviinceirent  of  Science  in  1X')!I,  that  the  first  attempt  was  made  to  collect 
facts  of  this  nature,  and  to  inciuire  irio  the  laws  which  regulate  them.  .*.t 
tliis  meeting  the  late  Mr.  Andrew  Murray  rea<i  a  paper  uj)Oii  the  *'<lis- 
■iuises  of  nature,"  in  which  he  showed  that  the  most  perfect  imitation  of 
iiianiiaate  objects  occurs,  not  rarely  or  exceptionally,  hut  in  some  groups 
so  connnonly  that  the  want  of  it  might  l)e  regarded  as  the  exception,  and 
that  the  concealment  of  the  animal  was  the  plain  purpose  of  the  disguise. 
lie  confesses,  however,  that  he  cannot  tell  what  law  has  set  in  motion  such 
endless  provision  of  pn)teetion,  and  cim  oidy  suggest  that  it  may  he  found 
in  some  force  analogous  to  the  great  law  of  attraction  ;  that  "like  draws  to 
like,  or  like  begets  like." 

The  theory  of  natural  selection,  immediately  afterward  propor^cd  liy 
Darwin,  was  the  key  to  this  pnz/le.  Its  use  for  this  purpose  Iiy  Hates  in 
li'<(i2  was  one  of  the  earliest  independent  contributions  to  the  theory  from 
new  observations.  Buried  in  the  depths  of  a  special  systematic  paper, 
Mates  presented  some  of  the  most  striking  instances  that  are  known  of 
such  protective  resend)lanee,  in  wliieh  the  animals  imitate  not  the  objects 
on  or  near  which  they  live,  nor  such  other  creatures  as  are  in  themselves 
frightful  or  prcdaeeous,  but  butterflies  (piile  like  them.selves.  to  all  external 
app«'arance  as  harudess  and  as  much  in  need  of  protection  as  they.  He 
pointed  out,  moreover,  that  there  is  a  special  group  of  butterflies  { Ileli- 
couiuae)  of  vivid  coloring,  and  slow  and  easy  flight,  which  are  the  con- 
stant subjects  of  mimicry,  while  the  grenter  portion  of  the  mimicking 
biuterflies  he  observed  belongt'd  to  a  very  difl'crent  group  (I'ierinae),  nor- 
mallv  white  and  tolerably  uniform  in  color,  but  which  had  so  ehanired  their 
livery  and  even  the  form  of  their  wings  as  to  closely  resemble  the  objects 
they  mimicked  in  brilliancy  of  color  and  variegation,  and  even  in  mode  of 
flight.  Some,  says  he,  "show  a  minute  and  jialpably  intentional  likeness 
which  is  perfectly  staggering."  Indeed,  the  resemblance  proved  so  dose 
that  even  after  he  became  aware  of  the  mimicry,  his  practised  eve  was 
often  tleceived.  Or  if  he  wandered  to  a  new  locality  where  occurred  a 
new  set  of  Ithomyiae  (the  most  numerously  represented  among  the  mim- 
icked genera),  the  Leptnlides  (the  mimicker*)  would  varv  with  them  so 
as  to  preserve  the  mockery  band  for  hand  ami  spot  for  spot.*     Now  his 

•  Mimicry  linr  Ik'oii  tlio  ciiiiM'  of  Home  ciiri-  tifruriMl  llic  Inrvii  of  Mcclmiiilis  (loiymiilii  (IM- 

OHM    mistiiltOM  ill   oiitoinoloj.'y.     Tliua    Stoll'  1,  (i),'.  4)  iimliT  tlic  imiiio  of  eutcriic,  an  earlier 

tlffiireil  a  eiiploeiti  eaterpillar.Tittiorca  Imriiio-  liiiown  Imtterlly  Ik-IoiihIhk  to  tlie  iiilmlcltiiii^ 

Ilia  (I'l.  1,  li(j.  ">)  ami  K«ve  il  tlie  iiaiiip  of  am-  gcmiH  Stalaelitis,  one  <.<f  tlie  I.eiiioniiiiae,  and 

(iliione,  a  buttertly  lieluiiKiiig  to  the  mimiekiiig  wliioli  IlUliner  from  llie  xame  eaii^e  cluK><od 

leptalitl    KenUH    L>iHiiioi'|iliia,  and    previously  wih  the  llelieoiiians.    Holii  errors  wee  eur- 

tigiired   liy  Cramer,  Stull'  havtiif   iloubtless  reeled  liy  Bar  (without  iiieiitioii  of  the  eaiise) 

mistaken  it  for  the  one  he  raised.    So,  too,  he  but  uot  until  they  had  umde  uiueh  confusion. 


712 


i-iii:  iiiirKiM'i.iKs  OK  Ni.w   i;.\(;lani). 


' 


im^ 


'  V?  ' 


3-'  • 


m 


TWK; 


Held  iil).>('r\;iliiiii-  >liii\\c(l  liiiii  lli:it  llir  niiiiiii'kiiiL;' s|»<'i(>  liclnnucd  In  ii 
I'lniip  Ncrv  .siilijiM't  III  ;tlt;i<'l\  i>}  liii'il-  ;ni(l  utlur  t'lics.  while  ihc  gniiip  u\' 
ImtttTtlii's  wliich  tlifv  niimii'kcil  IimiI  :iii  iitii'Dsivi'  odor  and  ii|(|i;M(iillv  ;i 
tiistr  oiiiioxiniis  lo  insciliMiniiis  iiiiiiiiids,  so  as  h>  In-  inacticalk  cxi'injit 
t'nmi  tlu'ir  attacks.  This  was  panlv  sliuwii  Ia  ijuir  cxci'iitiiinal  almii- 
daiii'c,  whii'li  did  iint  scciii  tn  ai'<'oi<l  with  shiw  and  easy  tlijiht  and  coii- 
spiciiuiis  cohirini;',  features  that  wnidd  naturally  render  them  an  easy  prey 
to  their  enemies.  'I'hat  these  hnlterliies  were  truly  distasli'ful  tn  iiirils  has 
lieeu  tiliiiwn  over  and  over  aiiain.      Thus  Uelt  says  : — 

"I  had  an  opportunity  of  pro\  inji'  in  i»razil  that  some  hii'ds,  if  not  all, 
rejeet  the  llelieonii  huttertlies,  which  are  closely  reseniMed  liy  liulti'iHies 
of  other  familii's  and  liy  mollis.  I  ohserved  a  pair  of  liirds  that  were 
lirin^^iiiir  Imttertlies  and  dra^icontlii's  to  their  younji'.  and  although  the  lleli- 
eonii swarmecl  in  the  neiuhliorhood  and  are  of  weak  flight  so  as  to  lie 
easilv  cau'iht,  the  liirds  ni'M'r  lirouu'hl  one  to  tlii'ir  nest.  I  had  a  still 
hotter  means  ot' testing  lioth  these  and  other  insects  that  aic  mimicked  in 
Nicaragua.  The  tame,  while-tiiced  moid\ey  I  ha\('  already  mcnlioneil 
was  extremelv  fond  of  insects,  and  would  greedily  nunich  up  any  lieelle  or 
luUterllv  gi\cn  to  him.  and  I  used  to  firing  him  any  insects  that  I  found 
imitated  iiv  others  to  see  wjiether  they  were  distasteful  oi'  not.  I  fouiiil 
he  would  never  eat  the  llelieonii.  He  was  too  polite  not  to  take  them 
when  they  were  offered  to  him.  and  wtiuld  sometimes  smell  them,  hut  in- 
v.irialily  rolled  them  ujt  in  his  hand  and  dropped  them  (piietly  again  after 
a  few  niinutos.  .\  large  species  of  spider  (Nephila)  also  used  to  drop 
them  out  of  its  weli  when  I  put  them  into  it.  Auotlier  s|)ider  that  fre- 
(pu'Uted  flowers  seemed  to  lie  fond  of  them  and  1  have  already  mentioned 
a  was]i  that  caught  them  to  store  its  iu>st  with.  There  eoidd  lie  no  doulit, 
however,  from  the  monkey '.s  actions,  that  they  were  ditita.<tefid  to  him." 
(Naturalist  in  Nicaragua.  .■U()-;U7.) 

IJates  vi'ry  naturally  argued  that  if  these  offensive  properties  gave  the 
Ithoniyiae  such  exemption  from  attack  as  enuhlcd  them  to  swarm  in  spite 
of  lazv  haliils  and  lirilliant  coloring,  then  other  IjutterHies  livinji'  in  the 
sanu'  places  would  gain  a  certain  amotnit  of  freedom  from  attack,  if  their 
flight  and  coloring  so  nearly  I'csemlilcd  those  of  the  offensi\e  species  as 
actually  to  deceive  insect-eating  animals,  even  though  they  were  themselves 
in  no  way  distastcfid. 

The  fact  of  a  resemljlanee  so  close  that  it  is  to  all  appearances  a  "[lal- 
pilily  intentional  likeness"  is  impossilile  to  cpiestion.  IJut  how  explain  it? 
How  could  a  liuttertly  change  its  appearance  to  such  a  degree,  its  wings 
from  a  uniform  color  to  a  handed,  streaked  and  spotted  pattern  and  at  the 
same  time  lengthen  their  form,  and  extend  the  antennae?  "Can  the  Kthi- 
opian  t'hange  hi.s  skin  or  the  leopard  hifi  spots?" 

The  answer,  as    Hates  clearh  saw  .  was    to   he   looked   for  in   the  same 


iv,i\. 


MIMICUY  AND  PHOTIXTIVK  ItKSKMiiLANCK. 


7i:{ 


direction  an  wiicii  iii'coiintiiii;  tor  tlic  a.iKiiiiiittioi)  Iiv  iiniiiial.s  of  the  eolor 
of  tlieir  siirroiiiidiiiirs.  IJotli  are  prodiieeil  in  tlie  same  way  and  liavi'  tlie 
same  cause  and  end.  It  is  only  l)y  kcei)ing  in  \  iew  this  tolerably  ohvious 
tnitli  that  we  can  exphiin  ail  tht'  freaks  of  niiuiicry.  "Tlie  s|>eciHe, 
nuMK^tic  analogies,"  says  Hates,  "are  adaptations — |)lii'noniena  of  precisely 
the  same  nature  as  those  in  which  insects  .  .  .  are  assimilated  in  supei'fi- 
cial  a[)pearanee  to  the  vegetahle  or  inorganic  substance  on  which  or  amongst 
which  they  live." 

To  gain  an  idea,  then,  of  the  jirocesses  by  which  the  "staggering" 
examples  of  mimiciy  are  [)rodueed,  we  must  look  Hrst  at  the  simplest 
forms  of  [)rotective  resend)lanec.  Go  to  the  sea-shore  and  observe  the 
grasshoppers  among  the  beach  grass.  They  fly  up  at  yotu'  approach, 
whizz  otl' a  rod  or  so  and  alight.  Can  you  see  them?  They  are  colored 
so  ue:u'ly  like  the  sands  they  live  upon  that  detection  of  one  at  rest  is 
almost  impossible.  On  yonder  grassy  bluff',  a  stone's  throw  away,  you 
will  find  none  of  them,  but  other  kinds  equally  or  almost  e(|ually  lost  to 
sijiht  bv  their  harmonv  with  th<!r  surroundings.  What  chance  of  life  to 
either  if  they  sutldenly  changed  places?  They  would  l)e  so  conspicuous 
that  every  passing  bird  or  other  insectivorous  creature  would  sight  them. 
'I'hese  protective  colors  have  of  course  been  gained  by  slow  steps.  Every 
grasshoppci'  that  found  its  preferred  food  among  the  sands  was  liable  to  be 
eaten.  In  the  long  run  just  those  would  be  eaten  which  were  most  easily 
seen  ;  one  which  varied  in  coloring  to  never  so  small  a  degree  so  as  to  be 
less  easily  seen  than  his  brother  would  live  to  peri)etuate  his  kind,  and  his 
brother  couu-  to  an  untimely  end  ;  the  progeny  would  show  the  fortunate 
variation  among  others  and  be  the  more  probably  spared  to  transmit  in 
increased  volume  the  probability  of  the  happy  coloring.  (Ji\en,  then,  a 
l)rood  of  grasshoppers  that  find  their  preferred  food  in  sandy  spots,  and 
unless  other  an<l  more;  powerful  forces  act  upon  them,  it  must  result  from 
their  liability  to  be  eaten  by  creatures  fond  of  grasshoi)|iers  that  in  time 
they  will  resemble  in  coloring  the  sand  on  which  they  live  :  it  is  impossi- 
ble that  they  should  not.  Any  creature  not  specially  protected  iiy  uau- 
seousness  or  habit  or  special  (le\  ice  of  some  sort  must  in  the  very  nature 
of  things,  if  it  is  to  live  at  all,  have  some  otliei-  protection,  and  that 
afforded  by  color  and  pattern  is  by  far  the  most  conuuon.  The  woi-ld  is 
made  up  of  eaters  and  eaten,  of  devices  to  catch  and  devices  to  avoid  being 
("aughl.  In  his  Light  of  Asia,  Arnold  tluis  makes  liuddha  contemplate 
the  scene  : — 

Then  marked  he,  too, 

How  lizard  fed  on  ant,  and  snak(<  on  him. 

And  kite  on  liotli  ;   and  how  the  lish-hawk  robbi'd 

'I'lie  fish-tiger  of  that  wiiich  it  had  seized  ; 

The  shrike  chasing  the  linlbul.  which  diil  hunt 

The  jewelled  iiutterflies  :   till  everywhere 


li 


I'liK  iirri'i;i!i-i,iKs  oi'  nkw  knclani*. 


\*>: 


KlU'll  >lc\\  a  slayer  and  in  turn  was  slain, 
liit'c  li\inii'  iijiiin  ilcatli.      So  tlic  fair  sliou 
\'('ilf(l  oHi'  \,ist,  savau'c.  u'i'ini  ('nns|iii-a<'y 
()f"nintuai  nniidcr,  tVnni  tlic  win'ni  tM  man, 
Wli.)  liinis"lf  kills  his  t'cl|..\v. 

\\  I-  may  apply  ilic  same  rcaxminu  ti>  iwci  kinds  n.  Inntcrllics  snlijcct 
naturally  to  tlic  sanu'  I'lass  of  cniinit's,  i.  c.  Ii\inu'  in  tlic  same  r('uii>n 
and  tlyiiiL;-  at  tiu'  same  time.  if  one  lias  ilie  sli^rlust  ad\antaiie  over  the 
oilier  in  the  tiiilit  for  life.  Iiy  lieinti'  'i'l'  instanec  distaslet'iil  to  one  class  ot 
eoimiion  enemies,  so  liiat  lliese  forliear  to  attack  him  after  ex|pcrim(  ill  or 
hy  instinct  (the  result  ol' ancestral  experiments)  :  and  there  he  anio'iu-  the 
less  fa\iirctl  llock,  here  and  there,  an  individual  which  under  eircuin- 
stanees  fa\  oriuLT  it.  siicii  as  distaiK'c  or  siiadow,  may  more  often  than  its 
lcllo\v>  lie  mistaken  hy  tlu'  ciicmv  I'nr  one  ot  its  distasteful  iiciiilihors 
throuiih  its  posses-ion  ot'  a  little  more  than  iisiial  ot'  :.  certain  tint  on  a 
part  ot'  the  uinir,  a  little  iuru;er  spot  here,  or  more  of  the  semlihince  of  a 
hand  tiure. — how  .-mall  s(M'\er  this  dilfcreiice  may  lie,  it  must,  Ity  the 
very  laws  of  natural  sclei'tion.  he  cheri-hed.  perpetuated.  Increased  hy 
slow  hut  sure  step-.  Nor  i-  there  any  limit  to  its  inci'casc.  except  its 
ilhsoliite  (U'ct'ption  ol'  the  ciieiny.  So  hillfX  as  tiierc  is  the  r.|iL;htest  advail- 
laiic  in  variation  in  a  dctlnitc  possilde  direction,  the  struuiile  for    existence 


ill 


will  conipe 


that 


\  ariation. 


Ivnowiiiii'  what  we  now  know  ot'  the    laws  ot' 


lie,  luinucry  ol  lavorcd  races   iniiiht  c\eii  have  oeeii   prcdii 


■ted. 


It 


IS    to   111'    iiresiimiM 


that   the   actual    coh 


hutterfly   art',    wi 

anecstral    form. 

example,  whose  or  irronm 


•are    exceptions,   such    as    exi 


t'ouiid    i 
^ted 


11   a   iiiiiiiicKiiiL 


somewlierc    in 


th 


u'    case    o 


f   our  own    inimiekuu 


liasilai'chia.    f 


or 


I  tint 


totallv  at  varia'ice  with  tlii'  u:eii- 


color  ot'  the  other  normal  memhers  ot'  the  Li'ronp.  it  will   he   oliserved 


that  all  tlu'  normal 


species  posst'ss  some  oraiiiT*' 


Without  th 


IS  as 


P 


redeiit  fact,  such  [lerfi'ct  niiiiiicry  iniu'ht  perhap.s  never  have  arisen.      Iiidi 


dual 


vuluals  ainonsr  the  nor 


tir 


rmal  species  vary  somewhat   in  this  partieiilar, 


thai  it  is  easy  to  suppost'  that   some  of  the  oriirinal   areliippiis  witJi   more 


oraiiji'c  tliaii  usual  may  Innc  escaped  capture  on 


occasion   from   this  c 


iULse. 


F 


rom  siieli  a  small  he^iuniiiu'.  sucli  as  one  iiiav  now  see   everv    \ear  in 


n. 


astyauax.  spranji'  douhtless  the  whole  story,  and  wc  now  find  a  lintterHy 
wliieli  has  lor  a  ground  color  of  lioth  snrt'ace.s  ot'  tlii'  wiiij^s  an  oraiifrc 
which  is  the  exact  counterpart  of  that  ot'  Anosia  pl;'xippus  ;   hy  reason  of 


which  ill  all  prolialiility  it  I'lijoys  a  t'reedom  froic  molestation  conipiirahlc 
to  tiiat  attrihiited  to  |>lcxippiii^,  so  that  it  vi'iitnrt's  more  into  the  open 
country  than  its  allies,  and  tints  ^aiiis  a  wider  pastm'iige  and  surer  suhsis- 
tence. 

It  would  seem  then  to  he  plain  that  all  cases  of  protective  eolorin<f  and 
iniinctie  form  come  under  one  and  the  same  law  and   have  heen  produced 


..'■  !-iKi^-i,'£i^1P^££Slim>SlHiamm» 


MIMK'KY   AMI  I'lto  IKC '  IIVK  1!I:>I;M1'.1..\N(  l',. 


(  1') 


l)y  till'  s;iiiu'  inc;ins  ftlii'  -iiiviMil  nl'  llii"  licut  innckcr),  wlictlicr  tin-  uliji'd 
imit.ili'il  l)f  Miiiiiiiil.  vi'jxi'tiildf  or  miin'i'iil  :  tlic  iii'tiiiil  unli'iiiiic  is  iiiilccd 
\Mstly  iiiui'i'  siii'piisiiiL;-  in  siimc  ciiscs  iliaii  in  (dlicr.-.  :  in  .-niiic  ••|M'rtfi'tly 
stMLiu'ciiiiL;"  ii-i  l>;it('-  sitys,  lull  lli(iii;^li  llicif  lie  tii  iill  ii|)|i('ariini'('s  m  ••piil- 
|i:il)lv  iiitcntiitiial  likcni'^s.s,"  tliii'c  is  liMinil  tu  Ix'  no  inlt>i)tiiin  in  the  cn-c  so 
far  ,is  niiii'kcr  iind  niiickcil  iiir  ciinccnu'd  :  liiil  (lie  result  )i'  a  naiiiral  sc- 
li'ctiiin  auainsi  wliirli  luiliirr  cimld  cvrn  strixc.  and  ut'  wliicli  ncillKr  was 
cM'f  ciiiisciiiiis. '  Tlic  [iriMT--  lias  liccii  a  Idiil;  (inc.  so  that  in  the  case  of 
jiarastatic  mimicry,  as  that  form  which  inxoUcs  the  copying'  of  onc"s  fel- 
lows miiiht  he  termed  (or  if  one  prefers  an  I'lnulish  term — iiciyhhorly 
mimicry  ).  we  may  readily  iiresiune  far  less  diflerence  hetween  mocker  and 
mocked  when  the  mimicry  lict^cen  them  first  iieuaii.  than  now  exist.- 
Iietween  the  mocked  and  the  normal  I'clatives  of  llie  mocker.  It  isaryiied. 
indeed,  with  u'n'at  sliow  of  reason,  that  as  the  rcseiiihlance  liiew  slroiiL;er 
the  hirds  became  more  sharp-sighted,  which  retlected  auain  on  liic  mimicrx  . 
and  tiiat  thus  the  final  departure  t'rom  the  noi'mal  lypi'  xvas  intensitted  : 
hut  this  assumption  is  not  necessary. 

■Nl  far  we  ha\e  only  referred  to  tile  first  illustrations  of  mimicry  "ixcn 
l;y  IJates.  pres<'ntinu-  the  siin|iles|  forms  thoiii;h  not  tlu'  least  striking. 
iiiMihinn'  as  they  do  the  widest  departure  of  mimelic  huttertlies  from  tiieir 
normal  ty|ie.      Lei  us  o'la'K'*'  hrietly  at  some  other  points. 

A  new  element  entei's  when  we  tinil  that  nci^hhorly  mimicry  is  some- 
times confined  to  a  sinalc  sex  of  a  huttcrtly  :  that  is  to  say.  one  sex  is  of  the 
normal  coloi  ot' its  allies,  while  the  ojiposite  sex  departs  widely  therefrom, 
and  is  found  to  rcsemhle  closely  aiKither  and  a  nauseous  liuttertly  of  the 
same  reii'ion.  Now.  as  mimicry  is  clearly  only  a  protecti\('  dc\iee.  or 
rather  outcome,  we  shoulil  naturally  inipiire  whether  either  sex  was  more 
in  need  of  protection  tiniii  the  other  from  those  foes  auainst  which  mimicry 
could  a\ail  anything'.  Plaiidy.  it  would  lie  the  fcimile.  since  were  she 
lost  hefore  o\  iposition  just  so  many  cLTiis  ai'c  lost  with  her:  and  liesiiles 
this  her  hea\  ier.  inor<'  shuru'isli  tliLi'ht — a  necessity  from  her  Imrdeii  of  ei;u's 
— makes  her  an  easier  |irey  to  iiisectixorous  creatures,  iiiiaiusl  which 
mimicry  is  aiincil,  Accordinjily  we  find  luimerous  instances  in  xvhich 
the  feii;'de  is  mimetic  and  tlu'  male  normal.  I'rolialily  they  are  far 
more  luimerons  than  we  imauinc  and  that  many  of  the  execediuLily  com- 
mon ditrretices  hetween  the  sexes  which  since  I)arwin"s  day  we  liaxc  lieen 
wont  to  set  down  to  sexual  selei'tion  are  to  he  atti-iliute<l  to  somcthiui:'  of 
this  natiu'e.  l>ut  thei'e  is  no  known  case  of  neig'hlioi'ty  mimicry  confined 
to  the  male  sex.  On  the  other  hand  sonu' of  the  most  \i\id  and  strikinji" 
examples  of  mimicry  are  to  he  found  confined  to  the  females.  'I'here  is 
one  cxam|)le  hiduuht  forwiii'd  hy    Triuien   which  is  the  most  surprising  yet 


•  "liiiiliiliiin"  :iiicl  ••iiiiiiiii'iy"    Imlli    iiii|il,\        I'lniiinl  ii»  hi  use  liu:iir;iliM'  ^iicccli;  ui' li;i\( 
iiitrnidii;    Iml   dii'   lliiills    uf    mir    I;iiil'1i:i'.i'       im  wcinl  in  l■\|ll•l■^»  tiiirniisciiiiis  iiiiininj . 


716 


Tl       BUTTKUKI-IKS  OF   NKW   KNliLAND. 


li  ^ 


piililifhetl,  wlicrc  inn  only  liavo  two  kinds  of  AfViciin  tiWiillow-tail  Init- 
ti'i'riii'n,  <»ni'  witli.  tlie  otluT  witliout,  tailf.  loiii;  suitpopicd  to  !»•  widely 
distinct  spiric.'*,  Ix'i'ii  now  jiiovod  to  hi-  iiialc  and  fV-nialc.  tiif  t'cnialc 
di'partinjj;  tVoin  tlu'  typo  to  uiimio  a  Kuploi'id  Ixitti  rfly  :  l)iit  tlic  male  in 
found  to  have  no  less  than  thrrc  di.xtinit  wiven,  each  niiiiiiikiiif,'  a  difli'ii'iit 
kind  of  Kuphx'id  characteristic  of  tlic  i'c<ri(>n  inlialtitcd  liv  mocker  and 
mocked,  and  each  very  dirterent  from  tiie  hii«l)aiid  ;  wliih-  an  allied  male, 
formerly  tlioUL'ht  to  he  the  same  as  the  precediii;;,  keeps  a  similar  harem, 
similarly  mimetic  of  species  ot'  Knploeinae  prevailini,'  in  its  districts,  and, 
hesides,  has  in  one  place  at  least  a  concidtine  which  is  no!:  at  all  mimetic. 
Surely  the  [>lay  of  mimicry  can  i;o  little  further. 

15nt  in  all  this  arises  a  new  ditliculty.  Mow  is  it  that  mnnetic  (jnalitics, 
which  in  a  •i:iven  locality  lireed  so  true,  are  iidieritcd  l>y  one  sex  oidy  ? 
Why  do  the  males  escape?  Here  the  (piestiou  is,  not.  why  arc  the  females 
mimetic?  iiut  ratlu'r,  why  ari'  the  males  not  mimetic?  To  this  no  satisfac- 
tory answer  has  yet  lieen  ui\cn.  It  has  heen  attrihntcil  to  sexual  selection, 
the  t'emalcs  lieiiii;-  supposed  to  lie  ot' a  consei'vatiNc  I'rame  of  mind,  and  ad- 
mitting no  variation  in  their  consorts:  hut  this  it  wouM  he  ditticnit  to 
prove,  or,  it  seems  to  me,  to  render  \i'ry  prolialile. 

This,  however,  is  the  view  of  it  taken  liy  I'elt,  who  remarks  that  "  it  is 
^:iupporti'd  hy  the  fact  thai  many  of  the  males  of  the  mimetic  Leptalides 
have  the  upjicr  halt'  of  the  lower  wini:  ot  a  |inre  white,  whilst  all  the  ri'st 
o*'  the  winjis  is  harred  and  spottetl  w  ith  lilack,  red  or  yellow,  like  the  spe- 
cies they  mimic.  The  females  Innc  not  this  white  patch,  and  the  males 
usually  conceal  it  hy  coveriiif:'  it  with  the  uppia- wiuf,'.  .-o  that  I  I'aniiot 
imatrine  its  lieinij  of  anv  other  use  to  them  than  as  an  attraction  in  court- 
•*hip,  when  they  exhihit  it  to  the  females,  and  thus  jrralify  their  dccp-seatcd 
prefironco  for  the  normal  color  ot'  the  order  [trihe]  to  which  the  Lepta- 
li.l    I  helonj;."      (Naturalist  in  Nicarajfiui,  ."iJSo.) 

Still  anoliu'r  ditticidty  hesets  thesuhject, — a  dithculty  in  jiart  recoiruized 
hv  I^ates.  It  has  heen  the  snliject  of  uuich  discussion,  but  on  the  prin- 
ci|)les  supported  ahove  is  far  more  easily  disposeil  of.  Hates  found  not  only 
that  the  distastefid  Ileliconoid  huttcrtlies  were  mimicked  liy  those  which 
were  in  evident  need  of  protection,  t'roni  the  fact  ot'  their  heiufi;  jireedily 
eaten  hy  insectivorous  animals,  hut  that  there  were  cases  of  mimicry  (piiteas 
close  aujoufi  the  Ileliconoid  hutterHies  themselves.  Ninnerons  instances  of 
the  same  kind  have  since  heen  recogni/ed  in  other  parts  of  the  world. 
Here  both  mocked  and  mockers  were  protected  by  naiiseoiisness,  and  it 
was  by  no  means  clear  to  him  how  any  advantage,  the  fundamental  cause 
of  variation  of  this  kind,  was  to  be  gained  by  such  imitation.  The  resem- 
blance was  so  close  that,  according  to  his  own  words,  "  species  belonging 
to  distinct  genera  have  been  confounded,  owing  to  their  being  almost  iden- 
tical in  colors  and  markings  ;  in  fact,  many   of  them  can  scarcely  be  dis- 


h\ 


MIMK'ttY  AND  I'UO  IKCIIVK  hkskmhi.anci: 


71' 


tiiifjuislud  ixi'cpl  liy  tliiii\iitiK'iic  clianictcrs."  I')iitr>  liiniM-lt' ^vll^  iiu'liiml 
tit  luuk  ii|iiiM  tlii'M'  mil  iis  (•;!,>;('.■<  ipf  |iiir!i>tati<'  iiiiiiiicry,  liiit  iis  diir  "to 
tlif  Miiiiilar  adiiptation  nC  .ill  to  the  saiiic  lucal,  |>i'ulial>ly  iiii)r<j:aiiii',  coiKli- 
tioiis." 

Hut  tlii.'*  va^i'uo  i'.\|(laiiatii)ii  lias  nut  lici'ii  Miti>racl<ny  tu  ntliiis.  and 
Wallace  and  Mcldula,  and  |iai'ticnlarly  Frit/  Miillci',  have  tulloNvcd  n|i  the 
niatlcf  and  >liii\vn  that,  it'  tlic  niiniickcd  species  |Mi>>e>.«e(l  llie  sliirlitcst  ad- 
\antajic  in  tiic  niiTc  |iiiint  ot  iuiinliei-s.  u\er  llic  niiniickin;.'.  lliis  advantajje 
is  sntHcii'nt  to  prcidnce  tlie  niiniici-\  ronceined.  It  i>  liiirlily  prolialile.  tnini 
tile   experiments  <it'  Frit/    Miiller  ant!  the  oliscrxatiims  ot'  Hi'lt,   that   tht! 

H.liconuid  l)nttcrt1ies  are  simply  distastet'ul.  nut  pui.- ns.  tu  inscciiMirone' 

animals.  Miiller  has  excn  (ii;nred  a  eunsideralile  numlur  ut'cNainples  ui' a 
siiiitle  species  fuund  liy  him  (  in  this  instance  lielunLiinL;'  tu  the  Acraeinae,  a 
closely  allied  nauseous  i.a'i)n|i)  in  which  the  wiiiLr-  had  evidently  hecn  sci/ed 
hv  insectivorous  i)irds.  havinif  jrieat  yaiis  in  their  winits.  such  as  a  liill 
v\onld  make  upon  them.  I5y  such  seizures  many  ut'  the  distastet'ul  huiter- 
tlics  douhtless  perish,  anil  Meldola  shows  very  clearly  hy  mathematical 
analvsis  that  a  rcst'inlilance  between  two  species  so  cluse  that  the  ex|icrimen- 
tal  seizures  would  he  divided  lietvvcen  them  in  the  ratio  ot'  their  numlicrs, 
j;ives  an  advanta<.^e  dei-idedly  in  favor  ut'the  scarcer  s|H'cies.  ( )r,  as  \\'al- 
lacc  puts  it.  "  it'  two  specit's.  Iiuth  eipially  distastet'nl.  closely  resenildo 
eai'h  other,  then  the  numhei'  ot'  individuals  sacriticed  is  divided  lietween 
them  in  the  proportion  ot'  the  squares  ot'  thi'ir  rcs|)ective  nundiers."  It' 
the  rarer  spi'i'ies  is  only  one-tenth  as  mimei'uiis,  it  will  licncfit  in  the  pru- 
purtiun  of  one  hundred  to  one, 

Fxactly  the  same  arirunient  can  he  applied  to  mimicry  lietvvcen  two 
species  neither  of  which  is  distasteful,  which  thoiiiili  less  conspicuous  are 
prulialily  more  numerous  than  the  other  class  :  fur  un  the  pTinci|iles  that  \vc 
have  laid  duvvii.  any  advantaui'  which  uiic  species  has  uver  anutlier  will  lie 
attacked  hy  that  iither  in  every  possililc  way  :  and  it' there  he  elements  in 
the  structure  or  markin^rs  which  admit  of  a  closer  reseinlilance  hetween  t}ic 
two,  and  thin  resendilanee  will  lessen  the  disadvantage  under  which  tlie 
weaker  species  lidiors,  then  in  the  very  natiiie  of  things  that  resemhlance  inunt 
follow,  unless  other  opposing  elements  intervene.  For  here  at  least  the 
relative  ahundanee  ot'  the  species  concerned  is  an  essential  element.  It  has 
heen  thouglit  hy  some  that  it  was  also  an  essential  element  of  all  mimicry, 
hut  not  otdy  is  there  no  sufHcient  reason  for  holding  such  a  view,  except- 
ing in  cases  like  those  last  <iuote(l,  hut  it  has  hecn  asserted  hy  no  less  keen 
an  observer  than  Fritz  Miiller  himself,  and  agreed  to  hy  others,  that  the 
mimickiMl  species  is  not  always  more  abundant  than  its  counterfeit  ;  indeed, 
the  mimicking  and  the  mimicked  species  have  been  found  to  vary  in  their 
relative  numbers  in  different  localities,  sometimes  the  one,  sometimes  the 
other  preponderating.      Hut  witli  regard  to  mimicry  of  one  distasteful  but- 


mm 


^(^K  M  ;| 


7  IS 


iiii;  liirrKiii  Lii>  or  m;\v  i;.\(;i,ani». 


trpHv  1)\  iiiiiiilicr,  tliri'f  niiiv  !il.-u  cntci'  mmiiiIici- clrtiiciil  :  tor  ii  i>  li,inll\  lu 
lie  liclicvcd  tli.'it  all  ilistM-ili'l'iil  liiillt  rllii-.  ;iic  imjiciIIv  (li>l!i.>l(  I'iiI  In  ;ill  liirds. 
iiii'l  it  i>iil>\|()iis  iltMt  ilic  iiiiii't'  ili>l:i>Ii  I'liI  till'  liiitti'i'lly  i>  tu  ii>  r:i|iac'ii)ii.« 
fill',-,  liv  .sii  iiiiii'li  iiH'i'i'  lia>  it  llic  adMiiitauc  in  lli*'  .-Inniulc  lor  lit'f.  -k  tliat 
niiinici'y  ut  uiic  ilistasicrul  Imtti'i'llv  liv  anolliiT  Icr*.-  di-taslct'iil  is  ^carci'ly 
iiiMrc  siii'iirisinu:  than  the  niiiiiici'v  ul'  a  iiaiiscniis  iiii'tcitlv  li\  luic  tliat  lias 
iiiit  llii>  (|iialit\  . 

( )nl\  line  riii'tlicr  dilticidty  rciiiaiiis.  and  tliis  i>  lliat.  in  a  t'rw  iii- 
^lan(•^•^,  all  insert  lias  lici  11  Iniiiid  dilHiiin;'  SII  |i('rnliarl\  iVoni  its  (•(inuciici> 
as  Id  IcaNc  iKi  doulit  in  tlic  mind  tliat  it  diU'crs  in  tlic  diri'cti.ni  nl'  niiniicrx 
Nslicn  no  exact  |irnioty|pe  can  lie  toiinil.  l*'oi- I'xainple,  the  imttiTtly  ojdne 
ol'  tile  Nvin|ihalinae,  with  iinnnal  dark  colors  and  a  definite  |iattei'ii,  will 
vary  altou'clher  t'luni  that  |iattein  anil  eoloriiii:'.  to  take  on  theli\ery  |ie(Mi- 
liar  to  the  Kii|iloeinae,  a  L;i'nM|i  \iry  extciisix  ely  imitated,  w  lien  there  i> 
t'omid  in  the  rejiions  inhaliited  liy  this  snpiiosed  niimiekinj;'  species  no 
I'lnjiloeid  wliicli  it  in  any  way  specially  resomiiles.  In  this  case  liiit  two 
(•x|)iinations  hnyr  heen  oU'ered.  one  tliat  the  mimicked  luitterlly  has  not  \  et 
lieeii  loiind,  another  that  it  has  lor  some  cause  licconie  extinct .  Iiiit  with 
tile  extinction  ot'  the  mimicked  ruriii  we  should  expect  specdv  extinction 
ottlic  mimickinu'.  and  it  would  seem  more  prohalile  that  these  were  eases 
ot' Licneral  mimicry  in  process  ol't'ormalion  toward  some  specific  type.  At 
aii\  rate  we  need  In  know  more  definitely  aliont  these  instances  Ipclore  we 
cm    properly  discuss  them.      They  have  iicMr  lieen  cojialed. 

In  support  of  the  general  theory  of  mimicry,  it  may  lie  said  that  cases 
arc  tar  iiime  conimo;i  in  the  tropic-  than  in  temperati'  ri'uions.  even  rela- 
li\cl\  :  and  so,  too.  are  insccti\ oroii-  animals.  Tin  accounts  of  lra\elleis 
in  the  tropics  constantly  mention  the  attacks  of  liirds  ii)  ■  n  Inittertlies.  while 
instances  of  liiitlcrllic*  lu'inu'  seen  pursued  li\  hirds  are  \;istl\  more  larc 
ill  the  Icmpcralc  rcL;ioii~.  I  ha\c  nc\er  seen  one.  In  the  tropics,  inore- 
o\cr,  they  are  aided  li\  a  L;ri'ati  r  mimlier  of  other  in-ecti\ orous  animals, 
such  a-  li/.aids.  In  oiii  own  ciiiiiitr\.  therefore,  we  should  not  look  tor 
m:in\  in-tances  of  m.mii'ry  of  aii\  decided  l\pe.  The  mn-i  sirikinjx  is 
unqncstiiMialilv  that  of  Ha-ilarcjjia  archippiis.  which  mimics  Aiiosia  plex- 
ipjiiis,  and  the  clo>ely  related  ca>c  of  Ha-ilarchia  ero>  ami  la-ilia  hcrciiice. 
the  la-t  two  liutlcrflies  laru'ely  siipplanliiiL;  the  first  two  mi  the  peninsula 
of  Florida.  In  Imth  these  instances  the  mimicry  is  cnjoyeil  Jjy  lioth  sexes. 
A  lliiid  ca-i'  is  found  in  the  less  dose  hut  still  strikine-  niimicr\  of  Ihisi- 
larchi.i  astyanax  liy  the  female  of  .'^emnopsyche  diana.  an  instance  the  more 
rcinarkalile  as  the  mimicked  species  lieloiius  to  the  same  eeruis  as  oiir  two 
other  mimii'kinu  forms, 

\\  hell  we  take  a  general  \  iew  of  iiiimicry  as  cxhiliited  hy  one  iiiitterflv 
for  another,  how  stranue  it  seems,  and  what  an  interestinji' illustration  it  is 
of  the  adaptaliilit\  and  pliancy  of  natural  forces,  that  for  the  e\  ideiit  pro- 


MiMK  i!V  A\i»  i'ii(m;»  iivi:  i!i;M:.Miii,AN(  i:. 


719 


tciti.iii  .il'  line  >|iccics  in  tlic  >tni!:i:lf  I'm'  cxl-tciu'c.  «(i  (  xiicf  hikI   IxiiiitiCiiI 

M    n-iiiili|Miici'  «lii.iil(l  lir  IrniMulil  III I  !     ( 'iiii-idcr  tor  m  nioiiiciii  ilmi  ilic 

'•lllijo  I-  ul' iiiiiiii,T\    MIC  ;il   llic  liii;il  .|;il;c  lit   litr  :    llirv    li;a  c  ;ilr(:ii|\    |i;i--c(| 

tllluiiM-l;  ii,.;ir|y  mII  the  il;iii:;'.'i'*  to  uliicli  llic  ^| ii-  ii-  :i  -prrir^  i-  •.nlijci'tcil  : 

!•■>    rinlclv    Mil.icficd   iliMl  llifv  jiic  iii<|ci'i|    Imt    n    cfiitrsiiiiMl   i.r   i\rn  Ics., 
iMiilv  111-  iMMT  iiMiic.  iit't!i()-c  linmiilit  into  tlic  wcpi'hl  w  illi  tlirin.       I  >iiiiii,:;- 

lllf  c.irly  jli'l'ioil  ,i|'  tlu'il-  life  they  wrlf  i'\|)iis(i|  In  \;|.,|1\  liiurc  i|.ill'lcr'< 
tli.iii  lliiy  (•.111  iiiiw  cxiK  riciicc.  Al  liiiir*  tlicy  uccc  !lli>uliittl  v  Ik'Ij.Io. 
uiilmiii  tlic  |i(iu(r  III' iiiii\(nH'iii.  'I'licy  ;iic  iiiiw  ciMldWdl  with  puscr-  nf 
Hiiilit  siitliciciii  tuiiiwail  tlir  jiiir|i(i-c  cil' iii;iii\-  il  liic.  \ci  It  i-  in  jii-i  ilii-i 
|M'riu(l  tliMl  llioc  <|MTi,i|  .'iliil  ('Mr;!  iic|iii;iry  ])rii\i-ion-  fur  llicir  ^at;l\  ;ilii| 
tor  llu'  ai<'oiii|)li>liiiiciil.  ;i>  fur  m-  llic  >|iciic;.  is  iniicc  iiud.  of  the  rinj  of 
tlicii'  life,  arc  M'iMii  iIhiii.  All  tlii>  lias  liciii  Kroiiuiit  altoiit  lor  iIk  suIi- 
liiirposi'  of  |)niioiiiiiii,L'  rhrir  aerial  life  fur  ilic  cxcicdiriiilv  \\\\  (la\>  wiiirii 
MIC  iiccfsMiry  for  piiiiiiiy  iiiid  tlic  dr|posiiioii  of  <!.'ii>.  Tlic  iiioic  \\r  coii- 
tciii|ilafc  -io  >lr;iiiLrc  :md  <o  |icrf<Tt  a  |iro\i>ioii.  and  tlic  means  Kv  wliieji  it 
is  aecomplislied.  ilie  more  are  we  im|iressed  \\iili  tlie  eapaliiliiies   lit'  natii- 

lal  xieetioi..  and   iieiiiii    t im|ireliend  lio\v  |)o\V(  il'iil    an    element    il    lia^" 

lieell  in  tlie  develo|imenl  of  tile  \aried  world  of   lieailU    aliont   lis. 


lill!l,l(i(,l!Afl!V. 

Miin-ii).  A.     'fill' i||.'_'iii-is  iif  ii:iiMic.     IMinliinvli.  I<<'>- 

It.ilis,  II.  W.     «'iinli-iliiaiiiiis  1,1  iiii  liiscii  iiiuii:i  iif  111!'   Ain;i/uii   \:illr\.     I,,|ii.|.,|,i,.r:i :  1 1, 
■•"iiiilif.     isi;-.'.     ('l'r!Mi>.  I.iiiii.  -oi'.  Luml.,  wiii:  |li,V."ii;(;,  |i|.  .'i,")-."!!;.) 

WnllM.r,  A.  1!.     1)11  111.' |ilir K'liiiolvarhilloM  unit  •j;ciiL'nii.liii';il  ilUliil. Mil. 111.  :i,   ;ilii>iniii.,| 

l..\  111.'  ra|iiliiiiililac  (if  till'  Malayan  n'.:iiiii.     |s(l-|.     ('rraiis.  Mini. ,  l.nii.l.,  .\x\  :  1-71.  |il.  |.s.) 

.Miinliay   Is  s|iiciiilly  ilis.Mis-i  il  .ai  pp.  Ill-*',     lirprliili'il   In  hi- (  i-iitrlliiilicnis  p.  ili,.  ijiini-y  .if 
ii.iiiiial  s,.||.,.|iciii,  pp.  I7!l-ls."i.     I.iiniiiiii.  |s7(». 

Walla.T,  .\.  U.  .Mlinicry  aliil  hIImt  pr..lri'llM  risiinlilaii..- ai l' aiii Is.  \\  l■.||||lll^|(•r 
U^■v...lllly,  I.S(i7.  Kcpiliili'il.  \\  ill)  a.|.  Ill  lull-,  111  hi-  ( ■.niii'lliiiilnii-  i.i  il...  ili,,,rv  ui  iialiii.ilx-lr.'- 
liiin,  pp.  4.V1-J!!.     I..111.I1111,   lS7ii. 

Tiliiii'ii,    I!.      1)11  sii iTinarkalili'  iiiliiiill.'   aiialnirii's    aiiiniii.'    Al'i'l.aii    liiill.'rlli.s.      isijs. 

(Tiaiis.  I, inn.  s....  I ,|..  x.wl :  4!ll-'i2i',  pi,  I'.'-l:!.) 

Wal-li.  II.  I),  anil  lilliy,  C.  V.     Iiiiilallvr  lniltirHii's.     I.sii!).    (  Vni.  inl.,  i :  |s!i-pi:l.) 

SiMi.l.lcr,  .«.  II.     Is  niiiiil.a\\  a.lvaiilaL'.iiiis?     Is7il.    (  Niiliin',  III :  1(7.^ 

I>ii,zc,('.     rrliiTflniirc  licispi,.!,.  Mill    iia.lialiiniinu'  lai   iiisfcliMi.      IHTl.     (si,  n.  lail.  /.■It. 
\\\il:-J7!(-s||. 

Darwin, (',     '(I))' ili  «niil  ..f  man.     \iil,  I.  I..iii,|iin.  |s71.     Cinlains  a -1 1'll, n   MinilMy  in 

l..'|i|iliip(('rii,  pp.  Hl-lt.-i. 

.Millli'r,  K.  Kiiiif.'!'  w.ii-tc  iil.cr  l,.'pla!|s.  isTii.  (.Ini.  /iliM'iir,  u  i-,,  x;  I-IJ.  i  •<|.|.  ,||^„ 
Aiii.r.  nal.,  x  :  .■|.'M-."iHI. 

"11 "■  A.  W.     Is  pr.iii.ilvc  iniiiili  ly  iliic  til  n.ilnral  sili'iiiiiiri'    l.x7T     I  Allli  Mat.,  xi :  .'l-T.) 

.Miill.r.  h'.     Ccliir  llic  vnrllnll.' .Irr  iiiinil.a  y  liii  s.  (iini'llcrlini,'cii.  isjs.  (/iml.  an/.,  i :  ."1  |..V>, ) 
.Mrl.fila,  I!.     I.'iil.iin.iliij,'i.'al   n.ilcs  li.-.iriiis,'  1.11  .■v.jliiliiin.      187s.     (.Vim.    nia".  iiat    liM     (,')i 

i:  I.Vi-lill.)  ■      ' 

.Miilirr,  !■'.     .N'dIcs  (111  Ura/.llian  ciitoinolof,'}-.     ls7s.    (Tiiins.  tail,  s.ir.  I.iiml.,  ls7.s,  :!ll-2j;!.) 
Ualla.c,    A.  It.     Triipical  naliii-c.      I,(ini|.i|i,  |s7,^.     In  Cliaptcr  v.  ,111  lli.' (  ,.l,as' .,f  animals. 

will  lie  fiiiiii.l  a  siMil.m  .III  .Miiiilia'y,  pp.  isii-pi:!. 
.Miillrr.  l\     lliina  and  'I'liyri.lia :     lOiii  1111  rkwiirilijrcs  licisplcl  von  iiiiniiia-y  licl  scliiii,n..rlin- 

i-'iai.     I.'<7i».     (K.isiiM.s,  V  :  HIO-IOS.)     fin  als.i  Troc.  cut.  s.ic.  l.dii.l..  I.S7I»,  .xx-.xxvlil, 
.MuPcr.  K.     H.incrkciiswcMlic    fiillc   crwurlicncr  achnliclikclt   lici    s(liiiictt(a-lln!rcii.     is.sl. 

(KosiiKis,  .x:2."i7--J(i7,  pi.  li.)     Sec  iiljii  Wallace,  .\allirc,  .\.\vi :  ,S(i-.s7  (I,ss'.>)  ami   K.isiik.s    xi-:i!sO- 

,.s;i  (l,Ss-2). 


720 


llli;   HI   l'li:UFI-lKS  OK   NKW    KN<!I,.\XI>. 


' 


4 
* 


S.iiiprr  Kiirl.  .\iiiiii:il  litr  :i«  iifli'ircil  l.\  llir  n;iliir.il  loihlillniH  iif  i'\i«l<Mli .  ^  ■  \v  York. 
I"*-*!.     Si'f  till' Hi'rliciM-  nil  liiiiiiitiM'  prnti'i  '    III  :ilii|  iiiiiiiiiTv ,  \'\>.  ;Hi-4i'''. 

Mrliliilii,  It.  .Mliiii'r>  ImIhitii  I. nil.  llli,.,  of  |.r..i.(ii.  I  .11  .  n,  ih«'J,  (.Vim.  luxj..  lui.  liM  . 
(ft)  x;»IT-»-J.">.) 

i)l«liiiil,  \V.  I,.      Tlh    II r\    "t    niiiiiii'i'v    :mi<I   iiiiiiiiikliu  IIii'iii'Ii"-.     H'>:I      (,\ni      iniii;.  li.tl . 

Iii«l. ,(.'()  \i;  4!1-|.>'.) 

Miillcr,  K      Aiil;,  l'i-,riir  llii.:rl  Mill  .\iivir:i  tlijli:i.     l>s;;      (K I.I.,  \lll.  |!i7--Jiil.) 

M'liirc,  K.      .\    llliill.  .Tllpll  iif    l,illlli;iillii   :ill'l  Kll|iliicill:l.      Wi:!.    (ricic.   zniil.  ,iir.  I.nii.l.,  |H.s:(, 

-JOI-:i'i4.  pi.  -Ji)-:i'.>.)     Miiiiirry  j.  ili^iii I  <iii  |ip.  -Jilvjij. 

Tiiiniii.   II.     I'piiirihr  I ■.iililainr-' iiiiii-ict.;  Miniiii)  in  iii-nt,.    I^""'!.    (  IImPhii..  will 

2.V;Vi,  ,'>7-<l.-..) 

'I'riiiicii,  U.  iiiiil  llnwkri'.  •).  II.  Siiiiih  .Vtrii'uii  Imtlrrllii'^.  Vol.  I.  N>'iiipli:\llil:i('.  I.iiiiiIum. 
I^>*".    Hill  II  oi'i'iimi  dii  rrnlicthr  ii-ciiili|;iiiri'«  iiml  iiiliiiiiT),  pp.  .12-10. 


ANOSIA  PLEZIPPUS  -The  monarch 

rriii'  iiiMiiMiili  I  SiiitMiT);  till-  .\nliip|iii- (<iii«,c) .  ilir  Aiiliippii!-  Iiiitiirll>  (lliir"l») ;  llio 
Hliinii  frillll;ii>  (PTrlKiii) ;  wrli-fndlril  il:iiiii>  ( Kiiii.iniii) :  <^iiiiii  iif  ">p!iiii  luillrillv  (Itnst); 
iiiilk-wiril   liiiltnilv    (ltiii'.'r«-):  Itiiiiiihlii    lnillcilU    (.liiiic  ■«) :  llir   slnnii   kiim   (.Mcillnt);   till' 

>l<inii  li|inrl'll>  (iiriilr).] 

/'ii/ii7io  ;./,ii/(i'c<».\)«-  iiiiij"!'  r\i-,,   lt:ii,  lli^l  /'ii/ii/i'.  <  li/iinin  '  I'mmi..   Tap.   iwnl.,!:  l-.'i. 

Ins.,  l:l><-i:!!i  (ITlii).  I.Vj.pl.  ;l.  ijj,..  A.  It  (I".".):— .liilil..  Xiiiinvvsi. 

I\iliilin  j.h.niiiiiis  l.iiiii..  .>^y-l.    ii:il..    KUli  in,.  M'lnmtt.,  N  ii  : -Jl,  pi.  I.'ili,  IIl'^.  IM  (IT'.U). 
Oil.,  471  (I7.V<);  (piir>)   .Mii«.    I,ii,l.    I'lr.,  iii'.'  Ihnfiis   (•/•//i/)i/.«    IVicv.    .Mini.   Sue.   (•(••■ii. 

(I7ti4);-<niiii..    I'lip.   tmiI..   iii:-.'l.    pi.  -Jni;,  ll:il..,  [•.>.]  Ill;  17."i(  IH17)  ;  Mini.  liiM.  mil.  «iil,n, 

HiM   !■;.  K  (I'H-ll—l'iil.  il'' lli:in\.,  111,.  All.  It  I :  l:i^-iiii|    (ls."(2) :— l.iir.,    .>«iiu'rii,    IIUl.    11. ii. 

AiiiiT.,  I7-J-I7I1,   pl.  I,i|i.  h.  II.',.  l;i,  111  (ls(i,-i.  CuIm.  .VJn  (ls.-i7);— Hiirr..   Proc   Uixt.    mh-. 

21).  Iiat.  llM,.  \il:lH!)-l!Ml   (Ismi) ; -.S,,|i,|il..  Ti;!!!,. 

/'.//i(7/i) Cull',!!.,     N:it.     Iii,|.     tiiidl..  (.'Iilr.  iiiiiil.  m-..  I :  :i:il    ( I  -  Tn) : -Soiiip.,  .luiirn. 

il:s«.   pl.   ss    (174,1):— Ki»inli.-I.i.lil.-I\ nun-,  Mii>.  (tnililcfr..    i:'.>!);P.>i..,  ils7;i);— K.    .Mllll.. 

CiHi'iili..  .Vlilillil.,  Hs,  pl.  >>.»(I7T7).  Anil.  .Mii«.  iiiir.   Kin,  i :  :iii-iit.  ol .  2,  tli.'.-.  1-'>, 

I'li/ii/i"    ilfiii.     /i/<  .  i/./n/.v      I'jMiili.-l.irlii.-  .'ill,  Ii  (ls77) ;  — l)i-«  ii/.  /rii.,ilir.  );('s.  mil..  Ill : 

Knurr..  t:ili',li.,  .\liliilil.,  :ipp.  (1777).  1. ">.">- l,'i(i    (I>7h);       (iiimll.,     Kill,     ciili.,    '.>:p.>4 

1  hi  11(1  iilii  iihii/iii  11.1  l,iilr.,  lli>l.  mil.  rni,|  (is.sl). 
I'l     in,.,    xl\  ;  lo-i     (HI,"));  -SriiiM.,     I'.«\rln'.  Ihiiiims  rrii>iiiis     KIrli..    ."<\ii.     i;il.     I.i'p., 

I:  s|-x."i  (|.s7.'>).  xii:fi:!!P  (1n7I  1 

h'liiiliiid    iili'ii/iiiiis  K.ilir..    III.  111:11;.    in,..  Dniiniilii  iiiii/nis   Aiirh..  I.rp.    iiiii,.  I, ml. 

\i:-Jso  (1MI7).  rir..70(l'<s2). 

/tiiiiiiiix  jilriijiiiiiK  l..iir.,  (ti'ii.  i'rii>l.   in,..  I'lijiilhi  (ir'7(//iyi».«  Kiilir..  Kiilinii.  >y.,l..  iii : 

l\  :  Jill  (I>iii'.i);— S;iv,  .\iiiiT.  ciiliiiii..  Ill:  pl.  ,"i4  4!'  (17'.ill);— .Mill..  Driiw.  in*.  <i;i.  Itril.  Mii>  . 

(\-<-ls).  Kiilom.  X.  .\iiii'i'.,  cil.  l.i,(  oiilc,  I;  12<i-  xl:21,liu,.   Is-lll;  .w  I : 'Jii.  tali.   liiN.— .■'iiiilli- 

lil.pl.  .■4(|s.-)<l):  -INiili..   Lip.  Ain.T..i,  pl.  7  AMi.   I.iii.  iii».  (i:i..  1 :  11-12.  I:il>.  ti  (1797);- 

(lsit;l):-Kiiim..  AL'i-lr.  \.  Yi.rk.\  :  202.  pl.  .'l".  lliowii.  Hiitt.,  i:  l.'Ki.  pl.  2,'t  (IH,^^). 
(\i.  1.  ■  .  il  (1S")I).  Ihiitiiis  in-clii/.iiHs  lliii,i|.l,K  .  I.(?p.  AimJi-.. 

Iilr'i  ii/tji/i/iiis   K-i'li.,    K,i|/ili..  Knlcl.,   iii:  >i  pl.  ur-ll'.-i;  pl.  411,  tl,'>.  1-4  (18:!;i) .— (ii)>,i'. 

210,  pl.  7,  111,'.  14  il,  li  (r»21).  (nil.     ciil.,    2111-2112,   li^-,  (1840);  l.clt.   Aliih., 

Ihiniiin  iiliriii/iiis    [Liilr  j,    111.    imr.:.    cut.,  Ki-ls^  (ls"i!)i ; -D'l'rli.,   Ian.  iiiit.  ;.'('(il.,  HI: 

\  I ;    2!I2  ( I.S1I7) ;    -  (■iii|iii.->;ih  .,     liiol.  ceiili .  ;!M>-;i.".2.  Ii:;,.  a,  li.  pl.ll.  IIl^.  1,  2  (ls.">7) ;  \  :  2411 

Aiiicr.,    I.i'p.    Itliiip..   i:   i-2   (|x7!i):— Siinl.l..  ( isdd) ;— .Mi>rr..Syii.  I,<,p.  X.  Ani<'r,.as(18fi2); 

Itiiti.,  l:lii.  2!i\  li->.  17.  !•<,  21,22,  mi,  :!'.i.  4^,  (11,  -llarr.,  Iii>.  in.!,  vci;..  :lil  oil..  2H(i-2.S1  (1W12); 

t>7-7l,  7:1,  74,  7n.  7'.i.  liHi,  107  (lv<;{).  Kiilniii.   iiincp..     27,")-27l«   (ISliO):  —  ^cinlil., 

.l;io.<iii /i/(M  I'/i/ii/.v  .MiPDic,  rroi'.  Z'Mil.   MIC.  I'mr.  (  :il,  :ii';ii|.  m',,  ill:  47  (IsOJt) ;  —  lli'lir,. 

Kniiil..     ls>*;!:  2:lt-2:i.")   (ls.s;t);  — l!:r.;iiii„     Hull.  ilii,l..M4  (isiil!) ;— Siiiiii.l..  fan.  .•iitniii.,  i :  74-7."> 

M-  rnt.  Ki-:iiirc'.  Issii;  lsMs;i  ( l,sMi);_\Valk.,  (IMiO);  li:  I4s(1n7<i);  iii:    171   (l-<'l):  \  :    !-•<. 

Kilt,    imiiitlil.    Ilia','.,    .vxii:    217-224   (l>i"<ll);—  H,i;>.  1-.'m1^7;1)  :  Itrp.  I'lil.  sue.  ( int.,  1H72  :  ."il-.">4, 

S  MiiM.,  r,yrlir,  v  ;  (ilMXi  (l><\s)  Iii.',.  ;!'.i-4:l  ( 1^7S) ;  -liilcy,  llil  Itip.  ins.  Missuuri, 

f.inniii.s      I'irr'i'jhifii      /l^•<■/,./,'       lliilm..  14:!-l."i2.  ti^,.  ();l-(17  (1^71);  Am.  ciil.,  iii:  KKI- 

S;iiiMil.  I'xnt.  Mlinirlt.,  i,2  li:-.  ( I><1(1-21 ).  inj.  2  liu*.  (1><nO);— II,  Kihv..  Tac.  I'oasl.  I.i'p., 


i:i  I'l.OKINAK      ANOSIA    I'LKXII'IMs 


721 


\i-l.i  [ii;  ())  I  l^7:():  -Kil«.,  <  an.  nil.,  \:  •) 
(187;l);  >ill:  11  "-l-Ji*  (IxTO):  .\\:  s4-.>Ml  (iHtx) 
I'H)rli(-,  ii:  I(ll»-I7x  (IxTsi  -MTii) .  Ann.  iiiiii; 
iml.liii.|.,(i)  xi-  till-Ill  I  |hT;;),  Pi:.!.,  I'loi-. 
i-iit.siM.  |mii,|.,  1S7T  !i;i-li<»(l'«7T):  Kinu'li. 
Ufp.lllj..  111..  \ii;l|!l(|sTs);  Hull.  I'.i-I.  r.  S,, 
144-14(1,  tl^'K.  ;!ii-;t!t  (IsKll):  -  D.wil/.  .\ri>li. 
liiitiM'i.'.,  .sliv.  I;  5-11,  |il.  1,  liu.  Td-*'"*);  .Mcyrr. 
Iltlll.  Mroiikl.  rill,  soc,  ii  71  MsTII); -lliiii;., 
Aniilv.  nii'iii.  Itnsi.  ,<(ir.  iml.  lii-.|.,sili  incni 
III  i.|«.,  •.'  |il.  ,l'«ii):  Am.  mil.,  .vh  :.li:i-:tlii, 
li|{».  l-«  (KS(i);  >|oii..  Can,  ,.»!.,  xii.  :1T 
(imt) ;  -'riia.MiT,  it.iil..  :W-:m.  llfj.  li  (IS.SII), 
IVllll.,  Iliill.,  I1!I-1'J0(1HH.,;  -Millcll.,  Itrp.  in™. 
III.,  x:  Tll-Ml.  liK.  1.1  ,is,|,;-r(M|,.  il,i,l..  nil- 
162.  «•.'.  r>.S(Is.s|),  |{ii,|,.  ,\Mi,  iial..  x\  ,  .'"Ta 
(IHSl,,  xNi  <•►♦  (IHS-J); -K.TIl..  Hull.  Ml-..  .Kl- 
•■{X,  Ii;,'.  li-ll  (li*M):  -Ilnni.,  (an.  cnl.,  xMi. 
'2(M--ilfc">  (ls,s.-,i  M  ,  M,,  liult.  N.  K..  T-«,  pi.  1. 
Hkn.  .I,  Mil  (IvMi);  .Marsh,  Ciin.  ciil.,  xx:  4.">- 
47,  llj;.  (I.^KW);  -M.>rt'..ll.iil.,xx:  1:mh:W(|h.ss). 


IhiiuiH.i  'iirlii/iiiiiH  Hull..  Ililclir  lli'ii,  i'llK) 
IIKW);  -.Hil.-h..  Am.  mil..  \  I:  •.>;l7-!>il.H  [Kanim] 
1 1S72). 

Iiiiiinis  (inlii/ii"  (iiMJ..  KiicM'l.  nil  III.  ix: 
171.  1^(1^*111). 

All  >•>  mi'ijiilifiiii'  lliihn.,  .•'aiiiinl..  iv.il. 
-I'lnnrii  II  :  l,('|>.  i.  l'i|i.  I,  Nmii|iIi.  ii.  l.iiini. 
It.  f>Tlll_.  .■!,  lll{».  l-'J  I  IML'll.-.'l). 

.til. IS/  .  well  jii>i'  lllilin.,  Vi  T/.  -rl II.,  HI 

il'Kl). 

.t'li'.lli;  Ulllli/lji,'  lIlll.M..  Illil.  lAlll.  1,1'p..  (Ii) 
llS'JI). 

.tiiiLsiii  li  iiriiiiiiH,  Hull.,  .\iiii.  riiim.  nai. 
Iil»l..  (."))  xili:  \x:\  (|.'«4». 

KIkiiu'iI  liy  (Jlimr,  III.  \  .\  l,ip.|.l.  I,  li^. 
2,  ini'il.  Sit  alio  KiihtI.  I'mi  ,  llii-l  «iir.  nat. 
Iil»t..  xxlll:  i:i7-4(i<i.  pi.  .■IdsH.s). 

fNcil  I'apllio  [ilrxippiH  Kalu  I  Kill,  svit.)  ; 
iiiM-  l»aiiai>  plrxipjiiii  ami.  mult.:  nor  Ilmm- 
lila  pli'xlpim-  Aiiriv.] 


# 


—  l.a/ll.v  Ihiiiu 
(•mt  I  hi'  IlinviT-ili'iknl  pra..  ii'-,  W  r.<l . 
Haskiiii;  in  iiiiisliini'  illl  ilaxliiclit  i>  ilvin<:, 
.Villi  rcslim:  all  ni^'lit  on  .\i<i'li'|»ia«'  !iii'a>t; 

.lojipinly  ilani'iii!.'. 

Mi'rril.v'pranrini:. 
(  liasini;  lii>  laily-lovi'  IiIl'Ii  in  llii'  air. 

I''liini'i'ini.'  f-'ail), 

Kniliikin)-  ilaily . 
Krrr  from  an\ii'l\    -oriii^  ami  ran'! 

(        V      lill.KV. 


Imago  (1 :  7;16:  P'l.  Ili'iul  volvi'ty  lilack;  ivl  iifarly  iijii.il  dislaiici's  in  I'limi  of  hikI 
behind  i.'iicli  iiiitoiuiii  a  crciuiiy  wliiti'  .-.pot.  tlmt  in  fnmt  tlu'  laririT  iiml  roiimlisli,  tlml 
bi'hinil  triiiiijjnliir:  liotwi-tii  tlu'  Imso.-i  of  tlif  anlcnnai"  a  frw  uliitc  scali>  anaiitjcil  in  n 
very  Miiall  IriaiiKiilar  .spot  ;  anil  nn  tin' untcr  liimler  Imi'ilfr  nf  tin-  liasal  jiiint  of  tlu' 
aiilonnai' a  white  ilot :  hi'hiinl  tin- niiililli' of  the  I'vo  ami  liorilfriiii;  the  sunn-  ii  small 
putrli  of  similarly  rolori'il  sialis.  .ViiU'iimii'  iinifonn  hlackisli  lirown;  pulpi  black, 
soiiii'  of  tim  MCiily  hairs  protnulins  from  Ihi'  front  very  ihirk  yoUowish  brown  at  base, 
tlit>  iniilillo  of  till' outsidi' of  tlu'  basal  joiiil  with  a  vi-ry  lai!,'r  ronndlsh  white  spot; 
uiiddli!  joint  with  a  .similar,  hir^or,  trhiiiKiiliir  streak:  inner  upper  side  of  protruded 
tip  with  two  very  sinnll.  ineoiispUMioiis.  nearly  eonlliieiit,  lonnitndinally  dis|iipsed 
white  spots,  whieli  do  not  reaeli  the  borders,     'roiiifiie  piceoiis 

Thorax  above  mUcIv  blaek.  with  a  white  mediodorsal  line  over  most  of  the  meso- 
iind  nietati  iirax  and  the  hitter  rovered  with  exeeedinuly  loni;  and  delieale  inonse 
brown  hairs;  prothora.x  with  a  pair  of  larue.  eoinpait.  rminil.  white  spots,  tinled  with 
yellow,  and  separated  by  twice  their  own  diaineter;  patajfia  with  a  similar  but  still 
larger  central  white  spot,  tlie  lip  and  apical  ed^es  narrowly  bordered  with  the  same; 
beneath  the  thorax  is  l)lack.  ornaniented  with  a  pretty  lartte.  round,  white  spot  just  in 
advance  of  the  costal  border  of  fore  wintts.  a  similar  one  at  the  base  of  each  wing, 
besides  about  llfteen  larijer  and  smaller  ones  on  either  side,  irregularly  disposed.  Legs 
blackish  purple,  the  hind  coxae  witli  an  anterior  outer  wliite  spot,  tlie  anterior  femora 
marked  conspicuously  with  a  broad  while  streak  on  the  outer  side  away  from  the 
base,  occupying;  almost  the  entire  apical  half:  anterior  tibiae  edi,'ed  beneath  outwardly 
witli  white,  most  conspicuous  at  eitlier  exti-einity.     Claws,  spurs  and  spines  black. 

\Vinj?s  above  rather  lijjht  tawny  brown,  the  veins  narrowly  (J )  or  broadly  (?  ) 
marf;ined  with  black,  haviiii?  a  faint  purplish  rellection.  ( »n  the/o/v  wi'ki/s,  the  tawny 
brown  is  found  in  a  very  large  patch,  crossed  by  black  veins  and  wliich  includes  the  cell, 
the  basal  three-tlfths  of  the  upper  median  interspace,  the  bjisal  throe-fourths  of  the 


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riiK  iirrii:i!i'i-iKs  oi'  xkw  i;n(;i,ani). 


.:>;■> 


m 


;ivs. 


linvcr  iiiciliaji  iiitt'ispacc.  a  nil  all  iil'thc  iiU'd'ui-.-iihiiiciliiiii  iiiti'i'-pacrr'xcrptiiii;  tlic  hroad, 
lilark  bonier;  licyoiul.  all  i>  black,  spotted  and  >.treaki'd  witli  white  and  tawny;  the 
whole  coital  border  as  I'lir  as  the  siibeostal  norviire  is  black,  wilh  live  white  dashes  in 
'he  basal  lliree-l'onrths  of  tlie  win};;  two  jtist  above  the  tip  of  the  cell,  the  under  usu- 
ally the  loiiL'er.  divided  by  the  llrst  subcostal  nervure;  a  >iniilar  pair,  sonietiines 
iiiuted.  bi'yond.  al  a  little  less  distance  than  the  '.reatest  width  of  tlu'eell;  andasiiii,U> 
ihish  at  an  cpial  distance  toward  the  base,  outer  niarjiin  with  a  wide  border  of  black, 
nearly  or  i|uile  as  broad  as  an  interspace :  a  row  of  rourleen  or  less  small,  subniar- 
.uinal.  whili-h  spots,  two  to  each  interspace  above  the  snbnUMlian  nervnre,  the 
upper  roundish,  the  lower  usually  oval  and  diaironally  disposed  :  this  row  is  followed 
interiorly  by  a  si^ries  of  eleven  or  twelve  lariier.  uuecnial.  roundish  spots,  the  uppcr- 
tno-t  usually  w  lute,  the  other;  of  a  bull',  tawny  color,  approaching;  the  subinari-iiuil 
row  belo\v  iind  eoiiiluent  with  it  at  the  lowest  spot,  above  cnrvinir  abruptly  inward ; 
a  larf;e.  Irianj;iilnr.  black  piitcli.  just  beyond  the  cell,  bordered  below  by  the  upper 
branch  of  the  nu-dian.  unites  the  black  ed^ini;  of  the  costal  and  outer  borders  and 
contains  live  larire  spots,  usually  of  a  buif.  tawny  color,  the  njipcr  ones  often  more  or 
less  white;  two  of  them  are  obloni;.  ovoid  patches,  one  above  the  other,  formini;  a  row 
just  l)ey(uul  the  extreuuty  of  the  cell,  in  contiuu;itiou  of  tlic  two  middle  spots  (Ui  the 
costal  border;  two  others  arc  situated  one  above  the  other,  separated  only  by  a  ncr- 
vnle.  just  beyond  the  outer  pair  of  costal  spots:  to;j;ether  they  form  a  large,  <iuadrate, 
transverse  patch:  the  llfth  is  as  larcre  as  the  last  two  toL'cther.  roundish  or  subcpiad- 
rate,  situated  beyond  the  middle  of  the  subcosto-niediau  iiiterspaee;  beyond  this  tri- 
anirnhar  patch  each  <if  the  three  larger  siil..'ostal  interspaces  luis  aii  obloii;;  lawny 
p!it(  li.  uHK'h  obscurc'd  by  black  scales,  especially  along  the  etiires.  which  ar<'  eoiiscs 
(piently  ill-deline(l ;  whole  of  the  inner  liorder.  below  the  subiiiedian  lU'rvure,  black, 
execptiuj;  a  slender,  longitudinal  patch  next  the  base:  fringe  white,  interrupted  with 
l)laekisli  biMwn.  broadly  at  the  nervure  tips,  narrowly  at  the  middle  of  the  interspaces. 
Ifiiiil  iiiiiiiK  with  a  lilack  border  as  broad  as  the  width  of  an  interspace,  extending 
from  the  aiuil  angle,  nearly  as  far  as  the  llrst  divarication  of  the  subcostal  nervnre; 
this  is  enlivened  by  two  rows  of  ronndisli  white  spots,  sometimes  tinged  with  tawny, 
e(|uidistant  from  each  other  and  from  each  border,  two  in  each  row  in  each  principal 
interspace,  tlie  noddle  ones  small,  sometimes  obsolete,  those  at  either  extremity 
larger:  especially  is  this  the  ease  with  those  of  the  upper  row  next  the  anal  angle, 
and  still  more  with  those  situate  I  on  tlu'  costal  border,  where  the  two  rows  are  con- 
tinent and  cud  in  a  large,  ill-delined.  (piadrate  spot  at  the  very  extremity  of  the  black 
bordering:  the  inner  margin  Is  narrowly  eilged  with  bhtck  and  ou  the  anal  area  the 
brigliter  colors  ar<'  usually  paled.  The  male  is  provided  with  a  small,  raised,  oval,  black 
patch  on  the  imier  side  of  the  llrst  median  ncrvule.  midway  between  its  origin  and 
the  black  border:   fringe  as  on  the  fore  wings. 

l!cn<'atli : /'(W'r  ir'i'/i;/."  of  tlu' s;iine  color  as  on  the  upper  surface,  with  tlie  same  and 
n  few  additional  markings:  the  black  mcdi.'in  nervure  is.  howi'ver,  bordered  in  the 
tawny  lleld  by  reddish  tawny  instead  of  black:  the  imier  border  is  of  a  soft  drab 
brown,  the  white  spots  of  the  outer  margin  greatly  enlarged  and  cDnspicuons,  the 
(■olored  patch  in  the  principal  sul)costal  iiiterspaci>s  ii  ich  more  conspicuous,  occu- 
pying almost  the  whole  of  the  interspaces  not  obscured  by  black  scales  nud  of  a  tawny 
bulf  c(dor  diviiled  bv  the  black  nervules;  the  larger  spots  of  the  black,  trinngnlnr 
patch  scarcely  diU'er  from  tlie  same  on  the  upper  surface  but  besides  having  thi'  white 
dashes  of  the  costal  border  of  the  upper  surface  enlarged  there  are  additional  ones, 
the  single  one  nearest  the  liasc  being  ai'coiupanied  beneath  l>y  another  very  long  one, 
and  there  are  one  or  two  long  streaks  toward  the  apex  of  the  wing;  next  tlie  base,  too, 
the  costal  border  is  streaked  by  an  exteiuled  dash  of  creamy  white,  somewhat  ob- 
scured by  Wncklsh  scnles,  not  reaching  the  base  nor  the  tirst  white  spot,  aiul  leaving 
the  costal  edge  black:  there  is  also  a  pretty  large,  whitish,  triangular  or  quadrate 
patch  in  the  extreme  upper  outer  angle  of  the  discoidal  cell,  and  at  the  upper  base  of 
the  subcostal  nervnre  a  minute,  \vhite  spot;  the  fringe  as  on  the  upper  surface.  Iliml 
wimjs  of  a  nearly  uniform  bull' color,  u  little  deeper  next  llie  outer  margin,  all  the  veins 


Kri'l,()KI\AK;   ANOSIA    I'LEXITPIS. 


723 


broatUv  bonli'ivd  witli  bhicU  and  tlii.-^  t'ditoil  nurrnwly  iiinl  incoii^iiiiiKiii-l.v  witl[  white 
scalos ;  honliT  us  on  tlio  iippor  siirfiicf.  fxccpliiiij;  thiit  tlic  \v!iiti' spnt- arc  all  larsc, 
romul  and  ciiii^picinMis  as  on  tlu  under  surlacc  of  tlic  fore  wiii!.'^  ;  tlnTi'  is  also  a  white 
spot  at  till' cxlrcnu' npinT  has?  of  the  snhcostnl  iiiu'vnri'  and  another  smaller  one  be- 
tween the  base  of  the  nieilian  ami  sni.  1 'dian  nervnres;  the  frii.iie  as  iipo?i  Ihe  upper 
^iirfaee. 

.VI)(lonien  ri'h  dark  purplish  brown,  the  la^t  live  or  six  seu;in  Mit-.  with  a  .Nljijht 
posterior  ed^iinir  of  white  seales  on  thesides  al  .;.e;  beneath  a  broken  powdery  inedio- 
ventral  liiu'  of  bull' white  on  the  l)a>al  half,  and  beyond  tlir"iMir  I'onr  median  patches  of 
bnll  white;  si('es  with  a  >lender eoidinnons  line  of  bnlfwldte  ami  the  last  three  oi'  four 
soirinonts  tvilh  scnne  additional  paler  lleekinu'^.  on  the  posterior  edi;e-.  of  the  seirmenls. 
Appendajre-  of  male  (33:  2;i.  L'4);  upper  ori;an  witli  the  liook  directed  downward 
more  than  liaekward,  nearly  as  Ions;  as  the  centrum.  e(|ual,  half  as  long  aifain  as  broad 
and  broadl-  rounded  at  the  tip.  Clasps  with  the  posterior  border  at  about  a  riitht 
an!;le  with  the  Inferior,  but  with  the  anitle  rounded  oil"*;  the  upper  tooth  is  trianf;nlar, 
about  as  lonu' as  l)road,  pointetlt;  the  tinijcr  of  the  interior  ridye  i>  directed  back- 
\tfard  and  a  very  little  downwardt.  ami  is  nearly  ecpial.  a  little  compressed,  slightly 
twisted.  roiMided  at  the  tip.  l)eilt  toward  that  of  the  opposite  clasp,  but  close  to  the 
tip  turned  sliy;h'ty  in  a  reverse  direction ;  its  apical  half  is  transversely  Avriiikled^. 
The  males  also  possess  an  extensile  pencil  of  hairs  (61:  -tl),  .">:)^  on  each  side  of  the 
last  alKlominal  seirmcni.  which  spread  when  the  pencil  is  fully  extended:  eai'h  liair 
is  straight,  simple,  ttenlly  clublied  at  tlie  tip  and  .02  mm.  in  diameter. 


Measuronient.s  in  millimetres. 

MALKS. 

l''KMAI.K.S, 

Lengtli  of  tongue,  10.5  nun. 

.Smallest 

,' Average, 
52. 

IS. 

12.5 
4.05 

Largest 

.57, 
Kt.70 
13.5 
5,4 

,S 

nallest 

,  Average,  I 

argeHl  , 

Length  of  fore  wi:ig 

antennae 

50. 
17,5 
12. 
■t.5 

51. 
17.75 
12,5 
0, 

51. 
ls.5 
l,'!.l 
(i,25 

55. 
1!). 
l;!,25 
0,25 

Iiind  tibiae  ami  tarsi 

fore  tibiae  and  tarsi 

Length  of  claws  (not  included  in  the  leg  measurements  above),  2  mm.;  of  blister 
on    liinil  wings  of  male,  2.0  mm. 

Aberrations  and  variations.  A.  i-.  i.-f.Mivsrs  [llm.  iirrliii>jiii.i  mr.  fumoaifs  HuNt,  Knl. 
am.,  ii :  1H2,  ISSO)  •■Oitt'ers  from  the  type  foi.u  in  having  the  v  hole  of  the  .-.nrface  of 
the  wings  which  onlinarily  is  bright  fulvous,  of  a  deep,  socity  bri>wu  ('olor."  Tliis 
form  is  also  referred  to  as  cxliibited  at  meetings  of  the  Brooklyn  entomoloi.-ical 
society  (Knt.  am.,  i :  140,  15!),  IHO). 

liutler  describes  the  .Jamaican  form,  also  occurring  in  Venezuela,  with  imuuiculate 
l)Iack  border  to  liind  wings  as  a  distinct  species.  According  to  (ioihnan  and  ,Sal<  in, 
tlie  form  prevalent  in  the  northern  part  of  South  America  is  one  in  winch  ;:  ■  sp  )ts 
in  tiie  apical  portion  of  the  fore  wings  iire  purer  white  than  in  North  .\iuerican  i- 

ples.  .leu'ter  Weir  writes  me  that  all  the  specimens  taken  in  l^ngland  whi.  h  he  h 
seen  have  the  live  larL^^  subapical  spots  of  the  fore  wing.  i.  e..  those  found  at  a  11' 
less  than  midway  lietweeu  the  tip  of  the  cell  and  tlie  tip  of  the  wing,  lawn\  .  :iiid  this 


*  In  sontlierii  specimens  —  Latroa  Saiitii, 
Venezuela,  Gautemala,  Ifayti— il  i,<  ;it  more 
tlian  a  right  angle  and  the  clasp  is  iiitieh  ii:ii'- 
rower  at  the  tip  th:in  in  the  New  England  spe- 
ciniens, 

t  Ir.  southern  speeimens,  as  above,  it  isaliout 
twice  !i.«  long  as  broad. 

X  In  soutlicrn  specimens,  considerably  down- 
ward, 

\i  In  spopiniens  from  Lagoa  .Santa  tlie  apex 
i.s  otisenrely  hiliil. 

Specimens  from  Hayti  and  Veneznehi  —  in 
wliieli  also  tlie  cell  of  the  hind  wing  approaches 


the  liinder  margin  more  elos(.|y  than  iisind— 
have  the  posterior  edge  of  the  clasp-like  eighth 
alidiiminiil  segment  less  considei;ibly  excised, 
and  the  upper  angle  less  produced  to  iin 
aiipendage,  than  ibtains  in  Xew  England 
specimens,  This  is.  however,  not  true  of  a 
specimen  trom  Lagoa  .S;int:i  in  IJrazil  where 
llie  cell  is  even  longer,  nor  in  Onatemalaii  spec- 
imens where  the  cell  is  siniilar  to  that  of  the 
New  England  bntterllies.  'I'lie  (iuatem:ilan 
insects,  in  these  two  particulars,  tlms  resemble 
Xesv  England  type-  rather  tliaii  those  of 
w;>niier  rc'loiis. 


i 


I 


M 


'K 
H 


724 


IllK   I5UTTKKFMKS   OK    NKW    i:\(;LA\l). 


is  t!ic  cii-i'  ills.)  witli  all  he  liii>  sct'ii  I'i'oin  lln'  \Vi>l  Indii's.  Kiji  anil  Australia;  which 
ri'iiijcrs  ii  tlif  iiKii'i'  prohaliU'  tliat  all  tln'so  phu'i's  won'  ciilniii/cil  I'roiii  North  and  not 
from  South  Aincrica.  It  may  1)0  ai Med  iliiii  in  tlio  South  Aiiicricaii  typo,  the  spots  iii'xt 
the  ap.'X  of  tho  ocU  of  the  fori;  wiiiiis  aro  sou.i'tiiiii's  al)sviil.  Soo  the  notes  on  tho  pro- 
(.•I'diiiLt  puiri'  for  sonii'  othor  disliiu'tivc  foaturi's  of  iiion'  ini[)ortaiH'i'. 

Accessory  sexual  peculiarities.  Tht'  i)oiu'h  on  I  In'  liiml  win'j;s.  alludt'd  to  under 
tin;  ni'iuis.  is  oni'of  tin'  notable  sexual  eharaeterislii-s  of  the  ii.ale.  It  is  lonj;  ovill  in 
form,  delleetiu^'  the  vein  in  the  immediate  ii'.oximity  (38:  L' :  44:  '-')  and  il  cross- 
seetioii  (44:  11)  shows  that  it  is  only  about  double  the  size  of  the  vein.  It  opens  away 
from  the  uervule.  At  its  niouth  the  seales  are  a'ternalely  broad,  rounded  or  iiiiadrate- 
oval  (46:  ."'.  <!)  and  fan-shaped,  trilobed  at  tip  (46:  7i.  the  middle  lobe  broader  and 
more  romided  than  the  others,  as  poinl'.'d  out  by  Fritz  Midler.  On  the  uervule  near 
by  are  many  slender,  roinid-lippecl  seales  (46  :  .s) ;  while  the  lloor  of  the  poiieh  itself 
is  oeeupied  by  somewhat  synunetrieally  !>nil  pretty  I'venly  distributed  blackish  scides. 
paler  at  the  base,  which  appear  to  be  the  androeoiiia  proper  and  are  of  two  types  :  one 
laminate  (46  :0).lon^oval.!{tnerally  rouudly  and  auitnlarly  snbtruiu'ateat  tip:  the  other 
rod-like  (46:  10).  more  or  loss,  but  very  faintly  ami  Ltradiuilly.  iiierassatodapieally  and 
expanded  sUiilUly  at  the  base,  where. aecordiii!.;  to  .\Iiiller.  they  are  seated  in  lliecoiitro 
of  a  ehitinons  aimnlus.  wautiiiir  at  the  base  of  the  other  scales.  Hesides  this  there  is 
the  extensile  pencil  of  clulil)eil  hail's  al  the  lip  of  the  abilonn'n.  described  above. 

Egg  (64  ;  1).  Very  pale  and)i'r  iiroen.  becomiui;  lirayi-h  before  halchin?;.  Voi'tical 
ril)s  twenty-two  in  nnndjor  al)out  .  I  mm.  apart  in  the  middle,  iho  intervals  smooth  ami 
ulistouiiiLt.  broken  by  bands  .i\\2  mm.  in  width.  L'ivin^  the  riox  soinowhat  the  appcar- 
atico  of  beinji  overlaid  with  a  thick  layer,  perforated  by  reiiular  meshos  which  are  the 
cells  l)etweoii  tluiii:  ill  the  laru:ost  pari  of  the  onii  these  cells  are  about  .(i.s  mm.  in 
brcadlli  and  A>2't  iiini.  in  heijjlit.  beiii^  i|Uailran.i;iilar  with  rounded  sides.  Summit  of 
the  oiiy:  about  .1  mm.  in  diameter  (67  :  4).  not  at  all  sunken  but  L'outly  convex,  the 
outside  cells  liboiil  .111  iiiiii.  ill  leuulh  and  the  micropyle  proper  AC}  mm.  ill  diaiiieter. 
Ileiu'lit  of  eir^  usually  aliont  I. '.2  mm.  and  the  breadth  .s.'i  mm. 

Caterpillar.  Firnt  nOtiir  (70:  :i).  Head  (78:  1)  piceoiis.  willi  scattered,  delicate 
and  short  black  hairs;  lal)ruiii  and  labium  very  pale  irreoii ;  oilier  luoutli  parts  fuscous; 
anleiinae  pale.  Body  p:iU' irreoii,  narrowly  banded  mi  ihe  anterioreud  of  each  abdomi- 
nal sojiiuont  with  jiale  olive  itrooii  sliiilitly  infiiscated.  Last  se^Miieiit  black  posteriorly. 
Skill  sha.itreoiiod  by  a  lliio  piiiictuat'oii.  Hairs  very  slender,  scarcely  taperiiiir,  bluntly 
tipped,  not  clubbed,  about  half  as  loiiir  as  Ihe  s,.y;uu'nts.  black,  'rubercles  on  socoiul 
thoracic  and  ei^htli  alidoniimiNe^iiienls  l)rowiiish  fuscous,  scarcely  apiiressed at  ba.-ie; 
lateroilorsal  blister  of  lirsl  thoracic  sei.qneiil  pieeous.  Lejrs  and  proleiis  beyond  basal 
joint  black,  the  latter  only  outwardly,  and  riuy;od  with  u;reen  apically.  Spiracles 
showiiis  a  black  riiij;  on  a  pale  ifround.  I.enjjth.  .'1  mm.,  liroadth.  .-bj  mm.  The  colors 
f^row  darker  with  auo. 

Srcdiii'  liLtr/r.  Head  (78:  2)  black.  Ihe  eeutre  of  the  lriana;le  white:  parallel  to  the 
hinder  border  are  two  broad,  cipiidistaiit,  whitish  bands  broken  in  the  middle  above; 
hairs  black.  Uody  lonioii  yellow,  ciicli  seiiinoiit  with  a  ceiitr.il.  transverse,  white  band, 
containiiii;  a  central,  transverse,  purplish  black  stripe,  runninir  with  ei|ual  width  around 
tlio  body,  on  the  pediseroiis  soitinents  passiii:;  down  the  front  of  tli  ■  prole.Ks;  the 
last  abdominal  sejiinout  wants  the  white  baud  but  not  the  black  and  is  tipjicd  with 
black;  the  llrst  thoracic  sejimoiit  is  almost  entirely  white,  but  has  a  transverse  dusky 
stripe,  in  wliicli.  on  either  side,  is  a  larj;o.  l.iterodorsal.  transversely  oval,  shining 
black  spot.  The  lloshy  threads  are  short,  thick,  bluntly  pointed,  black,  the  front  ones 
a  little  appresscd:  the  black  hairs  are  arransjed  in  transvorsi  rows,  one  in  the  middle 
of  each  bri^rht  stripe,  and  they  are  not  infreipieiit.  Spiracles  black,  annulate  with 
Inteous;  leLjs  black;  prologs  whitish,  lilack  tipped.  Lcnfilh.  7.2")  mm.;  breadth  of 
iiody,  2  mm.  ;  length  of  anterior  Ulaments,  .(i  mm.  ;  of  posterior  pair,  .2")  mm. 

One  of  these  caterpillars,  preserved  in  alcohol  at  its  second  stajie,  showed  on  exam- 
ination a  couple  of  little  threads  upon  one  side ;  on  alteiiiptina  to  raise  them,  they 
came  nrt'with  the  liistrninent,  leaving,  however,  no  mark  of  attachment  on  the  body, 


Ktl'I.OKLN'AK;  ANOSIA    I'l.KXll'I'ls. 


725 


l)iit  lliry  iiiiiy  liavu  hi'i'ii  a  lliinl  |iaii' of  llliiiiiciil>  lulcniiriii^  to  llic  sccinid  abdoiiiiiijil 
^c'lrmciit.  Tlicy  \vi'r.>  .il."i  iiiiii.  loiiiriuul  .oinnii.  in  iliaiiijt'T.  <'xciM'iliiii''ly  slciiil(>r.  ratlicr 
■^liorl.  iM|iial.  appari'iitly  Miicintli.  I'xct'ptiii^  iit  tlii'  tip.  wlicrc  tlicy  appciiri'il  to  be 
l<ii(il)l)('(l.  ami  at  tlu'  haso.  wIhtc  tlicy  sliowod  siiriis  ol"  liaviii^  lu'rii  torn  froiii  some 
object.  It  is  a  point  ol"  son\c  interest,  since  ili'xililc  lilainents  an"  I'ounil  on  tliis 
sciiincnt  in  tin'  I'nll  iJ;l•o^^•n  larva  of  Knploea  ami  also  in  thai  of  tin'  neiirliiHiriiiir  iroiins 
'I'asitia.  of  wiiich  we  liavc  a  common  species.  T.  Iiei'cnicc.  in  the  south,  rnl'ortnnatply 
I  liavi'  foi'irotteii  to  'ei'ify  the  point  when  1  have  ^ince  hail  the  opportunity  of  s(>ciiia; 
the  caterpillars  alive. 

Tliiril  utiii/i'  (  78;  .'!).  The  anterior  lilanients  have  liocome  1.  5  mm.  lon;r.  arc  wholly 
l)lack.  nearly  cylinilrical.  scarcely  laperiiiir  at  all.  broad  at  tip  and  bUmtly  iiointcd, 
nieasnrlnL'  here. 2  mm.  in  diameter.  thronLthonl  ronirli  with  minnte  bnt  coarse  curved 
serrations  pointinit  toward  the  api'X  and  divided  by  (  irclets  of  short  spines  .b.'i  mm. 
lonir,  into  apjiarent  joints.  avcra^iitiT  .(^  mm.  in  lenirth:  tlie  hinder  pair,  which  are  .8 
nun.  lonL'.  are  similarly  formed:  on  the  first  abdominal  scirment  is  a  pair  of  latero- 
dorsal  black  spots. 

h'liiirlh  stiKjc.  Head  (78:  lias  liefoi'c.  Uody  liriu:lit  yellow:  on  cai'h  segment  a 
very  broad,  central,  whitish,  transvcrsi'  band,  extending  over  the  whole  ilorsal  and 
latcr:d  region.  edy:cd  on  cither --idc  with  bl.ackish  fnscous:  in  the  middle  of  each  of 
these  a  distinct,  transverse,  pnrplish  black  line,  wiiicli  passes  tliroiiirh  the  posterior 
two-thii'dsof  I  he  spiracles,  and  reaches  the  anterior  base  of  thi'  prolcirs.on  the  seiinicnts 
wh^rc  they  occur;  the  last  abdoniinal  sej:nient  is  tipped  apieally  with  black,  and  is 
nearly  doistitnto  of  a  whitish  band;  anterior  lllamciits  blackish  purple,  i)aler  i)oste- 
riorlv.  directed  upward,  forward,  and  outward,  ami  cnrved  a  little  forward;  posterior 
pair  sindlarly  dircelcd.  but  backward  instead  of  forward,  and  straiiiht;  spiracles 
black,  broadly  annnlatecl  with  blackish  fnscou-:  prolcjrs  white  at  base,  black  (lostc- 
riorly  ami  apieally.  licniitli. 'Jl  mm.  ;  breadth  of  body.  .">  mm.  ;  length  <d"  ant' r-or  lila- 
nients. i;  nun. :  Icniith  of  posterior  lihnncnt*.  2.  '.>'<  mm. 

I.iial  stidii  (74:  ."•).  Mead  (78:  ■"> ;  86:  ;!7  j.li'inini  or  irrcenish  yellow,  broadly  and 
coii>piciionsly  l)andcil  with  shining- biick  :  foUowin;;  cither  side  of  the  suture  of  tiic 
triaiiiile  ami  the  division  between  it  and  the  laliriim.  is  a  broad  lilack  A-  the  sides  a 
very  little  liowcd :  tlii'  he:id  is  broadly  bordcreil  licliind  with  black,  and  midway  be- 
tween this  bonier  and  the  deltoid  >|ioi .  i~  ;inolher  b;ind.  ei|nally  broad,  Jiassinj;  down 
each  siilc  of  the  head  and  terminalinu  jnst  behind  the  anteniiae ;  the  yellowish  parts 
of  the  head  arc  faintly  spotted  with  pellucid,  the  spots  made  up  of  ajrirri'iratcd  pale 
dots:  hairs  blackish:  basal  joint  of  antennae  white,  encircled  at  liase  with  black; 
other  joints  lilack.  the  last  lipped  with  wliite.  dcelli  black,  all  but  the  posterior  one 
seated  in  the  middle  l)la"k  liand.  Labrum  yellowish;  mandibles  lilack:  maxillary 
palpi  yellowisli.  the  tips  oi'  the  joints  annulated  with  black. 

Kacli  segment  of  the  body  is  bordered  both  anteriorly  and  posteriorly  with  lemon 
yellow,  foriniu!!  at  tlie  junction  of  two  sciiincuts  a  broad,  transverse  band,  sometimes 
obscured  in  the  middle  liy  a  line  of  blackish  fuscous  on  the  posterior  edije  of  the  llrst 
of  the  twosejinients;  this  band  is  bordered  willi  black,  in  front  narrowly,  behind,  also 
narrowly  on  the  thoracic,  but  broadly  on  Ihi'  alidomiual  sey:inents.  The  band  formed 
by  the  latter  bordering',  that  is  the  black  baud  on  the  anterior  i)ortion  of  the  segment, 
is  wantini;ou  the  sides  of  the  thoracic  scjjments.  and  forked  on  the  llrst  to  the  seventh 
abilominal  scirnients;  the  antcriiu'  branch  of  the  fork  is  nearly  continuous  with,  but  a 
little  anterior  to,  tlie  main  band  —  parted  from  it  on  the  Hrst  and  .second  abdominal 
se-iinents — broadening  beneath  into  a  blackish  fuscous,  broad  belt,  and  passing  just 
behind  tlie  prolegs  on  the  sei;meiits  bearing  them ;  the  posterior  branch  is  short,  atteii- 
iiiited.  and  directed  toward  the  anterior  liasc  of  the  succeeding  proleg,  terminating  at 
the  stigmatal  line.  The  remainder  of  the  segment  iswliitc.  traversed  across  the  middle 
by  a  broad,  c(|nnl,  transverse,  black  band,  which  passes  down  the  anterior  edge  of  the 
legs  and  [irolegs  on  the  segments  which  bear  them,  including  the  spiracles  in  its  pos- 
terior half,  as  well  us  the  lleshy  lilanients.  The  posterior  edsjing  of  the  second  thora- 
cic segment  is  broadened  ou  the  dorsum.     The  last  abdominal  segment  is  wholly  yellow 


■  i 


* 
■J- 


'I 


.■•"..r  i 


726 


THK  HIITKHKLIKS   OK    XKW    KXtil.AN'D 


||1 


W- 


ri 


{ 
If 


'<l# 


11  r 


with  a  cciilriU.  hi  i  mi  I.  bliirk  -tripr.  and  i>  liiipc'l  |ii)>lrrii>i'!y  with  liliU'Uisli  rii^c-iiii>.  »Mr- 
iniiiiiiti'il  Willi  lilarU.  Kil;iiiii'iil~  cyliiicirii'al.  a  lillli-  a|)i>ri'i>i'il.  (•■ipcciallv  at  tliolias;'. 
l)lai  k  lint  mil  |iiii'|)li>.li.  Sjiiraclo  ^liiiiiiii:  |ii<'0(iii-..  Leys  hlacU  nivcri'il  with  a  fi'w 
short.  Iilai;k  liaii'>:  prnli'^;-  lilark  aliovc.  shining  lilark  liohiw.  llic'  viMilral  paiis  wliili' 
cxtiMiiallv .  Loii^th.  4.">  iiiiii.  :  lii'iMilth  ol'  hotly.  7. ."i  mm.  ;  hrcailth  of  head.  ."■.7.">  mm.  ; 
lonjjth  of  iiiitcrior  tUaiiU'iil^.  l-'-U.."i  mm.  :  Iciiiili  id"  |ioNifrior  lilamciit-..  I..'i-.smm.; 
Iciiuth  of  hails  on  hody.  .ii.")  mm. 

Chrysalis  (83:  I-.'!  ).  rnifonii  di'llfatr  pivi  iti'cfn.  ^oiiR'whal  licoloiidi'd  hy  a  pair. 
siiviTV  uli'ani:  the  ah  luminal  -.I'ltniriits  ri'ciinciitly  hordorod  with  yellow,  and  their 
ilorsil  surface,  posterior  to  tlio  transverse  row  id"  warts,  witli  not  infrei|iieiit  Inseons 
specks.  iiK'onspieiioii--  even  with  a  lens.  Tips  of  oeollar  tiiherele^.  and  the  eentre  of 
the  llrsl  joint  of  the  foreleu^s,  hisi!  winu  Inhureles.  the  two  pair  of  tnl)erclc>  on 
the  mesotliorax  anil  the  raised  hlister-Iike  surfaeo  at  the  extremity  of  the  cell  of  the 
winiis.  Kilt.  At  the  anterior  outer  edite-  of  the  tirs\  ahdoniinal  segment  is  a  Niiiall  wart, 
havinif  11  hlack  speck  at  tip.  Tin  transverse  row  of  Inhercles  on  the  tliird  ahiloiiiinal 
segment  is  situated  in  a  tri-colored  hand,  anteriorly  shininn  piceoiis,  centrally  nacre- 
ous and  posteriorly  .uill.  the  dh  ision  line  of  hlack  and  naercoiis  crossiui;  tlioniiddle  of 
the  tnhercles:  terminal  ahdomiiial  seumenl  with  a  rather  lari;e.  transverse,  shininu 
pieeoMs,  dorsal  spot  i'ud  a  pair  of  >nnUl,  pieeoiis.  >nhventral  -pots,  placed  anteriorly 
iind  each  with  a  heniispherical  wart  ;  connectin;;  each  of  them  with  the  sides  of  the 
crennisler  is  a  hroad.  cnrviiiij.  shininic  picemis  streak.  ('remaster  sliiniii!;  pieeoiis. 
Spiracles  of  the  color  of  the  hody  witli  very  palo  testacenns  lip-.  !,eii!;tli.  21. :>  mm. ; 
leiiath  of  cremaster. ;!  iiini. ;  hroaillh  of  hody  at  ahdoineii.  1 1..'"  imii. ;  at  hind  holder 
of  metathorax,  !•.".">  nun. ;  at  hasal  wiiiii  tubercle,  lo.i.l  mm.  :  ;it  mi'llar  tiiherde-.  :!..■) 
iiim. :  lieiuht  of  ahdomen.  1 1.T.""  mm. ;  of  thorax.  H.?."!  mm. 

The  proper  name  of  the  butterfly.  i>v  tlic  niinnst  iiiiivci-s:)!  it^iei'- 
iiR'iit  (if  tli(i.s('  wild  Iiiivo  iTcently  jjivoii  tlu'  stilijcct  sperial  t^tiidv,  tliis  iiisirt 
should  liear  tlu;  Bpcoifie  iiniiie  of  i)lo.\i{)[»ii,s.  The  only  (lissi'iitiiig  voico  Ik 
tliitf  of  Aiiri',  illiii.s.  I  lielievo  1  was  tifst  to  call  .special  attention  to  the 
proper  specific  name  in  my  "IAm  of  the  liiitterHie.s  of  North  America."  pnh- 
lished  liy  the  Htirtalo  society  of  natiiriil  sciences  in  187S  (l)iill..ii:  24.")). 
This  \Mis  followed  directly  hy  Stri'cki'r  in  ]>^1^  in  his  ( 'atalojiiie.  in  which 
he  adopted  exactly  the  .separations  thiit  I  had  made.  More  recently  (iud- 
inan  and  Salvin  in  their  "ISiologiti  Ceiitriili  Ainericami"  came  to  the  same 
conclusion,  referring  tipprovingly  to  Strcckcr's  distinctions.  And  in  the 
recent  nionograiih  of  the  group  hy  Moore,  the  samcconeliisioii  is  adopted, 
which  in  brief  is  tliis  :  tlnit  the  species  was  first  deserilicd  under  the  iiiime 
of  plexi[)[)n8  by  Linnt'  in  the  tenth  edition  of  his  •■Systemti  Niitnrae." 
The  description  was  applied  only  to  the  North  Amcriciui  species  :  that  Linne 
afterward  in  his  Museum  Ludoxiciiel'lrieaeeonfoiiiidcd  with  the  American 
species  one  from  Asiti ;  and  the  two  specimens  now  remaining  in  the  orig- 
inal collection  iire  stated  by  Atirivilliiis  to  belong  only  to  the  Asiiitie 
species.  Ain'ivillins  comes  to  the  conehision  that  the  name  of  Linne 
should  be  reserved  i\v  the  Asiatic  species  :  but  as  he  himself  tigrees  with 
all  tithers  thiit  the  original  description  referred  to  the  American  species  and 
to  the  Americiin  species  only,  there  can  be  no  retisonable  doubt  that  the 
name  ])lexi|ipiis  shoidd  be  retained  for  it.  Moreover  Linne  refers  in  tiie 
oriiiinal  to  the  figures  bv  (^'ttcsbv  iind  Sloane.  the  first  of  which    refers  to 


Kri'I.OKIXAK:    ANOSIA    I'l.KNiriM  S. 


727 


the    iwi'scnt    spccii'^.    llic    si iid   to  :i  closclv    allied    t'onn    f'niin   .laniiiicii. 

possililv  (iiilv  a  \iirU't\  and  not  a  distinct  t'ovni.  Tlu'  (■(iiit'iisioii  in  tlie 
names  was  lironu'lit  aliout.  luiweMT.  mainly  liy  Falirieiiis.  wlio  (list  dis- 
tinctlv  misa[([ilied  the  name  nt'  |ile.\i|i|ms  to  tlie  Asiatic  s|ieeies  iilone  and 
iTdc.s('ril)ed  the  Amci'ican  t'oiiii  iindef  tlie  name  ul'  arclii|>iiiis.  As  tlicre 
can  lie  in  tliis  ease  nu  ddulit  \\liate\cr  that  the  s|iecies  was  first  descrihed 
iiv  liinne  under  the  name  [ilexipiMis,  and  as  at  the  time  lii'  did  imt  con- 
t'.innd  it  with  aiiv  other  form,  there  can  he  hut  one  conclusion  :  which 
is  fiiat  th(>  species  slionld  hear  the  s|iccifie  name  of  ]ilexip|piis. 

Natural  distribution-  1  his  mayniHcent  luittcitly  is  more  widely  dis- 
ti'ilintcil  than  anv  of  our  s|)eeies.  if  we  except  those  wiiich  also  occur  in 
Kiirope  and  iiave  piTluqis  heen  introdiiccd  thence.  If  tlie  insect  from 
Hrazil  descrihed  liv  Cramer  under  tlie  name  of  eri|)pus  is  really  identical 
with  oiir  \cw  Enjrhuul  species,  tiien  it  ran<rt's  over  the  whole  North 
American  continent  from  Atlantic  to  Pacific,  as  far  north  a.s  the  anmud 
isotherm  of  40*.  and  over  that  portion  of  South  America  laying'  east  of  the 
Antics  and  north  of  Uio,  including  also  many  and  perhaps  all  of  the  AVei<t 
India  Islands  as  well  as  licrmnda.  There  are  speciniens  in  the  I')ritish 
.Museum  and  the  Museum  of  ("om|)arative  Zoology,  from  Ciilia,  St.  Do- 
minii^o,  and  St.  Thfnnas  and  from  Canto  (iallo.  I'ernamhiico.  Lagou  .Santa, 
Corcovailo  and  Para,  South  America,  and  it  has  rc( cntly  hcen  recorded 
l)v  Iierg  from  I'atagonia  which  it  prohahly  has  reached  hy  way  of  tli" 
pilopos  of  the  Andes,  though  it  is  unkriown  in  Chili.  The  |)rohahle  nat- 
iM'al  limit  of  its  northern  distrihiition  is  not  far  (-onth  of  the  hoiindary  line 
dividing  the  Canadian  and  AUeghanian  faunas:  at  least  so  far  as  eastern 
America  is  concerned.  Hy  natural  limits  I  mean  the  limits  within  which 
the  insect  is  to  he  fomid  undergoing  its  natural  transformations  year  after 
year  without  aiiiuial  extinction  during  the  cold  winter.  This  hoiindary  in 
the  east  mav  be  said  to  he  prohahly  not  far  from  the  northern  pai'ts  of 
Connecticut  and  Pennsylvania  (U-  ahont  the  northern  limit  of  the  AUegha- 
nian fanna,  though  it  doiditless  extends  furtlier  north  along  the  river 
vallevi*  of  southerly  flowing  streams,  and  may  lie  anmially  extinguished  in 
the  liigher  and  colder  regions  furtlu'r  soutii,  such  a^  the  Catskills.  and  even 
the  .\lletrhaniei<.  In  the  interior  it  iiroliahlv  extends*  further  north  than 
near  the  coast. 

Annual  excursions-  Poi'.  a  review  of  all  the  faet.s  of  its  occurrence  in 
the  north  leads  me  to  helieve.  whiit  indeed  was  first  suggested  many  years 
ago  hy  Kiley.  that  in  the  northern  districts  of  its  range  this  species 
will  annually  perish  during  the  colder  season,  when  the  huttertly  hiiier- 
natcs.  and  he  replenished  by  excursions  northward  from  the  borders  of 
its  natural  territory,  so  as  in  the  latter  part  of  the  season  to  be  found  very 

•This  jjiiicral  >tiUenieiU  duvn  not  hero  Mountain  lii^Uii  I  llioiis.'li  it  is  iiu'iuit  tu  cuvpp 
neeessnrily  inciiule  tho  wboli'  of  tlir  Uoiky       the  greater  part  of  it. 


28 


I'lIK   mriKIMMlis  ol'   NKW    HXCiLAND. 


al)un(laiit.  IihIcimI  it  is  nut  iinprulcilil"  tliiit  it  i>  ii>  rciiiiljir  :\  luiiiriinl  iiN 
tlic  l)ir(ls,  rctiiniiii^-  Mnilliuiinl  in  tlic  iiimmin.  Tlic  inMiicijilr,  iiiiil.  t*ii 
tar  iH  I  can  sec,  tlic  only  -tcrioiis  nl)ji'cti<m  to  tliis  licliof  i>  tlic  tact  tliat  it  it* 
found  in  such  nuiuhcrs  >o  vcrv  tar  nori!'.  and  lias  liccn  known  to  occur,  in 
siuf^lc  in^tallco.'<  at  least,  to  an  imnionsc  distance  toward  tin-  arctic  iTjiions. 
It  lias  not  only  l)ccn  t'oimd  in  every  nook  and  corner  of  New  Knjrland, 
liut  far  lieyond  that  :  it  is  known  from  No\a  Scotia  (Jones),  (^ucliec.  not 
coinnion  { IJowiet*)  and  Ottawa,  Can.  (Hillings),  Moose  Factory,  Hudson 
I»ay  (Wier),  the  northern  shore  of  Lake  Superior  (Agaspiiz),  the  h'ed 
River  valley  (Dawxiu).  the  Saskatchewan  country  (American  entomolo- 
gist,  iii :  \02)  the  north-west  territories  of  Canada  ((iedde.s),  and  even  as 
far  north  as  the  Athahasca  country  ( (Jetickcn  ) .  That  the  insect  might 
cover  New  Knglaud  every  sununer  woidd  he  i-asily  helicved.  l»ut  tlu" 
extreme  distance  of  Moose  Fi.ctory  and  the  western  shore  of  Hudson 
Bay  from  its  supposed  natural  limits  renders  eontidcnce  in  thcsi'  hounda- 
rlcs  somewhat  loss  secure.  Still  the  facts  which  we  shall  give  concerning 
its  animal  history  in  \ew  Knglaiid,  together  with  those  concerning  its 
wide  exotic  extension  in  recent  times  w  ill  render  it  more  plausihie.  Few- 
reports  hav(!  heeii  i-i-turned  of  its  occurrence  in  the  Kocky  Momitaiu  region, 
excepting  from  Colorado  where,  according  to  Mead,  it  occurs  everywhere 
helow  the  timher  line ;  hut  it  has  also  Itecn  recorded  from  western 
Wviiming,  I'^t  ih  and  Arizona.  It  is,  moreover,  common  along  the  entire 
I'a<'ilic  shore  as  far  north  as  N'aneouver  Island,  was  found  i)y  Captain 
(leddes  at  all  points  in  the  "northwest  territory."  hut  is  rare  in  British 
Columliia  (Fletcher).  It  is  prol)al)lc,  therefore,  that  it  occupies,  at  least 
iit  times,  all  the  less  elevated  portions  of  the  region  colored  on  the  map. 
That  there  is  a  regular  annual  soutiiward  movement  of  hutterHii's,  as 
intimated  ahove,  is  certainly  not  proven,  lint  the  mnnerous  cases  in  which 
a  southward  migration  has  heen  ohserved  at  the  close  of  the  season  over 
considerai)le  tracts  of  territory  in  ditl'erent  years,  tends  strongly  to  the 
helicf  that  this  is  the  case.  Hilev  was  also  the  Hrst  to  suggest  such  a 
return  movement.  In  a  paper  read  before  the  Academy  of  sciences  of 
St.  Louis,  the  substance  of  which  was  published  in  its  Proceedings 
(iii :  27;i-274)  and  in  the  Scientific  American  for  Ajiril  (i,  1S7S  (see  also 
American  entomologist,  iii :  ll)0-l(t2).  he  remarks  "there  is  a  southward 
migration  late  in  the  growing  season  in  congregated  masses  and  a  north- 
ward  dispersion  early  in  the  season  through  isolated  individuals.""  As  iv- 
gards  the  southward  movement  in  the  autinun,  he  remarks  in  his  paper  in  the 
St.  Louis  Academy's  Proceedings,  "the  newspajiers  in  the  southwest  and  the 
signal  ofiicers  were  constantly  re|)orting  the  [)assage  from  Iowa,  Kansas, 
Missouri  and  Texas  of  swanas  of  the  buttcrtlies  during  the  months  of 
Septend)er  and  October  last."  These  consisted,  in  every  case  where  deter- 
mined, of  Anosia  plexljipus.     A  few  eases  may  be  cited. 


■au-t  mi.--  4.  M^ji«K>ga>^.^-iJjMt^gaummi»<»i HHfl_^S  <M>CJBui.1>;  '*„**,* 


^ 


KIl'I.OKIN AK:    ANOSIA    I'l.KXII'lM'S. 


72» 


In  Ills  third  M'ssoiiri  report  IJiloy  ^tntos  tliiit  I*.  I'..  Sihicy  of  St.  .ioncpli, 
Missouri,  on  SiptciiilKT  l!t,  1S(;h  smw  ••iniliioiis  of  tlifin  tiliinjr  tlic  iiir  to 
a  heiifjit  of  tliroc  or  four  Imiidrcil  feut  for  scvoriil  iioiirs.  Hyiiijr  ffoiii  north 
to  Hoiitli."  Also  iarjic  flocks,  iicuonlinti'  to  Thomiis  Wells.  ]);issc(|  over 
.Miinhattun,  Kansas,  in  a  southerly  direction  in  the  evetiinL;  of  the  :i7th 
and  morning  of  the  i^Nth  of  Septemher.  1M7():  ••while  at  Alton.  Illi- 
nois, great  niunhers  of  them  were  seen  passing  in  a  southwest  direclion  on 
the  last  (hiy  of  Oetoher  (if  the  same  year."  I  have  elsewhere  referred  to 
the  ••continuous  line  of  passing  huttertlics  flying  in  a  direct  course  toward 
the  south"  observed  from  the  top  of  I'egau  Hill  in  Natick  l)y  William 
Edwards.  His  full  account,  which  leaves  scarcely  a  douht  that  tliev  lie- 
longed  to  this  species,  may  well  find  a  ])laee  here. 

Till'  Uav  WHS  wiiriii  ami  siiiiiiiu'r-likc.  witli  no  wind  to  distiirl)  the  llifjlil  ol'  the  biit- 
turllios,  whicli  was  rcniarkalily  steaiiy  and  t'vcii.  like  the  tlij.'lit  of  niiL'i-atinu  binls.  ai.." 
very  unlike  tlionsnal  ziixzaj:  ni(iv(  ment  of  hntterllios.  We  watelied  tliem  for  nearly  an 
hoar  as  they  appoareil  in  view  from  the  north  and  moved  steadily  onward  toward  the 
south.  Sonicti'nes  they  aitpeared  siiiiily,  sometinies  In  irroups  of  three  or  four,  but 
ottenor  in  pairs,  and  llyin;,' sixor  eijrhl  feet  apart.  Ueiny;  an.xious  to  ol)tain  aspeeimon, 
that  the  specie  4  might  ho  dcterrnned.  we  made  several  vain  attempts  to  lirini:  one 
down  by  sondiuK  our  walkins-stieks  after  them.  This  put  them  in  -.'real  confusion, 
entirely  lireakini:  up  their  line  of  nnu'eii.  tiud  causini;  them  lo  ilodire  rapidly  to  the 
riifht  and  left,  and  fre(iuently  to  drop  down  several  feet;  altiiom;li  they  eontinned  on 
.at  the  same  rate  of  speed,  they  seemed  unable  to  regain  their  former  even  IliijhI.  but 
kept  up  this  zi^zai:  motion  till  iost  siyht  of  in  tlie  distance.  'I'iu'y  were  apparently 
one  of  our  larirest  species,  and  were  visible  at  least  one  eiirhth  of  a  mile  as  they  ap- 
peared in  sight;  it  seems  an  important  fact  that  they  ilid  not  change  tlieir  altitude  in 
passiusr  over  the  hill.  We  also  noticed  when  deseonding  the  Idil  toward  the  north  tliat 
they  were  flying  at  the  same  level  till  wo  were  so  far  below  them  that  they  appeared 
bnt  mere  specks  in  the  air  above  our  heads,  and  before  we  had  reached  the  plains 
below  wc  had  entirely  lost  siudit  of  them.  There  was  no  reason  to  suppose  that  the 
l)uttcrllies  changed  their  course  in  order  to  pass  over  this  liill.  or  that  the  lliuhl  did 
not  extend  over  the  surronndiuL'  country.     {\u\.  nat..  .\i :  LM  I.) 

In  a  letter  written  by  Miss  Jennie  Murray  of  (Tirard,  Kansas,  to  Dr. 
A.  S.  Packard,  which  he  has  kindly  permitted  ine  to  see,  she  records  a 
similar  passage  on  Seiitember  17.  1877.  The  liuttertlies  came,  she 
writes  two  days  afterward,  ••from  the  north  north-east  at  the  rate  of 
about  twenty  a  minute,  and  continued  from  the  time  1  first  noticed  them 
for  about  half  an  'lour.  It  was  between  five  and  si.x  o'clock  i'.  m.  I  was 
told  the  same  thing  occiu'red  here  last  fall.  Some  were  as  hio-h  lU)  as  the 
eye  could  reach  ;  others  lower :  and  still  otiiers  not  more  than  twentv  or 
thirty  feet  from  the  ground."  Specimens  were  in  this  ca.se  obtained  and 
identified.  In  an  unsigned  note  in  Field  and  forest  (iii:!ll)it  is  .stated 
that  "large  ninnbers  of  this  butterfly  conunenced  their  flight  over  Denton 
Co.,  Texas,  about  the  15th  of  October,  and  continued  uji  to  Xovember 
5th,  the  last  week,  however,  in  imicli  smaller  numbers  than  previously. 
They  seemed  to  be  moving  in  a  southerly  direction  and  were  accompanied 

91 


730 


I'm:  itriTKiti'i.iKs  oi-  xi:\v  i;n(jlani). 


•A  " 


|i 


i 


i 


by  about  a  tlozeu  otlier  spcTics  ot'  smalliT  Ijiittcrilics."  Finally,  I  was 
inysc'lf  fortunate  fnouj,'h  to  obsorvc  a  niovenient  of  this  sort  during  tlie  au- 
tumn of  ISHiS  between  nine  and  ten  oVIock  in  the  morning  of  September 
2  ;  while  yitting  on  the  piazza  of  a  house  facing  the  isea-tihore  at  Hampton, 
N.  II.,  and  oidy  a  stone's  throw  from  the  water,  a  eontinuous  stream  of 
these  Idittertlies  passed  before  me  toward  the  southwest,  following  the 
line  of  the  sea-coast,  with  the  wind  about  northwest.  There  were  never 
less  than  three  or  four  directly  in  front  of  me,  often  a  dozen  or  twenty. 
In  the  hour  that  I  watched  them,  I  calculated  that  at  least  fifteen  hundred 
passed  mo  and  without  a  single  exception  in  the  same  direction. 

Mr.  Ivolaiid  Thaxter.  who  found  great  swarms  of  this  butterfly  festoon- 
ing the  trees  in  a  [)inc  grove  in  northern  Florida  (as  detailed  further 
on),  says  he  "was  told  by  Dr.  A.  ^V .  Chapman" — the  most  comp(!tent 
authority  living — "that  there  was  hardly  milk  weed  enough  in  all  Florida 
to  produce  one  of  these  flocks."  Moreover,  Dr.  Chapman  states  that  in 
Apalachicola  the  butterflies  are  very  abundant  annually  from  November 
until  May  ;  after  that  but  few  are  seen  until  fresh  ones  appear  in  the  mid- 
dle of  October.  Flocks,  too,  have  since  been  observetl  in  Florida,  wan- 
derers no  doubt  from  the  north,  like  our  invalids,  seeking  a  climate  best 
permitting  hibernation.  And  in  these  facts  we  find  an  explanation  of  these 
migrations.  All  or  nearl)-  all  arc  descendants  of  those  which  at  the  end 
of  the  previous  season  flew  to  warmer  climes  and  dispersed  in  the  spring 
in  seai'ch  of  milk  weed.  The  same  was  true  of  their  ancestors  of  a  corre- 
sponding time  of  year,  the  rugged  season  having  eliminated  the  greater 
number  of  those  which,  when  the  autumnal  season  warned,  stayed  behind, 
80  that  they  left  no  descendants.  In  this  way  an  instinct,  an  inherited 
tendency,  grew  uj),  which  is  proi)ably  annual  and  nearly  if  not  quite 
universal,  but  to  which  our  attention  is  drawn  only  in  those  years  in  which 
the  species  is  superabundant. 

Commercial  extension  in  recent  years.  Among  the  most  interest- 
ing points  in  the  distribution  of  this  butterfly  is  the  fact  that  within  thirty 
years  or  a  little  more,  it  has  begun  to  invade  so  many  regions  of  the  world 
as  to  make  one  think  at  first  blush  that  it  may  some  day  vie  with  Vanessa 
cardui  in  cosmopolitan  character.  The  facts  concerning  its  exotic  distri- 
bution, so  far  as  I  have  been  able  to  gather  them  are  as  follows :  It  first 
reached  the  Hawaiian  Islands,  fully  two  thousand  miles  distant  from  Amer- 
ica, sometime  not  far  from  1845  to  1850.  At  any  rate  we  have  the  direct 
statement  of  Dr.  Luther  II.  Gulick  who  was  born  upon  the  islands,  that 
in  1852,  after  eleven  years'  absence,  he  returned  to  the  islands,  and  his 
brother  drew  his  attention  to  the  fact  that  Asclepias  had  been  introduced 
during  his  absence  and  had  already  become  a  troublesome  weed  ;  that  his 
brother  had  noticed  that  wherever  the  milk  weed  appeared,  there  also 
Anosia  made  its  advent,  a  butterfly  unknown  until  after  the  milk  weed 


Kl  I'l-OKINAK:   ANOSIA    I'l-KXIPrUS. 


rsi 


liad  l)cen  introduced.  \\\'  next  find  it  1M,")7  at*  far  away  a»  tlit  l.slaiid  oi' 
Ponapo,  one  of  tiic  Caroline  Islands  in  Micronesia,  a  di.-^fancc  of  anotiicr  two 
thousand  miles  or  so  from  the  Hawaiian  Islands.  This  fact  we  also  owe  to 
Dr.  (xulick's  personal  testimony.  He  was  for  sonic  tinu  a  resident  of 
I'onapc,  and  the  Inittcrfly  was  first  seen  by  him  in  the  year  mentioncil. 
not  lonp  after  ho  had  discovered  several  younn;  milk  weeds  wliich  hail 
sprung  np  in  earth  in  which  various  other  plants  had  l)een  hrought 
from  the  Hawaiian  Islands  in  a  ^Vardian  case.  The  plants  were  l)rou<ih( 
in  a  missionary  vessel  which  sailed  from  Honolulu,  and  on  its  way  to 
I'onape  touched  only  at  Apaiang  of  the  (iilhert  Islands  and  Ebon  of  the 
Marshall  (iroup,  both  low  coral  atolls,  and  at  Kusaie  which  is  of  l)asaltie 
formation  and  richly  clothed  with  verdure,  l)ut  where  the  butfcrtly  did  not 
then  occur.  It  is  evidently  impossible  that  in  a  voyage  consisting  in  the 
whole  of  fifty-four  days,  the  insect  in  any  stage  or  stages  could  have  l)een 
transported  in  the  Wardian  ease  itself,  fi>r  it  easily  undergoes  all  its  trans- 
formations in  warm  regions  in  a  month  oi'  five  weeks  at  most.  If  the  but- 
terHics  were  introduced  at  that  time,  as  there  is  eveiy  reason  to  believe 
from  Dr.  Gidick's  accounts,  there  seems  no  other  supposition  possii)le  than 
that  an  im^ircgnated  female  Hew  into  the  hold  of  the  \  essel  while  lading  at 
Honolulu,  and  was  carried  perforce  to  Ponapc  ;  or,  i>ossibly,  a  jiair  of  but- 
terfiies.  It  would  certainly  lie  absnrrl  to  suppose  that  a  gravid  I'emale 
could  have  fiown  over  two  or  three  thousand  miles  of  ocean,  luid  in 
addition  have  ajipeared  in  Ascension  Island  almost  sinndtaneously  with  a 
few  plants  of  Asclcpias.  As  the  butterflies  pass  the  entire  winter  in  hiber- 
nation and  then  lay  eggs  in  the  spring,  there  is  nothing  in  any  way  really 
surprising  in  Dr.  Gulick's  statements,  unless  it  be  impossible  for  an  im- 
pregnated female  to  li\e  in  enforced  hibernation  a  couple  of  months  with- 
out laying ;  when  it  would  be  necessary  to  suppose  a  pair  to  have  been 
transported,  which  woidd  of  course  be  more  extraordinary. 

(iranting  our  exjdanation  to  be  just,  it  is  highly  probable  that  it 
was  from  this  single  ancestor,  or  pair,  that  the  swarms  which  have 
now  spread  over  the  entire  South  Seas,  in  many  of  which  it  is  the 
commonest  butterfiy  known,  have  spiung.  Our  knowledge  of  the  period 
and  extent  of  this  later  distribution  we  owe  largely  to  Professor  Semper, 
who  states  that  the  butterfiy  was  first  seen  in  181)3  by  Captain  Rachan, 
one  of  numerous  collectors  of  tiie  Museum  Godefroy,  on  the  islands  of  the 
Tonga  or  Friendly  group,  again  nearly  another  2000  miles  from  Ponape. 
The  first  specimen  actually  obtained  was  secured  in  IHUli  on  Niuafau,  one 
of  the  islands  of  this  group,  and  in  the  same  year  larvae  were  discovered 
on  Asclepias  curassavica,  a  plant  now  spread  quite  as  tar  as  the  Anosia. 
Wc  now  begin  to  be  able  to  record  in  part  the  rajjidity  of  its  spread ;  for 
it  was  first  seen  in  Tutuilla,  one  of  the  islands  of  the  neighboring  Sanioan 
group,  in   1807,  i)ut  upon  Upolu  and  Savaii,  islands  of  the  same  Samoan 


rl 


■<«8 


l\ 


r;r2 


Tin:  lii  rn:i:ii.iKs  oi-    m;\\  i;n(;i.ani». 


S-;: 


.'■fy- 


*■ 


lr.>  . 

Ij"-.-: 


^roiip.  ilistiiiit  III  till'  nciirc.'^t  suinc  lil'ty  iiiili'.-.  nut  unill  l.stl'.i.  \rt  in 
r|Milii  it  liccaiiif  OIK'  ut'  tlir  (•(iiimiiiiii'-t  liiittirHic.-  in  IMtl.  It  wii.t  not 
until  Istls  (lull  it  Wiif  ilisi'dvi'ii'd  at  'runualialu.  tnw  of  tlic  .soutlicni  o[' tlie 
I'niiua  I>ianti>.  Imt  in  tlii'  .^anio  year  it  was  si'i-n  in  tiico|icn  fica  five  liiin- 
ilri'il  naniicai  iiiiii'>  to  till' .-(iMtiira>t.  In  iMi!'  it  liad  ajipcaicd  at  Kora- 
lo!ii;a.  one  ot'  till'  Ilcrxcy  Isiand.i.  fixe  liiiiidnil  niik'x  or  niorc'  away.  In 
l.s'O  to  l,s7J  it  was  I'oiinil  on  Ilnaliint'  and  'iVIiiti  ot'  tlii'  Society  Islands, 
'.ijrain  li\t'  linndi'i'd  miles  or  inore  distant.  So  far  the  arconnt  of  Professor 
Seni|»er.  I'mt  Mr.  .laines  ,1  Walker,  wlio  sailed  in  the  Soutli  Seas  in 
IfSM."}  and  found  Anosia  nearly  I'vi'rywliere  one  of  the  eonmionest  lintter- 
Hies,  states  tiiat  lie  was  infoi'nied  at  tlie  .Mar(|iiesas  Islands,  wliieli  lie  to  the 
northeast  of  the  .Soeiety  Islands,  aj;ain  at  the  distance  of  some  five  hun- 
dred miles,  liy  a  Rom;in  ''atholie  missionary  residiiif^  there  foi'ty  years, 
that  lie  distinctly  rememlicred  seeing;  the  first  s|H'cinicn  there  aliont  the 
year  1IS(!():  it  should  lie  noted  that  the  .Miiri|iiesas  Islanils  are  nearly  as 
distant  in  a  southeasterly  direction  from  the  Hawaiian  Islands  a.s  the 
Carolines  are  to  the  southwest.  Mr.  \\'alker  also  found  the  linttertly  on 
the  Ilervey  ami  Soeiety  Islands  and  at  Oparo,  one  of  the  Andaman  gi'onp, 
in  28"  south  latitude,  though  it  had  not  then  reached  I'itcairii  Island,  which 
lies  much  farther  east  and  somewhat  farther  north.  These  statistics  indi- 
eati'  its  movements  from  the  Caroline  Islands  in  an  easterly  and  south- 
easterly direction,  imt  it  has  also  left  its  marks  hy  the  way,  in  a  southward 
extension  from  this  route  of  ti'avel.  For  it  has  reached  Waigioii,  New 
Britain,  New  Ireland,  N'l'w  (iiiinea.  the  Louisiade  Islands,  every  part  of 
Solomon  and  New  Hebrides  f:rou|)s.  the  Duke  of  York  Island,  the  Loyalty 
anil  Fiji  Islands,  New  Caledonia,  Norfolk  Island,  the  northern  island  of 
New  Zealand,  the  entire  eastern  coast  of  Australia,  from  Cape  York  south- 
ward even  as  far  as  Iloliart  Town  in  Tasmania.  It  I'eached  Lord  Howes 
Islands  in  L'^TO.  Clarence  Kiver  on  the  opposite  coast  of  Australia,  in 
1S71,  Melbourne  in  1872  and  has  now  extended  even  to  Celebes,  and 
ai'cordinjf  to  Ivirby,  to  Java. 

It  thus  apjiears  that  it  now  possesses  a  territory  in  the  Pacific  Ocean  of 
at  least  llO"  of  lonjritude  and  (i."!"  of  latitude.  But  this  is  by  no  means 
all.  It  has  moved  also  in  some  strange  way  in  the  opposite  direction  from 
the  American  continent.  It  has  long  been  known  in  the  Bernuulas  as  one 
of  the  extremely  few  butterHies  to  i)e  foimd  on  that  island.  Sjiecimens 
now  in  the  collection  of  Codman  and  Salvin  were  taken  in  18()4  in  the 
islands  of  Fayal  and  Flores,  Imt  it  seems  not  tt)  have  been  since  recorded 
from  the  A/ores.  It  has,  however,  made  its  ajipearance  on  the  continent 
of  Europe  at  La  Vendee  on  the  Atlantic  coast  of  France,  and  a  number  of 
instances  of  its  capture  in  England  have  been  signalized  within  the  last  ten 
years.  These  instances  arc  so  numerous  and  recorded  for  so  many  differ- 
ent years  that  it  would  seem  highly  probable  that  the  butterfly  has  been 


i:ii'i,(»i:i\.\i;;  anhsia  1'm;.\ii'1'I's. 


788 


riKlciivorin;,'  (o  in:tiiit;iiii  ;i  loui  liold  rwy  ^iiicc  InTHwIuii  llii'  tii>t  in,-.liinci' 
of  its  Dcciirrfih't'  was  rrcordcd.  'I'lir  tiisl  »|»ciiiirii  Uiis  IuiiikI  nl  Ni'iilli 
in  SiMitli  Wiilcs  ill  S('|it(iiil)('i\  a  xi'diid  ,>\{v  in  Sussex  in  the  siitnf  indiilli, 
and  ii  tliiiil  at  I  Iii\  ward's  Heath  in  <  )(iol](r.  In  1^77  one  was  taken  at 
Poole  llarlior.  In  this  year  also  a  s|>eeinien  was  taken  upon  tlie  eonti- 
iient.  It  (lid  not  a|(|ieai  ajrain  till  IX'^1  when  a  -|ieeiiiien  was  taken  in 
Ivof.t  in  Septeinlier.  A^ain  in  \f<S\  one  was  taken  in  the  Isle  of  Wi^-lit. 
In  Aiiirnst  and  SejjtiMnliei'.  Iss,"),  nine  speeiineiis  weic  taken  in  the  comi- 
ties of  Dorset,  Devon,  Cornwall,  and  the  Isle  of  Win-lit.  It  was  ajrain 
taken  in  IW(')  in  the  south  of  IOiij:land.  in  (ineinsey,  at  (iiliraltar.  and  in 
I'oilnjfal. 

I  have  spoken  of  this  extension  of  its  natural  region  as  one  due  to  eoni- 
ineivial  ajfeneiei<,  heeanse  it  would  seem  that  the  distance  to  which  the 
insect  has  hceii  canird  must  lie  due  to  somcthiiijf  more  than  its  very 
rcniarkal)lc  powers  of  tlight.  The  fact  that  the  liuttcr  tlyhas  licen  seen 
Hying  at  sea  five  liundred  miles  from  land  is  a  sufficient  proof  of  tiio  lat- 
ter, and  we  should  he  far  from  ((tiestioniiig  its  power  to  compass  with  no 
very  great  difficulty  one-half  the  extreme  distances  to  which  we  know  it 
has  heen  carried  without  jiowcr  of  alighting.  15ut  that  this  should  occur 
with  a  female  heavy  with  eggs  (and  no  other  supposition  would  permit  ns 
to  understand  its  sul)se(|uent  propagation  in  the  regions  visited)  is  past 
credence  ;  more  es|iecially  as  we  liave  in  the  instance  of  its  transport  from 
the  Hawaiian  Islands  to  the  Caroline  gronji  an  almost  certain  proof  of  the 
method  of  its  transport,  through  artificial  aid.  The  alighting  of  one  of 
these  liutterflies  laden  with  fertile  eggs  upon  some  part  of  a  vessel  or 
within  its  hold  would  l»y  no  means  lie  a  strange  occurrence  ;  and  this  is 
all  that  is  necessary  to  explain  its  transport  over  the  wider  regions.  That, 
having  once  estahlished  itself  in  oi;c  of  the  Micronesian  Islands,  it  could 
easily  spread  over  the  whole  of  Polynesia  through  the  insect's  ordinary 
power  of  flight  -will  not  lie  (luestioned.  J?nt  that  this  liai-  taken  place  not 
only  within  liis«^oric  times,  liut  within  the  last  tMciity  or  thirty  years,  as 
iias  l)een  shown  liy  Semper,  is  an  almost  direct  proof  that  its  first  intro- 
duction to  the  South  Seas  was  liv  artificial  means  ;  for  if  it  could  he  brou'dit 
about  solely  by  the  iiower  of  Hight  of  the  insect,  aided  by  the  natural  cur- 
rents of  the  air,  it  would  have  haii^icned  long  ago ;  and  the  fact  that  the 
insect  has  been  aide  to  establish  itself  wherever  it  chose  wlien  it  "ot 
a  foot  hold  and  tliat  it  has  not  until  a  very  recent  period  so  estab- 
lished itself,  are  sufficient  proofs  that  commercial  agencies,  so  much 
more  abundant  in  later  times  than  formerly,  have  been  the  great  meana 
of  introducing  these  butterflies  to  the  islands  of  the  Pacific.  It  is  highly- 
probable  that  it  owed  its  first  introduction  to  the  Hawaiian  Islands 
to  similar  agencies,  and  that  its  appearance  in  Europe  is  due  to  tlie  same 
Cause. 


Nil' 


I'Uv. 


m 


m 


t 

■€:■  '.■ 


■  > 


i'-':l 


734 


rilK   HLITKin-LlKS  OF   NKW    KNciL.VND. 


Occurrence  in  New  England.  Arcliippu.^  wcms  tluou^liout  Ni-w 
Knjxland,  I)iit  is  ihik-Ii  iiioir  raiv  in  tlie  nortliern  tlian  in  llu'soutlu'in  j)iut : 
tlioiigli  ovi'n  in  tiic  latter  it  can  liartUy  1)0  enlle<l  a))nn(lant,  for  nsuallv 
specimens  must  l)e  captured  sinjily.  Yet  now  and  again  it  swarms,  as  in 
tlie  autumn  of  1^*71.  In  some  localities  it  is  especially  numerous  :  such 
place*,  for  instance,  as  islands  ott'  tlic  coast,  or  broad,  sandv  sea  lieaehes, 
where  iit>  Asciepias  grows.  Is  it  that  an  innate  propensity  for  geograph- 
ical extension  leads  this  huttcrfly  to  the  last  possible  limit?  Mr.  Thaxter 
once  found  it  in  great  numbers  on  Appledore,  the  largest  of  the  Isles  ot 
Siioals,  N.  II.,  which  has  a  surface  of  about  five  hundi'cd  acres :  yet  there 
was  then  no  trace  of  milk  weed  upon  any  of  those  islands,  which  he  has 
explored  thoroughly.  Again,  on  Fire  Island  beach.  Long  Island,  during 
tlie  last  of  August.  1S7(),  Prof.  S.  I.  Smith  found  this  butterHy  in  thou- 
sands wherever  flowers  occurred,  while  they  were  unconunon  on  Long 
Island  itself.  He  counted  eighty  on  a  single  small  plant  oi"  Lrcchthites. 
and  yet  looked  in  \ain  for  Asciepias.  See  also  on  a  succeeding  page  Dr. 
Hamilton's  account  of  tiieir  abundance  at  Hrigantine  Heacli.  X.  .L,  equally 
barren  of  Asciepias. 

Haunts  and  swarms.  The  butterflies  occur  in  open  ground,  in 
meadows  and  pastures  iuid  not  infrccpiently  in  gardens.  Mr.  Walhii-c 
gives  a  similar  account  of  their  hainits  in  the  .\mazons  valley,  ilescribing 
tiicm  a>  '"open  grounds,  dry  and  barren  places":  l)Ut  when  the  butterflies 
conyrey;ate.  as  seen  above,  thev  seek  the  iiranchcs  of  trees.  ''In  the 
evening  and  in  cloudv  weather  thev  are  found  resting  on  the  stems  of  her- 
baccoiis  plants  :  they  never  arc  to  be  found  in  the  thick  part  of  the  woods, 
l>ut  are  conunon  in  the  open  spaces  of  the  forests,  and  prefer  meadows  and 
[ilantations  :  .  .  .  [they  are]  al)imdant  even  in  tlu'  largest  towns  of  the 
middle  and  northern  states  (I)oid)leday .  (len.  diiuii.  Le]i.,  i  :  i'd). 

The  species  jf  this  group  are  known  all  over  the  world  lor  their  rich- 
ness in  individuals,  and  our*  is  no  exceptit)n  to  the  rule  ;  the  large  si/e  of 
the  insects  makes  the  fact  the  more  conspicuous.  In  the  western  jirairies 
tlu'v    may   be   found    in  myriads. 

Thus  Mr.  ,1.  A.  Allen  (Trans  Chic.  acad.  sc.  i:  .UU  )  writing  from 
Iowa  savs  ; — 


I'his  oxUviMclv  iil)uiHliuU  buUertl.v  suouis  to  prefer  the  open  prairie.  I)iil  is  ilriven  to 
till'  urrovos  by  tlu'  winds  vvliicli  sweep  farionsly  over  tlie  priilries  in  the  saiinncr  inontlis, 
iiiiil  espcfiiiUy  ill  Septoiiiber:  licre  the  luittertlies  iire  collected  in  sncli  vnst  miinbers  on 
the  lee  sides  of  trees,  iind  p.irticnlarly  on  the  lower  branches,  as  almost  to  hide  the 
foliafje.  and  jjive  to  the  trees  their  own  pecnliar  color.  This  was  not  seen  in  one 
urove  alone,  but  in  all  of  those  which  vvLi'e  visited  nliont  the  middle  of  September. 
If  liiiniohsted,  they  remained  ipiietly  on  the  trees:  if  disturbed  by  blows  npon  the 
trunk  or  branches  of  the  tree,  they  wonld  rise  like  a  tloek  of  l)iri'.s.  Init  iiuinediatoly 
settle  airaln.  eitlier  on  a  coutifruons  tree  or  upon  hijjher  branches  of  the  same.  At 
New  .Telt'erson.  a  lilMe  later  in  tlie  vear,  when  the  jiates  had  aliated.   thev  were  seen 


lU'l'LOKlNAK:    ANOSIA   I'LKXll'l'L'S. 


735 


leaving  tlio  jrrovos  in  vast  llcicks,  and  scattoriiig  tliromrli  tlio  air  almost  jji'voiul  rfa<'li 
of  tlio  eye. 

Tills  was,  I  believe,  the  first  piiMislied  aceouiit  of  the  iiiniien.'se  iil)uncl- 
anco  and  eonjrregiiting  i)ro])eii5iitie.'<  of  this  hutteiily  ;  liiit  minieroiis  addi- 
tions to  this  part  of  our  literature  were  speedily  made.  Thus  Mr.  Saunders 
deserihed  (Can.  ent.,  iii  :  l')(i-l,")7)  a  somewhat  similar  tlock  in  liS'l. 
much  nearer  Xew  England,  and  the  same  year  it  was  oliservcd  in  \ew 
Kngland  itself  hy  Mr.  P.  S.  Sprague.     Mr.  Saunders  writes  : — 

tt  was  about  niiio  o'clock  in  tlio  inoriiiiin  wlicn,  passiiii;  a  tri'oup  of  trees  fonninj;  a 
riulo  scinicirclo  on  the  o(l;;e  of  a  wood  facini;  the  lake,  the  leaves  attracted  attention  : 
thoy  seeniini;  possessed  of  niinsnal  niotioii.  and  displayed  lilfiil  patches  of  brilliant 
red.  On  aliichtinji,  a  nearer  approaeli  revealed  the  i)resence  of  vast  niiniliers — 1  iiiiaht 
safely  say  millions — of  these  Imtterllies  clnsteriiiij;  everywhere.  I  counted  a  small 
space,  about  the  size  of  my  two  hands,  on  one  of  tlie  trees,  and  there  were  thirty-two 
hutterllies  suspended  on  it.  and  tlio  whole  };ronp  of  trees  was  iiuiiir  in  a  similar  man- 
ner. When  disturbed,  they  llew  up  in  immense  nnmbers,  liUini;  the  air.  and  after  lloat- 
iiij;  about  a  short  tiinc,  firadually  settled  aiiaiii.  Tliere  appeared  to  bo  nothing  on  the 
trees  to  attract  tliem.  yet  when  undisturbed  they  appeared  at  this  time  to  iirefer  resl- 
inq;  in  (piiet.  as  if  enjoyini;'  tlie  presence  of  coii,i;euial  socii'ly. 

Mr.  Lintnor,  in  writing  of  this  liutterHy,  irom  Alhany,  N.  Y.,  the  same 
year,  says  : — 

I  have  heard  of  its  abundance  in  every  direction  about  us,  both  in  this  ami  the 
iieiirhlioriui;  slates.  .\t  Scoharie  I  was  able  to  count  twenty  on  the  wiiiii  at  once, 
driven  up  liy  passinsi  wnfions  from  the  damp  f;round  on  which  they  were  restiiiir. 
Aliout  the  2.")th  of  .Vii?j;ust  tliey  were  most  numerous;  in  one  field  of  buckwheat  which 
I  passei!,  in  returninir  to  .Albany,  I  presume  there  wore  a  thousand  feedinij;  from  tlie 
blossoms  or  llyinjr  over  thein.  They  seem  to  be  of  n  social  disposition,  for  a  friend 
told  me  tliat  ho  liad  seen  larjic  numbers  cnnirreijated  on  a  siiiall  branch  of  a  pine  in  a 
grove  at  Scoharie,  the  outer  ones  crowding  those  adjoining,  as  if  to  get  as  near  as 
possible. 

Mr.  Kiley  (8d  Report.  Ins.  Mo.,  IT)!)  mentions  a  swarm  seen  in  April 
by  yU.  Thomas  Wells  at  Maidiattan,  Kansas,  which  came  ra[)idly  with  a 
strong  wind  from  the  northwest,  and  filled  (he  atmosphere  for  more  than 
an  hour,  sometimes  so  as  to  eclipse  the  light ;  other  similar  statements 
will  be  found  in  ^[r.  Riley's  Third  Re[)ort. 

Mr.  Roland  Tha.xter  tells  liow,  while  spending  the  winter  of  1875-7()  in 
Apalachicola,  Fla.,  he 

found  one  of  these  archippus  swarms  in  a  pine  grovo  not  far  from  the  town.  The 
trees  were  literally  festooned  with  liucterllies  within  an  area  of  about  an  acre,  and 
tliey  wore  clustered  so  thickly  that  the  trees  seemed  to  lie  covered  with  dead  leaves. 
.  .  .  Upon  shaking  some  of  tlie  trees  a  cloud  of  buttertlies  flow  oil',  and  the  (lapping 
of  their  wings  was  distinctly  audible.  They  luiiig  in  rows  (often  double)  on  the 
tower  dead  branches,  and  In  bunches  on  the  needles.     (Can.  ent. ,  xil ;  38.) 

"  On  a  little  fork  about  a  foot  long,"  ho  writes  me,  lie  counted  thirty- 
seven.     Dr.  John  Hamilton  gives  a  startling  account  of  their  numbers  in 
September,  1885,  at  Brigaiitine  Beach,  New  Jersey  :  — 
The  multitude  of  this  butterfly  that  assembled  hero  the  first  week  in  September  Is 


736 


niK   Bl'ITKRl'LIKS  OV   \K\V    r,N(i!,ANI). 


iiliii(i-ii  p.i-it  l)clU'r.  Millions  is  ))ut  foi'hlv  cxpn'ssivo; — ^iiiilfs  of  tlnMii  is  im  fXMircii'r.'i 
tioii.  On  the  island  is  ;>  sti'i|i  of  irronMil  frimi  l.'.o  lo  4(io  yards  wide,  and  ahmt  two 
and  ont-lnilf  miles  in  Icnatii,  overgrown  witii  M.vrica  cerifera.  After  three  o'elock 
tliesc  bntten.ios,  coining  from  all  direetions,  beiian  to  settle  on  the  Inishcs,  nnd  by 
evenini;  every  availalilo  twii:  was  (x'cnided.  To  see  sneli  ninltitndi's  at  rest,  all  sus- 
pended from  the  lower  sides  of  the  linil)s,  side  by  side,  as  is  tlieir  well  known  enstoni. 
was  soini'thinj;  well  worlii -eeinir.  One  uveninu  I  travelled  more  tlnin  iialf  the  dis- 
tanee  cf  their  eneanipnunl.  and  learned  that  it  extended  the  wliolc  len.i;tli  and  l)rtadtli 
of  the  bnshes.  In  tlie  nionniiir  they  i;radnally  separated  and  did  not  apc  ar  nnnsnally 
nninerons  dnrin;;  the  day.  but  in  tlio  afternoon  they  eameauain  as  deseribed.  I  foninl 
tlicni  on  the  seeonil.  the  chiy  of  my  arrival,  as  related  al)ovo,  an<l  this  was  repoate<l  daily 
t'U  the  sixth,  the  forenoon  of  whieli  was  rather  cahn  and  snltry.  A  storm  of  wiml  and 
rain  came  on  about  two  o'elock.  r.  v..  eontinninii  till  niidnijrht.  The  nest  afternoon 
few  eame  to  camp :  the  jireat  army  had  disappeared.  Unt  how?  when?  where  to?  I)nr- 
iniT  the  next  few  days  they  appeared  ajjain  in  eonsiderable  nnnibers — abontasthey  had 
V)een  observed  in  former  Septendjers, — but  insij;nilieant  wlien  compared  with  lliose 
that  preceded.  The  nniles  and  females  were  about  e(|nal  in  nund)ers.  Not  a  single 
stalk  of  their  food  iilant  (.\selcpias)  grows  on  the  island.     (Can.  ent.,  xvii :  20J.) 

Mr.  .1.  A.  .Mortiit.  of  Iliiiniltdi),  Out.,  dc^oriljcs  wliiit  he  (>a\v  of  tlit'sc 
ImttcrHics  wliilc  siwny  friiin  homo.  l)iit  in  whnt  locality  or  »t  what  .season 
he  (li:e.s  not  inform  iiis  readers  : — 


< 


Se.crtd  years  ago  I  saw  tliem  congregating  in  a  bit  of  woods  in  tlie  neigld>orhooil  of 
tlie  city  whieli  1  was  visiting  at  tiie  time.  .  .  .  They  were  hanging  in  a  listless  l;ind  of 
manner  to  tlie  under  side  of  branches  in  immense  nnnd)ers.  witli  their  wings  closed, 
and  not  notieeabli'  unless  disturbed,  very  few  being  on  the  wing.  Tlicir  favorite  rest- 
ing place  seemed  to  lie  dead  pine  twigs,  which  would  lie  droo[)ing  with  their  winght, 
and  in  more  limn  one  instance  I  saw  one  too  many  light,  and  the  twig  snap  and  seiul  a 
do/.<'n  or  nn)re  into  the  air  to  seek  for  another  pereli.     (Can.  ent.,  xii  : ;!". ) 


a'.;'' 


more   imrticniarly  some  of  tiie  (letiiii.« 


lie  re 


Srf 


m 


.VfterwMi'ds.    deseri  I  lino- 
marks  : — 

There  was  a  general  uneasiness  pervailiiiii  llie  wliole  Hock,  rather  dillienll  to  deserilie. 
It  did  not  come  from  a  working  of  the  wings,  lint  of  the  feet,  as  if  tlie  footliold  was 
not  good,  and  they  were  trying  to  secure  a  belter,  wliicli  produced  a  rocking  motion, 
whilst  contimiously  througliout  the  swarm  one  and  another  was  dropping  oil'  to  make 
for  till'  edge  of  the  wo<ids  and  join  in  tlie  grand  procession.     (Can.  ent..  xx  :  l;?.M.) 

Dr.  ('.  ('.  .Vhhott,  one  of  the  hai)[iiest  ol)ser\er,s  of  the  utiys  iind  whims 
of  our  native  iuiiiiiiils,  writes  tiiiifi  from  his  New  .lersey  home:  — 

.\n  acre  or  two  of  iieglei'lecl  meailow  readies  to  the  creek's  shore,  a  half  mile 
distant,  and  now  it  is  l)row  deep  in  bonesel.  It  was  scarcely  penetrable,  and  a  para- 
dise for  bntterllies  and  bees V  small   sassafras  sapling  was  so  covered  [with  the 

milk  weed  butterlly]  that  they  appeared  to  outnumber  tlie  leaves,  au<l  gave  the  tree  n 
[ii'ematurely  frost-bitten  appearance.  I  cautiously  drew  near,  and  counted  one  iinn- 
dred  and  seven  of  them  :nid  there  were  almost  as  many  more.  Then  giving  tlie  tree 
a  \igor<nis  shaking  tiiey  ail  look  liiglit.  and  made  a  distinct  rustling  noise  as  they 
did  so.  They  did  not  mount  I  In'  air  to  any  lieight,  but  scattered  over  the  snowy  bone- 
sel blossoms,  and  reminded  menf  an  0<.'tober  shower  of  painted  leaves. 

.\  inigrnticm  of  what  was  nmiue-tionably  this  species  of  l)ntterlly  took  [ilaee  near  by. 
in  -September  of  l.s,s|.  They  Hew  at  a  height  of  probably  two  hundred  yards  only,  and 
11,  ved  in  a  long,  narrow  body,  that  took  an  hour  to  |iass  a  given  point.  Tlie  inigra- 
t    n  is  known  to  have  extended  twenty-live  miles  and  If  the  direction  was  not  changed. 


KUPLOKINAK;  ANOSIA   I'LKXU'l'L'S. 


loi 


or  tlio  journey  oiuloil,  n  fuw  liours  M-oiild  liavy  i)roii,i;lil  Hilmu  to  thu  son  (Wasto-laiul 
WiiiKlci'iii.^s,  7'J-f<()). 

Tlie  l)iittorHy  was  again  ■tlnindant  and  seen  in  ,swiirni-<  in  \ew  iMigiand 
last  autumn  (IMJSS),  although  cxeeiitionally  ircarce  in  tlio  spring  of  the 
same  year.  Miss  IIai-ringt(»n  relates  that  while  walking  from  the  woods 
to  the  seashore  at  Magnolia,  Mass.,  shortly  lietbre  4  1'.  y\.,  on  August  2!t, 
ISSS,  she  and  her  companions  noticed  a  great  many  of  these  hutterflies 
"  Hying  about  in  a  restless  way,  hut  mostly  toward  the  wood  ;  we  stepped 
in  from  the  road  a  few  feet,  and  there  on  tlu,'  oak  trees  were  swarms  of 
them.  Some  rf  the '.'nuiehes  were  literally  covered  with  tiicm  ;  having 
once  lighted  they  s^'cmed  (piict,  hut  thousands,  it  seemed  to  us,  were  still 
Hying  about."  ''."lie  butterHics  were  Hying  in  a  westerly  direction,  possibly 
a  little  south  of  west,  with  a  westerly  breeze,  the  sky  being  overcast  and 
the  day  cool.  A  Hsherman  in  the  vicinity  said  they  Iiad  swarmed  on  the 
young  shoots  of  the  willows  so  as  to  daiuiige  them  not  i  little.  Four 
days  later  than  this,  at  Hampton,  X.  II.,  a  little  north  of  Magnolia,  I 
observed  the  passage  of  this  i)utterHy  toward  the  soutli,  already  deseril>ed, 
but  discovered  no  sign  of  tliem  in  the  neighljoring  woods  I  visited  for 
the  purpose. 

Oviposition.  Tiic  early  eggs  arc  usually  laid  near  the  base  of  the  mid- 
rib of  either  sm-face  of  tiie  terminal  or  next  to  the  terminal  leaves  of  the 
young  plant  while  they  are  still  erect  or  nearly  erect.  The  under  surface 
seems  to  be  preferred.  Generally  but  one  egg  will  l)c  found  on  a  leaf, 
and  not  often  more  than  two  or  tiirec  on  a  plant.  Later  they  arc  als(3  laid 
upon  the  pedicel  of  the  Hover.  The  egg  hatches  in  four  days  or  even 
slightly  less,  but  is  sometimes  delayed  so  as  not  to  emerge  for  live  days  or 
more. 

Food  plants.  The  caterpillar  feeds  upon  diHerent  species  of  Asdepias, 
although  "it  sliows  a  wonderful  dislike,"  Mr.  Kiley  remarks,  "to  the  poke 
milk  weed  (A.  phytolaccoides  Tursh)  :  .  .  .  larvae  furnished  with  this  plant 
would  wander  about  their  breeding  cages  day  after  day,  and  would  eventu- 
ally die  rather  than  toi:c!i  it"  ;  in  the  north  it  generally  appears  to  confine 
itself  to  A.  cornuti  Dec.,  but  has  been  found  on  A.  pm-fiurascens  Linn, 
and  A.  incarnata  Linn.  ;  in  the  south  and  in  ]\Iissouri,  it  also  feeds  on  the 
buttcrHy  weed,  A.  tidierosa  Linn.,  A.  am[)lexicaidis  Michx.,  A.  tonientosa 
Ell.,  and  A.  curassavica  Linn,  and  has  been  taken  in  Cuba  by  Dr. 
GTinuUach  on  A.  nivca  Linn.  It  has  been  discovered,  too,  on  the  neioli- 
boring  genus  Apocymnn — A.  androsaemifolium  Linn.  (Saunders),  and 
according  to  Coquillet  feeds  also  on  Acerates. 

Habits  of  the  caterpillar.  C)n  escaping  from  the  Qg<r,  the  caterpillar 
completely  devours  the  shell  and  then  attacks  the  leaf,  eating  a  slender  hole 
often  entirely  through  it,  and  when  it  has  done  feeding  retires  to  the  con- 
cealed side  of  the  leaf;   if  it  is  still  erect,  to  the  inner,  that  is   the  upper, 

93 


•38 


TIIK  liUTTKUFI.IKS  OF  NEW  EN(iLANI). 


■'■^^: 


'■iU 


']:  i\ 


side ;  if  oxtoiuled  horizontally,  to  tiio  ]o\\cv  siirfiice.  If,  iiowevcr,  it  hua 
l)ccn  horn  late  in  the  season  on  a  flower  petlieel  it  attaeks  the  flowers  tlieni- 
selves  and  oats  down  into  the  ovaries  at  first,  not  attacking:  the  leaves  until 
later.  The  eater|)iilar  eats  voraeionsly.  and  ordinarily  niatnres  rajiidly. 
iJr.  Harris  says  it  lives  l)ut  a  fo-tnifiht  in  the  larval  state,  eastinfj  its  skin 
thre(!  times  ;  the  latter  statement  is  eorrohorated  hy  Iviley,  lint  contra- 
dicted l)y  Kdwards,  whose  observations  entiri'ly  ajiree  with  mine,  that 
there  are  fonr  moults.  Sometimes,  however,  it  takes  it  three  or  more 
weeks  to  attain  its  j^rowth.  Looked  for  toward  eveninf;-  it  will  ordinarily 
he  found  (|uiet,  ajiparently  restinjr  for  the  ni<;ht,  jilanted  on  the  under  sur- 
face of  the  midrih  of  a  leaf,  half  way  hetween  the  hase  and  apex,  its  head 
outward  :  from  this  it  mif;ht  a[i])ear  that  it  fed  only  by  day,  hut  some 
caged  s])eciinen8  certainly  did  eat  at  niuht,  and  I  have  found  it  resting  early 
in  the  morning  on  the  top  of  the  leaves  on  a  cloudy  day  ;  it  is  almost 
always  found  near  the  top  of  a  j)lant,  and  when  disturhed,  so  as  to  he 
knocked  off  a  leaf,  the  eaterjiillar  coils  like  a  galley  woi'm.  Dewitz, 
writing  of  the  lar\a  in  Venezuela,  says  it  spins  a  thread  on  heing  seized, 
hut  I  cannot  understand  the  statement  :  it  s]nns  h'ss  thread  than  almost 
any  caterpillar  known  to  me.  \\'hcn  walking,  the  anterior  filaments  are 
alternately  moved  forward,  so  far  that  they  nearly  touch  the  ground. 
While  feedinsr  they  arc  ni'rvouslv    twitched   backward   and   forwai'd  :  and 


'')■ 


wlien  the  catc 


of  mu( 


rniiliir  is  aiarmci 


n'cater  \  loience 


ic  movcm 


cut.  tlioui;-! 


I  no   moi'c 


Mn 


the  f 
•ted 


1.  tl 
ilanicnis  lU'arh'  t<.ue]unii'  the  bod\ 
f  th 


>i(l, 


ittention    was   attracted   one   mornuig  to  one  ot  tliese  eater]iillars 


rhile  moultinif  its  skin  ;  it  had  been  stationary  at  least  twenty-four  hours; 


and  now 


Hrst 


n  swayina'  its  body  from  side  to  side,  f' 


dlina'  over  so  far 


that   the   thoracic    filament  of  the  upper   side  became   i)cr]iendicular,  and 
then  drawing  itst'lf  I'orcilily   back    to   an   opposite  ])osition  :  tlu'   muscular 

le  sway- 


:'tfort 


causec 


I  a  considerable  indentation  along  the  fidliuii"  side  of  tl 


mu'  larva  a 


t  tl 


le  |iou 


It  where  the  while  band  widens,  aud  at  which  muscles 


are  attacheil.  The  motion  was  re|)eate(l  about  once  in  threi^  seconds  and 
continiR'd  lor  nearly  thi'ee-(piiirtcrs  of  an  hour;  now  and  then  the  larva 
would  \iolenlly  shake  its  (ilanieuts  or  strain  forwai'd  the  front  of  the  tho- 
racic fieniiieiils,  tlius  gradually  (U'taching  the  old  skin  from  the  new  ;  at 
last,  idler  remaining  ipiiet.  as    if  to   gather  strength    fo 


b 


in  to  make  \  iolcut  contortions,  espi'cia 


llv  al 


lOUt   llie 


final  efibrt,  it 


loracie   rc'nons, 


which   at    first   seemed    inefrectital.  but    suddenly   the    integument   parted 
hetween  the  head  and  body,  and,  by  the   movements  of  the   larva,  passed 

skin,  slipping  over  the  whole   body   at  once  and 
llich  at  the  hinder  extremity.     The  skin  was  with 


k 


iMi'kwaiMl  over  tlie  new 
caving  a  little  empty  pe 


diflieiiltv   removed   from   tl 


lil: 


iments 


s.  es|)eciaily  from  one  wiiose  tip  li 


A 


been  bent  in  the  former  stage,  and  which  only  parted  after  strong  exer- 
tions ;   tl'.e    fresh     filaments    lay    lim|»   along    the    hack    until    they    were 


i:i  rLcjKiNAi:;  axosia  i'lkxipi'ls. 


f-  on 
lo\J 


griidiially  ilniwn  f'orwiinl,  tlic  tip  cliiifiinir  to  the  moist  liody  until  tin;  Ijist  : 
but  tlu>v  <li<l  not  iT£;:iin  tlicir  I'lill  oljisticity  for  sonic  tiniu.  Tlic  roniiiininji' 
jirocess  scjirccly  liistfd  a  niiiuitc :  the  iicnd,  however,  still  remained 
attached  and  was  only  removed  after  repeated  lateral  abrasions  and  violent 
clforts  with  the  front  h'j^s.  After  these  etlorts,  the  insect  remained  (piiet, 
ro!!iimin<?  the  same  attitude,  with  bent  head,  which  it  had  taken  before 
moultinu',  awaiting  uii(hHii)tedly  the  liardcnin};'  of  its  IntcLiiinu  iits.  and  it 
was  nearly  two  hours  before  the  colors  of  the  iiead  became  bright  and 
fixed;  the  larva  then  first  devoured  all  the  old  [lellicle,  except  the  head, 
and  afterward  moved  off  in  search  of  daintier  diet. 

The  chrysalis  and  pupation.  The  chrysalis  usually  haujis  for  aliout 
twelve  days,  ran^'ing  in  Xew  Kuii'laud  generally  from  nine  to  fifteen,  but  in 
the  south,  according  to  Kdwards,  from  five  to  fifteen;  in  one  ease  ho 
rei)orts  it  was  reduced  to  two  days  I  (.)n  the  other  hand  (iundlach  says  it 
hanL!-s  from  eight  to  twelve  days  in  Cuba,  and  Dewitz  gives  twelve  days  as 
the  season  in  Venezuela.  I  have  known  it  to  i)e  extended  here  to  three 
weeks.  I  once  tried  an  ex[)erimeut  with  a  chrysalis  in  the  middle  of 
August  in  a  room  where  a  carefully  graded  thermometer  registere(i  "l.S.i^.VF, 
Placing  the  chrysalis  next  the  iiuli)  of  the  inclined  thermometer  the  mer- 
ciuy  rose  to  l!N.o%  and  on  the  removal  of  the  chrysalis  it  fell  again  to  its 
former  readinu'. 


'I'lu' cliry-iiilis  is  a  licanlifnl  oliji-ct  ami  as  it  linnirs  poiulaiit  from  snmo  old  fence 
boani,  or  from  tlie  aiulor  side  of  an  Asclopias  leaf,  it  reminds  one  of  some  larjri'  ear- 
drop; bat  tlioiifrli  the  jeweller  eonld  suceessfnlly  inntalc  the  form,  ho  niiijlit  well 
despair  of  ever  re]iro(lucin^-  the  clear  pale  lireen,  and  t!ie  Ivory  black  and  ifolden  marks 
which  so  chi'.racterize  it.     (I{il(>y.  loc.  eit,) 

^fr.  (losse  in  writing  of  the  metamorphosis  of  this  species  says  (Let- 
ters from  Alal)ama,  18()-7)  : — 

'Pho  chaniie  of  form  which  the  cnvolved  pnpa  underu;oes  is  most  eonspieuon^^  in 
the  snspended  l)ntterllies;  and  I  have  never  seen  it  more  reniarkable  than  in  tliis  of 
the  arch ippns.  althonijii  t  have  observed  the  metamorphosis  of  many  species.  .  .  .  In  this 
cns<'  llie  al)iiominal  seu;ments  were  at  llrst  much  elonj;ated,  Iieinj;  distinctly  separal)le, 
as  in  tlie  cateriiillar ;  those  of  the  thorax,  on  the  contrary,  were  contracted,  while  the 
wings  were  small,  thick  and  wrinkled  ;  their  extremities  being  free,  for  a  i)nrpos('  -w  e 
shall  soon  discover.  The  whole  skin  was  soft,  moist  and  pulpy,  and  the  color  bright 
green,  with  alternate  yellow  bands,  [n  a  few  hours,  the  abdominal  segments  had 
contracted  into  the  form  of  a  smooth,  blnnt  cone,  all  traces  of  tlie  divisions  being 
lost,  except  wliere  a  line  lino,  scarcely  perceptible,  marked  their  position;  the  tlioracic 
segments  had  mneh  lengthened ,  and  the  wings  now  occMiiied  Mu;  lial  f  of  the  entire  length  ; 
their  tijis,  which  before  were  free,  had  slrelclied  l)eyond  their  llrst  boundary,  far  ox  er 
the  alxlomen,  and  were  now  llxed  in  the  general  ontliiie.  The  whole  surface  was 
become  tense,  hard  and  glossy,  and  the  hue  a  imifonn  g''eenish  white. 

In  describing  the  final  changes  of  the  chrysalis,  Pealo  says  (Lep. 
Amcr.)  : — 

On  the  tenth  day,  the  goUleii  spots  begin  to  lose  their  brilliancy  and  tin;  beautiful 


V-i ' 


J 


740 


Till!;  iiUTTi:uFLii:s  of  XKAV  KXOI.AXI). 


Ki'i'cii  (lisnppi'iirs  ;  llu'  ()raiii;r  wind's  of  the  iiiiprisoiioil  l)iiUcvlIy  now  1)t."foiiK'  visil)lc 
tlii'oiiijli  its  IciiiporaiT  siircopli!ii:iis.  Mliicli  it  bursts  open  on  tlio  follo%vinir  <lii.v  iind 
till'  libci'iitcd  insi'ct  soon  takos  ■\\intj  to  join  its  coninidos,  sflecl  its  uintc,  anil  pass  the 
happy  lionis  of  a  brief  existence  in  rovellinu;  in  the  sweets  of  tlie  tlowefs,  among 
whieli  it  spraiij;  into  beinsr.  [Si)eakinn  <i(  liie  period  of  theehf.vsalis  he  further  savs  :] 
It  is  oidy  durinj;  tlie  summer  that  the  chrysalis  is  }ior};eously  arrayed;  for  by  one  of 
those  wise  provisions  of  nature,  wldcli  so  often  are  obvious  to  the  student  of  her 
Avorks,  it  has  Iieen  decreed  that  the  green  and  ;rolil  shall  be  sported  only  wldlst  tlie 
prevalence  of  verdure  serves  to  ,i.'uard  the  insect  in  its  most  helpless  state,  from  the 
analoiry  of  colors. 

Life  history.  This  Imttortly  pusses  tlie  wiiitor  in  tlic  imago  state.  In 
soutiiern  lalitiules,  iiceordiiig  to  Edwards,  wlio  has  given  it  closest  atten- 
tion, it  appears  early  in  the  spring  and  lays  eggs  upon  the  milk  weed  just 
out  of  the  ground,  heginning  in  AA'est  A'irginia  in  the  early  part  of  j\Iay. 
The  insect  matures  there  very  rapidly,  and  passes  through  several  genera- 
tions, iiceording  to  ]\fr.  Edwards  at  least  three,  and  prohably  four,  in  the 
course  of  the  season,  the  latest  hrood  of  the  hnttcrtlies  hihernating.  Hiley, 
who  was  first  to  give  a  tolerably  full  life  history  of  the  insect,  claimed 
that  in  Missouri  it  was  double  brooded,  the  broods  ajjpearing  in  the  latter 
half  of  Jimc  and  in  October.  In  New  England,  however,  what  we  can 
learn  of  the  buttertly  indiciites  a  somewhat  different  history.  Some  years 
ago  in  pidilishing  an  accoiuit  of  its  history  here,  I  claimed  th.it  the  insect 
was  only  single  brooded,  first  coming  out  of  hibernation  at  the  end  of 
June  and  early  in  Jidy,  laying  eggs  for  a  month  or  so.  and  the  butter- 
Hies  from  these  eggs  hibernating.  A  great  many  jioints  concerning  its 
history  botii  here  anil  elsewhere  have  been  brought  out  since  then  and  the 
facts  as  we  know  them  at  present  may  })robably  be  interpreted  somewhat 
in  this  way. 

Tiie  buttcrHics,  whicli  are  far  more  numerous  in  the  late  autumn  than 
at  any  other  time,  seek  winter  rpiarters  to  hibernate,  either  by  migrating 
southward  or  by  hiding  on  our  own  territory,  but  with  very  rare  excep- 
tions, north  of  the  natiu'al  division  line  of  the  Canadian  and  Alleghanian 
faunas,  and  even  to  a  considerable  distance  to  the  south  of  this,  say  iit  the 
line  of  the  restricted  mirthern  limits  of  the  latter,  possibly  sometimes 
throughout  the  entire  district  of  New  England,  every  single  specimen  that 
remains  with  us  perishes.  Now  and  then  an  old  and  battered  female  may 
be  foiuid  in  the  month  of  INIay,  but  we  have  actually  on  record  as  far  as  I 
can  discover  but  two  or  three  instances  of  this,  and  one  of  these  is  not 
specific.  Mr.  E.  II.  .Sprague  has  a  record  of  one  specimen  seen  near 
Boston,  May  9,  1<S<S0.  A  female  nnich  worn  and  faded  wtis  found  ^lay 
12  at  Amherst  by  Professor  Parker,  and  in  another  year  they  were  found 
by  ^Ir.  W.  n.  Marsh  on  May  1,'»  and  May  21  at  the  same  place ;  while 
Mr.  Caulfield  speaks  in  general  terms*  of  the  ajipearance  of  butterflies  in 

*  I  believe  this  last  a  niistiike. 


i;UrL()i:iNAE:    AXOSIA  I'LKXIITL'S. 


741 


Montreal  in  May.  In  tlie  cxtrcnie  .sontlicin  iKntitin-  of  \cw  r:ii.liMul 
and  the  ncijflilxjring  ditstricts,  we  li:i.ve  not  infrei|iicnt  ;i|i|)(i;riinces  ol'  liilier- 
natini>-  hnttertlies  early  in  INIay.  l)Ut  neither  liiliernator-  nor  llieir  ]iio<i;eny 
in  the  iireparatory  !<tafics, — the  only  alisolntejy  certain  ])root'  of  an  earlv 
l)r()iiil, — are,  with  possiijly  rare  exeeptions,  to  he  t'ouml  in  tlie  northern  halt 
or  more  of  New  Knj^dand,  either  in  .May  or  early  in  ,Iune.  'I'he  first  oe- 
enrrenee  of  the  insert  there  in  any  form  is  nnieh  later  in  the  season,  gen- 
erally Ijy  the  middle  of  June,  oeeasioualiy  hy  the  very  first,  sometimes 
not  until  the  very  end  of  this  month,  when  fine  fresh  hnttertlies  make  their 
appearance,  at  about  the  game  time  as,  or  a  trifle  later  than  the  advent  a 
little  further  south  of  the  first  fresh  brood  of  liuttertlies  from  eirirs  of  the 
same  season,  thus  giving  all  tlie  appearance  throughout  New  Kngland  of 
an  identical  swarm  of  huttcrtlies,  varying  in  time  from  those  found  next 
the  southern  borders  of  New  England  only  so  :nueh  as  would  be  expected 
from  latitude. 

This  brood  is  in  my  opinion  to  be  accounted  for  only  on  the  sujiposition 
that  they  are  <n]i>it!sts  from  the  koii///,  which  have  Hown  to  more  north- 
ern districts  from  that  im])ulsc  to  -wander  which  is  one  of  the  psychologi- 
cal characteristics  of  this  butterfly.  This  hy|)otliesis  is  further  supported 
by  the  essentially  tropical  nature  of  the  i)utterHy,  which  would  jjrevent 
its  establishing  itself  as  a  pennanent  resident  rather  than  as  an  annual 
visitor  of  northern  districts:  by  its  well-known  vast  [lower  of  flight,  of 
which  illustrations  have  been  given  ;  as  well  as  by  its  C(unpi.rati\c  history 
in  the  south  and  iiy  the  known  autunui  migi'ations  of  the  liuttertlv  in  tiic 
opposite  direction,  of  which  we  have  given  proof.  Tiiese  butterflies  begin 
in  New  Kngland  to  lay  their  eggs  usually  in  the  first  week  in  .Inly, 
but  occasionally  as  early  as  the  nuddle  of  June.  Dr.  Harris  records  some 
caterpillars  found  on  the  28th  of -June  which  had  reached  the  length  of  an 
inch  on  the  oth  of  July,  and  I  have  found  them  in  Shirley,  ^Sfass.,  of  the 
length  of  six  millimetres,  therefore  prol)ai)]y  in  the  second  stage,  on  the  22d 
of  June.  These  were  unusually  early  cateri)illai's  of  the  brood  which  had 
flown  from  the  south  and  which  sometimes  makes  its  adv(>nt  earlv  in  June. 
Both  Mr.  F.  II.  Sprague  and  myself  have  found  them  about  Uoston  as 
early  as  the  2d  of  this  month  in  good  condition,  and  single  additional 
specimens  were  found  in  the  same  year  by  Mv.  Sprague  un  the  Mth  and 
loth  of  June.*  They  never,  however,  become  at  all  abundant  before  the 
first  week  in  July,  when  the  eggs  are  ordinarily  laid.     The  eggs  continue 

*  Since  this  nocomil  of  tlio  life  liisfory  was  imssnl  tlie  winter  iiiiseallii'd,  iis  I  tliink  lU'ver 

tirst  piilili.-lied  (I'syelie,  v:  OH)  Jlr.  S|irii^'iu'  liiipiiens.  fi-i>-.ii  all  aceouiits.    Tlie  season  was 

observed  a  sinirle  liuttertlv  on  May  ;!0  in  a  liaekwaoi  this  year.    .May  25  I  saw  the  tirst 

"lierfeetly   fresh  eondition";  and  as  daring-  yoiiniriilants  in  a  pntili  of  .\sele|iiasiii  a  sunny 

the  same  season  (1S8S)  no  Aselepias  was  o)(?  o^'  sjiot  on  a  lawn  which  1  had  examined  every 

ther/roiinil  in  the  vieinily  of  Hoston  liefore  two  days  for  a  I'lirtninlit.  and  a  eomparisoii 

May  20th,  it  is  evident  tliaf<Mt!ier  it  had  Hown  with  other  sjiots  makes  me  eonlident  of  tlio 

from    tlie    sontli,    as    I    helieve,  or   that    it  statement  aliove, 


742 


Till-;   Miri'KltlMKS  OF   NKW    i;N(il,ANI». 


tu  lie  laid  tliroiiuliniit  tlii.-^  entire  niniitli  witlidiit  ;mv  inlei'ru|iliiiii  iind,  witli 
kf^s  f'rei|iicney,  tliroiiulioiit  a  eonsidei'iilile  piirt,  ^dinetiiiie.-^  tlie  wliole  ut" 
Aiiyii.^t. 

As  regards  tlie  latiT  liistory  of  this  liiittertly  in  tlio  nortli,  we  are  still 
soniewliat  in  iloulit.  .Mr.  i'jhvards  urjies  with  great  pertinacity  that  the 
hehaviiir  of  the  liulterlly  ii  the  north  is  alto^^'etlier  parallel  to  its  lieiia\ior 
ill  the  .south,  lint  this  would  hardly  sei'ui  as  yet  to  ht-  settled  :  at  any  rate 
the  a]ipearanee  of  the  latest  fresh  huttertlies  of  the  season  may  easily  lie 
aeeounted  for  on  the  supposition  that  thi'y  wvvv  produeeil  l'ro?u  v'j^iis  laid 
l)\-  the  older  feuiides  of  tlie  lir>t  lirood  of  colonists.  For  the  olist'r\cr  will 
uoliee  tiiat  cu'u's  are  laid  Ky  liiuterllies  hoth  in  a  fairly  fresh  coiidititJii  and 
also  liy  those  which  have  heiii  iiiion  the  winj^'  a  huiu'  lime,  and  the  closest 
observations  I  ha\e  lieen  alile  to  _iri\'c  through  many  summers,  hoth  of 
liuttiM'tlies  seen  in  the  act  of  ile[)ositinj>"  their  eg'g.s  and  of  the  contents  of 
the  ovaries  of  others,  lead  me  strongly  to  the  coiniction  that  this  hiitterfly 
re(piiri's  more  tr.an  a  hrief  time  for  o\iposition,  the  eggs  maturing  hy 
degrees  and  not  lieing  fully  laid  until  the  liuttertiy  has  been  upon  the  wing 
at  least  an  entire  month.  Tlu'  examination  of  liuttertlies  fresh  from  thechry- 
s-alis  shows  that  the  eggs  are  never  entirely  matiu'e  at  this  time,  while  on 
the  other  hand  these  hiittertlie.s  retain  their  freshness  of  appearaiun'  for  a 
long"r  time  than  usual  after  they  have  come  from  the  chrysalis.  That 
there  is  easily  time  tor  a  second  iirood  of  huttertlies  from  the  eggs  laid  hy 
the  progeny  oi'  the  Krst  colonists  (basing  our  judgment  u[ion  the  facts  as 
triven  us  bv  Mr.  Kdwards  in  the  south)  there  can  be  little  doubt,  but  the 
proof  of  such  a  second  brood  has  yet  to  be  given.  AMiile,  therefore,  I  am 
comiielled  by  the  facts  that  have  been  advanced  since  my  iirst  aceoiuit  of 
this  s[iecie.s  was  published  (  l.s7."))  to  modify  my  statement  in  one  respect,  I 
am  still  incliiu'd  to  think  it  in  the  main  ecu'rect,  viz.  that  this  l)iitterfiy  is 
normally  single  brooded  througliout  the  larger  [lart  of  New  England,  but 
that  it  requires  an  aiuiual  visitation  of  colonists  from  the  south  to 
exist  at  all,  the  hibernating'  butterflies  perishing  anmially,  almost  to  an 
indi\idual. 

Mr.  Kdwards  entertains  a  ditlerent  opinion  regarding  its  life  history  in 
Xew  Knglaiid,  and  does  not  believe  that  the  buttiM'llics  which  have  hiber- 
nated perish  to  any  such  extt'ut  as  I  have  jiresumed  :  anil,  because  single 
instances  of  hibernating  butterilics  have  been  found  in  ^[assachusetts,  he 
considers  thiit  "  this  settles  the  matter."  But  he  fails  to  take  note  of  the 
fact  that  Amherst,  the  only  place  in  which  these  hibernating  butterflies 
have  yet  been  found  in  so  northern  a  latitude  as  !^^assaehusetts,  is  in  the 
Connecticut  valley,  where  the  isotherms  trend  northward,  and  which  is  but 
a  C()m{)arati\ely  short  distance  north  of  those  regions  in  southern  Con- 
necticut, in  the  valley  of  the  same  river,  wiiiM-e  it  is  not  improbable  that 
hibernating  butterflies  may  be  found  in  uU  favorable  years  ;  nor  is  he,  per- 


1. 


KUl'F.OKIXAK:    AXOSIA   I'LIlXII'l'IS. 


'43 


liiips,  aware  tliat  tlic  valley  (if  this  river  is  one  in  wliieli  soiitiiern  lnitter- 
flics  find  their  way  farther  north  than  at  any  other  point  in  New  Knirhind, 
exeejitinjf  in  some  instances  aionjn'  the  seahoard. 

My  own  eolleetinj,'  in  \ew  Knyland.  where  this  hnttertly  is  nnieli  less 
eoniinon  than  further  south,  leads  nie  to  lieljc  ve  that  it  is  far  easier  to  oh- 
tain  it  hy  search  for  tlu'  caterpillar  on  tlie  h  ives  of  Asclepias.  than  hv 
capture  upon  the  wiuir  ;  and  I  would  rather  di .  ide  upon  the  |)reseiice  of 
l)UtterHies  in  any  jiarticnlar  district  liy  a  search  for  plants  of  Asclepias  in 
siutahle  8p()t8  tlian  l»y  watchinir  for  the  huttertlies  ;  so  that  the  failure  year 
after  year  to  find  siieli  larvae  on  yonnj;-  and  tender  |ilants  in  tlie  verv  spots) 

which  are  invariahly  chosen  liy  the  .Inly  hutterfly  wher i   to  deposit  its 

efi'gs,  is  to  uie  very  stn  ,<■  proof  that  the  hutterfiy  (hies  not  ordinarily  exist 
in  any  form  dnrin.n;  the  early  mouths  of  the  year  in  regions  that  I  have 
searched.  Ke^'ardini;'  the  later  l)r(iods  it  may  he  added  that  the  oliserva- 
ti(jns  of  ^[r.  .Marsh,  who  raised  hutterfiies  as  late  as  the  latter  hall"  of  ( )cto- 
l)cr  and  even  in  Xovemlier,  were  made,  in  jiart  at  least,  upon  housed 
larvae,  and  that  at  this  late  epoch  of  the  year  the  transformations  of  the 
insect  arc  very  much  slower  than  they  are  earlier  in  the  season.  Tlnis 
Mr.  Marsh  himself  states  that  the  pujial  jieriod  in  Octolier  is  aliont  three 
weeks,  while  in  Soptemlier  it  is  only  about  a  fortuiylst.  In  midsninmer  it 
is  aliont  ten  to  twelve  (hiys. 

Mr.  Hdwards,  acceptinii;  a  suirifestion  of  Mr.  ^^arsh,  furtlier  lu'ces  tliat 
the  failui'e  to  discover  the  hiliernators  in  the  sjirinu'  is  due  to  their  raritv  in 
the  autumn,  and  the  lattei' from  tlie  tact  that  in  New  Knuland  the  fields 
are  often  mowed  for  a  second  crop,  and  that  with  tin'  hay  yreat  (piantities 
of  milk  weed  are  cut  down.  IJul  aside  from  tiie  fact  tliat  the  lari:er  part 
of  the  milkweeds  inhaliited  l>y  the  caterpillars  are  found  hv  the  side  of 
roads  and  lanes  and  in  close  vicinity  to  shruhliery.  where  it  is  not  disturlied 
hy  the  scythe,  there  is  a  sin,ule  fact  which  renders  this  argument  alisohitely 
useless,  viz.,  that  the  imago  is  usually  far  more  aliundant  late  in  the  season 
than  at  any  other  time  in  the  year,  sometimes  swiirming  to  an  excessive 
extent,  and  found  in  \ew  Kngland  in  the  same  almndance  that  it  is  so 
often  fiKUid  in  the  west.  Yet  so  far  as  I  have  heen  aide  to  find  from  in- 
(juiries  (unfortunately  not  made  at  the  time)  in  no  instance  have  hilier- 
nators  heen  seen  in  years  immediately  su<'ceeding  autumns  which  have 
witnessed  a  vast  profusion  of  liutterHies,  nor  have  autumns  of  great  almnd- 
ance heen  followed  hy  springs  of  plenty. 

In  the  extreme  south  the  hutterfiies  do  not  hihernate,  hut  contimie  on 
the  wing  throughout  the  winter.  Mr.  'I'haxter  often  oiiscrvcd  them  pair- 
ing in  the  winter  in  Florida  (Can.  ent.,  xii  :  ."«)  while  they  were  in  fiocks 
(which  he  recently  writes  me  were  first  ohserved  hy  him  .lamiaiy  ;^,  iNTd), 
and  although,  as  hefore  stated,  Dr.  ('hapman  finds  them  rare  in  Florida 
from  May  to  >i'ovend)er.  (iosse  in  Alabama  re|iorts  a   larva   in  dune,  and 


i44 


llli:   IIL'TTKIU'I.IKS  OK   NKW    i:.\(il-AM». 


ill  (Jforj^iii,  iVIiliDt  ri'cords  Mil  iiii;ij,'n  May  11,  rnmi  ii  iiirva  wliirli  ciitcivd 
the  clirv.siili.H  April  2').  ^Ir.  Kdwiinis  thinks  tluro  ari-  at  least  four  suc- 
cessive lii'Odds  in  West  N'irginia.  His  statements  sh()\v  that  this  may  he, 
liiit  not  that  it  is  the  ease. 

The  t'ollowiiiii'  aeconnt  of  its  annual  liiston',  as  seen  i)y  an  iiidei»eiident 
observer  in  southern  Ontario,  may  he  of  interest  litre : — 

'I'li.'v  iimko  t]M'ir  npiicaraiici'  hero  fihoiit  tin;  latter  part  of  May,  tircdrdln;,'  ns  tin; 
scaso.i  favors;  lliii  tirst  ones  ari^  n'sllcs?.  aii<l  t'luT^jiaic,  liki'  males  lnokiiiLr  for  mates; 
not  ill  lln!  lea>t  lirokeii  or  ilaiiiay;e(l ;  iiol  so  rich  ami  liri^lit  in  eolor  as  fall  siiecimeiis, 
Iml  fairly  ;;oocl  willial.  In  a  >veek  or  m>  tliey  lieconie  more  pleiilifiil  and  begin  lo 
iiiate,  ami  for  a  time;  are  scarcely  scon  Iml  In  pairs.  Shortly  after  egu's  may  tic  fonml 
on  the  llower  clnsters  of  the  milk  weed,  >vhlch  is  not  yet  in  bloom.  They  ni'vor  seem 
to  entirely  disappear  till  fall,  fresh  hatched  siicdinens  iniimllii!;  with  the  old  battered 
ones  of  the  early  season.  'I'lielr  coiidnct  in  sprliii;  is  (piile  in  harmony  with  thai  of 
species  which  hatch  from  llie  chrysalis  here.  If  they  hilieniated  In  lids  locality,  I 
should  exi)ect  tlieni  to  pnl  in  an  appearance  a  i;ood  deal  earlier  tlianlhey  do.  (.Moll'at, 
Can.  enl. ,  x.\  ;  l;!7.) 


\ 

t 


.1' 


,i. 


h  ' 


llf^ 


<wll 


Habits,  flight,  etc.  This  insect,  as  remarked  hy  Dr.  IJehr,  has  strong 
powers  ol'tliji'lit ;  .Mr.  IV'thiine  states  that  when  crossiiiir  Cieorf,nan  Hay,  in 
Canada,  lie  oliserved  one  of  these;  huttertlies  (ifteeii  or  twenty  miles  I'roin 
land,  iind  Douhleday  says  he  has  t'reepiently  seen  it  "cross  the  Ohio  and 
Mississippi,  when  these  streams  are  more  than  a  mile  in  breadth."  It  is 
also  stated  (Can.  cut.,  xii :  l.")7)  that  it  has  been  captured  "hundreds  of 
miles  from  land,"  on  the  Atlantic,  and  we  have  already  shown  that  this  is 
but  a  faint  <lisi)lay  of  its  powers.  It  flies  with  a  slow  and  sailing  motion, 
usually  not  far  above  the  ground,  hovering  fondly  over  the  Asclepias  blos- 
soms as  if  it  had  not  lost  its  juvenile  tastes,  and,  if  a  female  intent  on  laying 
an  egg,  Hiittcring  indecisively  around  the  top  of  this  plant,  and  invariably 
settling  upon  the  upper  leaves.  One  may  sometimes  be  observed  Hying 
leisurely  about  one  sunny  s])ot  which  has  some  attraction  for  it ;  it  flutters 
its  wings  once  or  twice,  and  then  holding  them  rigidly  at  an  angle  of  about 
120"  a[)art,  floats  on  the  air,  swaying  a  bit  to  one  side  or  the  other,  tlaps  its 
wings  again,  and  then  sails  once  more  with  a  slightly  descending  course.  If 
alarmed,  it  will  tly  away  with  considerable  swiftness,  in  a  nearly  straight 
course.  When  in  com[)any,  the  huttertlies  are  often  seen  at  great  heights, 
sporting  together.  Mr.  Saunders  speaks  of  them  as  "gyrating  in  a 
wild  manner,  at  all  heights,  some  so  far  up  that  they  appeared  but  as 
moving  specks  in  the  sky,  others  floating  lower,  over  the  tops  of  the  trees, 
in  an  ajjparently  aimless  manner"  (Can.  ent.,  iii :  1 ")(?). 

On  the  sea  shore  they  have  a  fondness  for  following  the  course  of  the  beach 
or  bluff,  as  if  enjoying  the  sea  view.  I  have  followed  one  for  nearly  a 
mile  along  the  Nantucket  bluffs,  when  it  would  not  vary  its  course  a  hun- 
dred feet  to  one  side  or  the  other.     It  is  astir  until  a  late  hour  of  the  day, 


EUl'LOEIXAK:    AXOSIA    I'l-KXII'IT.S. 


746 


and  I  have  seen  it  riyinj^  within  hiilf  un  h<tiir  of  sunset.  It  appears  to 
be  most  active,  says  D'Urhan  (Can.  nat.,  ii  :'.\')2) 

wlicn  tlu;  iitiiKisplicrc  is  clmr^'od  \\\[\i  iloclricity.  mid  cirtcii.  in  tinMicatli-liiic  ciiliiis 
\vlilcli  iircccdi^  11  tliiiiidcr-stdi'iii  in  llic  (■(iiintry,  \\iu'ii  iml,  ii  Ijrc-ilii  nf  uimi  niltii's  llio 
^.'liissy  siirfiici^  of  till'  wiitcr,  and  tlir  iiirid  floiids  nvc  lini'i'viiiir  up  rnim  liic  liorl/nn, 
oni'  of  tlu'si'  s|iiciidiil  iiuttiTllios  may  \w  simmi  lloalini;  past,  on  liic  siiiiry  air,  liivo  ii  iiur- 
llld  of  tliu  aiiproarliiii^  .storm. 

D'Urhan  adds  in  tiic  same  place  tiiat  it  iiad  hecn  named  to  iiim  in  ids 
yoiitii  as  tiie  "  storm  fritiliary"  ;  ami  if  it  lie  really  an  independent  idea, 
the  folliiwinjf  (piotation  from  Moilht,  read  in  the  same  connection,  is  of 
particular  interest. 

1  roj;ard  it  as  a  [larticnlarly  intiTcstini;  croatiu't'  In  every  rcsiicct;  ftltlionicli  so  coin- 
nioii,  it  is  iii'MT  '■  vnijrar,"  never  in  a  iiiirry;  it  lias  tlie  easy  irraee  of  tlu;  lelsuroly 
class.  I  have  tiioniiiit  tliat  one  \vlio  lias  seen  it  only  in  an  open  eomitry  eaii  form  lint 
nil  inadeipiate  conception  of  liie  diversity  of  its  nioveiiii'iits  on  t!ie  mIiij;.  To  seo  one 
on  a  brifjlit  snniiiier  day,  -when  ii  still' breeze  is  blnwiiif;,  disport  itself  alioiit  the  wlde- 
spreiidint,' top  of  a  lil.uli  tree,  is  a  ulioko  pleasure.  It  seems  to  fairly  revel  with  de- 
liillit  in  a  fjalo;  noAv  it  rolls  and  tos.ses  and  lionvos,  always  lieadln^'  a^'niiist  the  wind; 
now  it  spreads  Its  sails  to  the  brce/.e,  and  is  hurried  violently  backward  and  upward; 
aj;ain  it  furls  tliem,  and.  slowly  descemliiiijand  advancim;,  it  describes  a  variety  of  tlie 
most  charmiiii.'ly  j;raci'fiil  curves  and  waves  and  uiidnlatioiis  imairiiialile ,  a  tliinij;  of 
bcanty  to  look  at.  and  a  joy  to  tliink  of  forever  after,  .\tteinpts  I'l've  In  en  made  to 
atiacli  to  it  common  names.  I  iiave  tiioiiiilit,  when  watcliini;  one  at  sncii  i  lime,  that 
"  the  storm  kiii.i;"  would  be  very  appropriate,  and  iiuite  belitting  it»  regal  character. 
(Can.  cut.,  xx  :  1;!7.; 

AVhen  settled  and  on  the  aleit,  the  e<loe  of  the  hind  wings  rests  upon 
the  frniiiiid,  while  the  liody  is  raised  anteriiu'ly  to  the  height  of  the  le  igth 
of  the  middle  tihiae  and  tarsi  ;  the  wings  are  in  constant  motion,  being 
slowly  lowered  and  rapidly  raised,  while  the  antennae,  hent  downward 
close  to  the  hase,  are  extended  on  a  line  with  the  liody  ;  the  latter  arc 
nearly  straight  liiit  a  little  sinuous,  and  are  di  veigent  at  an  angle  of  100° 
the  chil)  being  iient  downward  and  outward,  the  tips  ;]()  mm.  apart.  \\'iien 
the  buttertly  is  at  complete  rest,  the  wings  are  tightly  closed,  overlapping 
so  as  to  conceal  all  the  brighter  parts  of  the  fore  wings  ;  the  antennae, 
while  retaininu;  the  same  curve  nnd  diverwnce  as  before,  droi)  to  an  ansrlc 
of  about  40\      \V'hen  settled  on  a  flower,  the  wings  droop  heavily. 

The  iaitterHy  has  a  curious  haljit  of  occasionally  moving  one  of  its  palp 
outward  over  the  eyes  and  back  again,  while  turning  its  head  in  the  str-i'C 
direction. 

Miscellaneous.  The  buttertly  has,  as  Mr.  Kiley  writes,  a  rank  but 
not  very  strong  smell.  Exjierimcnt  shows  that  all  the  scales  have  a  car- 
roty odor,  and  that  those  in  the  pouch  of  the  hind  wings  differ  from  them 
only  in  being  stronger  scented  with  a  slightly  honied  character.  It  is  well 
known  that  this  odor  or  some  nauseous  taste  or  both  render  the  insect  dis- 
tasteful to  insectivorous  creatures,  and  that  they  serve,  to  some  degree  at 

04 


Mi 


■!>■■■ 

A 

I:  J 

^%i 

■f 

;l 

'% 

k< 

r46 


tin;  iuti'Khfmks  ok  nkw  i;n(;i,am). 


iinv  rate,  as  i\  protcctioii.  This  arcoiiiit.x  t'lilly  for  (In.  t'i('(|iii'ii('v  wiili  \\h\rh 
it  is  isiiiiwii  111  swarm.  \\\-  Unw  already  riialcd  in  iis  |ir(i|i(i'  jilaci'  linw 
it  lias  Ipci'cinic  an  Mliji'c't  ol'  iini'uiisi'idiis  miniicry  liy  a  liiiltcitiv  nf'  iinitc  ii 
(lilli'icnt  ii;n)ii|i — iSasilardiia  ai'clii|i|iii>.  It  lias  liccn  noticiil  hy  .Ijick  tlmf 
it,  anil  otiicr  larp'  bnlti'i'lliis  nf  the  same  rulur  an'  |i(i'sist(iitlv  lidliiwril 
in  llicir  tliylit  liy  I'liyrimlcs  iliarus  and  ntlit  r  small,  ml  ImlirrllicN  as  iltlir 
nicrr  cidiii'  wtvc  a  |iii>li'(iion.  '•'i'liiy  aiiLilil  wlicn  ilic  iar^i'  linllcrliv 
(lues.  risiiiLT  only  wlicn  tiic  lar^^cr  insert  takes  to  lliulit  ajfain." 

'{"lie  lenaeity  iit'  life  ol'  tlic  \\  linje  nriinp  is  reniai'l\aMi'.  'i'rimen  tells  ns 
tliat  Siintli  AtViean  s|pecies  eani.dit,  |)inelied  (a  ei)ninii>n  riMin;|i  wav  of 
killinj:  linttcrflies  liy  eolleetnrs)  and  |iinind.  wunlil  un  teniuval  ot'  the  pin 
'•My  ntl'in  a  noni'liaiaiit  manner  as  it' niitliini,^  liad  liapiiened"  ;  and  \V .  'V. 
I)a\i-i  reeiirils  an  instaiiee  of  a  pinned  eln'y>alis  de\t|ii|Mn;;- the  iinajin  ipiite 
as  ir  nothinu'  hiid  happened  to  it.  Louis  Mitchell,  ut'  N'orwieji.  kept  a 
t'emali'  in  the  house  until  DeeeminT  10,  forty  days  after  her  enier"cneo 
from  the  chrysalis,  hy  feedinjr  her  with  sweetened  water  :  and  he  thinks 
she  wonlil  have  HmiI  l(>n;_''er  lint  for  a  wardiaii  case  in  the:  I'ooni,  and  an 
she  persisted  in  keeping'  near  the  u'las.-  liei' w  inys  were  eontiniiallv  drenclud 
hy  the  nioistMre  colleeteil  on  it. 

.lulins  Meyer  relates  how  ohserv  in;;- one  of  these  Imtteillii  s  sctllinj;-  itself 
for   the   nij;'ht  directly   under  a    liower  of  Aselepias   instead   of   upon    its 
acc'itstonied    dry   twi^s   on    trees,  he    drew    nearer    to   oliser\t'   it,  when    a 
humminu'liird  came  to  \  isit  the  same  tlower. 

Scarcely  liiid  I  olisi'i'vcil  it.  than  mil  nislicii  llir  ImttiTlly  ami  fiirimisly  iillackoil  tlio 
bird,  wliicli  111  iiii  instant  S(ini;lil  sal'i'ly  in  |iri'ei|iilalc  lll^lit.  rnllciwcil  closely  liy  tliu 
insi'ct  till  lost  to  vii'W  in  tin' distaiic"'.  Aiiia/.i'd  at  >o  slranirca  siu'i-lacle,  I  stood  uiioii 
the  spot,  i;a/.iiijr  in  llie  dir'Ttion  uln'ri'  tliry  had  disapiicari'd  I'm'  sonu'  live  iniiiiiti's  or 
more,  wliin  to  my  siirpi'lsc  and  plcasin'c  1  saw  llic  luillirlly  roiniinr  liiick,  which, -whoii 
near  till' Mower  Hew  ilia  wide  circiiil  ai'oniid  it.  as  if  to  aseei'lain  whether  another 
ciu'iiiy  liad  talceii  possession  ol'  it  or  not.  Then  lessening;  lis  llijiht  it  liiially  veiituruil 
upon  the  liower  auaiii ;  lint  lii'init  niiicli  iiftilaled  walked  nearly  all  over  tlie  plant 
ri'iiealediy  until  it  (iiially  settled  uiioii  its  eliosen  place  for  its  iiij;litly  rest.  (Bull. 
Hrookl.  eiit.  soc.  ii :  71.) 


-Mr.  Ili'iiry  Edwards  lias  ohserved  the  hiittorHy  at  the  electric  lii,dit. 

l\[y  sou  tells  me  that  one  afternoon,  late  in  the  snmincr,  at  aho'it  five 
oY'loL'k,  the  last  specimen  of  msiiiy  he  had  seen  flyiiij;'  alij^hted,  apparently 
for  the  nifiht,  on  the  withered  brown  end  of  a  fir  twijx,  which  l)ein<j  nnieh 
nearer  its  own  color  than  the  liviiifr  j^reen  branch,  would  afford  better 
protection  dtiring  its  rest.  The  reseniblancc  in  color  was  indeed  so  close 
as  to  iittract  his  attention. 

Parasites.  It  has  been  get. orally  supposed  that  the  insect  was  not 
only  free  from  attack  by  the  hiirher  aninitils,  btit  from  insect  foes.  This 
is  true  only  to  a  limited  extent,  for,  though  hy  no  means  so  harried  as  arc 
others,  it  has  its  fair  share  of  foes.     Mr.  Kiley  wrote  me,  as  long  ago  aa 


pA" 


M^'' 


KUrU)KINAi:;   AXOSIA   I'l.KXin'US. 


747 


IHH,  lluit  Mr.  Siiiiii(lcr.s  liail  ln-i-d  iin  Iclincminin  iVoin  it,  Imt  in'tliing 
more  \H  known  ot'  it.  .Mr.  (".  1'.  (iiilcttc,  however,  Im.s  hred  a  I'tenmia- 
Ins,  I',  areliipiti  (Can.  ent.,  xx  :  IX\)  in  eonsideralile  nnniherH,  over  titty 
liavinn;  iieen  reared  t'roni  a  Mingle  jinpa.  'I'iiey  einer^'d  from  the  naiiie  on 
Se|itenil)er  \'.\.  From  t'<x<^n  Kent  nn,' t'roni  West  Vir;;inia  \>y  .Mr.  Kdwards. 
I  reare(l  several  Hpeeirnens  of  Trieiiojframnni  intermedium  (89  :H);  and 
linally,  to  round  out  the  forms  of  paraHitinm,  Dr.  Ivih'y  years  ai,'o  found 
a  dipterous  jiarasitc;  ( .Maseieera  areiiippivora  (89:  !«)  in  tlie  larva,  whieh 
woinetinies  is  so  persistent  in  its*  uttaeks  tliat  not  one  eateriiiilar  in  fifty  is 
free  from  it. 

Desiderata.  Althougli  this  interestinj,'  hutterfly  is  one  of  our  hest 
known  species,  there  are  several  points  in  dispute  rej^'ardinj:  it,  and  many 
feature.-*  in  its  liintory  wliieli  need  further  investinatiun.  Tiie  movenuiits- 
of  the  huttertly  in  the  sprinj,'  and  in  tiie  autunm  will  re(piire  svstematic 
an<l  eoneerted  ohservation  (jver  a  wide  extent  of  territory  hefore  their  satis- 
factory solution  e.m  he  expected.  Whore  swarms  and  lievies  occur,  they 
should  !)(•  carefully  ohscrved  from  day  today,  and  hour  to  hour,  to  study 
the  movements  and  intent  of  the  throni,'.  The  whole  cpiestion  of  the  rei,ni- 
lar  or  irrej.nilar  inij.n-ation  of  huttertlies  can  l)e  studied  hetter  with  this  spe- 
cies than  with  any  other  in  the  world,  hecause  there  is  none  so  sid)je(,'t  to 
conjrre;fational  movements  which  is  found  where  so  many  intellifxent  ob- 
servers are  stationed.  If,  as  J  helievo,  there  is  over  the  entire  extent  of 
the  country  iidialiited  hy  it,  at  least  east  of  the  Hoeky  ^fountains  and 
north  of  the  (iidf  States,  a  periodic  movement  of  the  hutterilv,  to  the 
south  iu  the  season  which  corresponds  to  the  end  of  .Scpteniher  in  New 
Knjxland,  and  to  the  north  in  the  time  of  the  fu'st  (and  in  the  middle  licit 
of  the  second)  season  of  egg  liiying.  then  oliservers  ought  to  note  *//  l/ic.-:e 
pirloilx  the  general  direction  of  movement — not  over  a  few  feet  or  rods, 
hut  as  far  as  tlu'  eye  can  follow  them — of  as  many  specimens  as  possiMe, 
taliulate  them  and  puhlish  the  results.  Hy  this  means  1  helieve  a  periodic 
moveuient  could  finally  lie  as  well  estalilished  as  the  annual  migrations 
of  birds  ;  to  this  work  every  one  can  contriliute  who  knows  the  Lutterify 
liy  sight. 

Then  we  need  many  more  careful  oliservations  on  the  inuuunitv  sup- 
posed to  be  enjoyed  by  this  butterfly  in  its  viirious  stages — an  imnnmity 
certainly  not  perfect,  and  the  exact  nature  and  extent  of  which  will  reward 
only  patient  and  conscientious  field  work.  Jt  would  be  interestingto  know 
the  comparative  willingness  with  which  insectivorous  birds  would  devour 
the  eaterjiillar  and  that  of  Papilio  polyxcnes,  whieh  bears  some  resem- 
blance to  it.  The  life  history,  and  pariicularly  the  nundier  of  broods  in  a 
season,  should  lu'  worked  out  independently  in  many  places,  and  for  sev- 
eral seasons  in  each,  to  determine  ((uestions  in  whieh  writers  are  at 
variance.     For  this  the  condition  and  abundance  of  the  butterfly  should 


748 


THE  BUTTERFLIES  OF  NEW  ENGLAND. 


be  observed  from  week  to  week,  .and  with  it  the  relative  miinbers  of  eatcr- 
pilhirs  in  eaeii  ^*tago,  tabuhiting  all  the  facts  that  can  l)e  obtained,  includ- 
ing observations  of  the  ovaries  of  such  females  as  are  captured.  The 
following  would  seem  to  me  an  interesting  and  valuable  ex|icriment  for  some 
one  having  access  to  a  green-house  empty  in  suuuner  to  try  :  place  togetlier 
males  and  females  rearedfrom  July  caterpillars  in  the  northern  half  of  New 
Kngland,  icithoiit  other  odiiu'.rthre,  in  such  a  green-house,  covering  the 
open  windows  with  netting  to  prevent  escape,  and  j)lacing  an  abundance  of 
Asc'.epiads  in  Idoom  and  in  young  shoots  within.  If  ihe  buttertlics  will 
breed  in  confinement,  tlien  the  females  should  lay  eggs,  if.  as  Mr.  Edwards 
believes,  tiiero  are  in  this  district  two  broods  of  butterflies  from  July  on  : 
they  should  not  lay  eggs  if,  as  I  believe,  there  is  but  a  single  generation. 
Coupled  witii  this  should  be  similar  experiments  further  soutii,  where  there 
is  more  than  one  brood,  to  see  whether  they  will  breed  at  all  in  such  con- 
fined quarters. 


LIST   OF  ILLVSTH.VriOSS.—AXOSIA  PLKXll'rrs. 


(Ii'iicral. 
PI.  IS,  tij;.  1.    Distrilmliciii  in  North  Aincrica- 
S9 : 8.  Trirlioirraiiiina  iiiloniiciliiiin,  a  para- 
site. 

18.    Mascicora    ari'liipiiivora,   a  ilintc- 
roiis  iiarasitf. 

Eilij. 
V\.  tU,  li.L.'.  I.     Ku'L'.  coloi-cil. 
07:4,    .MiciDpylc. 

Vuln'pillnr. 
PI.  02,  li.i,'.(i.     Inlcnial  or^'ans    of  male,  side 
view. 

70:;).     CaP-rpillai-al  birth. 
74:. "i.     Kiill  L'fiiwii  calcTpillar.  I'olcircil. 
78:  1-.").    Front  views  ni'  hcail,  stagci-  i-v. 
SO:  1.    Main  nervous  conl. 
37.     Siile  vii'W  of  liea'l. 
7S:  10.    Siclc\  view  of  inferior  inland  on  (irst 
Ihoriieie  seu'ineiit. 

l(i.    Head    \ie\vi'd     from    lieliealh,    to 
show  the  nioiilli-|iarls. 

Cliriisiilis. 
PI.  02,  liir.  .'■>.     Internal  orj^iiiis  of  female,  side 
view. 
83:1.     Colored. 

'i,    Side  view,  onlline. 

."i.     Dorsal  vie\v,ontlln('. 
80:  17.     Dorsal  vessel. 
87:  '20.    Three  lijiures  to  show  the  ehniigo 
during    pupiUion,    aeeordin^  to    the    old 
view. 


Iimiijii. 
PI.  I,  til.'.  7.    Male.holli  snrfaees. 
10:  10.     I'pper  snrlMce  m:de.  plain. 
;!:i:2:!.     Knd  of  male  alidomeii,  with   false 
clasp. 

24.     Miile  ;ilidoMiin;d  appeiida;,'es. 
;!8:2.    Xeuration. 
4-4:2.    Poiii'h  of  hind  winus  of  ». 

:i.    Cross  sci'tionof  same. 
40:  .Vm.    .sieiiles  at   edire  of  pouch  and  ali- 
droconi:t. 

.')2:2.    .'^ide  view  of  head  ami  appeiida;;es 
elilariri'd,  with  details  of  lej;  slriictnro. 
01:  Its.    Cross  section  of  scale. 

4.'i.    (  iilicniar   processes    on    walls  of 
food  reservoir. 

49.    Protrusile  fascicle  of  hairs  of  male 
:d)domi  II. 

oS.    Side  view  of  eiidof  ;ilidompn,  9. 
00.     The  same,  t . 
02:  1.     i;xlern:il  riiiatomy  of  ii-inale. 
2.     Internal  oruaiis  of  female. 
;t.    Ifeproclnctive     oriians     of     male, 
dorsal  view. 

4.    'I'lie  same,  side  view. 
87:3.    Pharyniri'iil  sac  and  muscles,  from 
above. 

"i.    Pharyngeal  sac  and   related  parts, 
seen  from  the  nide. 

!).    I.on^'itudiniil  section  of  mH.villit. 
23.    Cross  .section  of  nnixilla. 
26.    Front  view  of  head,  denud"d. 


Till':   SUBFAMILY   LIHYTIIKIXAK. 


749 


SUBFAIMILY  IJBYTHEINAE. 


LONG    BEAKS. 

I.iliytliiilos    1111(1    Libytlii'Mos    Tinisil.;    Ijliv-       llyimti  (p;irs)  Iliiliii. ;  llypnti  Scudd. 
Ilii'ili's  IShiMcli.;    LyIiitliciilMc   Diip.;  I.iliy-       Scvcri  lliiliii. 
tlifitiii'  liUc. ;  I.iliyllii'iTiii  Ilcrr.-.Si'hiicir. 

"I'is  tliiiic  to  wnniliM'  wlicro  tlio  rose 
I'ci  riiinc's  tlic  ciHilinir  iriilf. 

Til  liM^k  ii|icpn  llic  stiMiiy  liril, 

'I'lic  il;iiM;i>k  IliiwVi-  to  kiss, 

'I'd  raiiu'i'  ;iliiii-- 1  he  lit'iiiliiiu'  sliaili', 
IsmII  lliy  lilllc  liliss. 

Tlicii  lliilli'i-  still  lliy  silken  wiiiu's, 
111  rich  I'liilji'iiiilcry  iIitssihI, 

Ami  spdii  ii|i(iii  tilt' iriili' IliMl  tlini;.s 
.Swct't  mlors  fi'iiiii  his  vi'st. 

'I'ayi.ok.— 7'«  ti  Jl'dterjly. 


Imago.  HiitU'i'llies  of  iiu'diiiiii  size,  llciitl  of  moilcrali'  size.  Ki'onl  sliithlly 
tumid,  sciU'ccly  pi'idiilK'niiit  ln'iicath.  .Viili'iiiinc  iiisi'i'ti'd  Ciich  in  (listinct,  oiitii'cly  dis- 
coiiiiDcU'd  jiits,  iiiiil  ooiisistiiii;  of  from  forty  to  forty-llvo  joints,  slender,  striii^lit, 
scaled,  it  little  loiii^er  than  tlu;  alidonien,  tlie  clnl)  rather  ill-dollned  by  tlie  j;radiial 
incrassation,  Imt  elongated.  I'alpi  e.vceediiiirly  loiiy;  and  moderately  stout  at  Ixiso, 
heavily  beset  with  long  scales. 

Tliorax  moderately  stout,  not  nuicli  compressed,  iiiipersiirfaco  considerably  vaulted, 
a  little  protiilierant  in  tlio  middle;  anterior  sides  of  mesoscntellum  gently  hollowed,  .a' 
tile  apex  projecting  lint  little  between  the  halves  of  the  mesoseiilnm  and  yet,  because 
of  the  elevation  of  tlie  former,  forming  with  each  other  not  niiieli  more  than  a  right 
angle;  posterior  liordcr  well  roniuled.  laru:i'ly  protuberant  in  the  middle;  nietascu- 
tellum  very  inconspiciioiis  indei'd.  forined  of  a  tri.'ingnlar- piece  facing  iiosteriorly, 
tlie  apex  not  greatly  elevated,  and  its  tip  only  appearing  above;  inetascuta  pretty  well 
ilevoloped,  protecting  the  rear  of  the  nie>o>ciitelliim  and  lieiit  strongly  In  the  middle 
to  ed'ect  it,  the  upper  liorder  strongly  jirelied. 

Kore  wings  produced  to  a  consideralile  degree  above  tlie  medi;iii  region  and  strongly 
aiignlatcd,  the  middle  of  tlie  oiitiM'  liorder  very  strongly  and  abruptly  excised.  Costal 
ncrviM't^  terminating  at  I  lie  middle  of  the  costal  border;  two  superior  branches  of  tlio 
subcostal  uervnre  emitted  before  the  ti|iof  tlic  cell,  the  other  two  beyond, — the  infe- 
riors arising  nincli  as  in  the  Nymphalinae;  discoidal  cell  nearly  half  the  length  of  the 
wing,  closed  by  rather  a  slender  vein;  (Irst  brancli  of  the  median  nervure  arislni? 
somewhat  beyond  the  middle  of  the  cell,  the  last  curving  toward  the  subcostal  to 
which  it  Is  connected  by  a  slemler  vein;  internal  nervure  very  slender,  rmining  into 
the  snbincdian  at  a  short  distance  from  the  liasi'. 

Iliiid  wings  snbipiadrate.  the  outer  liorder  for  the  greater  part  nearly  straight,  lint 
ci'ciinlate;  tluM'ostal  margin  soineliines  lobed  apically.  t'ostal  nervure  terminating 
nearly  as  far  from  the  base  as  the  lower  outer  angle  of  the  fore  wings;  subc(.ist;il 
nervure  apparently  taking  its  rise  as  a  dependent  of  the  costal,  its  lower  branch  curv- 
ing at  base  toward  the  median ;  discoidal  cell  closed  by  a  very  feeble  vein  uniting  the 
last  branch  jnst  beyond  its  curve  to  tlie  subcostal  just  beyond  the  origin  of  the  second 
brancli,  directed  outward  in  passing  from  the  subcostal  toward  the  median;  the 
branches  of  this  vein  arise  farther  from  the  base  of  the  wing  than  those  of  the  sub- 
costal, the  tirst  branch  some  distance  beyond  the  middle,  the  last  branch  curving 
pretty  strongly  near  the  base  toward  the  subcostal;  snbmedlan  nervure  tenuinntlng  at 
or  before  the  nnal  angle;  internal  nervure  terminating  before  the  middle  of  the  inner 
border,  the  latter  art'ordiiig  a  gutter  on  its  basal  half  for  the  recei>tioii  of  the  abdomen 


750 


THE  iu:ttkiii'i.ii:s  of  new  England. 


VV,;- 


l!*#*^'     ?^ 


V"" 


K 


Fore  Ions  greatly  atropliioil  in  the  male,  the  tarsi  coiisisliiin  of  a  siiiirlo  uiiarmcil 
joint;  t)ut  little  altered  in  the  female,  exceptini;  in  size,  the  armature  of  the  tarsi  anil 
partienlarly  of  the  last  joint  being  nearly  com|)lete.  Paronyehia anil  pnlvilli present; 
claws  very  small,  falciform. 

Tlie  structure  of  tlio  male  abdomen  is  very  e.\ccptlonal  among  Nymphallilao,  the 
eighth  abdominal  segment  bcimr  produced  into  a  median  beak-like  hook,  or  a  pair  of 
lateral  hooks  with  interlacing;  l)ristles  between  tliem,  concealing  the  uppor  organ  of 
the  male  appendages,  which  is  a  slender,  acicular  process  directed  backward.  Clasps 
very  simple,  forming  t)road.  compressed  plates,  very  variable  in  form,  soriielimes 
rounded  and  entirely  concealing  tlu'  other  parts,  at  other  times  conl  ^.•niing  more 
closely  to  tlie  diversilled  nymijhalid  type  wltli  projecting  i)roeesses  and  hooks.* 

Egg.  KUiptic  in  form,  but  sliglitly  or  distinctly  produced  apically,  the  extreme 
apex  truncate,  the  sides  with  many  very  elevated  vertical  ribs,  traversed,  like  the  sur- 
face, by  uumerons  horizontal  raised  lines. 

Mature  caterpillar.  Cylindrical,  unarmed,  clothed  only  with  i)ile  arising  from 
tul)ercular  points,  the  segments  with  four  transverse  divisions;  markings  in  longitudi- 
nal stripes.     Head  narrower  tlian  the  body,  glol)ose,  smooth,  pilose. 

Chrysalis.  Ovate,  compressed,  with  rounilcd  angles.  Head  blunt  and  i|uadrate, 
dorsally  not  seiiarateil  in  outline  from  the  thorax,  whicli  is  well  arched,  carirate,  and 
the  front  of  whieli  lias  an  abrupt  descent;  abdomen  cylindrical,  but  tapering,  and 
mediodorsally  earinate;  cremaster  prominent,  elongate. 

Characteristics  and  classification.  Tliis  iinomalous  siil)riiniily  of 
Nymphiilidiio  may  1)0  readily  (listiiiotii.slicd  l)y  the  excessive  Iciifrtli  of  tlie 
palpi,  wliieh  in  these  hutterHies  jj^reatly  .surpas.s  those  of  any  otliens  (lieiiig 
from  a  (,uarter  to  a  half  a.s  long  ;i.s  the  whole  body)  and  hy  the  pecidiar 
angulation  of  the  fore  wing.s,  which  arc  strongly  and  al)nij)tly  excised. 

The  markings,  too,  are  unique  ;  the  dark  brown  of  the  U])per  surface, 
on  the  basal  half  of  the  wings,  is  more  or  less  oliscured  by  fulvous  in  lon- 
gitiiilinal  areas,  and  the  apex  of  the  fore  wing  is  supplied  with  large  oval 
roundish  s{)ots,  fidvous  or  pale  in  color,  transversely  or  diagonally  ar- 
ranged. 

The  puriioso  of  such  an  extraordinary  extension  of  the  ])alj)i  is  not 
apparent.     Edwards,  referring  to  it  (lUitt.  X.  A.,  vol.  ii),  remarks: — 

If  they  were  not  pacillc  little  creatures,  these  butterllies  might  seem  to  be  furnislicd 
with  an  "  engine,"  as  Spenser  calls  it,  to  inspire  witli  ca\ition  evil-minded  foes,  such 
ns  wasps,  dragon-Hies,  and  tliat  "  w  ickeil  wight."  "  foe  of  faire  tilings."  tlie  "  greisly 
tyrant  siiider."  .  .  .  .\nd  surely  the  llercest  enemy  might  hesitate  before  that  porten- 
tous beak  and  those  red  eyes  blazinir  like  carbuncles.  Nevertlieless  I  am  sorry  to  have 
to  say  tliat  wasps  and  spiders  inaiiilain  Ihe  mastery,  and  cause  havoc,  not  only  among 
these,  but  all  bnttcrllies.  And  dragon-llies  (Libellulae)  pounce  upon  thenuis  do  hawks 
on  small  birds,  bearing  away  their  prey  to  be  devoured  at  leisure. 

l)e  Xiceville  remarks  in  his  HuttcrHies  of  India  (ii :  301)  :  — 

Tlie  dill'erent  species  .  .  .  are  singularly  uniform  in  si/e  and  outline,  as  well  as  in 
colouration,  but  the  spoeKle  distluction  in  the  markings  of  the  nppersiile  are  clear,  and 
In  most  cases  constant.  They  all  vary  from  a  little  under  two  inches  to  a  little  over 
two  inches  In  expanse;  all  have  the  same  peculiar  outline  and  strongly  falcated  forc- 


I'. 


*  Us  sliMiclure  ill  the  Kunjpeau  species  is 
very  insuilliiiutly  given  by  While;  ainl  the 
(Icseripliiiii   L'lveii   in  the     liiolngia  (eulrali- 


aiiieneanii  (purporting  to  I'over  mure  than  the 
siniric  species  there  introduced)  applies  only 
to  the  .Vmerican  furins. 


I'}    ^ 


Till-:   SllU'AMILY   LIBYTIIIMXAK. 


751 


win-  all  l.avo  the  umlcisi.l..  clo.ulocl  an.l  striatcHl  witU  similar  in-otoctive  clonratic.n 
vary-uv  in  ton.-  in  .-a.^l.  s|.,.ri,.s  l.nt  nnif..nn  in  slyU'  ll.rnu-liont   [tl.e  itroup].       n  all 
tl.c'nppoiNido  is  brown.  i)oarin,ir  on  racli  Avin-  sonuMawn-  or  whilisli  nuirl^s,  and   it  is 
l,y  the  variations  in  these  niarkiiius  that  (he  .lillereiit  speei.'S  are  dislmunwlie,,. 

Tlio  iioeiiliar  strnctiin'  of  the   tore  lco;.s  in  tliis  suhiiunily  .scpiUiitc  it   at 
„n,.e  from  all  otlicr  Xvnii.lu.li.lar.  tiicy  hr[u<i  ahorte.l  ami  l,n.sl.-likc  in  the 
maUs    as   is   ui.itonnly    tl.e   cas.'    in  all   N yn.phalidao.  Imt   i.oiiual   in   tlu- 
r-uuilc.  that    is   slfndiT,  articulate  and  i'ully  furnished   with    apiKiidajics, 
As  in  this  respect   tluv  aecerd  with  the   n.enihers  ..f  the  next    sulifaniily, 
the  Kniilish  eutonn.luoist.s  o-onerally  phu-e  then,  in  it  :  hut  certainly  without 
reason!  for  this  sinolc  peculiarity  eaiuiot  outweioh   the   nia-s  of  struetnral 
features  which  ally  it  to  the  other  Xyn.phali<lac.  in.ludii.K  the  suspension 
of  the  chrysalis  and  the  entire  structure  of  tlu    hroad  head,  which  is  dis- 
tinetivelv  nvn.phali.h'..us.     Th.'  normal  .strnctiur   of  the  fore  tarsi  of  the 
female  is  what  mi-ht  he  looked  for  in  a  inen.her  of  the  Nymphalidae  most 
nearly  related  to  the  Hrvcini(hu' :   it  wotdd  in  reality  he  more  surprising  ,f 
the  leap  from  the  normal  to  the  ahnormal   should   he   made  without    some 
su(>h  passaov.      It  is   >^till    more  to   he  looked  for  in  a  .unuii)  which  shows 
its  further  alliance  with  those  helow  it  by  tl.e  ocneral  picridiform  character 
of  tiie  larva,  althon-h  oven  here  the  structure  of  the  head,  and  its  relation 
to  the  i)arts  hehind  are  distinctively   nymphalideous,  and  the  segments  of 
the  hodv  are  divide<l  into  iour  and  not  six  suhsegments.     The  attempt  of 
a   recent   writer  (  Dohcrty,  J.airn.  Asiatic  soe.  I'.cng.,  v.  ii  :  IK")  to  place 
it  directlv  next  the  Pierinae,  on  account  of  this  similarity,  and  the  siiii- 
posed   reseml.laiK'e   <.f  the  egg  to  those  of  that   group,  can   in   no  way  he 

defended. 

The  eggs  are  deserllied  hy  this  author  as  ampulliform,  with  a  short  neck 
or  stalk  eh.se  to  the  apex  ;  i.nt.  as  the  a.rurate  figures  of  .nir  species  given 
by  Mr.  Edwards  and  reproduced  on  our  plate  show,  ours  are  (piite  ditlcr- 
cnt,  so  we  must  supp(>se  some  distortion  tohavel)cen  produced  in  those 
(of  Indian  specivs)  seen  hy  Mr.  Doherty.  They  were,  he  stati's, 
"s,,ueezcd"  from  the  hody  of  the  i>arent.  Those  of  one  Amori.'an  species, 
on  the  other  hand,  are  pretty  regularly  elliptic,  with  sharply  raised,  promi- 
nent longitudinal  rii),s,  and  are  tiius  of  an  entirely  ehara.'teristie  torn.. 
Those  of  the  Euro[.ean  si.ecnes  have  heen  described  too  briefly  to  char- 
acterize them. 

The  mature  larvae  diflPer  strikingly  from  their  nearest  allies  in  being 
naked  or  simplv  jiilose,  closely  resembling  the  caterpillars  of  the  Pierinae 
in  form,  clothing  and  general  aspect.  The  ch.'ysalids  hang  by  the  tail 
like  all  other  Nymphalidae  and  have  the  general  aspect  of  the  Satynnae, 
being  devoid  of  angulated  prominences. 

We  see,  the.-efore,  tl/it  neither  in  the  egg,  the  larva  nor  the  chrysalis  is 
there  the  slightest  indication  of  any  special  relationship  with  the  Lemoniinae. 


752 


THE  IJCTTKUFMKS  OF   NKW  KNCLAN'J. 


If  upon  oxamiiiation  of  tlu;  Ciitcr[)illiir  jii(<t  from  tlic  egg,  tliis  sliould  prove 
to  l)c  iinfiirni^licd  with  ningod  cliitiiioiis  iiiimili,  tlicro  would  not  he  a  single 
character  drawn  from  the  early  istages  liy  whicii  tliis  group  eoidd  he  placed  in 
the  Lvcaouidac  rather  than  in  the  N'vniphalidae.  Even  in  the  imajro  the 
only  .striking  characteristic  of  its  structure  whicii  allies  it  with  the  LenKi.iii- 
nae  is  the  sexually  hetcromor[)hoiis  character  of  its  fore  legs, — a  diaracter 
which  l)y  itself  shoidd  certainly  not  oatweigh  the  numerous  characters 
from  tlic  imago  itself,  l)y  which  it  is  shmvn  to  he  a  mend)cr  of  the  family 
Nymphalidac.  Furthermore,  if  it  were  to  he  placed  with  the  I^cmouii- 
nae  in  the  family  Lycaenidae.  it  would  destroy  at  once  thi'  unity  of  char- 
acter hclongiiig  to  this  family.      It  lias  no  place  there. 

Transformations  and  habits.  The  history  of  the  transformations  of 
the  hiitterllics  of  this  grouf)  is  imperfectly  known.  In  tcm])erate  regi<ms 
it  ^vould  appear  that  there  is  more  than  one  hrood  annually  ;  that  the  hut- 
terllies,  and  in  some  instances  helatcd  chrysalids  winter;  that  in  early 
s|)ring  the  eggs  are  laid  upon  thi'  tinder  o[)ening  leaves  of  the  shoots  of 
Celtis  ;  that  the  caterpillar  hangs  hy  a  thread  for  descent  from  its  station, 
hut  that  if  alarmed  greatly  it  will  drop  to  the  ground  without  it :  that  the 
transformations  are  puss(>d  pretty  rajiidly  and  that  later  hroods  lay  upon  the 
under  surface  of  leaves.  The  history  of  the  iMU'opcan  species  has  hcen 
confused  hy  the  fact  that  another  cater[)illar  has  hcen  wrongly  referred  to 
it  hy  nuponchcl,  (iodart  and  Iliiliner. 

"This  small  grou[)."  says  A.  \\.  AV^allacc  (Trans,  ent.  soc.  Tiond.,  1S()D, 
334)  is  of  world-wide  distrihution,  an<l  like  all  such  is  a  frerpicnter  of 
open  grounds,  plains,  river  hanks  and  seashores  rather  than  of  the  virgin 
forest.  The  species  are  small,  and  in  the  activity  of  their  motions  resem- 
hlc  the  lesser  Nyu:phalinae."  Xieevillc  says  ( l?utt,  Ind.,  ii  :  2i»lt)  of  the 
Indian  s[)eeies :  "1  have  almost  exclusively  found  them  near  water. 
Maj(n'  Marshall  informs  me  that  he  has  more  usually  seen  them  in  forest 
glades."     Our  own  species  is  said  to  Ik;  a  fre(|uent(  r  of  roadsides. 

Distribution.  No  otiier  snhfamily  of  huttcrHies  is  s't  [lovcrty-strickcn 
in  numi)crs.  scarcely  a  dozen  sjx'eies  heing  known,  and  only  two  or  three 
very  closely  rclatiid  genera.  This  is  the  more  striking  from  the  i'act, 
already  alhiiled  to,  of  their  almost  ■world-wide  distrihution.  for  the  hutter- 
flics  of  this  group  will  he  found  on  every  continent ;  the  Old  AVorld  types 
are  distinct  from  those  ot'  the  New,  hut  In  all  j)arts  of  the  world  they  arc 
coiitined  to  the  tropics  and  the  adjacent  countries;  the  metropolis  of  the 
sul)fuuily  appears  to  i)e  the  archipelagos  and  l)orders  of  continents  lying 
hetween  India  and  -Vew  Caledonia,  hut  species  also  occur  in  the  Mauri- 
tius, western  Africa  and  on  the  shores  of  the  JFcditcrranean  ;  in  the  Xew 
World  they  are  found  exclusively  in  the  eastern  part  of  the  continent  aiul 


,■ 


ator  ami .")"  North  Latitude.    One 


m  tiu'  archipelagos  Ivmg  hetween  the  e(|n 

species  has  hecn  taken  on  one  or  two  occasions  in  New  England. 


LIUYTIIKIXAK;    THE  GKXUS  IIYPATUS. 


i53 


Tliiit  tliis  giou])  of  l)iitterflie.s  iis  a  waning  type  apiioars  pcrliaps  further 
from  tlie  fact  tliat  a  fossil  lias  been  ilisfoverbd  in  Colorado  helon-iing  here, 
and  combining  in  its  structure  features  which  distinguish  the  genera  of  the 
Old  ^^'orld  and  the  New.  Thiit  of  the  paltry  nuniher  of  fossil  hutterHies 
known,  one  should  belong  in  a  group  so  inconspicuous  in  numbers  in 
modern  times  as  this,  is  a  \ery  striking  fact. 

IIYPATU8   IIL'BXEK    (restr.). 

Uypatus  Iliiliii.,  Ciitiil.  Fninck.  So  (182.")).  Liliythoii  (pars)  Auct. 

Type.—Papilin  carincnla  Cram. 

'•AVlioso  tmttprfly,"  I  said,  "are  \m\'f 
Ami  whatswpct  tliiiif;  ilo  you  pursue!'" 

SiovvAMt.—  Tlu'  Jlovxr  of  love  lies  bleeding. 

Imago  (54  :  0).  Ilead  of  moderate  size,  nlnuulaiitly  clotlieil  witli  sliort.  coiupaet  hairs. 
Frontuioderately  full,  liroaiUyi-ouuded,  scarcely  protuberaut  beneath,  advauceil  slifrlitly 
ill  front  of  tlie  eyes,  consideraljly  broader  than  liii,'h,  but  not  so  broad  as  tlic  eyes ;  upper 
border  ilescendiiifi  a  little  l)ut  rather  suddenly  -with  rounded  edge  to  the  antennal  pi's, 
in  the  middle  advanced  very  broadly,  without  desceiidiny:,  between  the  antennae, 
where  it  is  well  rounded  transversely;  lower  border  broadly  rounded.  Vertex  very 
low  but  slightly  tumid,  nearly  or  quite  twice  as  bro.ad  as  long,  its  sides  a  little  raised 
and  straight,  its  posterior  bordi^r  very  sliglitly  concave ;  its  anterior  border  not  desceiul- 
ing.  Kyes  rather  large  and  full,  naked.  Antemuu'  inserted  sliglitly  in  advance  of  the 
middle  of  the  front,  in  perfectly  distinct,  sliallow  pits,  their  interior  liases  separated 
by  the  width  of  the  base  of  the  antennae  and  their  outer  crowded  against  tlie  eyes; 
considerably  longer  than  the  abdomen  and  composed  of  about  forty-two  joints,  of 
wiiich  tiio  last  twelve  to  sixteen  form  a  very  gradually  hicrassated,  elongated  club, 
which  is  cylindrical,  rather  strongly  compressed,  two  and  a  half  times  broader  tliaii 
the  stalk  and  four  or  live  times  longer  than  broa'l,  the  last  four  joints  included  in  the 
dimiii'itioii  of  size,  tlie  apex  lieing  rallicr  rapidly  rounded  and  the  apical  joint  conical, 
the  minute  til)  slightly  produced;  beneath  furnished  with  lliree  ratlier  distant,  dis- 
tinct cariiiae,  wliicli  extend  iijion  the  stalk.  Palpi  excecilingly  long,  tapering,  and, 
at  least  tlie  apical  half,  rather  slender,  fully  four  times  as  long  as  the  eye  and  directed 
forward  in  tlie  plane  of  the  body,  the  apical  joint  twice  as  long  ,as  the  penultimate  and 
clotlied,  besides  tlie  ordinary  covering,  with  a  few  scaly  hairs  beneath,  wliile  the 
other  joints  are  heavily  furnished  with  long,  siiberect  scales,  jiarticularly  on  Iheiiiiper 
and  under  surface  and  beneath,  with  a  fringe  of  long  liairs. 

I'rothorncic  lobes  consisting  of  very  small,  iinifoniily  appressed  laminae  about  two 
and  a  half  times  broader  than  high.  I'atagia  almost  llat.  moderately  broad  and  rather 
long,  scarcely  tlirei^  times  as  long  as  broad,  the  posterior  portion  (a  little  more  than 
oiie-lhinl)  bent  downward,  rather  slender,  rounded  at  tip,  the  inner  margin  being 
broadly  and  rather  n-gularly  rounded,  the  outer  margin  bent  rather  abruptly. 

Fore  wings  (43 :  5)  more  than  half  as  long  again  as  broad,  the  costal  border  regularly 
and  broadly  arched,  termlnatiiig  abrujitly  and  angnlated  at  the 


iipex.  Outer  border  of 
an  irregular  shape;  just  below  the  apex  it  is  diiected  backward  at  a  little  more  than  a 
right  angle  ;  when  it  has  passed  the  lower  subcostal  nervule  it  is  suddenly  bent  directly 
toward  the  base  at  less  than  a  riglit  angle  with  tlie  previous  portion,  forming  over  the 
.subcostal  area  a  large,  broad,  triangular,  bluntly  pointed  tooth;  the  rest  of  tlie  border 
is  nearly  straight,  a  little  creiuilate  and  directed  toward  the  a|)ex  of  the  wing;    the 

lin  is  straight.     First  superior  subcostal 
niter  half  of  the  upper  margin  of  the 


lowi 


'  aiiii 


is  well  rounded  and  tlie  inner  mari 


nervule  arising  just  liefore  tlie  middle  of  tin 


9S 


754 


THK   HUTTEUFLIKS  OF  NKW   EX(;LAX1X 


.1  '-.* 


coU;  tlie  second  11  little  1)1' fore  the  iii)e.\  of  the  cell;  the  tlilril  ns  fnr  luyoiul  the  iipex 
of  the  coll  (IS  from  the  fourth;  and  the  latter  at  somewhat  more  than  half  way  from 
the  ajiex  of  cell  to  the  outer  i!mr;;in ;  second  inferior  suheostal  nervnle  ari^^ini;  two- 
lir;lis  way  down  tlic  cell ;  cell  very  nearly  half  as  Ion;;  as  tlu'  wiiiji  and  nearly  three 
times  as  louir  as  l)road.  Last  nu'dian  nervnle  coinieeled,  fully  half  as  far  beyond  its 
Iiase  as  lliat  is  from  tlie  l)asc  of  tlu"  llrst  nervnie,  with  the  vein  eiosiui,'  the  cell. 

Iliud  winy:s  witii  tlie  costal  Imrder  slrouL'ly  arcl,c<l  just  at  liie  hase,  beyond  slraiiilit; 
llie  outer  l)order.  as  far  as  tlie  middle  subcostal  iierviile,  siiu;litly  convex  (...A  bent  al  a 
Very  broad  amrle  witli  llie  inner  inarijiu;  from  tlie  lower  subcostal  nervulo  to  the  sub- 
median  strai;rht  but  coii>iderai)ly  creiiulate  and  directed  at  very  sliirhtly  more  than  a 
rii.'ht  aimle  with  the  initial  i)ortiou.  the  part  in  the  lower  subcostal  intiu-space  (iiviilim; 
tlie  auirle  between  them  and  crennlate;  lower  anirio  a  riirht  aiiirle.  scarcely  roimded  ; 
inner  margin  very  proniiueiit  and  aii;iiilali'd  at  tlie  extreme  base,  beyond  straifilil,  the 
portion  iieyimd  tlie  snbmecliau  u;nllered.  I'recostal  nerviire  ori^iiiati.  ■  oppositi'  the 
divarication  of  tlie  costal  and  subcostal  nervures.  cnrviiii;  .sli-iiiii;ly  outward.  Second 
sul)eostal  nervnie  arising'  mori;  tlian  hiilf  as  far  lieyo  id  the  llrst  as  tliat  is  from  the 
divarication  of  the  costal  and  subcostal  nervures;  ci'il  closed  by  a  scarcely  percepti- 
ble vein. 

Fore  lejis  very  small,  cylindrical,  in  tlie  male  ci.)thcd,  not  very  thickly,  witli  rather 
long,  spreadini;  liairs  on  botii  sides  and  aoove;  tibiae  less  tlian  half  (^)  or  nearly 
two-thirds  (  ^  )  tlie  ieiiijlii  of  the  hind  tibiae,  in  the  female  furnished  witli  spurs;  tarsi 
a  little  shorter  ( (J)  or  oiie-fonrth  longer  (?)  tlian  the  tibiae';  either  com|)oscd  of 
a  siiii;le,  nuanned.  undivided  joint,  the  tip  bluntly  conical  ((J);  or  jierfectiy  formed, 
the  llrst  joint  as  loiijt  as  the  otiiers  to;;etlier.  llie  second  and  tiftli  ei|Ual  and  scarcely 
lonjrer  than  tlie  third,  tlie  fourth  half  tlie  leiiu;tli  of  the  lifth;  furnished  on  eitlier  side 
and  alon;;  tlie  middle  beneatli.  exceptiiiir  on  tiie  last  joint,  with  a  row  of  ratlier  loiiij 
and  slender,  pretty  fre<inent  spines,  tlie  apical  lateral  ones  a  little  lonuer  than  the 
others;  tiie  terminal  joint  furnished  with  claws,  paronychia  and  puivillus  like  the 
other  lejis,  only  smaller  (?).  .Middle  tibia<'  scarcely  so  short  as  the  liiiiil  tibiae,  Ixitii 
fnrnislicd  liencatii  with  an  apical  pair  of  siiort,  slender  spurs,  lint  no  spines.  First 
joint  of  tarsi  fully  ei|nalliii,utlic  succeediiii;tlireeloj;etlier,  the  second  and  third  about 
eipial  and  scarcely  so  lonn  as  tlie  tiftli,  furnislied  beneath  with  four  rows  of  not  very 
loiif;,  slender,  nearly  recumbent,  erowdcil  spines,  tlie  apical  ones  a  little  huiiier  tlian 
the  others  on  each  joint.  Claws  very  small,  short,  rather  stout,  taperin;;,  tlie  apical 
half  stronjrly  curved,  the  tip  bluntly  pointed;  paronychia  double,  the  superior  lobe 
scarcely  so  ion;;  as  tlie  claws,  slender,  laperinjr,  a  little  curved,  bluntly  pointed ;  the 
inferior  lobe  nearly  as  loiij;  as  the  other,  slender,  nciirly  eipial,  bluntly  pointed, 
straiirlil;  puivillus  niinnte.  almost  transversely  linear,  llie  anterior  edy;e  broadly 
rounded. 

F/iirhth  abdominal  seiriiieiit  of  the  male  laterally  amrulate  and  produced  in  tlic  middle 
into  a  tapering,  hook-sliaiied  process,  the  tip  of  wliicli  (with  its  loiiir  apical  tuft  of 
bristles  makiiij;  it  of  iiiucli  ^'reater  apparent  leuj;tli)  is  usually  concealed  by  the  clasps, 
anil,  with  them,  conceals  the  acicnlar  and  very  slender  upper  orsraii,  which  passes  bc- 
w.vecn  a  pair  of  taperinji.  acicnlar  hooks  (',  "peudlni;  fniin  tiie  liaseof  the  outer  edj;e  of 
the  prodncc^d  tip  of  the  upper  orjian.  Clasps  simple,  lamellate,  entire,  uniformly 
compressed,  about  twici' as  louir  as  broad,  directed  upward  and  backward. 

Egg.  Witii  no  constriction  lielow  tlie  tip,  aliout  two-tliirds  as  liroad  as  liifj;ii.  Ver- 
tical ribs  increasiuir  considerably  iu  lieiirht  upward,  wliere  they  terininalc  abruptly,  as 
in  l'oly;roiiia.  leaviuira  similar  depressed  summit. 

Mature  caterpillar.  Hody  very  slender,  eniarired  at  tiie  tlioracic  joints,  with  the 
dorsum  of  tlie  last  abdominal  seiimonts  subdepressed;  a  blunt,  supralateral?,  iiuterior 
tnl)erele  on  either  side  of  the  middle  thoracic  sej;ment. 

ChrysaliB.  Head  a  little  excised  apieally,  separatiiiir  two  slight,  lateral  promi- 
nences; abdomen  beyond  the  base  elevated  dorsaliy  to  a  heijilit  nearly  cipial  to  that  of 
the  mcsonotmn. 

Distribution.    Tliis  is  a  strictly  American  genus  foinul  mostly   in  the 


*; 


LIHYTIIKINAK:  Till:  (iKNUS  IlYJ'ATrs. 


755 


8iii)tn>i)iciil  rci^iou  on  tlic  Atlantic  side  df  tlio  coiitinonts,  north  of  tlie 
cqiiiitor.  One  s[)ccic,s  ucciii's  in  iioitlurn  Sontli  Aincri<'ii,  two  otliiTs  in 
the  Antilles  and  Central  America,  a  fonrtli  is  known  only  from  tiie  Mexican 
horder  of  the  I'nited  States,  and  is  i)rol.al.l_v  .^^e.\iean,  while  the  northern- 
most inhahits  the  I'nited  States,  and  espeeially  its  southern  portion,  Imt 
has  :)een  found  in  two  or  three  instances  in  New  Kn^land  and  its  neijih- 
horhood.  Tiie  speeies  of  the  genus  therefore  appear  to  stretch  in  I.elts 
from  the  equator  to  Latitude  4.V  X. 

Characteristics.  The  huttertlies  u-c  rather  helow  the  medium  size  hut 
arc  very  striking  in  ai)pearanee  ;  the  [lalpi  are  eonsiderahly  more  than 
half  as  long  as  the  whole  l)ody,  the  wings  are  very  strongly  angulated, 
the  fore  pair  especially  strongly  excised  just  helow  the  lowest  suheostal 
ncrvulc.  They  are  dark  brown  ahove,  the  hind  wings  furnished  with  a 
broad,  fulvous  patch  across  the  middle,  the  fore  wings  with  similar  but 
hjugitudiual  patches,  one  in  th(>  cell  and  the  other  following  the  lower 
mcdiiin  ncrvulc  ;  in  the  apical  half  of  the  same  wing  are  three  white  spots 
forming  a  large  triangle.  IJcncath,  nearly  the  whole  basal  half  of  the  fore 
wings  is  fidvoiis,  and  the  rest  dark  brown  with  a  repetition  of  the  white 
spots;  the  hind  wings  beneath  are  of  changing  shades  of  brown,  speckeil 
with  blackish,  and  often  varied  with  metallic  tints. 

The  butterflies  are  probably  polygoneutic,  and  hibernate  in  the  ima-'-o 
state.  The  liirva  is  cylindrical,  slender,  naked,  green,  with  lighter  or 
darker  dorsal  and  lateral  stri|)es.  The  chrysalis  is  well  rounded,  the  head 
not  produced  but  angulate,  the  dorsimi  of  thorax  and  abdomen  consider- 
ably arched  with  a  rather  stro)--  eonstriction  between  ;  it  is  green  with 
some  iucons[)icuous,  pale  yellow,  longitudinal  stnpes,  following  the  cari- 
nate  parts  of  the  body. 

Relationships.  The  genus  is  the  on'y  (me  of  its  subfamily  found  on 
this  continent,  and  the  si)ecies  have  been  universally  regarded  bv  natural- 
ists as  congeneric  with  those  of  the  Old  World.  This  appears  to  be 
merely  the  result  of  their  all  belonging  to  a  remarkable  and  isolated  type 
of  buttcrHles  and  not  to  any  careful  study  of  their  structure.  I  have  not 
been  able  to  study  the  Asiatic  species,  but  the  European  and  African  are 
certainly  distinct  from  the  .Vmerican  forms.  I  would  call  attention  to 
the  abruptly  lol)ate  front  margin  of  the  hind  wing  in  the  European  species 
(Libythea  proper),  and  the  close  approximation  of  the  third  and  foiu'th 
superior  sul)costal  nervnies  of  the  fore  wings  at  their  origin,  to  the  iiradu- 
ally  incrassating  antennae,  in  which  the  i.'lub  can  seamly  be  separately 
distinguished,  but  may  be  said  to  occupy  half  the  length  of  the  antemiae, 
to  the  coarser  and,  owing  to  the  comparative  brevity  of  the  apical  joint, 
the  somewhat  shorter  pal|)i,  and  finally  to  the  dee[)ly  bifid  termination  of 
the  eighth  abdominal  segment  in  the  male,  with  the  irregular  and  thorny 
chisps,  which  are  in  striking  contrast  to  those  of  Ilypatus.    It  may  also  be 


756 


THE   BUrrEUFLIES  OF   NEW   EX(JLAN'I). 


pointed  out  tliat  tlio  larvae  of  Lil)ytliea  are  not  tliickcncil  on  tin;  thoracic 
.sojfincnt.i,  have  no  thoracic  tnl)er('lc  and  that  the  elu'vsalis  terminates  at 
tlie  anterior  extremity  in  a  sinjjlc  and  noi,  .•.  doul)le  protuberance  ;  in  otlier 
'.vords  there  is  no  apical  notch. 


EXCURSUS   XXIV.— FOSSIL    nUTTERFLIES. 


J^^ 


'K 


It  J^  V 


%< 

h 

' 

i^ 

I 
1 

^p 

t 

,^v 

^ 

f^ 

Ami  many  an  antenatal  lomli, 
Wlici-c  lintti'iMlics  cli-i'atM  of  till'  life  to  I'omc. 
Sill'  li't'i  I'llniriiiu'  riiiiml  tlir  sniiMith  amlilai'k 
Kil'.'i'  of  tlii'Dilonins  rcilar  liafk. 

SiiKi.i.KV.— 77(<-  Sciisitire  I'liiiif. 

Fossil  hutterllics  are  tlie  rrreatcst  of  rarities.  They  occur  only  in 
tertiary  dep,)sit.'S,  tiiid  out  of  the  niyriiids  of  ohjccts  tlisit  liavc  l)een 
exhumed  from  thcst^  heds  in  Kuro[)e  suid  ^Vnn'ricii.  h'ss  than  a  dozen  tind 
a  half  s[)i'cimenrt  ]ia\i'  liecn  found.  The  j^rciit  hotly  of  these  deposits,  as 
is  well  known,  tire  of  marini^  ori^nn,  liut  iit  least  thirty  thousand  specimens 
of  insects  have  been  recovered  from  those  beds  which  iu-e  not  marine. 
Over  (iftecii  thoustuid  insects  from  the  one  small  ancient  lake  of  Florissaiit, 
iiij^h  U[)  in  the  Colorado  I'arks,  have  passed  throiiLrh  my  hands,  yet  I  have 
seen  from  there  but  seven  butterflies.  Kach  of  these  belonjis  to  ii  "'enus 
distini't  from  the  others,  as  is  also  the  ciise  witii  all.  or  all  but  one,  of  the 
l)utterliics  found  at  Kadoboj,  iit  .Vix  and  at  Uott  in  the  lOuropean  tcrtiaries. 
W^ith  two  (Kuropean)  exceptions,  each  represents  tin  extinct  genus,  iind 
these  two  exceptions,  Kugonia  iiiid  Pontiii,  tu'c  genera  found  today  both 
in  Europe  and  Americii.     The  sfiecies,  however,  tu'e  all  extinct. 

One  would  hiU'diy  iinticiptiti^  that  creatures  so  delicate  sis  butterflies 
could  i)e  |)reserved  in  a  reoognizid)le  state  in  deposits  of  hiirdcned  nuid 
and  clay.  Yet  not  only  is  this  the  case,  but  they  are  generally  pre- 
served in  such  fiiir  condition  that  the  coiu'se  of  tlu;  nerviu'ca  and  the  color- 
pattern  of  the  wings  can  be  determined,  and  even,  in  one  case,  the  scales 
may  be  studied.  They  are  as  a  rule  so  well  preserved  that  we  may  feel 
nearly  as  confident  concerning  their  aftinities  with  those  now  living,  as  if 
we  hiul  pinned  specimens  to  examine ;  and  generally  s|iciiking  tiie  older 
they  are  the  better  they  are  preserved  I 

There  is,  however,  no  great  dift'erencc  in  their  age.  Aixtind  Florissant 
arc  probably  both  oligocene  and  in  any  ease  can  diH'er  but  slightly  in  age  ; 
one  of  the  butterflies  from  Aix,  Collates,  conies  from  beds  a  little  lower 
than  the  others  and  may  be  looked  upon  as  j)robably  the  oldest  butterfly 
known.  These  two  oligocene  localities  share  between  them  a  dozen  but- 
terflies, not  to  mention  a  caterpillar  from  Aix  which  has  been  considered 
that  of  ii  butterfly.  Kott,  the  next  oldest  (lower  miocene)  has  furnished 
only  one  butterfly  ;  and  Kadoboj  (nuddlc  miocene)  the  remaining  three. 


ivy 


V 


FOSSIL  UL'TTKKFLIES. 


757 


/ 


Tliroc  oF  tlio  four  fiiiiiilioH  of  IdittcrHics  are  rcpivsciitcd  in  fliis  inoafrrc 
little  collection,  tlic  smaller  liiittcrHic8  of  llic  family  Lvcaciiidac  iicin"- 
unknown  in  a  fossil  state  in  the  rocks,  tlioii<r!i  it  is  rather  vaaucly  re|)(n'te(l 
that  they  have  l)een  fonnd  in  aniiier.  Tlie  larjrest  nnmhcr  (!l)  are  Xvm- 
phalichic,  the  next  (1)  I'apilionidae,  wiiile  the  Ilesperidae  have  only  two 
representatives.  Ail  hnt  one  of  the  seven  American  species,  however, 
belong'  to  the  Nyniphalidac  ;   that  e.\e«'ption  to  the  I'apilionidae. 

These  inea<;re  statistics  may  iiavc  a  certain  inteiest  ;  Imt  it  is  of  more 
importance  to  incpiirc  iiow  far  the  fossiks  ditler  from  existing  forms,  and  wliat 
they  teach  ns.  For  this  purpose  ki  us  examine  the  European  and  Amer- 
ican forms  separately,  and  turn  our  attention  first  to  the  nin(  Knropiau 
species,  omittiiiff  the  caterpillar  from  Aix  which  i-  thonoht  to  he  one  of 
the  Satyrinae,  to  which  suhfamilv  two  of  the  five  Aix  specimens  lielon"-. 
7Vll  these  European  forms  have  liccn  suhjected  t(»  a  severe  analvsis. 

To  heniii  with  the  iiiuhest  and  |)ass  downward,  we  have  first  two  .Satv- 
rids,  a  <>ronp  now  rei)resented  l)y  the  dark  lirown  hnttcrHies  of  our  mead- 
ows ;  the  nearest  allies  of  hoth  of  these,  Neorinopis  and  Lclliitcs,  art'  now 
re8tri(!ted  to  the  Indo-Malayau  rcji'ion,  and  arc  nnich  more  oailv  attned 
than  the  present  somI)re  representatives  of  the  sid)family  in  Europe. 
Their  food  in  the  larval  state  has  invariably  been  fonnd  to  l)e  either 
grasses,  or,  occasionally,  with  the  more;  arctic  or  alpine  forms,  scd<>es.  In 
the  Aix  deposits,  as  in  tiie  Indo-Malayan  region  to-day,  tlu'se  plants  are 
numerically  unimiiortant,  so  that  if  we  may  form  any  opinion  from  such 
meagre  data,  we  find  tiiat  while  olioocene  Aix  had  a  European  propor- 
tion of  Satyrids,  tiiey  were  coni|)oscd  of  species  of  an  Indian  asjx'ct  and 
fed  upon  plants  characteristically  temperate,  but.  as  in  tropical  countries, 
numerically  unim|iortant. 

The  remaining  Xymplialid  is  tlie  Eugonia  from  IJadolioj.  This  is  more 
nearly  related  than  any  other  to  the  mass  of  the  Florissant  fossils.  It 
belongs  to  an  existing  geims  rei)resented  to-day  e(|ually  in  Europe  and 
America,  but  with  a  fuller  development  of  neighboring  genera  in  tlie  ^(w 
World,  showing  that  its  affinities  are  with  the  New  rather  than  with  the 
Old  World;  its  food  in  early  life  was  probably  some  species  of  elm.  wil- 
low, poplar  or  birch,  and  species  of  all  these  genera  have  been  found  in 
the  same  l)eds. 

Passing  to  the  Pai)ilionidae  wc  I',  d  three  Pierinae  and  one  Parnassian  ; 
two  of  the  three  Pierinae  are  allies  of  our  common  brimstone  yellow  l)Utter- 
flies,  and  the  third  to  our  white  spotted  cabbage  butterflies.  The  former, 
however,  Mylothrites  and  (.\tliates,  belong  to  distinctly  tropical  types, 
referable  again  ,:o  the  Indo-^Ialayan  or  Anstro-Malayan  regions  :  their 
larvae  doubtless  fed  on  leguminous  plants,  which  have  been  found  in 
abundance  both  at  Aix  and  liadoboj  from  which  these  species  come.  The 
white  butterfly  belongs  to  the  existing  genus  Pontia,  whose  present  geo- 


V 


758 


nii;    l!l   ri'KllKMKS   ok    NKW    i;N(iLAM). 


h_* 


j^ra|ilii('iil  relations  arc  alinnst  in'cciscly  tliosc  of  lMi;^imia  incntiuncd  aliovc, 
tlioii^li  tin-  jit'iiiis  itself  is  tar  lietter  rc|ir('sciit( d  today  in  Knrope  llian  in 
America.  They  teed  i^eneraily  on  (Vneit'erae,  i)iit  these  are  plants  of  a 
natnre  hardly  adniittinj,M>f  preservation  in  a  fossil  state  and  are  excessively 
rare  in  the  Kiirii|iean  lertiarii's  :  none  hav*'  \)vvu  fonnd  at  l{adolioJ  \\lienec 
this  liMtlerllv  conies,  the  most  closelv  allied  heinjr  a  sneeii's  of  'I'erininaliii. 
The  Parnassian  is  an  interestini;-  insect,  helonuin'^  to  a  strikini;-  antl  rather 
alierrant  L'ronp.  From  its  atKnities  to  Thais  it  is  called  Thaites.  Thais  is 
coidlned  to-day  to  the  Mediterranean  district,  witiiin  which  Aix,  its  place 
ot'  deposit,  belongs,  and  its  allies  are  found,  some  in  the  same  region, 
some  in  China  and  Ansti'alia,  and  some  in  Alpine  regions.  It  prohalily 
fed  on  Aristolochia  and  while  this  genns  has  not  yet  heiii  fonnd  at  Aix, 
it  is  fonnd  in  other  Kiiropcan  tertiary  deposits,  and  according  to  the  j\Iar- 
(piis  Saporta,  tlu;  princi|)al  stndent  of  the  fossil  plants  of  Aix,  *'ee  genre 
dcvait  y  cxistcr."  When  C(nnpared  with  Thais,  the  markings  of  Thaites 
are  seen  to  show  an  inferior  chai'acter,  in<licating  a  cli'arly  earliei-  type. 

There  are  left  the  two  llespc  ridae, — a  family  not  represented  in  Amer- 
ican rocks.  One  of  these,  Thanatites  tVom  Kolt,  helongs  to  the  trilie  Iles- 
pcridi,  and  is  closely  related  to  Thanaos,  a  genns  found  in  the  north 
temperat(!  zones  of  hoth  hemis[)heres.  lint  vastly  more  developed  in  tlu!  New 
W'oi'ld,  whicji  has  ;it  least  fonr  times  as  many  species  as  the  Old,  some  of 
tliem  extending  into  the  siilitropieal  regions  ;  the  adjacent  genera  are 
purely  Amci'ican,  although  ti'opical  or  sulitropical,  and  theiefore  Thana- 
tites looks  toward  sulitrijpical  North  America  for  its  prevailing  affinities. 
Entiri'ly  the  same  is  the  case  with  Pamphilites  of  Aix,  a  liutterlly  lielong- 
ing  to  the  other  tril)e  of  Ilesperidae.  The  food  plant  of  hoth  these  lint- 
tertlii's  was  very  proliahly  Leguminosae,  vvhieh  ucenr  in  aliundance  both 
at  Hott  and  at  Aix. 

The  allies,  therefore,  of  nearly  one-half  of  the  Kni'o|)ean  fossil  butterflies 
are  to  be  looked  tor  in  the  East  In<lies  ;  of  one-third  of  them  in  America, 
and  cs|(ecially  subtro])ical  America  ;  of  the  remainder  at  home;  but,  as 
among  other  insects  and  among  the  plants,  there  is  growing  likeness  to 
American  types  as  wi'  pass  upward  through  the  tertiaries. 

The  American  t'ossil  butleriiies,  fewer  in  numlter,  less  varied  in  char- 
acter, and  all  from  one  locality  arc'  more  (piickly  reviewed.  'I'hey  all  be- 
long to  extinct  genera.  8ix  of  the  seven  belong  to  the  Nymphalidae,  and 
all  but  one  of  tiieni  to  a  single  tribe,  Vanessidi,  of  the  subfamily  Nymjiha- 
llnae.  Of  these,  three,  I'rodryas,  duiiiteiia  and  Lithopsyche,  form  a  group 
by  tiieniselvcs,  more  closely  allied  to  one  another  than  to  any  living  forms, 
but  having  distinct  affinities  to  certain  butterflies  of  Central  and  generally 
subtropical  America.  A  fourth,  Nvmphalites,  's  related  to  them,  though 
not  very  closely,  and  it,  too,  finds  closer  relations  among  Central  American 
butterflies.     The  fifth,  A])anthcsis,  is  still  farther  removed  and  is  related, 


FOSSIL   IJl'TTKHl'LIKS. 


ro9 


as  closely  lis  to  anytliiii^r.  to  a  troiiical  American  j,'roii|i  of  Imttertlies  <roo- 
j;rai)liically  isolated,  all  of  its  iininciliate  relations  liein^-  Kast  Indiiin.  Of 
niine  of  tlie  hntterflies  to  which  all  of  tlioe  Nvniplialinae  are  allied  is  the 
food  plant  of  the  catei'|iillai'  known. 

The  sixth  Nvinphalid,  Pi-olihythca.  isofs|)ecial  intefest.  for  it  iielonj^s 
to  the  enrions  sniifaniily  Liliytheinae  of  which  only  a  do/en  s|)ccies  ai-e 
known.  No  irronp  of  linttcrtlics  exists  with  so  many  anomalies  of  stnie- 
tiife  ;  none,  so  far  removed  from  its  iieiirest  neiiihliors.  which  is  anvwherc 
nearly  so  poverty-stricken  in  forms.  It  is  a  clear  case  of  a  wain'tij;'  type; 
and  that  out  of  the  paltry  do/eii  or  two  of  fossil  hutterflios  om;  shonld  lie 
found  to  lielonj,''  to  a  type  which  cannot  mimhcr  more  than  :i  tenthof  one  per 
cent  of  living-  forms  is  indeed  a  surprise.  It  has  a  further  interest,  for  the 
existinjj;  ( )ld  \\'orld  foi'ms  of  this  gi'oup  and  those  of  the  .New  are  separated 
l)y  ehara<'ters  which  are  iministakalily  comhined  in  this  to-.-il,  thoujih  on 
the  whole  the  relations  of  the  fossil  are  rather  with  the  Old  World  than 
with  the  New  World  ty|>(',  and  especially  with  a  form  from  Western 
Africa.  The  <froni)  as  a  whole  is  distinctly  tropical  and  subtropical  and 
wide  spread,  so  that  the  sid)tropicai  aspect  of  the  previously  known  Flor- 
issant forms  is  not  disturbed.  The  food  of  thi'  larva,  so  t'ar  as  known,  is 
exclusively  Celtis,  and  it  is  interest inj;-  to  note  that  Les(piereux  has  found 
ainonjf  the  plants  of  Florissant,  in  the  same  heds  with  I'rolihytliea,  two 
perfectly  well  jireserved  leaves  of  a  very  fine  Celtis,  whose  generic  relations 
are  [lositively  ascertained  ;  with  them  were  also  found  fragments  of  HowerH 
which  coidd  have  heen  readily  admitted  as  of  the  same  species.  It  is 
tlioreforo  highly  proiiahle  that  Prolihythea  vagahunda  fed  on  Celtis 
maccoshi  Les([. 

The  last  American  fossil  is  Stolopsyehe,  one  of  the  Fieridi,  more  nearly 
allicul  to  Ficris  proper,  inc'luding  our  New  England  species,  F.  oleracea 
and  the  im})orte(l  F.  raj)ae,  than  to  any  others  :  it  is  ncjt  very  nearlv  re- 
lated, and  wherein  it  departs  from  these  it  comes  nearer  to  some  snh- 
tropical  forms.  Little,  however,  can  he  said  concerning  it,  and  notiiing  of 
its  prohahlc  food  plant  can  safi'ly  lie  surmised. 

The  aspect  of  the  Florissant  liutterHy  fauna  is  therefore  distinctly 
sonfheni ;  and  while  tertiary  America  does  not  fully  return  the  compliment 
tertiary  Europe  setans  to  i)ay  it,  there  is  a  certain  Old  AVorld  aspect  in  the 
representative  of  that  gypsy-typi',  the  Liliytheinae. 

There  are  one  or  two  points  further  in  our  American  fossil  Imtterflies 
which  it  is  interesting  to  note.  In  two  or  three  of  them  the  structure  of 
the  front  legs  can  he  determined  and  we  are  aide  to  note  that  in  this 
oligoeene  time,  among  the  earliest  hutterHies  that  have  eome  down  to  ns, 
we  have  the  same  strueture  of  the  female  fore  leg  in  Liliytheinae  that  we 
have  to-day.  As  this  is  one  of  the  present  stnmliling  lilocks  of  the  system- 
atist    it    is   well   to  draw  attention  to  it.      The   more    particularly,  as   the 


^ 


700 


llli:   lill'I'KKILIKS  OI'   Nl'-W    KNdLANI). 


iitri>|tliy  of  tlio  iirilc   tori!  I('f.'.s  i.n  .-diown  to  liiivc    rciiclicil,  in   Nviii|ili:ilit(M, 
till'  siiiiii^  stiiii;r  wliicli  it  now  posscssi'M, 

( )n  tlic  otluT  liiinil.  tlii'iT  an- soiiif  marks  of  a  lessor  (li';.'rri' oC  dt'VL'l- 
opini'iit  ill  oiii'  of  our  liiittirtlii's,  in  flii'  cliarafti-r  ot'llic  ornaiin'iitation, 
similar  to,  liitt  more  (listinct  tlian,tliat  wr  liavi>  nirntioiicil  in  oni' of  tlii'  Aix 
Imttcrflii's.  I'roilryas  (16 :  f'l)  lias  front  win^'^s  wliicli  inform,  in'oporlionw, 
ami  markings  would  lu'  takrn  at  (Hiccfor  tliosi' of  an  Ili'spcrian,  the  lowrst, 
ratlii'r  than  of  a  Xvm|)li  ilid,  tlic  liiiflii'st  of  hnttcrllii's  ;  the  markiiiifs  of  tlie 
iiiml  wini^.s  arc,  liowi'vcr,  difttinctly  \ym|)liali(li'ou^,  iliouiili  sonu:  tropica! 
American  Ilesperidac  have  some  features  nearly  rcscinl(lin;f  them.  A 
greater  simplicity  of  inarkinn's  than  is  common  to  their  I'xistiiif^  relatives 
is  also  seen  in  Xeorinopsis  and  Apuuthesis. 


ItlUI.llMiUAl'IlY. 

Si'iiililiT,  S.  H.    Fossil  liiitliTllit's.    Salciii,  IS".').    ;)  pi.      .Mem.  Am.  assoc.  lulv.  sl'. 
ScikMit,  .S.  U.     Tliu   tossil  lillUiTlllcs  (it   Flol'lssilllt.    'J  |il.      Sill    Iti.p.    V,   S.    (Ji'ul.    siirv. 
(ill  luvus). 


HYPATUS  BACHM ANIL— The  snout  butterfly. 

['I'll!'  -1111111  liullcrlly  ((iossc);  I'l'il  icul  lil;ii'k  lii';ilvi'.l  biilliTlly  (M.iyiiuivll.J 

Tjilnjthiit  l,i(i'limiiiiii  Kirtl.,  .Viiht.  jinirn.  Ifi/imdin  lniflint'iiiii  Srwh\.,  liiill.  Hull',  soe. 

fiC.    {-1),    \lil:     :i;M;-;!i;,    li^'.    (ls.Vi);     rme.  nut.  .sc.,  ii:  Uiil^ls;.")). 

C'lcvrl.  !ic:i(l.,    |s|.).,-)!l,  171     (IsTl);  —  Mcirr..  IJh'jtlua    mol'i'i    lii>isil,-I,cr,,   I/'p.    Am. 

S.vii.  l-i'|i.  X.  A.,  (i:t-<it  (lS(W);-Sauiiil.,  Can.  sept.,  pi.  (!t,  li;.'s.  ;J.  t  (iiol  llu's.  1.2)  (Ih:1:)). 

cat.,  i :  2."),   li;.'.  (tsiis);    Itcp.    cnt.  sue.  Out.,  lAhiithun    iii'ilifn.   fiw    <t.    A.    hdrliiuHuii 

ISSO,  ;iS,  lii;.  (|SS|);  — I'Mw.,  I!iiit.  \.  .v.,  ii.  Kirliy.  Syn.  cat.  iliiini.  I,c]i.. -Js:)  (isvi). 

pi.  I.ilivtlii'a  i  (1871);  Can.   cut.,  xiii:   •JJii-2i!lt  l'<ijii/io  fAiriiwatu   \\<U,,   Draw.   ins.   (ia. 

(18S1);  Uov.eat.illiini.  I.rp.  Am.,.")!  (ls,s:i);—  lirit.  .Mus.,  vi:  4i).  li-'s.  :!J-.T!  (ca  Isiio). 

Strock.,  Syii,    eat.    maci-nii'p..    U>'i   (H7S);—  Kiu'nrcil   liy  (fluvi'i',  III.  N.  A.  Li'p.,  pi.  ii.j, 

Kreiicli,  Iti'p.  in-i.  HI.,  vii:  1.'.7  (187S);  liiitl.  11^'.  11;  pi.  V,  li.'.  11,  iMcd. 

ciist.  U.  S.,  •J.'iil-i.VJ  (issii);— .Mayii.,   IJiitt.  X.  [.Vut    llcc'ai:ri;('  miitya   lliilin.,  iKir   rapillo 

K.,  31,  111.  S,  li.j;s.  yi),  yju  (ISSO).  (^arim'nta  Cram.] 

Tlii'i'iiii  Iwii  ili'.iilly  wcapiins  livt  he  Imii-p, 
Sli-diiirly  (iMllaiiin'cIl  luwanis  cillii'i'  siili', 
l.iki'  I  wii  sliarpi.    pcaiTs.  lils  cni'iiiii's  (u  jroro  : 
l.iki'  as  a  wai-liki'  In-I'.'atnliiir.  applvilc 
'I'll  li,::lit.  layi's  I'.iiMli  lii-i-  lliiTalliill  pikes  afurc, 
Till'  ciiu'lncs  wiiii'li  III  llii'iii  sii.l  <|i'atli  iluu  livilc : 
."i'l  (li'l  llli-  I'"lic  uiiisiiTii'li  ills  f.'ai'rrnll  Imnics, 
Yet  so  as  liiiii  llii'ir  li'rroiir  iiinn'ai|onic..i. 

.Sl'KNSKU.— J/«ioy)0<»iC»S. 


JK-^    ' 


W^. 


Imago  (4:4).  Hcail  cciycri'il  with  imiiisc  liivnvii  scali'sniiil  jirctty  luiiu;  iniirs,  niiniflod, 
al)ii\  (■  wiHi  a  few,  iH'liiml  iit  tlic  sides,  witli  froiiiioiit  Iniiiry  ones.  Kycs  ric^li,  dark,  roddlsh 
lini\yn.  I'djied  with  an  exceedingly  slender,  hoary  rim  nuist  distinct  In  front,  .\nteiinao 
dark,  dull  purplisli  brow  ii,  with  a  scarcely  iierci'i'tilile  lustre,  lieneath  tinged  with  rus- 
set, the  joints  on  the  basal  half  of  the  stem  tijiped  with  dirty  while,  most  conspicuously 
and  liroadly  lieneath.  the  paler  colors  sometiines  suirusing  nearly  tlie  whole  joint,  above 
obscurely,  and  sometiines  not  at  all,  <'Xce|it  towanl  the  sides  ;  club  beneath,  and  three 
or  four  ajiical  joints  above  blackish,  llie  apical  joint  tinged  w  illi  russet.  I'alpi  above 
covered  with  uniCorinly  long,  mouse  brown  hairs  with  a  few  scattered  lioary  and  very 


LIllYTIIKINAi;:    llYrATCS  1IA(  IIMAMI. 


MU 


(lull,  tnwny  onos,  o>ii('(liilly  iitniii.'  tlic  Itiiur  liiilf ;  Ht  tlir  sides  niid  licliiw  •ivny.  «ltli  a 
iiilxtiiri'  of  wlillNli  1111(1  iliill,  lawny  lirnwii  siiiN's  ami  lialrs.  llic  funncr  iticiri'  prnl'iisi' 
ni'ar  the  base;  the  second  joint  U  aKo  fnrnlslied  with  dNtant.  rather  loniier,  dellealo 
blackish  lialrs.  aliove  as  well  as  below,  whlih  are  entirely  wanllni;  on  thi'  apical  joint. 
Toii^no  very  dark  Inleous  at  the  baso.  beyond  black,  the  tip  Inteons. 

I'rotliornx  like  the  top  of  the  head;  rest  of  thora.\wlth  lonir  hairs,  dark  brown  In 
front,  pall' brown  alonir  the  sides  and  brownish  ndniiled  witii  liirht  sca-^reen  above; 
pata;jia  liki' tiie  liiorax.  I'nder  surface  of  thorax  covered  wllii  pide  lirowu  scaleH, 
having;  a  rosaceous  tluLte  and  witli  lioary.  brownUii  and  a  few  l)iacklsii  iniirs.  Lejis 
reddish  or  ycliowlsii  lirown.  liie  femora  covered  liilckly  witii  iioiiry  hairs,  llie  tibiae 
and  lirsl  tarsal  joint  llecked  with  frcipieiit  whitish  scales,  the  tarsal  joints  tipped  with 
whitish;  spines  l)lacklsh;  spurs  yellowish  brown  at  base,  beyond  lihuk. 

AVln(t'<  above  blackish  brown  of  various  tints  uwirkcd  with  orauae  patches  and  white 
Hpots.  /'Virp  ifiHf/s  with  two  larso  oraii;,'e  patches,  one,  occupyinja!  the  hinder  half  of 
the  cell,  ol)scuro  next  the  base,  extendlui:  forward  a  little  In  the  middle  of  the  ante- 
rior half,  the  otl.er  larire.  subiimnlrate.  divided  liy  tiie  l)lack.  lower  median  nervnlo, 
occupy  Ini;  the  lower  two-thirds  of  the  lowi'r  median,  and  I  lie  wiiole  of  Hie  inedlo-sul)- 
niedlan  liUersp.tces  b  'wci'ti  tile  oriillii  of  tile  lower  nii'dlaii  nervule  and  a  point  nearly 
two-thirds  ti  ..'  distance  from  its  origin  to  its  tip;  It  is  sepaiiited  from  thcoianire  palcli 
In  tile  cell  only  by  tlie  iue<liau  iiervure.  In  thciipicai  iiiiif  of  llii' w  ini:  are  the  foiiowins^ 
white  markings  :  a  transverse  patch  extending?  from  close  to  the  costal  uiar;;ln  to  the 
upper  median  uervule.  Its  Interior  marjjln  stral;tht  or  nearly  so,  distant  beyond  the 
extremity  of  the  cell  by  fully  the  width  of  the  white  patch,  dlrecti'd  downwanl  at  an 
allele  of  about  100-  with  tlie  basal  half  of  the  costal  maririn  ;  the  outer  niaririn  of 
the  patch  Is  curved,  its  convexity  outward  and  strongest  below;  in  the  lower  sub- 
costal Interspace  the  patcli  is  twice  as  broad  as  the  width  of  tiie  interspace; 
the  two  lower  nervnres  which  traverse  the  patch  and  tiie  cdiie  of  that  portion  of 
the  iiatch  are  reddisli  yellow  .  those  aliove  blackish.  There  is  a  siiuarish.  slightly 
lon;riludlnal  spot  in  the  next  to  the  lowest  subcostal  Interspace  just  beyond  tlie 
last  divaricatioii  of  the  subcostal,  and  a  similar  iiuadrato,  transverse  patch  in 
tlio  upper  median  Interspace,  distant  from  the  outer  border  by  rather  more  tlian 
Its  own  width;  the  lower  spot  is  edged  with  reddish  yellow  and  bears  a  few  scat- 
tered scales  of  the  same  color;  the  apical  half  of  the  costal  cdire  is  enlivened 
by  a  few  liraylsh  scales,  which  are  sometimes  more  (ilstinct  In  a  (h'llcate  touch  at 
the  very  apex;  rest  of  the  wins:  very  dark,  rich  brown,  willi  an  olivaceous  tiuire, 
(leepeiiinii  into  black  in  a  broail,  transverse  belt  between  the  oraiiire  patches  and 
the  outer  sul)costal  white  spot.  Krinjre  russet  lu'own,  darkest  at  base,  interrupted 
rather  broadly  at  some  of  the  uervure  tips  and  especially  at  the  two  uiiper  median  ner- 
vules  with  pale  or  wliitisii.  Iliinhcinijn  (piite  dark,  somewhat  slaty  brown,  paler  along 
the  Inner  bonier.  sliij;htly  deepeidng  In  tint  aloni;  a  scarcely  distina;uishable  lounitudi- 
nal  belt  followiug  tiie  lower  Jiart  of  tiie  subcostiil  nervnre.  .\  large,  trausv.'rse, 
orange  patch  occurs  jnsl  beyond  tlie  middle  of  Hie  wing,  deepest  in  tint  and  ilisliiictly 
bordered  anteriorly,  exteniling  from  IIk-  middle  subcostal  to  tiie  lower  mediiiii  ner- 
vule, twice  as  long  as  liroad.  Its  lower  border  nearly  stniiglit  aim  sniiparallel  to  the 
outer  border,  but  more  distant  from  it  towjird  tiie  inner  border,  its  upper  limit  reacli- 
iug  the  last  divarication  of  the  median  uervure  and  in  the  snbcosto-medlan  Interspace 
sending  a  slight  shoot  toward  the  base.  Fringe  pale  yellowish  brown,  on  the  lower 
half  with  a  russet  tinge,  darkest  at  the  ncrvure  tips,  apically  palest. 

Beneath : /o)v,' «"i'Hjf,s  with  the  whole  costal  border  ratlier  dark  gray,  the  cell  dull 
orange,  the  inner  margin  steel  gray,  the  base  of  the  medlo-submedlau  interspace,  two- 
thirds  the  distance  to  tlie  base  of  the  (Irst  median  uervule,  dark  brown,  beyond,  a.s  far 
a.s  the  middle  of  the  uervule,  dull  pale  tirange,  separated  narrowly  by  brownish  nerv- 
nres from  the  orange  spot  in  the  cell  and  from  one  at  the  base  of  the  lower  median 
Interspace;  the  latter,  also  pale,  reaches  as  far  toward  the  margin  as  it,  but  does  not 
attain  the  upper  limits  of  the  lnterspa(-e;  beyond  the  large  orange  patch  thus  formed, 
the  lower  outer  corner  of  the  wing  is  lustrous  steel  gray.    The  white  spots  of  the 

96 


762 


THE   BUTTEUFLIKS  OF  NEW  EXOLAND. 


'.I 


\ 

\ 


I -"J 


upper  siirfiKc  art;  ropcntod  l)i'ii('iith  mid  hordcrtMl  us  tlicre.  but,  llic  miter  >iil)i(istal  spot 
is  fiiiiit,  and  the  iicrvurcs  arc  also  wliito,  I'xeoptiiii;  one  in  the  upper  part  of  tlie  obli(|Ue 
row  of  spots.  Tills  row  lies  In  a  lihicltisii  brown  Held,  with  a  greenisii  liii<;c.  Avliiell 
extends  witliin  and  below  to  the  oraiif^e  patch,  and  witiiout  to  the  Inner  limits  of  the 
white  spots;  at  the  upper  apex  pf  the  wliijr.  lietween  tills  l)laek  llehi  and  a  lino  from 
the  apox  of  the  wliiK  toward  the  middle  of  the  niedian  white  spot,  the  wins  is 
iniiniteiy  and  delieately  moltied  with  silvery-,  naereons- and  irreeiiisli-iiray  and  dark 
brownisii,  ifiviny;  it  a  iioary  irray  appearance,  wiiile  lieyond  it  tlie  faieatioii  is  dark 
lustrous  brown,  enlivened  by  olisenre  paler  tints.  Sometimes  the  wiiole  apex  of  the 
wiiiu  is  almost  uniformly  steel  Jiray.  oeeasioiiaiiy  with  a  iilm  tiiiue.  Ileeked  obseurely 
and  iiiiniitely  witii  lilaekisli,  [-'rinice  as  aliove.  IHikI  ii-i)iijs  in  certain  iiirlits  nniformly 
lustrous,  pall'  uray  l)rown.  tiie  median  nervure  blackish  {^  ).or  niiifornily  rather  dark 
gray  brown,  witli  a  lii^trou^  violaeco-pnrplish  hue  (  9  )•  '"  otlier  lisilits  tlio  wing  is 
covered  with  a  gray  mottling  of  silvery  gray  scales,  often  tinged  with  pale  nacreous, 
rosaceous  and  greenish,  excepting  in  tliree  very  large,  dark  lustrous  l)rown  jiatclies, 
dei'peniiig  about  tiie  nervures  into  piirpllsli  l)lack  ;  these  patciies  are  situated  :  one  on 
tlie  costal  margin,  removed  liy  its  own  widtli  from  tlu'  liase.  its  ontiine  on  tlie  wing 
senii-elliptic.  extcudiug  to  tlie  middle  of  the  cell  just  wilhin  tlie  lirst  divarication  of 
the  snlicostal :  a  second  crosses  most  of  the  wing  in  a  line  ^nbparallel  t<i  the  outer 
margin,  its  outer  luirder  exteudlng  from  tlie  tip  of  the  costal  to  tlie  luidiile  of  the  sub- 
inedian  nervures,  of  irregular  breadtli.  but  extending  to  the  liiisi'  of  the  wing  along 
the  un>dian  nervure :  tlie  i.-ist  oeeupies  (lie  luiter  liorder  in  a  very  lirnad  baud,  nearly 
twici'  the  width  of  an  interspace,  tiie  inner  liorder  of  whicli  extends  in  a  broad.  Ilat- 
teued  arcli  from  the  tip  of  the  iiiiddii'  subcostal  iiorviiie  to  the  tip  of  the  submedian 
nervure;  sometinies  tills  (ruler  pateli  is  broader,  and  includes  next  the  outer  border  a 
(laler  portion:  and  it  is  sometinies  unite  indisliiict:  in  other  lights  these  darker 
pateiies  Inive  a  p;ile  ;;reeii  slieeii.  ami  the  inner  border  a  piile  lilac  or  rosaceous  tinge. 
The  wings,  ami  particularly  tlie  grayisli  parts,  are  fiirnislied  witli  scattered,  infreciueut, 
black  dots;  one  larger  and  more  marked  tliaii  tlie  rest  occurs  in  the  subeosto-ineilian 
interspace,  just  above  the  bend  of  the  upper  median  iiervule.     Fringe  ;is  almve. 

Abdomen  dark  brown  above,  with  a  g I  iminy  lustrous,  reddish  brown  scales,  and 

on  the  basal  joints  a  few  greeiiisli  hairs:  beneath  silvery  irrav.  .Median  liook  of  eii:lith 
abdo 111 i  11:1 1  si'gmeiit  ol  ^  (34  :  12,  i;i)  very  slender  and  liiiely  pointed  :  depending  lateral 
hooks  of  the  s;uiie  .1  little  recurved,  scarcely  so  long  ;is  the  meilian  hook,  and  scarcely 
slenderer  than  the  l.itter  when  viewed  laterally  ;  upper  organ  a  little  snrpas>ing  the 
median  hook  above;  clasps  prdty  reguhirly  ov:ite. 


1^ 


Measureinents  in  inilliinelres. 

1 

M.VLK.S. 

1 

FK.MAI.KS. 

Length  of  l(nigue,  (i.."i-7  iiiiii. 

Smallest. 

Average. 

Largest. 

j  Smallest. 

Average  |  Largest. 

23. 

2.r, 

1 
1 

23.73      ! 

9.,s5 

Iiiiiii  tilji:ie  and  tarsi  .. 
I'ore  liliiiie  iiiid  tarsi .. 

.'i.8,') 
3.7.-) 

Secondary  sexual  characteristics.  On  the  upper  surface  of  the  fore  wing  of  the 
male  I  di-i'overed  iiutimihed  -eale,^  (46:  HI"),  very  sparingly  distributed,  wliicli  could 
not  be  foiiiiil  in  Ilie  feimiles.  and  which  I  ciuiseipieiitly  regard  as  androeoiiia.  Their 
close  reseiubhiiiee  to  tin'  similarly  scanty  presumed  androeoiiia  of  <'liaridryas  on  one 
side  and  Calephelis  011  the  other  will  be  noted.  They  are  pivd'usely  striate.  1  iiiariTcd 
sliglitly  fnuu  llie  b;ise  outw:ird,  with  straight  sides,  trnncale  tip.  roundly  bi'nt  outer 
angles,  and  well  rounded  and  moderately  largi^  basal  lobes. 

Egg  (64  :  121.  Largest  below  the  middle,  with  eighteen  to  twenty  narrow,  compressed 
ami  prcuninent  verlieai  ribs,  the  course  cd'  which  is  iint  always  slrai:ilil  throughoul.  all 
of  u  Inch  or iiriuiile  below,  just  ii bo ve  tlie  riipidly  narrowing  base,  and  most  of  wiiicli  ter- 
inimite  abrnpliy  :i  little  lielow  tlie  truneate  suniniil,  wliile  above  tlieir  terniinatiiui  the 
eiglit  whieli  conliniie  are  ;iincli  elevated,  lamimite.  and  terniiiiiite  :ibru|illy  n'  tlie  niicro- 


«■'*■• 


■!WtP>|.i!':LtV ,__-," 


703 


Kroin 


■1)I'I'1M1C1I» 


LIBYTllEIXAK:    HYI'ATrs   HACIIMANII. 

pyle  roM'tte.  Thointci'spiicfs  aiul  tlic  ribs  tlicinsclv.'s  arc  t'i-n>sc,l  by  iitiim.rMiis  liciri- 
zuiitiil  i-ai-od  liiR-s,  tluis  fiiniiin^'  tniiisvcrsf  iwtuiiuiilai-  pits  binwi-cn,  aboiil  Mirco 
tiiiio  or  iiiniv  as  bi-oail  as  lii-;li.  At  tlu'  base  of  tlu>  viia  1\h-  rili-  ami  cross  bars,  hero 
of  iM|iial  proiniiuMici'.  biM'<iiiic  broken  up  into  an  Irrc'rnlar  nicsli  Ijk,;  tlic  cap  Or  a 
tliin.blc.  At  tlicsnniniit,  tlic  circle  \vitliin  the  termination  of  tlic  ribs  Is  .(W  mm.  in 
Uianictcr;  the  .inailranunlarcells.wliich  here  arc  only  twice  as  broad  as  hiith,  bci'omo, 
witliln  the  circle.  roiiiHletl  polygonalcells,  with  a  diameter  of  .017  mm.  Vhc  micro- 
pyle  rosette  is  therefore  made  up  of  a  very  few  rather  larire  cells.  I  lie  Malls  of  which 
toward  the  centre  become  nearly  obliterated.  Color  very  pale  iircen.  Ileiulit  of  c...r 
.7  mm.  ;  breadtli.  .45  mm.  ;  Ki'oiitest  elevation  of  ribs,  .(),-,  mm.  :  licitfhi  of  rcctanjiidar 
cells.  .017  mm.;  ureatest  distance  apart  of  vertical  ribs,  .oi;.-,  mm. 
received  from  Mr.  Kdwards. 

Caterpillar.  Fir.-<l  shnjr.  ••Cylindrical,  the  segments  a  little  roiiiided.  and  four 
times  creaset.  transver.sely,  covered  with  n  fine  short  down  (•  witli  line  hairs'] :  cdor 
green,  semitransiiiceiil  [•  greenish  brown  translucent '].  Head  twice  as  broad  as  [ilrst 
thoracic  se^imciitj,  obovoid,  a  liUlc  depressed  at  [median]  siitnre,  the  vertices 
rounded,  sparsely  pilose,  color  yellow  brown  "  (Edwards).     Lenytli.   '-L.^nim. 

Scconil  aliiiic.  ■•Color  brow  iiish  green,  the  semnents  curved.  Head  a  little  broader 
than  [the  segment  beliimi  ilj,  sliape  as  before,  color  yellow  ijre.'n "( Edwards). 
Length.  2-'2.2.">  mm. 

Thinl  .s-/rr;/,..  ••Same  shape;  npper  side  dark  green;  a  faint  shade  ,,(  v.  llow  over 
and  alonur  basal  ridge,  rather  macular;  tmder  side,  leys  and  feet  liirliter-ri'cn  ;  the 
segments  much  specked  with  faint  white  on  the  ridircs  caiis.Ml  bv  tlie  creases';  on 
[middle  thoracic  sc^gmenl].  high  up,  a  black  dot  on  either  side.  Head  as  before,  coh.r 
light  green"  ,  Edwards).     Length.  ;!  mm. 

F">i)-lli  si'ni, .  ■■Color  dull  green,  yellowish  along  ;iiid  over  basa!  ridge,  specked  with 
pale  white  or  yellow  ■white  as  before,  the  black  <lots  as  before.  Head  «:reeii"  (Ed- 
wards;.    Lennth.  il.."i-7  mm. 

F!fil,  st>':ir  ,75.  I!M,  ■■Cylindrical,  thickened  iit  [tli-  : -st  two  tlionicic  scgineiilsj.the 
dorsum  of  last  [alidominal]  segmeni  abruptly  <'nrved  d.iwn  to  the  end  ;  color  dark  ■.'reel., 
the  lower  shle.  and  also  feet  and  legs,  pale  <rrcen  :  ciU'li  .cgiuent  four  times  creased' 
transversely,  and  on  the  Hat  ridges  so  caused  are  row  s,  one  to  each,  of  small,  tubercular, 
llattened  points.  p;ile  or  whitish  yellow;  [(ui  all  the  sey;meuts  of  the  bodvj  ii  white 
stripe  along  ba  -e.  just  over  the  -piracies,  and  above  this  Hie  gr.innd  is  yellowish  for  a 
little  way  ;  a  mediodorsal  yellow  line  and  soniet  lines  a  Hue  line  on  middle  of  side  ;  vel- 
low,  tulierciilated  points  overthe  legs,  in  arcs  from  [middlelhoracic  to  sec,,ii,|  abd'cmii- 
nal  segincnlj;  on  foremost  ridge  of  [middle  tliora<'ic  segmeiilj.  liii;li  on  the  si.l,.,  a 
dead  black  tnlierrli'.   a  little   raised   and   rounded,  in  yllow  riiiL' ;   s|, icicles   In  brown 

ovals;  siirf;ic, vered  with  a  Hue  s||,,rl  down.      Ile;id  ol„iv,iid.  iirecn.  siiio,,|l,.  s|iarselv 

jiilose;  tlie  ocelli  lirown"  ffjlwards).     I.eiiu'th.  I.s-'j:;  mni. 

■■iicca-ionally  the  l;irv;ieiii  ]:\\vv  -ta-e-  ;ire  diilrrciitly  colon.d.  One  luid  tlird(U'-nm 
dark  green,  cdMcd  (ui  cillier  side  by  a  gr;iy  line,  and  successively  by  a  band  of  .\elhiw 
a  irray  line  and  a  black  band;  (he  [middle  tliorac^ii'J  seginent  was  wliollv.  and  [IlietlrsI 
abdcuninal]  piirtly  black.  Two  others  of  same  brood  were  green,  and'  black  p:ilches 
(Ui"  middle  Ihoriicic  jiiid  seventh  abd(niiiii;il  seynieiils  (Edwards). 

Chrysalis  .  84  ;  L':l.  lM  ).  ••H.^lnicl  slia|icd.  ccmiprcsscd.  liie  abdomen  s(miewlial  c;iri- 
nated  idors;illyJ;  mesonoluni  lii-li.  rounded ,  slo|dii- abruptly  to  to|)  of  head-ciise,  imich 
ccnupressed  and  sharply  carinated,  followed  by  a  d.-p  excavation  [between  Hi, u'ax  and 
ubd<imen] ;  head-case  not  prominent,  squiire  or  nearly  so  at  top.  a  little excavateil,  the 
corners  siibpyrainidal  and  scarcely  at  all  produced;  along  carina  of  abdomen  a  yellow- 
line,  which  fcM-ks  ami  p'lsses  round  mesimolum  to  top  of  head-case;  a  sli^fht.  vellow 
lateral  line  on  abdimien.  Color  green,  either  deep  orwith  a  blue  or  a  ycll.rw  tiiil  ;  the' 
abdomen  miii'h  spriiiklei;  with  pale  yellow  IliK  points  or  small  spots,  a  few  oi'  these 
about  the  hcail-ciise"  (Edwards).     I.<'ngtli.  IL'.7  iniii. 

I  liiivt'  fxi!i!iiin'(l  in  15oi.s(liivii!",s collection  the  liiiliorlly  fionrcd  in  Hoisdii- 


764 


THE  BUTTERFUKS  OF  NEW  ENGLAND. 


*; 


■f/f .. 


i 

I  ^ 


I 


val  and  Le  Contc'8  work  on  North  American  hiittcrHicti,  nndcr  tlie  name 
of  Libytlica  motya,  and  it  is  the  West  Indian  species,  Ilypatiis  tercna 
(Godart),  tiic  occurrence  of  wiiieli  in  tlie  United  States  is  unknown  ;  the 
Civterpillar  and  ciirysalis,  iiowever,  are  from  Ahhot's  drawing's,  and  repre- 
sent our  common  si)ecics.  II.  ijachmanii  was  also  in  lioisduval's  collec- 
tion, separated  from  the  other,  but  witiiout  name. 

Distribution  (21:8).  Properly  s])eakin<:,  this  butterfly  appears  to  be 
a  meml)erof  tiie  Carolinian  fauna,  although  it  has  been  found  occasionally 
(and  !<on)etimes  in  great  mim!)crs)  in  the  Allcghanian  fauna.  The  localities 
from  wiiich  it  is  recorded  are  so  distant  and  extend  over  so  wide  a  terri- 
tory that  t)ne  may  reasonably  su[ipose  it  to  be  local  in  its  distribution  ;  the 
more  so,  since  it  seems  to  be  very  variable  in  its  appearance  :  ''once  com- 
mon, now  rather  rare,"  says  Dr.  Hoy  of  Kaeine,  Wise.  ;  "rare  formerly,  bu«^ 
common  in  1875,"accordiugto  Professor  Snow  of  Kansas.  Southwardly 
is  found  in  the  Gulf  States. — Apalachicola,  Florida  (Cliapnian),  Alid)ama 
(Gosse,  Grote),  central  and  southern  Texas  (Hclfrage,  Aaron)  ;  west  of 
the  Appalachian  chain  it  occurs  in  both  northern  and  southern  Ohio  (Kirt- 
land  and  British  Museum),  in  northern  and  southern  Illinois  /  ^^'orthing- 
ton,  WalslOi  i"  eastern  Kansas  (Snow),  and  even  in  Virginia  (Doll).  It 
has  been  observed  in  several  of  the  Atlantic  states,  —  (iecu'gia  "rare" 
(Abbot),  West  N'irgiuia,  a  few  individuals  every  season  (Edwards), 
southern  Maryland  (Thler),  Piiiladelphia.  Pa.,  "rare"  (Blake),  IIol)0- 
ken,  X.  .1.,  one  specimen  (Andrews)  and  Long  Island,  X.  Y.,  once 
taken  (Cirote)  ;  and  to  the  north,  l)esides  the  X'ew  England  localities,  it 
is  recorded  in  one  or  two  instances  from  the  warmer  parts  of  Ontario,  as 
Port  Stanley   (Denton).  Hamilton  ( Miss  ^lills). 

Dr.  T.  ^\^  Harris  wrote  to  Dr.  Kirtland  many  years  ago  :  "I  took  [it] 
in  my  little  garden  on  the  24th  of  -Tune,  1849,  the  only  specimen  I  have 
seen  here"  at  ('and)ridge,  and  to  this  day  this  is  the  only  specimen  known 
from  Massachusetts.  It  is  also  reported  to  have  been  (Mice  taken  at  X"ew 
Haven,  Coim.  ;  but  still  more  extraordinary  are  two  specimens  noticed  by 
Mr.  F.  (J.  Sanliorn  in  the  collection  of  Dr.  F.  F.  Hiidgman  of  Little'mi, 
X"^.  II.,  to  the  nortii  of  the  White  Mountains,  which  were  ca[)tured  in  ihav 
vicinity  in  roads  thro\igb  the  woods.  It  nuiy,  therefore,  lie  looked  on  •.-; 
a  possilde  inhabitant  of  almost  any  part  of  Xew  England,  though  oi 
excessive  rarity. 

Haunts.  In  Alal)anni,  according  to  Grote,  it  is  found  on  river  lianks 
and  aliout  damii  jilaces  on  roads  :  and  Walsh  wrote  Edwards  that  he  found 
it  "in  swarms  along  the  travelled  road"  in  .lonesborough.  111.  Dr.  Hoy 
told  Dr.  Kirtland  tiial  when  tiie  conunon  raspberry  was  in  flower  it  was  a 
common  resort  of  the  butiertly  at  Kaeine.  so  that  the  i)utterfly  may  be  set 
down  as  a  prnbalile  fi'ciiuenler  of  roadsides.  .Mibot.  however,  says  that 
they  fre(|uent  bldssunis  in  fields  adjdining  swamps  :  and  A\'allaee  reports 
the  Amazonian  species  as  ••living  about  marshy  nii'addws  in  the  sunshine." 


LinYTIIKIXAE:    IIYPATUS  lUCIIMAXII. 


•65 


Pood  plants.  Dr.  Kirtland  conjcctiired  that  raspljerry  inijrlit  I)e  tlic 
food  plant  ot'tlie  larva,  but  Al)l)ot  lonj''  ajro  tbiiiid  it  ti't'dinj;'  on  thi'  fiujiar- 
berry  or  haokberrv,  CV'ltin  occidcntalis  L.,  one  of  tlie  T'rticact'ac  ;  and 
Bois(''ival  and  LcContc  fiunirc  it  on  that  plant.  It  woidd  sfcni  aii*  if 
^[ajor  LeConto  knuw  of  its  food  ])lant  eithci'  tVoni  Abljot  or  by  his  own 
observations,  ibr,  in  the  original  drawings  Dr.  lioisduval  showed  nie,  no 
plant  whatever  is  drawn  or  specified.  Edwards,  who  alone  in  recent 
years  has  raised  it,  says  that  he  is  not  awai'e  that  it  has  any  other  food 
plant ;  but  CiUis  does  not  jjrow  so  far  north  as  some  of  the  localities 
whore  the  buttirtly  has  been  found,  notably  northern  New  Hampshire. 

Life  history.  Our  knowledge  of  the  history  of  this  butterfly  is  rather 
imperfect;  our  best  information  comes  from  Mr.  W.  II.  Kdwards.  who 
says:  **It  is  certain  that  in  this  region  (W.  Va. )  the  species  appears  in 
several  successive  generations,  ])robably  four,  tliat  tlie  later  butterflies 
hibernate,  and  the  survivors  are  on  the  wing  early  in  .May,  and  j)robai)ly 
in  favorable  seasons,  in  April.  The  first  generation  in  descent  from  the  hi- 
bernating females  are  on  the  wing  in  June, — the  second  generation  in 
July, — the  third  in  August,  and  late  butterflies  emei'ge  from  chrysalis  in 
Sei)tcmber,  and  these  would  i)C  of  the  fourth  generation  in  descent  from 
the  hibernating  females.  The  peri(Hl  from  laying  of  the  vg'^  to  emergence 
of  the  butterfly  is  from  fifteen  to  seventeen  days."  In  confirmation  of  this 
he  reports  a  capture  of  a  worn  female  before  the  middle  of  ^lay,  and  gives 
the  dates  of  his  captures  of  all  stages  for  ten  years,  by  which  it  appears  that 
there  is  hardly  a  week  in  the  year  from  the  end  of  the  first  week  of  June 
to  the  same  part  of  Sejttember  that  eggs  have  not  been  found  or  they  may 
be  inferred  as  existing,  from  the  discovery  of  caterpillars  a  little  later. 
Data  frcjui  other  sources  arc  scarce.  Dr.  Harris's  s|)ecimen  was  taken 
in  Cambridge  on  .June  24.  (losse  records  one  capture  in  -Vlabama  on 
July  1.")  ;  Andrews  took  his  at  Iloboken  .'^e])tember  2  :  Miss  Mills  that 
ut  Hr.iuilton  early  in  August.  Dr.  Hoy  says  tliat  it  appears  in  \Visconsin 
wiiile  the  ras|)berry  is  in  flower:  (irote  that  it  is  found  in  Alabama  inJidv 
and  August;  while  Dr  Chapman  states  that  he  took  two  ••ratlierold"speei- 
niens  in  Flori(hi  in  February.  This  latter  statement  and  Abbot's  record 
of  caterpillars  changing  to  chrysalis  on  the  ^Ihli  of  April  and  appearing 
as  butterfiics  in  nine  days  verify  Kihvards's  i)elicf  that  the  imago  hiber- 
nates. For  other  points  in  the  history  of  this  insect  we  shall  l>orrow  bodilv 
from  Mr.  Edwards  : — 

Theoirns  [arc]  laid  siiiirly  on  tlio  iiiiniatarc  loiivi'-i  !it  cxtivino  cikIs  of  tlio  limnclies, 
iind  I  fouiKl  .  .  .  that  n^'iirly  every  hriuicti  liiid  it-^  cl'U'.  •■■  f^iiiilly  one  eLTLt  is  laid 
at  the  eiul  of  a  l)nim'ii,  in  one  of  tlie  forl<s.  on  tlie  leaf-stem.  Imt  I  liineseen  two  eirjis 
oil  tlie  same  stem,  and  oeeiisionally  an  v'^ii  laid  on  the  under  >-ideaiid  middle  of  a  leaf. 
[The  dnration  of  the  eirj;  is  only  four  days.] 

Several  of  the  esirs  hatched  in  tlie  }rla>;s  to  which  I  traii^l'en-eil  them,  lint  the 
larvae  were  exeeediniiiy  delieate.  aiui  one  aftiT  aiiotlier  ilrii|ijii.d  oil'  i1h>  Icivi'^  till  all 


Ill 


¥  4 


'.■;, 


I 


i  >> 


\\ 


766 


THE   HUTTKHFLIES  OF     ;E\\'  KNdLAXl). 


■\vcrc  ik'ail.  .  .  .  U\it  I  was  able  to  replenish  tlii,  .,>,.ick  from  the  tree  when  the  hirvae 
liail  become  a  few  clays  old,  and  thenceforward  liad  no  dlUleidty  whatever. .  .  .  The 
yomiir  larvae  on  hatcliinar .  .  .  eat  their  way  ont  of  tlio  e,!;^  a  little  l)elow  tlie  tip 
but  do  not  eat  tlic  egir  sliell  after  e.neruinjr.  and  tiie  empty  siiell  has  often  auided  me 
to  tile  wliereal)outs  of  tile  yonni^  ealeri)iliar.  ...  On  liatciunj;  tliey  ascend  to  tiie  ex- 
tremity of  oni^  of  tile  leaves  and  remain  tliere,  stripiiinLj  the  siiles,  leavinu;  tiie  midril) 
nntonclied,  wlienee  it  is  easy  lo  llnd  tiieni. 

Wiien  al)out  lialf  irrown,  tiie  larvae  in  coiitlnement,  iiiijrlit  lie  seen  slowly  making 
tlieir  way  up  tlie  side  of  the  jrl'*"*^'  ''.v  means  of  a  /.ifi/.as  ladder  wiiich  tiiey  spnn  as 
they  went,  and  tiie  {;lass  iiecanie  well  coated  with  tills  kind  of  wel).  After  the  fonrth 
moult,  tliey  l)e,i;an  to  fasten  the  leaves  loosely  together,  and  stretched  several  tlireads 
aeross  tlie  top  of  tiie  alass.  These  tiireads  were  ((uite  strong  enongli  singly  tv>  '>enr 
the  weigiit  of  a  caterpillar,  and  I  iiave  seen  one  cross  the  diameter  of  tlie  glass  in  this 
way,  walking  fei't  upward  ;  in  tliis  case  tiie  traveller  proceeded  cautiously,  stopping 
several  times  and  tiirowiiig  a  tiiread  to  tlie  rigiit  or  left  l)y  a  corresponiiing  movement 
of  its  iii'iid.  whereliy  to  attach  its  unsteady  Iiridge  to  a  neiglilioring  line  or  leaf. 

There  is  sometiiing  in  tlieir  attitude  wiien  at  resttliat  distingnishes  tiiom  from  other 
butterlly  larvae.  For  hours  they  remain  with  tiie  iiead  and  upper  segments  thrown 
back  and  arched,  after  the  manner  of  tiie  typical  Spiiiiigidae.  Or  tlie  anterior  segments 
are  raised  from  tlie  leaf  and  curved  forward,  tiie  [llrst  and  second  tiioraclc]  and  pos- 
terior se-iinents  lieing  swollen,  and  tiie  middle  ones  llattened  dorsally.  an  odd  habit  I 
have  not  ol)served  in  any  otiier  species.  ...  1  have  noticed  anotlier  remarkaliie  pecu- 
liarity in  liiese  larvae.  On  :!iilli  August.  I  returned  iionie  afteran  abseiieeof  liut  tiiree 
days,  and  found  tiie  leaves  tiiat  I  iiad  piaei'd  in  tlie  glass  witii  four  larvae,  wiiich 
!ia<l  just  passed  tlieir  third  moult  at  my  departure,  dried  up  and  ail  tiie  larvae  changed 
to  clirysail'is,  tiius  crowding  into  less  than  tiiree  days  ciianges  wiiich  naturally  require 
si.x.  Tile  clirysalids  were  not  more  tiian  half  the  usual  size,  and  the  butterflies  that 
came  from  tliein  were  small  and  pale  colored. 

A  siiniliir  result  tollowcd  on  .sondinji-  siiocimen.s  wliicli  liad  just  com- 
pleted their  third  inoiilt  (in  a  two  days  jonrney  ;  once  the  larva  "had  fixed 
tor  ehrvsaiis  and  in  the  otiier  had  actually  ehiingeds"  althoii<rh  their  food 
was  still  fresh.     The  chry.salis  hang.s  "five  day.s  in  .riily,  seven  in  Aiiffust." 

Desiderata.  The  most  important  ])oints  rerpiiring  elucidation  in  this 
butterfly  are  the  satisfactory  deterniination  of  how  many  broods  there  are 
each  year,  tiie  reariiii;'  of  considerable  numbers  toward  the  hitter  part  of 
the  season,  to  determine  wlicther  it  passes  the  winter  in  tiny  other  state 
than  as  a  iiiitterfiy  :  and  the  reason  for  its  ei'ratic  distriliiition  and  variable 
aiiiindance.  The  rpiestion  of  the  affinities  of  this  remarkable  type  being 
an  im]ioitant  one  especially  in  view  of  its  aniifjiiity,  it  is  highly  desirable 
that  a  most  miiiuto  account  be  gi\t'n  of  the  internal  and  externiil  anatomy 
of  the  ciirlier  stages, 

LIST  OF  n.LUSrHATIoys.-IIYPATUS  BAVHMAMI. 

liiiiiriit.  liiKiijo. 

I'l.  'Jl,  liL.'.  s.     I)i>iriliuliuii  ill  Xorlli  .Vuierieii.       I'l,  i.  W^.  1.     Jlale,  liolii  .surfaees. 

7v/,'/.  34:  1:;,  IK,    Male  aliduiiiinai  apiiciuiagcs. 

I'l.Ol,  llu.  12.    Culoi-ed.  ,30;  "i.    Xeiiratlun. 

('iil:'r/iil/fir.  40:  10.    Aiidroconiinn. 

PI.  T.'i,  li,:;'.  lit.     Maiiii-e  raliTpillar.  Tit:  (!.     Side  \ie\v  (jf  iicad  and  appoiuiages 

('/(ri/siilis.  enlarged,  with  details  iif  tiie  strnetiire  nf 

ri.  S4,  llg.  2;j,  21.     Side  views.  tlie  leg.s. 


li 


